El Ojo Critico - No 85-86

Magazine Overview

Title: EL OJO CRÍTICO
Issue: 85-86
Date: December 2017
Publisher: GRUPO FENIX
Country: ESPAÑA
Type: Magazine of Investigation for Researchers

This issue of "EL OJO CRÍTICO" (The Critical Eye), published since 1992, focuses on ufology, paranormal investigations, and historical mysteries. The cover prominently features Javier Sierra, a ufologist who won the Planeta Prize, with the headline "CONFIDENCIAL." The issue also highlights the Stephen Michalak case and the 1973 Atlantis expedition to Cádiz.

Editorial: 2017: The Year UFOs Returned

The editorial by David Cuevas notes that 2017 saw a significant resurgence in ufology, with a notable increase in books and media coverage, marking the 70th anniversary of modern UFO history. The author refrains from personally judging the quality of the works but aims to provide a guide to the literature. The editorial lists numerous books published in Spain in 2016 and 2017, covering topics like UFOs, Roswell, abductions, and extraterrestrial encounters. It also mentions the role of radio programs and podcasts in the "OVNI fashion" and highlights the documentary series "O.V.N.I." produced for Podium Podcast, which revisits significant UFO events and encounters with contributions from various specialists.

The editorial concludes by stating that despite skepticism, the topic of UFOs remains very much alive, especially in the literary world, and points to the news of the Pentagon's "OVNI program" as a current event covered in the issue.

The Stephen Michalak Case Examined

This section provides a detailed analysis of the Stephen Michalak case, which occurred on May 19, 1967, near Falcon Lake, Manitoba, Canada. Michalak, a 51-year-old geologist, reported an encounter with a UFO that resulted in burns on his body and the discovery of strange metal fragments at the landing site. The article details the extensive investigation that followed, involving numerous Canadian and US agencies, including the Royal Canadian Air Force, the RCMP, the Condon Committee, and various scientific institutions.

• Key aspects discussed include:
• Michalak's Testimony: His account of seeing a disc-shaped object, experiencing intense heat, and suffering burns.
• Physical Evidence: The burns on his abdomen, described as a grid pattern, and the discovery of two W-shaped metal bars and other small pieces of metal.
• Scientific Analysis: The metal fragments were analyzed and found to be primarily silver, with low levels of radioactivity, leading to suspicions they might have been planted.
• Controversies and Doubts: The article raises several points of uncertainty, including the lack of corroborating witnesses, the possibility of Michalak fabricating the event for financial gain (he reportedly contacted a newspaper before seeking medical help and later published a book), the discrepancy between the burns on his shirt and his body, and the fact that the object's heat did not cause more significant damage to the surrounding vegetation.
• Condon Report Conclusion: The Condon Committee concluded that the case was "unexplained" but found no probatory information on unknown aircraft, suggesting inconsistencies in Michalak's account.
• Michalak's Background: His profession as an industrial mechanic and his knowledge of machinery are noted.

The article also touches upon the investigation of Michalak's shirt, which showed burn marks that did not perfectly align with the burns on his body, raising further questions about the authenticity of the event. It is suggested that Michalak might have used a blowtorch or acid to create the marks.

Chronicle of an Extraordinary and Unknown Adventure: The 1973 Atlantis Expedition to Cádiz

This article recounts the 1973 expedition led by Maxine Asher, a 42-year-old specialist in audiovisual techniques from Pepperdine University, to search for the lost continent of Atlantis in Spain. The expedition, comprising about 70 individuals, was motivated by psychic vibrations and the belief that Atlantis was located off the coast of Cádiz.

The search was influenced by the findings near Bimini in 1968, where pilots reported seeing underwater structures, and the prophecies of Edgar Cayce, who had spoken of Atlantis rising again. Maxine Asher, who had been researching Atlantis since 1959, was inspired by her professor, Dr. Julián Nava.

The expedition faced significant challenges, including the denial of permits by the Spanish government under Franco. Asher claimed to have found evidence of Roman, Greek, and Phoenician artifacts, as well as structures that she believed were of unknown architecture, suggesting they were remnants of Atlantis. However, the Spanish authorities eventually prohibited further exploration, suspecting the expedition of being a cover for US espionage.

• Key points include:
• Motivation: Psychic beliefs and the legacy of Edgar Cayce, combined with alleged findings near Bimini.
• Team: Approximately 70 members, including academics, students, and free spirits, with many possessing psychic abilities.
• Location: Off the coast of Cádiz, Spain, in areas believed to be near the Pillars of Hercules.
• Obstacles: Denial of permits by the Spanish government, leading to international diplomatic tension.
• Alleged Findings: Pieces of columns, stone blocks, and structures described as unknown architecture.
• Controversy: Suspicions of espionage and the eventual prohibition of the expedition.
• International Intrigue: The case involved diplomatic cables and appeals to President Nixon.

Dr. Julián Nava, a co-founder of the research association, resigned from the project due to the controversy and the potential damage to his academic reputation.

Other Articles and Sections

• V. Pérez Baeza: The Secret History of the CEI: This section likely delves into the history of the CEI (Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios), a Spanish organization involved in ufology.
• DOSSIER: JAVIER SIERRA DESCLASSIFIED: This dossier appears to be a profile or investigation into the author Javier Sierra.
• Interview with D. Brown: The American J. Sierra: An interview with someone named D. Brown discussing Javier Sierra.
• The Conspiracy of the Flat Earth: An article exploring the flat Earth conspiracy theory.
• The CONFIDENCIALES of EOC: A section likely containing confidential or exclusive information from El Ojo Crítico.
• The Kirlian Camera: A Useless Device: An article questioning the validity or utility of Kirlian photography.
• “Encounters in the 3rd Kind” and Ufology: Discusses the portrayal of alien encounters in media and its relation to ufology.
• 10 Years Without Juan Antonio Cebrián: A tribute or reflection on the anniversary of the passing of Juan Antonio Cebrián.
• Alex Chionetti vs. American TV: An article about Alex Chionetti's stance or conflict with American television.
• Hypergea: The Paranormal in the Laboratory: Explores paranormal phenomena within a scientific or laboratory context.
• Medical Miracles: Interview with Dr. Pertierra: An interview with Dr. Pertierra about medical miracles.
• The "Declassification" of Pentagon UFOs: Discusses the US government's declassification of UFO-related documents.
• Shroud of Turin: New Revelations?: Examines new findings or theories related to the Shroud of Turin.
• Spanish Espionage and the Paranormal Today: Explores the intersection of espionage and paranormal phenomena in Spain.
• Jack the Ripper: The Human Testimony: A look at Jack the Ripper from a human testimony perspective.
• Case Valderas: Rey Brea's Analysis: An analysis of the Valderas case by Rey Brea.
• The Apparitions of Fátima Before Science: Examines the Fátima apparitions from a scientific viewpoint.
• Catalonia and the World of Mystery: Explores mysterious phenomena in Catalonia.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores themes of ufology, unexplained phenomena, historical mysteries, and conspiracy theories. There is a clear focus on investigative journalism, aiming to present detailed accounts and analyses of cases, often questioning official narratives and seeking alternative explanations. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry into these subjects, encouraging critical thinking and research among its readers. The magazine provides a platform for detailed case studies, interviews, and historical reviews, often highlighting controversial or lesser-known aspects of these phenomena.

This issue of EL CRITICO focuses on two main themes: the controversial expeditions of Maxine Asher in search of Atlantis and the infamous 1967 UFO sighting in Valderas, Spain, which was later exposed as a hoax. It also provides a historical account of the Center for Interplanetary Studies (CEI) and its evolution.

