El Ojo Critico - No 75 - Marzo 2014

Magazine Overview

This issue of EL OJO CRITICO, published since 1992 and identified as N° 75 from March 2014, is a collection of research notebooks for investigators, edited by GRUPO FENIX from La Coruña, Spain. The cover headline "Misterios y marketing viral" sets a tone of intrigue, leading into featured articles on "The 'Ships' that came from UMMO (Part 2)" and "The humanoids of Oruro." A prominent section highlights "New technological tools for investigating in the 21st Century" and "THE NETWORK: Military UFO Investigation Program in the USSR." The issue also includes a "DOSSIER: Science, Belief, Crime" and a "Polémica" section discussing "Stones of Ica: New report" with responses from Caravaca, Moyano, and París. A special offer includes a free CD with the "BSO de EOC."

Articles and Investigations

COOPARTS?

The article "COOPARTS?" by M.A. Ruiz delves into the concept of "Out of Place Artifacts" (OoPARTS), coined by Ivan T. Sanderson. It discusses how early researchers like Erich von Däniken, Peter Krassa, and Peter Kolosimo were inspired by such artifacts, believing they pointed to extraterrestrial contact or a highly advanced ancient human civilization. The author acknowledges that while some OoPARTS have been proven to be modern frauds (like the Stones of Ica and Dropa Discs) or misinterpretations (like the "astronaut" of Fergana), others are genuine, representing surprising technological and scientific knowledge from our ancestors, but not necessarily alien. Examples like the "stainless" pillar of Deli, the Asoka pillars, the Palenque sarcophagus lid, and the Baghdad "batteries" are examined. The author suggests that researchers have sometimes fallen into the trap of confirmation bias, seeking evidence to support a preconceived notion of primitive ignorance in ancient peoples. The piece also highlights modern examples of extraordinary human ingenuity, such as the documentary "Cave Digger" about Ra Paullete's self-built chapels and Justo Gallego's cathedral, suggesting that exceptional human capabilities, not necessarily alien intervention, can explain remarkable achievements.

Declarations inéditas del Tte. Cnel. Fernando Cámara: NUEVOS DATOS SOBRE EL CASO MANISES

This section presents exclusive, unpublished statements from Lieutenant Colonel Fernando Cámara, a pilot of the Mirage F1 who was involved in the Manises UFO case in 1979. M.A. Ruiz recounts his interview with Cámara, who emphatically denies the theory that the Manises UFO was related to NATO military exercises (CRISEX-79), stating, "Manises was not the Americans." Cámara explains that he participated in those exercises and confirms the Manises event was something different. He further elaborates on his experience during a military intelligence course in the USA, where he was questioned about the Manises case, and was told by American officials that it was unknown to them and "it wasn't us." He contrasts this with the Poseidon missile incident in the Canary Islands, which the Americans acknowledged as their own. Cámara also reveals that sometimes Spanish military pilots would "play at being UFOs" using powerful spotlights on their aircraft, but insists this was not the case during the Manises incident. The article includes a dialogue where Cámara dismisses the military exercise theory and mentions that he was told the Manises case was "truly unknown" to the Americans.

¿Pueden los escépticos alterar su percepción de la realidad?

Arthur Ellison, an electrical engineering professor and paranormal enthusiast, conducted an experiment involving a levitating bowl to explore how belief and disbelief affect perception. While Ellison used an electromagnet to levitate the bowl, some participants reported seeing a gray substance rise, while others saw nothing. The article questions whether skepticism, like faith, can lead to a biased perception, potentially blinding individuals to phenomena. It contrasts the scientific method of rigorous testing and fact-checking with the subjective experience of witnesses, suggesting that while science aims for objectivity, radical skeptics might, in certain moments, be as prone to misinterpretation as fervent believers.