Maxine Asher and the Atlantis Expeditions

The article details Maxine Asher's persistent quest to prove the existence of Atlantis, beginning with an expedition in Spain in the summer of 1973. The Spanish government, under Franco, became suspicious of the group's activities, interpreting their request to explore waters near Cádiz as a potential espionage operation. A telegram dated July 30, 1973, expressed concern that the group was seeking personal gain at the expense of national interests. Rumors suggested that the Spanish government was concealing a secret naval installation in the Gulf of Cádiz, which may have prompted Asher's hasty departure to Ireland.

In Ireland, Asher continued her efforts, though half of her expedition members left. She gave interviews, announcing plans to establish a center for Interdisciplinary and Social Studies to promote Atlantean studies, charging $1,500 per person for courses. Back in the United States, skepticism grew, with some media outlets labeling her expedition a "mystery" rather than a discovery. A scientist from California State University, Long Beach, described Asher's expedition as more mysterious than Atlantis itself and questioned her qualifications, calling the project a mix of scientific and psychic approaches that increasingly leaned towards parapsychology.

Students from Pepperdine University, who had financially supported the expedition, claimed Asher announced the discovery of Atlantis with a false press release days before the actual submersion. They also denied seeing any photographs or films of the alleged findings. In September 1973, Asher and her former mentor, Julián Nava, were sued for one million dollars by John D. Couturie, a member of Hughes Aircraft Corp, who claimed the announcement of the discovery was false. Students from Pepperdine also sought the return of their invested money.

In the following years, Maxine Asher published books such as "Discovering Atlantis: Ancient Mediterranean Quest" and "The Atlantis Conspiracy." In 1977, the television show "In Search Of" aired a special on Atlantis, featuring some of Asher's work.

The article then shifts to a later claim by Francisco Martínez Salazar, a diver from Cádiz, who in 1979 asserted he had found Atlantis 35 meters deep off the coast of Barbate. Asher, who had been promoting her ideas for years, continued to defend her theory of Atlantis being located in Spain, citing Spanish medieval texts and inscriptions as evidence. She believed that information about Atlantis was suppressed by religious and scientific communities to avoid contradicting biblical narratives.

In her later years, Asher was involved with the American World University (AWU), an institution that sold degrees by mail. The AWU was discovered to be an unaccredited institution, leading to a scandal, though Asher reportedly escaped unscathed. Maxine Asher passed away in 2015 at the age of eighty-four.

The Valderas UFO Sighting and the CEI

The issue also revisits the 1967 UFO sighting in San José de Valderas, Alcorcón, Madrid. The incident involved a circular object observed hovering over a castle for about twelve minutes. Initially, the event generated significant media attention, with photographs published in the newspaper "Informaciones." However, the article reveals that this case, known as "the perfect case," was a deliberate hoax.

Fernando Sesma Manzano, a contactee, received letters warning of three spacecraft from Ummo landing in Spain. The message was authenticated by a digital seal featuring an 'H' symbol. The object photographed in Valderas was linked to these alleged Ummites until the fraud was uncovered.

Ufologist Óscar Rey Brea was among the first to raise doubts, suggesting the object was a hoax. Later, engineer Claude Poher and analyst William Spaulding also concluded it was a fabrication. In 1993, José Luis Jordán Peña, a key collaborator in the Valderas case investigation, confessed to being the author of the deception. He admitted to using a plastic model suspended by a thin nylon thread and manipulating photographs to create the illusion.

The article details Jordán Peña's confession, including his use of a Paxette camera and his efforts to conceal the nylon thread and his accomplice's hand in the photographs. He also described creating the Ummo symbol and sending it via mail.

Despite the confession, some researchers, like J.J. Benítez, questioned the reliability of the findings. The article notes that while the hoax was exposed, the memory of the event persisted, and some witnesses claimed to have seen something unusual.

The narrative then shifts to the history of the Center for Interplanetary Studies (CEI), founded in 1958 by Antonio Ribera. The author, Vicente Pérez Baeza, recounts his experiences with the CEI starting in 1984. He describes the organization as being in a state of decline, with fewer members and less active meetings compared to its peak in the 1970s, when it published the magazine "Stendek." The CEI's focus gradually shifted from UFO research to military and archaeological topics, partly due to financial pressures and the personal circumstances of its president, Pedro Redón.

Redón, who was also pursuing a career in military journalism, dedicated significant effort to the CEI and "Stendek." The article mentions the CEI's extensive archive, which contained case files, correspondence, and a library of UFO-related literature. However, a significant portion of the archive, including the dossier on the "Tivissa" case, was reportedly stolen.

The issue concludes by highlighting the CEI's shift in focus and the personal challenges faced by its leadership, suggesting that these factors contributed to the organization's diminished capacity for UFO research.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores themes of mystery, conspiracy, and the search for hidden truths, whether in the context of ancient civilizations like Atlantis or unexplained aerial phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical investigation, aiming to uncover the facts behind sensational claims and expose hoaxes, while also acknowledging the enduring human fascination with the unknown. There's a clear emphasis on historical documentation and the process of investigation, often highlighting the challenges and controversies involved in such pursuits.

This issue of EL OJO CRÍTICO delves into the history and personal experiences within the Spanish ufological community, with a particular focus on the Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios (C.E.I.) and the prominent ufologist and writer Javier Sierra.

The C.E.I. and its Figures

The issue begins by acknowledging the extensive work of José María Casas Huguet in compiling ufological information, noting his presidency of the C.E.I. from 1972 to 1978. A significant portion of the content is dedicated to the recollections of Vicente Pérez, a former member and Secretary General of the C.E.I., who details the organization's slow decision-making processes and internal dynamics.

Pérez recounts the pivotal meeting on October 28, 1985, where Pedro Redón proposed a renewal of the board, leading to the departure of several members, including Alberto Adell, a notable ufologist known for his "Manual del Ufólogo." The expulsion of Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos from the C.E.I. is also discussed, with Redón expressing that Ballester used the C.E.I. as a platform for his own initiatives, including declassification efforts, and that he compromised the organization.

New members proposed on that date included Antonio Gudel, Joan Plana, and Vicente Pérez himself. The issue also mentions other active members like Josep Miquel Clarasó and Florita Blanch Renóm.

Conferences and Activities at C.E.I.

Pérez describes the regular Monday evening meetings at the C.E.I., which often featured lectures on ufological or astronomical topics. He highlights the contributions of prestigious guests like Antonio Ribera, the honorary president, and Antonio Toscano, a flight controller who shared accounts of unusual sightings at Barcelona Airport, including green spheres.

Personal accounts from members are also featured, such as Carlos Berché's impactful lecture on "Ummo: a shared paranoia" in 1988, which implicated José Luís Jordán Peña in a fraudulent scheme. Jesús Alvero, a biologist, also gave a lecture on the origin of life and evolution, and his expertise in hypnosis was used for a past-life regression.

Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos is mentioned for presenting his book "Enciclopedia de los encuentros cercanos con Ovnis" in 1987. Pérez recalls a meeting with Ballester, Redón, Plana, and Joaquín Bonilla, where Ballester discussed the book's computerized index of negative UFO landing reports (NELIB). Redón reportedly became nervous when Ballester visited the C.E.I.

Ignacio Cabria is highlighted as a fundamental investigator, whose lecture "The Myth of the Coming of Extraterrestrials" defended the mythological origin of the UFO phenomenon. Despite the C.E.I.'s generally low activity between 1984 and 1993, Cabria's presence was always positive.