UMMO: Los humanoides del Caso Oruro: TRÍO DE OAWOOLEAS (2ª Parte)

This installment continues the investigation into the UMMO case, focusing on the Oruro humanoids. It includes a clarification from Juan Domínguez regarding photographic evidence, suggesting a tripod was used due to the precise alignment of optical centers in two photos. Pablo Villarrubia corrects information about Fernando G. Sampaio's alleged death, stating he is alive and involved in cultural dissemination. A transcription error regarding the length of a Guardia Civil report is also noted. The main narrative follows Enrique Villagrasa's correspondence in 1967 with the newspaper "La Patria" in Oruro, seeking information about a UFO landing in Madrid. The director, Enrique Miralles, expressed intrigue and offered to exchange information. Miralles requested a clipping from the "Informaciones" newspaper with photos of the alleged "flying saucer." Villagrasa complied, but Miralles never responded. Villagrasa then contacted the Spanish vice-consul, Segundo Tejero Vinuesa, who advised him not to take Miralles too seriously due to his distracted nature and recent conflict with his business partner. Vinuesa also recounted a close encounter his family had with a luminous silver object near Oruro. The article references a 1970 article in "Flying Saucer Review" by Óscar A. Galíndez about a humanoid encounter in Bolivia, which bears similarities to the Oruro case.

The Encounter (VIOLENT HUMANOID ENCOUNTERED IN BOLIVIA)

This section details an account from Valentina Flores, who reported an encounter with two small humanoids in Bolivia in 1967. Flores described the beings as approximately 1.10 to 1.30 meters tall, wearing dark, padded suits. One humanoid was observed inside a sheep pen, killing sheep with a hooked instrument. Flores threw stones at the being, which then used a device to absorb a net. The humanoid attacked Flores with its weapon, inflicting cuts before fleeing and disappearing into the air. The incident occurred near Uyuni, and the animals were found mutilated. The local authorities, including military personnel, investigated the case, but no official report was ever published. The article notes that the mutilations were unusual, and the perpetrators were not believed to be local Indians or guerrillas. The incident caused significant hardship for Flores's family, forcing them to emigrate.

ETNOGRAFIA BOLIVIANA DE CASI MEDIO SIGLO ATRAS

This section provides ethnographic context for Bolivia in the 1960s, describing its population density, racial composition (predominantly indigenous Quechua and Aymará), and the harsh living conditions of the Altiplano Indians. It details their traditional practices, including syncretic religious beliefs, their reliance on agriculture and mining for survival, and their use of llamas. The text notes Bolivia's status as a region with significant nutritional deficiencies and mentions the political climate of the time, including Che Guevara's aspirations for Bolivia.

Jordán Peña, UMMO y Bolivia

This article discusses an interview with José Luis Jordán Peña, who claimed to be the author of the UMMO affair. Peña described a "failed" UMMO experiment in Bolivia, involving a model saucer hung from a helium balloon to simulate a UFO sighting. He claimed his collaborator in Oruro was responsible for this staged event, which he admitted went wrong. The article contrasts Peña's account with a previous one given to J. J. Benítez, noting discrepancies in the modus operandi. It also points out similarities between Peña's alleged Bolivian hoax and an Italian experiment involving a model saucer suspended from a balloon, which was reported in a previous issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología." The author suspects that Peña may be projecting his own desires or past experiences onto a fabricated collaborator, and that he might eventually claim responsibility for such hoaxes himself.

Relato de Valentina Flores

This section recounts the testimony of Valentina Flores, who, at 60 years old in March 2001, detailed an event that occurred in 1967 near Sibingani, Bolivia. While alone with her infant daughter, she encountered two small beings who had killed her sheep. She described them as wearing dark suits and having unusual weapons. One of the beings attacked her, causing injuries before fleeing. The incident was reported to the authorities, but the family faced significant hardship afterward.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of "El Ojo Crítico" revolve around unexplained phenomena, particularly UFOs and alleged extraterrestrial encounters (UMMO). There's a strong emphasis on investigative journalism, seeking to uncover new data and challenge existing theories, as seen in the Manises case and the Oruro humanoids. The magazine also explores the intersection of science, belief, and potential deception, questioning the nature of evidence and the role of skepticism. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, presenting different perspectives and encouraging critical analysis of anomalous events, while also acknowledging the possibility of hoaxes and misinterpretations. The inclusion of ethnographic context for Bolivia suggests an effort to ground some investigations in the cultural and social realities of the regions studied.

This special issue of EL OJO CRITICO is dedicated to the I Congreso Solidario: Ciencia, Creencia y Delito (Science, Belief, and Crime), held in Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, on February 14-16, 2014. The congress aimed to foster a critical and scientific spirit in the investigation of anomalous phenomena, bridging the gap between academia and independent researchers.