Internal Conflicts and Departure

Pérez details his eventual departure from the C.E.I. due to disagreements with Pedro Redón. These conflicts arose from Redón's increasing focus on his military journalism career and his perceived neglect of the C.E.I. archive. Redón even suggested discarding the entire archive, including his previously favored case from Talavera La Real. The rental of part of the C.E.I. premises to an archaeologist further restricted member access, leading to further tension. Pérez disagreed with Redón's proposal to cancel UFO-themed talks, especially after contributing financially to the organization. The final straw was Redón's refusal to allocate funds for a journalist's office, which Pérez argued was being paid for by member contributions.

Pérez left the C.E.I. along with Juan Manuel Martín Pina, Joaquín Bonilla Barranco, and José Mons Vila.

The Parapsychology of the 21st Century

A separate section discusses the "Am I Psychic" app, developed by Dominic Parker, which uses gamification to measure psychic abilities in Millennials and Generation Z. The app aims to collect data for research into parapsychology and is supported by statistics from the University of Northampton. Parker's research is also supported by the Koestler Unit at the University of Edinburgh.

Javier Sierra: The Ufologist Who Won the Planeta Prize

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to an intimate interview with Javier Sierra, conducted by David Cuevas. Sierra, who won the 2017 Planeta Prize for his novel "El fuego invisible," discusses his childhood fascination with UFOs, particularly the Kelly-Hopkinsville case, which he encountered in a children's book. He recounts how this sparked his interest in the "mystery world."

Sierra details his early involvement in ufology, including joining the Ancient Astronaut Society and creating his own UFO club, SEOV, at age 13. He describes his correspondence with other researchers, including Antonio Ribera, who sent him his first dedicated book. Sierra also mentions his early radio program, "La otra ciencia," and his collaboration with Manuel Carballal, which began through correspondence and led to shared research trips.

He reflects on the significance of winning the Planeta Prize, seeing it as a validation for the "occult culture" and a sign that investigators of the unconventional are gaining recognition.

Personal Reflections and Relationships

Eva Pastor contributes a personal reflection on Javier Sierra, describing him as a brilliant, humble, and kind person who makes life easier for those around him. She emphasizes his ability to balance his passion for mystery with a grounded, caring nature.

Jesús Callejo shares an anecdote about his friendship with Javier Sierra, highlighting their shared interest in "La España Extraña" and their collaborative efforts in research and public speaking. Callejo also recounts a humorous incident during a 24-hour radio event where he parodied Sierra's intense phone conversations.

Early Ufological Influences

Javier Sierra recounts how his interest in UFOs was ignited by a children's book featuring the Kelly-Hopkinsville humanoid case. He describes his childhood attempts to contact authorities and researchers, including sending a letter to Felipe González, then President of Spain, and receiving a formal reply from his Secretary of State, Roberto Dorado.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently emphasizes the importance of personal testimony, meticulous research, and the historical development of ufology in Spain. There's a clear stance that the study of UFO phenomena and related mysteries is a legitimate and valuable field, deserving of serious attention and integration into broader cultural and intellectual discourse. The C.E.I.'s history, with its internal struggles and dedicated members, serves as a case study in the challenges and perseverance required in this field. The inclusion of Javier Sierra's success underscores the growing recognition of ufological themes in mainstream culture.

This issue of Mundo Desconocido, dated March 1977, features a cover story titled 'Who shot bullets in prehistory?' focusing on a skull with a circular hole. The magazine delves into the life and career of Javier Sierra, a prominent Spanish author, journalist, and investigator known for his work on mysteries and ufology. The issue highlights his personal journey, his significant UFO experience, and his transition into a successful literary and media figure.

The Genesis of a Ufologist and Writer

The narrative begins with David Zurdo recounting his friendship with Javier Sierra, which started around the year 2000. Zurdo emphasizes Sierra's generosity and the profound impact he had on his life. He shares an anecdote about Sierra offering to write a prologue for his novel, humorously warning that he might 'spoil' it, a testament to Sierra's critical insight.

Manuel Berrocal, a close friend and collaborator, details his early encounters with Sierra in the 1980s, describing him as someone with exceptional work capacity and dedication. Their shared passion for ufology led them to collaborate on various projects, including the formation of the 'Comisión de fenómenos anómalos' and contributing to publications like 'Fenómenos Anómalos'. Berrocal recalls their shared experiences, including the significant Montserrat sighting.

The Montserrat experience on July 23, 1987, is a pivotal event discussed extensively. Sierra recounts how he and Berrocal, then young enthusiasts, were taken by Luis José Grifol to Montserrat, where they witnessed a large, luminous object with a green nucleus and orange sparks. This event left them deeply affected and solidified their commitment to investigating such phenomena.

Early Career and Influences

Javier Sierra's early involvement in ufology included organizing conferences in Vinaroz, which became a hub for ufological activity, attracting notable figures like Antonio Ribera. His journalistic career began with contributions to 'Más Allá' magazine and later led to his role as a writer for the television program 'Otra Dimensión'. He also recounts his early television appearances and his interactions with influential figures like Andreas Faber-Kaiser, whom he admired greatly.

Literary Success and 'Otros Mundos'

The issue highlights Sierra's transition into fiction writing, starting with 'La dama azul', which he describes as a 'novel of investigation'. His literary success continued with books like 'La cena secreta', which achieved international recognition, and 'El fuego invisible', which he describes as a search for inspiration. The magazine also discusses his latest project, the TV series 'Otros Mundos', presented as his most ambitious endeavor to date, exploring mysteries through historical reconstructions and personal investigation.

Personal Reflections and Themes

Throughout the articles, Sierra's dedication, intellectual curiosity, and generosity are recurring themes. He is portrayed as someone who has consistently pursued his passions, overcoming obstacles and inspiring others. The concept of 'Ocultura' (the culture of the occult) is mentioned as a key aspect of his work, emphasizing the importance of exploring hidden or less-understood aspects of reality.

Companions on the Path

The issue includes testimonials from various colleagues and friends, such as Josep Guijarro, Bruno Cardeñosa, Pedro Canto, Óscar Serret, J.J. Benítez, and Miguel Blanco, who share their memories and perspectives on Javier Sierra's career and character. These accounts reinforce the image of Sierra as a dedicated researcher, a generous friend, and a talented storyteller.

Thematic Focus

The central themes explored in this issue are ufology, mystery, the nature of inspiration, the power of storytelling, and the personal journey of an investigator and writer. The issue emphasizes how early experiences and a deep-seated curiosity can shape a lifelong pursuit of knowledge and understanding.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently portrays Javier Sierra as a dedicated and passionate individual who has successfully navigated the worlds of ufology, journalism, and literature. The editorial stance appears to be one of admiration for Sierra's achievements and a shared interest in exploring the unexplained and the mysterious. The recurring theme is the profound impact of personal experiences, particularly the Montserrat sighting, on shaping one's life path and career. The issue celebrates the pursuit of truth and inspiration, whether through rigorous investigation or compelling narrative.

This issue of "Búsqueda" magazine, titled "El "Grial" Artístico de Javier Sierra," focuses on the artistic and humorous contributions of Javier Sierra, particularly his work in the fanzines "Búsqueda" and "Tierra-2." The cover itself is a collage of comic strips and magazine covers, highlighting Sierra's talent beyond his literary work. The issue aims to showcase a "magical source of inspiration" for artists, with a particular emphasis on Sierra's sensibility, artistic flair, and sense of humor that were evident in his drawings for "Búsqueda" and "Tierra-2." These publications, led by José Mª Semitiel, were memorable and led to the creation of "Planeta Insólito," a paranormal humor supplement for "Búsqueda." The collected vignettes are presented as illustrations of how a "Third Generation" adolescent experienced mystery in Spain during that era, with some humor intended for those who lived through those times and knew the characters.

Comic Strips and Artistic Contributions

The magazine features a series of comic strips by Javier Sierra, dated from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s. These comics, often with humorous and satirical takes on paranormal and extraterrestrial themes, include:

• A strip from 1970 with the caption "DECIDIDAMENTE, EN ESTE PLANETL ESTAN CIEGOS" (DECIDEDLY, ON THIS PLANET THEY ARE BLIND), suggesting a commentary on the state of the world.
• A 1989 comic depicting a hypothetical UFO landing in Voronezh, Russia, questioning the consequences.
• A 1987 comic referencing "RADIO CORNELL" and a program about "YETI," hinting at paranormal investigations.
• A 1991 comic featuring characters named "UMMO" and "MAMMA!" in a humorous alien encounter scenario.
• A comic titled "TRAYECTORIA DE BÚSQUEDA" (SEARCH TRAJECTORY) from 1989, depicting the magazine "Búsqueda" as a phenomenon in the "GALAXIA PRETF."
• A 1990 comic about "OPERACION CONEXION" (OPERATION CONNECTION) and "TIMADORES COSHICOS" (COSMIC CHEATS), suggesting themes of deception.
• A comic from 1990 addressing "MUTILACIONES DE GANADO" (CATTLE MUTILATIONS), a classic UFO-related topic.
• A humorous comic from 1990 where a character advises to "DEBE DORMIR. NO SE OBSESIONE CON LOS OUNIS..." (HE MUST SLEEP. DON'T OBSESS OVER UFOs...).
• A 1990 comic panel asking "¿POR QUE SE ESTRELLAN LOS OUNIS?" (WHY DO UFOS CRASH?).
• A 1990 comic featuring a character claiming to have the "PSICOFONIA DEFINITIVA" (DEFINITIVE PSYCHOPHONY).

These comics, often featuring recognizable characters and inside jokes from the era, provide a visual narrative of the paranormal and mystery culture of the time.

Interview with Dan Brown

The issue includes an interview with author Dan Brown, conducted by Jesús Ortega, focusing on his novel "Origen." Brown discusses his character Robert Langdon, describing him as an amplified version of his own intellectual curiosity and daring spirit, akin to a refined Indiana Jones. He clarifies that Langdon often finds himself in the wrong place at the wrong time. Brown also touches upon his literary influences, including Shakespeare, Updike, and Steinbeck, and his preference for non-fiction reading.

The core of the interview revolves around the debate between science and religion, a theme central to "Origen." Brown posits that historically, science and religion have been in conflict, with science often replacing religious explanations for natural phenomena. He questions whether gods will still be relevant in the future as science continues to provide answers. He believes that while the concept of God may evolve, humanity's need for spiritual and religious answers persists.

Brown addresses the idea that "all religions are mistaken" as presented in "Origen," clarifying that this is a character's viewpoint, not his own philosophy. He explains that his father was a scientist and his mother was religious, and he found himself drawn to science after a childhood experience. He notes that as one delves deeper into science, it can lead back to spiritual questions.

Regarding conspiracy theories, Brown expresses skepticism, viewing them as attempts to create order out of chaos when events are not understood. He finds the fascination with such theories, like ancient aliens building pyramids, to be sociologically interesting but not something he believes.

UFOs and Extraterrestrial Life

Brown shares his views on extraterrestrial life, stating that mathematically, it is highly probable that life exists elsewhere in the universe. However, he does not believe that aliens have visited Earth or live among us, finding it illogical. He is intrigued by the phenomenon of UFOs but has not personally experienced any such encounters.

The Flat Earth Theory

The issue dedicates a significant section to the Flat Earth theory, tracing its resurgence in the 19th century in England as a reaction against scientific progress. It highlights statements from basketball players like Kyrie Irving and Shaquille O'Neal, who expressed belief in a flat Earth. The article explains the historical context, mentioning Samuel Birley Rowbotham and his "Zetetic Astronomy," which proposed a flat Earth model based on interpretations of the Bible and experiments like the Bedford Level experiment. The text also discusses the scientific refutation of these ideas, including the concept of atmospheric refraction that explains why objects can be seen beyond the horizon.

Other Topics

Further discussions in the interview with Dan Brown touch upon the idea of a lineage related to Jesus and Mary Magdalene, Brown's belief in the historical existence of Jesus, and the controversy surrounding "The Da Vinci Code." He explains that the novel's logical coherence and its portrayal of Jesus as a human figure with a profound message resonated with many readers, posing a challenge to traditional religious interpretations.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine "Búsqueda" consistently explores themes of mystery, the paranormal, UFOs, conspiracy theories, and the intersection of science and belief. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, presenting different perspectives and historical contexts for these phenomena, often with a touch of humor and artistic interpretation, as exemplified by Javier Sierra's work. The interview with Dan Brown further reinforces the magazine's interest in the ongoing dialogue between scientific understanding and spiritual or religious questioning, while also critically examining popular but unsubstantiated theories like Flat Earth.

This issue of "El Crítico" magazine, dated October 2017, issue number 10, delves deeply into the history and contemporary resurgence of Flat Earth theories. The magazine explores the origins of these ideas, the key figures involved, and the arguments used to support them, often contrasting them with established scientific consensus.

The Origins of Flat Earth Theory

The article traces the roots of Flat Earth beliefs back to Samuel Rowbotham, who in the 19th century, published "Zetetic Astronomy." Rowbotham, a follower of biblical literalism, argued that the Earth was a stationary, flat disk, with the sun, moon, and stars acting as luminaries that revolved around it. He rejected the Newtonian model of the universe, viewing it as contrary to religious teachings and a source of atheism. Rowbotham's theories, though criticized, gained a following, leading to the publication of "The Zetetic" journal and lectures across England.

Key Figures and Debates

The magazine highlights several influential figures in the Flat Earth movement. William Carpenter, a follower of Rowbotham, emigrated to the United States and continued to promote the theory. John Hampden, another disciple, famously challenged scientists to prove the Earth's roundness, leading to a public wager with Alfred Russell Wallace in 1870. Wallace's successful demonstration of Earth's curvature, using a teodolite on the Bedford Canal, is detailed, though Hampden later disputed the results and accused the arbitrators of fraud.

The Spread of the Movement

Following Rowbotham's death, the movement continued through figures like Lady Elizabeth Anne Mould Blount, who led the Universal Zetetic Society of England, and later in the United States with William Carpenter and the establishment of the New York Zetetic Society. John Alexander Dowie and his successor Wilbur Glenn Voliva further propagated Flat Earth ideas through the Christian Catholic Apostolic Church, with Voliva even offering a reward for anyone who could disprove the flat Earth theory.

Modern Flat Earth Movement

The article then shifts to the modern resurgence of Flat Earth beliefs, particularly in the digital age. It mentions the establishment of the International Flat Earth Society (IFERS) by Samuel Shenton and William Mills in 1956, which aimed to promote discussion on the theory. The magazine notes how figures like Charles K. Johnson became prominent spokespeople, and how the internet has facilitated the spread of these ideas through social media groups and online publications like "Flat Earth News."

Rejection of Science and Conspiracy Theories

Contemporary Flat Earthers, such as Eric Dubay and Iru Landucci, are presented as influential figures in the current movement. They are characterized by their outright rejection of scientific evidence, including space exploration, satellite imagery, and the theory of gravity. The magazine emphasizes that these beliefs are often intertwined with broader conspiracy theories, such as the rejection of evolution, the belief in an "New World Order," and the idea that governments and scientists are engaged in a massive cover-up to hide the truth about Earth's shape.

Religious and Ideological Underpinnings

The article points out that while many modern Flat Earthers are not strictly religious, their arguments often stem from a literal interpretation of the Bible, similar to Rowbotham's original stance. It also notes the presence of Flat Earth proponents within other belief systems, such as some Muslims who cite the Quran as evidence for a flat Earth.

The Flat Earth International Conference

The issue highlights the Flat Earth International Conference held in Raleigh, North Carolina, in November 2017, as evidence of the movement's continued activity. The conference, organized by creationist and anti-scientific groups, attracted hundreds of attendees and offered online streaming, indicating a commercial aspect to the movement.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes throughout the issue are the rejection of established science, the reliance on literal biblical interpretations, and the embrace of conspiracy theories. The magazine's editorial stance appears to be one of critical reporting, presenting the history and arguments of the Flat Earth movement while implicitly highlighting its divergence from scientific consensus. The article concludes by noting the continued, albeit niche, existence of the Flat Earth movement, sustained by online communities and a fundamental distrust of mainstream scientific and governmental institutions.

This issue of ENIGMAS magazine, identified by issue number 139, delves into a variety of topics related to ufology, parapsychology, and mysteries. The cover prominently features the headline "Asesinos programados" (programmed assassins), suggesting a focus on conspiracy or hidden agendas within its 'Enigmas... de Serie' section.

Key Articles and Features

El Papa del Palmar... Político This section reports on Ginés de Jesús Hernández, the former Pope of the Palmar Church, who left his religious role to marry Nieves Triviño. The couple has since entered politics, affiliating with the Partido Popular. The article notes their aspirations for municipal political projection and mentions their critical stance towards the newly elected president of the PP in Monachil.

Enigmas... de Serie This segment highlights the discovery by Javier Bravo Durán that a protagonist in the American series "Nurse Jackie" is seen reading issue number 139 of Enigmas magazine, which features "Asesinos programados" on its cover. This points to the magazine's content having a presence in popular culture.

El Parapsicólogo Espía The article discusses Arthur Koestler, a renowned figure in parapsychology, and reveals a new dimension to his life through Jorge Freire's book "Arthur Koestler. Nuestro hombre en España." The book uncovers Koestler's work as a spy during the Spanish Civil War.

Ha muerto el hombre que miraba fijamente a las cabras This piece announces the death of General Albert Newton Stubblebine III on February 6th. Stubblebine is remembered as a key proponent of the CIA's Stargate program, which aimed to utilize paranormal abilities for military purposes. Post-military, he founded PSI-Teach, a private agency that investigated criminal cases, including the kidnapping and murder of Anabel Segura in Spain.

La Foto: This section presents a memorable photograph from the 'Caso Manises', a famous UFO incident in Spanish ufology. Colonel Fernando Cámara, the protagonist of the case, has shared an image taken around the same time and in the same aircraft he used during the encounter. The photo is linked to the first parliamentary intervention regarding a UFO incident in Spanish politics.

Ballester Olmos Concluye su Estudio Belga This review covers the book "Belgium in UFO Photographs – Volume 1" by V.J. Ballester Olmos and Wim van Utrecht. The book is described as a rigorous, scientific investigation of Belgian UFO cases from 1950 to 1988 that include photographic or video evidence. It aims to detail UFO observations and analyze alleged images, while also addressing how ordinary people can misinterpret ordinary phenomena.

Vuelve Rodrigo Bravo This section introduces Rodrigo Bravo's new book, "Los extraterrestres han muerto. Volumen I." The book is characterized as a stark and potentially painful exploration of truth, written by a military pilot and member of CEFAA (Committee for Aerial Phenomena Studies). It examines the origin and evolution of the UFO-Extraterrestrial binomial and the abduction phenomenon.

Misterios del Pasado... de Lujo This review highlights "Arqueología imposible" by Paco González, his first foray into mystery literature. The book is praised for its detailed illustrations and presentation, offering readers an imaginative journey through archaeological sites linked to ancient civilizations.

La Biblioteca del Investigador This segment recommends several books for researchers: * "Jadú: los misterios de Oriente" by John Keel: Described as a classic that reveals Keel's intrepid journey through remote parts of Egypt, India, and Nepal, exploring the paranormal and emphasizing the role of illusionism and prestidigitation in anomaly investigation. * "Área 51" by Annie Jacobsen: Hailed as a comprehensive work on the famous military base and its connection to the UFO phenomenon, considered essential for any serious investigator. * "El misterio de Uri Geller" by Andrija Puharich: This book is noted as the only Spanish-language work by Puharich, detailing his relationship with Uri Geller and his contacts with other paranormal researchers. It's recommended as the best Spanish-language introduction to a fascinating figure.

Master en Exopolítica... No en Ufología This piece discusses a new university course in "Exopolitics" offered at Akdeniz University in Turkey. The course, organized by the Sirius UFO Space Research Center, aims to explore UFOs and exopolitics, with plans for continuity and broader social projection.

Reflexión técnica sobre el mito del aura: LA CAMARA KIRLIAN: UN APARATO INÚTIL Carlos G. Fernández critically examines the Kirlian camera, a device popular in the 1970s and 80s, which was claimed to photograph auras and diagnose illnesses. Fernández, who built several Kirlian cameras, concludes they are useless. He explains that the luminosity seen in Kirlian photographs is generated by the device itself through the 'corona effect' and is not an actual aura. The perceived colors are also artifacts of the photographic film's sensitivity to ultraviolet light, and the intensity of the 'aura' can be manipulated by adjusting the device's voltage. He also dismisses other 'aura-viewing' machines as lacking scientific basis.

Así recibió la comunidad ufológica la película más influyente de la historia "ENCUENTROS EN LA TERCERA FASE CUMPLE 40 AÑOS" This extensive article reflects on the 40th anniversary of Steven Spielberg's film "Close Encounters of the Third Kind." It details how the film, which presented a more benevolent view of extraterrestrials, was received by the ufological community. Ufologists like J. Allen Hynek, John A. Keel, and Ramiro Garza praised the film for its realistic portrayal of UFO phenomena and its potential to raise public awareness. The article discusses the film's impact on popular culture, its adherence to witness descriptions of UFOs and aliens, and the debate surrounding its influence on abduction cases. It also covers the criticisms from skeptics like Martin Gardner and Paul Kurtz, who viewed the film as promoting pseudoscience. The article notes that despite these criticisms, the film is considered a masterpiece that significantly changed the landscape of ufology, dividing it into 'Before Close Encounters' (B.C.E.) and 'After Close Encounters' (A.C.E.) eras. The article also touches upon the film's release in Spain and the context of UFO sightings at the time, including the Pusilibro case and the First National Congress of Ufology in Barcelona.

DIEZ AÑOS SIN CEBRIAN This section commemorates the 10th anniversary of the death of Juan Antonio Cebrián, the founder of the legendary radio program "La Rosa de los Vientos" on Onda Cero. Friends and colleagues gathered to remember him, with his wife Silvia Casasola and notable figures from the radio program present. The section includes a letter from Fernando Rueda to "San Pedro, president of Onda Cielo," reflecting on Cebrián's passing and his enduring legacy.

El investigador Alex Chionetti demanda a la TV norteamericana ¡Defendeos de los buitres del contenido! Alex Chionetti, an investigator who has worked in film and television, expresses his frustration with the media industry's focus on sensationalism over information. He recounts his experience pitching a documentary series about J. Allen Hynek and "Project Blue Book" to companies like National Geographic, Discovery Channel, and History Channel. Chionetti alleges that his project was rejected and that elements of his concept may have been incorporated into the History Channel series "Blue Book," produced by Robert Zemeckis, without proper credit or compensation. He criticizes the lack of originality and ethical practices in the industry, particularly regarding the handling of sensitive historical and scientific topics.

El próximo mayo se cumplen 9 años de la desaparición de J. A. Lamich HIPERGEA: LO PARANORMAL EN EL LABORATORIO This article commemorates the upcoming ninth anniversary of the death of José Antonio Lamich Cámara, a significant figure in Spanish parapsychology. Lamich was the director of the "Grupo de Estudios Hipergea," which conducted ambitious research into psychokinesis and the mechanisms behind paranormal phenomena. The article highlights his dedication to scientific investigation and his collaboration with other researchers in the field. It mentions his book "Las incógnitas del planeta" and the continuation of his work by his daughter, Marina Lamich, and colleagues.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores the intersection of paranormal phenomena, scientific investigation, and popular culture. There's a clear emphasis on critical analysis, as seen in the debunking of the Kirlian camera and the detailed examination of the impact of "Close Encounters of the Third Kind." The editorial stance appears to favor rigorous research and a skeptical yet open-minded approach to unexplained phenomena, while also acknowledging the cultural significance of topics like UFOs and psychic abilities. The magazine also pays tribute to key figures in the field, both living and deceased, and critiques the media's handling of such subjects. The overall tone suggests a commitment to providing in-depth information and fostering informed discussion among enthusiasts and researchers.

This issue of 'El Ojo Crítico' (The Critical Eye) presents a comprehensive exploration of various anomalous phenomena, with a strong focus on the research conducted by the Spanish group Hipergea. The magazine features interviews, investigative reports, and analyses of topics ranging from parapsychology and ufology to archaeology and unexplained medical phenomena. The publication aims to provide a critical yet open-minded perspective on these subjects, often contrasting scientific findings with popular theories and anecdotal evidence.

Hipergea's Investigations: Parapsychology and Ectoplasm

The magazine dedicates significant space to the work of José Antonio Lamich and his research group, Hipergea. Lamich recounts how their initial theory, linking psychic phenomena to thalamic oxygen emissions, evolved after receiving information from France and the US suggesting neocortex energy emissions during epileptic attacks. This led them to investigate ozone production in the brain. A key experiment involved a subject with psychic abilities who could levitate objects, allowing Hipergea to photograph the 'PSI energetic field' surrounding the object, which they theorized created a 'anti-gravitational effect'.

Hipergea also conducted extraordinary experiments involving the production and analysis of ectoplasm. Lamich describes an instance where a psychic's concentration on a deceased relative led to the 'biochemical projection' from her tongue. A doctor present cut the substance, which was later analyzed. Medical and biological experts certified that the material consisted of lingual epithelial cells that had not fully formed. This ectoplasmic mass, obtained in Barcelona in October 1983, significantly reduced in size and luminosity over six months, and showed anomalies in infrared imaging and Geiger counter readings.

Lamich emphasizes the rigor of Hipergea's laboratory work, stating they always sought to demonstrate findings independently, distrusting data from other sources without verification. He asserts that the human mind is the source of psychic energy.

Extraterrestrial Life and Meteorite Analysis

Hipergea's research extended to extraterrestrial life. Following the analysis of a meteorite that fell in Barcelona in 1969 (Turó de la Peira), they published an extensive report claiming the discovery of two crystallized microspores of presumed extraterrestrial origin. Lamich suggests this could indicate very basic extraterrestrial life, the beginning of a chain.

Further analysis of the meteorite revealed surprising elements, including 'herborescences' with parallels to plant life and smooth, polished crystallizations, phenomena not previously observed in meteorites. These findings support the theory that carbonaceous chondrites contain elements necessary for life.

Archaeology: Nazca Lines and Atlantis

José Antonio Lamich's interests also encompassed archaeology. Hipergea analyzed archaeological pieces collected worldwide, including findings from the Nazca plains in Peru. Their research challenges Erich von Däniken's theories about the Nazca lines, proposing they were more likely a massive funerary loom rather than a UFO landing strip. They also examined the famous Ica stones, suggesting they date to a more modern era, debunking theories linking them to a civilization millions of years old.

Hipergea also investigated the existence of Atlantis, particularly its connection to Crete. Comparative studies led them to believe that the 'Sea Peoples' who fought the Egyptians might have been the Atlanteans, and that Atlantis existed in Crete, aligning with Plato's descriptions.

Medical Miracles and Unexplained Phenomena

The magazine features an interview with Dr. Miguel Ángel Pertierra, a doctor and expert in anomalies, who wrote a book on 'medical miracles'. Pertierra discusses how practices once considered fringe, like acupuncture, are now accepted. He examines historical 'miracles' that can now be explained by modern medicine, such as the healing of the blind man with saliva mentioned in the Bible, and the use of aloe vera and myrrh by the Romans. He suggests that future medical knowledge might explain current unexplained healing cases.

He also addresses 'Lazarus phenomena' (spontaneous reactivation of vital functions after apparent death) and the Bureau des Constatations Médicales in Lourdes, which scientifically validates unexplained healings. Pertierra expresses skepticism towards spontaneous remissions, noting that many pilgrims seeking cures at sites like Fátima and Lourdes do not experience them, questioning the role of faith.

Ufology and Government Declassification

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to ufology, particularly the recent declassification of UFO-related documents by the US government. The article details how rock star Tom DeLonge played a role in bringing attention to these matters, leading to the revelation of the Pentagon's secret UFO investigation program, the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP). The program, which ran from 2007 to 2012, was led by Luis Elizondo and involved analyzing data on unidentified aerial phenomena.

The magazine traces the history of government interest in UFOs, mentioning figures like Bill Moore, Richard Doty, and Carl Sagan, and the various official projects like 'Project Blue Book'. It discusses the influence of individuals like John Podesta and Senator Harry Reid in pushing for transparency. The article also touches upon the concept of 'Remote Viewing', a psychic espionage technique developed at Stanford University with CIA funding, and its potential connection to military intelligence and the paranormal.

The Shroud of Turin

An article examines a recent study on the Shroud of Turin, which claimed to find evidence of human blood, specifically from a tortured individual, based on the presence of creatinine and ferritin. However, forensic doctor Alfonso Sánchez Hermosilla is quoted as stating that this information is not new and that the study does not offer significant advancements to serious research on the subject. He notes that the presence of blood-like substances had been known since Carlo Goldoni's research in the past.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

Throughout the issue, 'El Ojo Crítico' maintains a stance of critical inquiry, encouraging readers to question and verify information. The magazine bridges the gap between the paranormal and scientific investigation, often highlighting the rigorous methodologies employed by researchers like Hipergea. There is a recurring theme of government secrecy and the slow process of transparency regarding anomalous phenomena, particularly UFOs. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded skepticism, valuing evidence-based research while acknowledging the existence of phenomena that currently defy conventional scientific explanation. The publication champions the idea that serious investigation into the unexplained is possible and necessary, often contrasting it with sensationalism or 'vendehumismo' (selling snake oil).

This issue of 'CRITICO' (Issue 81) delves into the hidden aspects of Spanish intelligence services, focusing on the CNI (Centro Nacional de Inteligencia) and its predecessor, CESID (Centro Superior de Información de la Defensa). Journalist Fernando Rueda is a central figure, presenting his research and books, particularly "La Casa II," which explores the CNI's involvement with phenomena such as UFOs, sects, and the paranormal. The magazine also features an analysis of forensic science related to the Shroud of Turin and a detailed look at the Jack the Ripper case.

The CNI and the World of Mystery

Fernando Rueda, with 25 years of experience investigating Spanish intelligence, reveals that the CNI, like the CESID before it, has an interest in UFOs, sects, and paranormal phenomena. He highlights that the reality of espionage often intertwines with the world of mystery. Rueda presents three veteran agents who have played significant roles in Spanish intelligence, underscoring their dedication and the respect they command. His book "La Casa II" explores how espionage frequently mixes with the mysterious, citing examples like infiltration into satanic sects, recruitment of psychics, illegal wiretapping, and investigations into OVNI incidents, which sometimes involved early American spy planes.

Rueda notes that while intelligence agencies might outwardly dismiss interest in topics like parapsychology or UFOs, this is often a misdirection. He emphasizes that intelligence services utilize all available tools to gather information and address potential national security threats, even those that are 'Not Identified.' The article mentions the "Ufoleaks" documents, which contain previously unpublished information about UFOs from the Spanish government.

Forensic Analysis of the Shroud of Turin

An article discusses the scientific investigation of the Shroud of Turin, specifically addressing claims of creatinine and iron contamination. Forensic doctor Alfonso Sánchez Hermosilla clarifies that while the initial tests in 1991 indicated the presence of blood and confirmed it as human blood of group AB, the subsequent detection of creatinine is not definitive. He explains that the methodology used can only detect morphological structures and atomic composition, not molecular composition or quantity. Hermosilla stresses that without further confirmation, it's impossible to definitively state that creatinine was found, calling such claims "absurd."

Regarding the contamination of supposed creatinine with iron, Hermosilla dismisses its significance. He explains that iron contamination is common in blood from cadavers, regardless of the cause of death, due to the natural breakdown of red blood cells and hemoglobin. This process contaminates surrounding substances, including creatinine. Therefore, the presence of iron does not indicate torture, as some theories suggested.

Hermosilla concludes that the information circulating in the press about these findings is not scientifically valid and is misleading to the public, potentially discrediting serious research.

The Factor OVNI in Spanish Intelligence

Fernando Rueda asserts that Spanish intelligence services have consistently monitored UFO sightings. He cites a letter from a former CESID director suggesting that two agents were dedicated to analyzing OVNI sightings, cataloging them as 'secret' for potential future use. Rueda believes the CNI continues this practice, tasking individuals with monitoring for any potential threat related to unidentified phenomena.

Further evidence comes from a 2015 report based on a contact with a second source, indicating that a pair of Spanish intelligence agents were actively compiling OVNI incidents that could pose a security risk. The article also references a 2000 meeting where the then-Director of CESID, Javier Calderón, stated that while UFOs themselves were not a direct threat, the Spanish Air Force was concerned about potential collisions with unidentified objects in airspace.

However, the magazine reveals that former CESID directors, including Emilio Alonso Manglano and Javier Calderón, had previously denied any interest in UFOs to ufologists like J.J. Benítez. This suggests a deliberate withholding of information. The article also mentions King Juan Carlos I's alleged intervention in the declassification process of OVNI information, citing a document suggesting his involvement through CESID.

The Psychological Profile of a Spy

The magazine explores the demanding psychological training of intelligence agents. Manuel Martín-Loeches, a professor of Psychobiology, explains that agents are trained to process dramatic and critical realities without succumbing to them. Clinical psychologist Carlos Ramos describes spies as having high intellect, strong survival instincts, a taste for risk, good communication skills, emotional control, discretion, analytical ability, and excellent operational memory. He notes that spies must be able to adopt different personalities convincingly, a process that can deeply affect their own personality and lead to physical ailments.

Jack the Ripper: A Human Testimony and Evaluation of Evidence

This section revisits the enduring mystery of Jack the Ripper, focusing on witness testimonies rather than definitive identification. The article suggests that the popular image of the killer—an elegant man with a cape, top hat, and doctor's bag—is largely a product of decades of embellishment and media portrayals, particularly influenced by Alfred Hitchcock's film "The Lodger."

It details the canonical murders: Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes, and Mary Jane Kelly. Witness accounts are analyzed, including Elizabeth Long's description of a man seen with Annie Chapman, characterized as foreign-looking and refined but down on his luck, wearing a brown deerstalker cap. William Marshall's account of a couple near Annie Chapman's murder scene is also presented. Israel Schwartz's testimony is highlighted, describing a man who assaulted a woman near Dutfield's Yard, possibly before the murder of Elizabeth Stride. George Hutchinson's detailed description of a man seen with Mary Jane Kelly is also provided, noting his refined but somewhat disheveled appearance.

The article emphasizes that the perception of the killer as a doctor stemmed from the nature of the mutilations, but Dr. Thomas Bond's later analysis suggested the cuts were made by an inexperienced hand, contradicting the 'doctor' theory.

The Conspiracy of Information

Fernando Rueda discusses the evolution of intelligence gathering, from the CESID's past methods, including illegal wiretapping, to the CNI's current use of advanced technology. He highlights the risks posed by hacking and the interception of communications through social media and messaging apps. Rueda warns that foreign intelligence services, particularly Russian ones, are aggressive in their espionage activities in Spain, exploiting vulnerabilities in digital communications.

UFOs in the United States

A brief section touches upon a US government program for identifying advanced aerial threats, known as the 'Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program,' which was funded with $22 million in 2011. It mentions a widely circulated video of an oval object, and a recent SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launch that created a luminous orb in the California sky, causing public bewilderment and some traffic accidents.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores the intersection of intelligence services, unexplained phenomena, and historical mysteries. There's a clear focus on investigative journalism, aiming to uncover hidden truths and challenge official narratives. The editorial stance appears to be one of skepticism towards sensationalized claims, advocating for rigorous investigation and evidence-based conclusions, particularly in the fields of forensics and intelligence operations. The publication seems to position itself as a source for uncovering less-reported aspects of government activities and historical enigmas.

Title: El Ojo Crítico
Issue: Nº 94
Date: August 1972
Publisher: El Ojo Crítico
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish

This issue of 'El Ojo Crítico' presents a diverse range of investigative articles, focusing on historical mysteries and contemporary phenomena. The cover features a striking illustration related to the Whitechapel murders, hinting at the issue's exploration of crime and unexplained events.

Jack the Ripper: Witness Testimonies and the Search for the Killer

The article "¿PUDO ALGUIEN VER A JACK EL DESTRIPADOR?" delves into the testimonies of witnesses who may have seen Jack the Ripper. It highlights the discrepancies in the descriptions provided by various witnesses, such as George Hutchinson, William Marshall, William Smith, and Israel Schwartz. While some descriptions of height, build, and attire overlap, others contradict, making a definitive identification challenging. The article suggests that the man seen with Mary Jane Kelly by George Hutchinson, described as wearing an astracan coat, might be the same individual seen with other victims, but acknowledges the possibility of multiple perpetrators or misidentifications.

Dr. Thomas Bond, the physician who investigated the five murders and debunked the 'medical assassin' myth, is mentioned as a key figure in understanding the case. The analysis of witness accounts, particularly in the 'Double Event' murders of Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes, is presented as a crucial method for piecing together the killer's appearance.

The Valderas UFO Case: Photographic Analysis and Skepticism

"ALGO SOBRE LAS FOTOGRAFIAS DEL SUPUESTO OVNI DE SAN JOSE DE VALDERAS" by Oscar Rey Brea critically examines photographs purported to show a UFO. Rey Brea, a prominent Spanish ufologist, challenges the authenticity of these images, which were initially discussed in STENDEK magazine and defended by Antonio Ribera. Rey Brea argues that the photographs are a "burdo trucaje" (crude hoax) based on several points:

• Inconsistent Lighting: The object appears brightly lit and with a clear anagram (UMMO symbol) even when photographed against the sun (backlit), which is deemed impossible.
• Lack of Detail: Despite the presence of nearby objects like fence posts, the UFO is sharply defined, suggesting it was not a distant object.
• Photographic Techniques: Rey Brea suggests that the photographs were taken from the same location with the same camera, possibly using a tripod, and that the differences in size and perspective between series X and Y are due to manipulation of the negatives or prints.
• Meteorological Inconsistencies: The article notes that the sky conditions depicted in the photographs (clear patches appearing and disappearing rapidly) are inconsistent with typical cloud formations.

Rey Brea proposes various methods by which the effect could have been faked, including using a clean glass, a small model, or superimposing negatives. He concludes that the evidence points to a fabricated event, possibly orchestrated by a larger organization.

Revisión de Fátima: A Scientific and Historical Perspective

"Congreso Revisões de Fátima en la Universidad Fernando Pessoa: LAS APARICIONES DE FÁTIMA DESDE LA CIENCIA" reports on an academic congress held in Porto in 2017, commemorating the centenary of the Fátima apparitions. The congress brought together historians, psychologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, economists, journalists, philosophers, theologians, and engineers from various Portuguese universities.

Key discussions included:

• Historical Context: Luís Filipe Reis Torgal highlighted how the apparitions, coinciding with socio-political events and the need for religious consolidation in Portugal, gained prominence.
• Theological Perspectives: Anselmo Borges and Fray Bento Domingues raised concerns about potential theological issues, such as the risk of deifying the Virgin Mary to the point of eclipsing Christ, and the need for a balanced approach to devotion.
• Cultural and Media Dimensions: Joaquim Franco discussed how Fátima has been used to address social fears, particularly during the Cold War, and how its message has evolved towards a more social and less terrifying one.
• Socioeconomic Aspects: José Brisso-Lino analyzed the role of guilt and relief in Marian devotion, suggesting that contemporary believers experience guilt more individually and seek a closer divine connection for solace.

Analysis of the 'Miracle of the Sun' Photographs:

An important part of the congress report details the photographic analysis of the original negatives from the 'Miracle of the Sun' event on October 13, 1917, conducted by José Barbosa Machado. His findings suggest the presence of a second light source, independent of the sun, which exhibited characteristics of a heat source and possibly microwave radiation, as further explored by Raul Berenguel. This analysis challenges the notion that the event was purely psychological or subjective, suggesting an objective, physical phenomenon.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

'El Ojo Crítico' consistently adopts a skeptical yet open-minded approach to unexplained phenomena. The magazine critically examines evidence, challenges conventional narratives, and encourages readers to form their own conclusions. The issue demonstrates a commitment to in-depth investigation, whether dissecting the complexities of a historical crime like Jack the Ripper, scrutinizing photographic evidence of alleged UFOs, or exploring religious phenomena from academic and scientific viewpoints. The editorial stance appears to favor rigorous analysis and a rejection of unsubstantiated claims, while acknowledging the enduring fascination with mysteries and the paranormal.

Title: Cydonia
Issue: 101
Issue Date: December 2017
Publisher: Ediciones Cydonia
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish
Cover Headline: ESTE AÑO LOS REYES MAGOS REGALAN MAGIA Y MISTERIO (This year the Three Wise Men give magic and mystery)

This issue of Cydonia magazine, number 101, is dedicated to the theme of magic and mystery, particularly highlighting the significant contributions of Catalonia to the field of anomalous phenomena and the unexplained. The cover features a collage of book covers and imagery related to these themes, suggesting a focus on books and products that explore the mysterious.

Catalonia: A Cradle of Mystery

The article "CATALUNYA MISTERIOSA... ¿QUE VOLEN AQUESTA GENT?" (Mysterious Catalonia... What do these people want?) by Manuel Carballal, explores Catalonia's rich history as a hub for mystery and anomalous research. It pays tribute to pioneering figures like Marius Lleguet, Sinesio Darnell, Fassman, Eduardo Buelta, Manuel Seral, Alfredo Bonavida, Antonio Ribera, Luis Linares de Mula, and Josep María Armengou, whose works and programs inspired a generation. The article also acknowledges early female pioneers in the field such as Rosita Torrens, Carole Ramis, Carmen Domenech, and Sonia Rubio.

Catalonia's influence is further emphasized through its rational ufology (CEI) and audacious parapsychology (Hipergea), with special mention of Josep Antonio Lamich's experimental work. The courage and impact of Andreas Faber Kaiser and his "Sintonía Alfa" radio program are also celebrated. The article recalls shared experiences with figures like Próspera Muñoz, José María Semitiel, Josep Guijarro, and Pedro P. Canto, and touches upon intense investigations into dark conspiracies, OVNI manipulation, and geopolitical machinations.

Barcelona's role in nurturing Domenec Pastor Petit, described as the continent's greatest spyologist, is noted, underscoring Catalonia's inherent connection to conspiracy. The region is credited with fostering a deep understanding of mystery through its classic cases, such as the Nulles table, the suicides of Tarrasa, the Masia de Can Busquets, the UFOs of EVA 4, Enriqueta Martí, the dogs of Pratdip, and the skull of Moia.

Influential Publications and Events

The magazine acknowledges the vital role of Catalan mystery publications like Karma 7, Algo, Papers d'OVNIs, Standek, and Mundo Desconocido in shaping the understanding of mystery for enthusiasts across Spain. It also recalls significant historical events such as congresses and symposiums held in Catalonia where groundbreaking research was presented, including Sixto Paz's dissolution of Mission Rama, SOBEPS's presentation of the Belgian wave, and Hipergea's analysis of "ectoplasm."

The article highlights innovation and new perspectives introduced by Catalan researchers, citing Luis Miratvilles's science, Josep María Casas Huget's paraufology, and concepts like "mental ellipse" and biennial cycles. The personal journeys of Javier Sierra and Manuel Carballal are linked to Montserrat, Catalonia's iconic mountain.

Products and Collections

Beyond the articles, the magazine showcases a variety of products related to magic, mystery, and intelligence. The website "museodelespia.blogspot.com.es" is promoted for its collection of hidden cameras, autographed books, historical reconstructions, espionage gadgets, and military intelligence memorabilia. "Plataentupiel.com" offers esoteric jewelry, including pentagrams, tetragrammatons, and mandalas, emphasizing protection and spiritual energy.

The issue also features a Christmas 2017 gift catalog, suggesting original and exclusive presents such as action figures, autographed books, and espionage equipment. Several books are advertised, including "OVNIS: Las 50 Mejores Evidencias" by José Antonio Caravac, "El último secreto de Verne" by Felipe Galán, and "Los Vigilantes de la Atlantida" by Carlos Ollés.

Featured Products and Best Sellers

The "Most Sold" section highlights items like the Mandala, Medalla, Pentagrama-Tetragrammaton, and the Anillo 101 Palo Cero Palo IOI. Other featured products include the CHOKUREI, OM, Mándala Flor de la Vida, and San Benito medals.

Carlos Castaneda Investigation

A separate section, visually distinct and featuring a collage of documents, is dedicated to "CARLOS CASTANEDA: La investigación." This section appears to be a preview or excerpt related to an investigation into the life and work of Carlos Castaneda, with legal documents and handwritten notes hinting at a deep dive into his background and the nature of his writings.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are mystery, ufology, parapsychology, espionage, and historical anomalies, with a strong emphasis on the cultural and historical significance of Catalonia in these fields. The editorial stance celebrates the enduring fascination with the unexplained and positions the love for mystery as a unifying force that transcends divisions. The magazine aims to inform, intrigue, and provide resources for enthusiasts of the mysterious and the esoteric.