Key Articles and Themes

The Bolivian 'Little Men' Case

The issue delves into a 1967 UFO case in Bolivia, initially reported by journalist Enrique Miralles. The case involved alleged sightings of 'little men' and mutilated cattle. The article traces the investigation through correspondence and interviews, including with the son of Enrique Miralles, Marcelo Miralles. It notes that initial reports mentioned photographs of mutilated cattle, which could not be found later. The investigation also explored the possibility of a connection to a newspaper called 'Crítica' published in Sucre or Uyuni.

The Chilean UFO Phenomenon

Another significant section focuses on UFO reports in Chile, particularly during 1965 and 1967. It discusses the influence of the press in shaping public perception of UFOs, citing the book "Noticias de Marte" by Diego Zúñiga. The article examines specific cases, including alleged sightings by Air Force personnel in Antarctica and a peculiar incident in Pelluco involving a loud noise and a bright light, which was later attributed to natural causes like landslides and subterranean water.

Science vs. 'Paraciencia'

The congress addressed the distinction between scientific investigation and what is termed 'paraciencia' (parapsychology). The consensus among advanced researchers is that the study of paranormal phenomena should be approached using established scientific disciplines like physics, chemistry, and psychology. The issue emphasizes that investigation is either scientific or it is not.

Fraud and Skepticism

A recurring theme is the fight against fraud in paranormal claims. The congress featured an illusionist, Luis Boyano, who demonstrated how false spiritualist sessions were conducted in the 19th century. The importance of rigor and responsibility when speculating about the paranormal is stressed, as beliefs can sometimes lead to criminal acts.

New Tools for Investigation

Chris Aubeck, a specialist in digital culture, presented new tools for investigators in the 21st century, including online archives, databases, digital libraries, and online searches, deeming them indispensable for tracking information on classic cases and identifying fraud.

Awards and Contributions

The issue highlights the EOC awards for critical research, recognizing works that presented a scientific and reasoned approach to anomalous phenomena. Notable awardees included Jesús Ortega, Mercedes Pullman, and Enrique Echazarra. The congress also featured presentations on neurospirituality, Egyptian mysteries, and the exegesis of miracles.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

EL OJO CRITICO consistently advocates for a rigorous, evidence-based, and critical approach to the study of anomalous phenomena. The magazine champions scientific methodology and skepticism, while acknowledging the role of journalism, folklore, and personal experience. The editorial stance is one of debunking pseudoscience and fraud, promoting a more rational understanding of mysteries, and encouraging the use of modern investigative tools. The congress itself served as a platform to reinforce these principles, bringing together diverse perspectives under the banner of scientific inquiry.

This issue of "El Ojo Crítico" (EOC), titled "ESPECIAL 1º Congreso Benéfico Ciencia, Creencia y Delito," focuses heavily on debunking paranormal claims and myths, particularly concerning the infamous "cursed village" of Ochate. The magazine presents itself as a platform for critical analysis, aiming to separate fact from fiction in the realm of the unexplained.

Ochate: Fin del Misterio

The main article, "Desmontando el mito del pueblo maldito OCHATE: FIN DEL MISTERIO," by Antonio Arroyo and Julio Corral, meticulously dissects the popular narrative surrounding Ochate. The authors argue that the village's reputation as a "cursed" and "paranormal" place is largely a fabrication, built on misinterpreted historical events, exaggerated testimonies, and sensationalist reporting. They challenge the widely circulated stories of devastating epidemics (viruela, tifus, cólera) in the mid-19th century that supposedly led to the village's depopulation. Historical research, including archival records from the Bishoprics of Vitoria and Calahorra, and testimonies from former inhabitants, suggests that Ochate's depopulation around 1930 was due to typical socio-economic factors like harsh agricultural and climatic conditions, rather than supernatural causes.

The article also addresses specific claims associated with Ochate:

• The "Ovni en Treviño" incident: The famous 1981 UFO photograph by Prudencio Muguruza, initially published by J.J. Benítez in "Mundo Desconocido," is examined. The authors point out inconsistencies in Muguruza's account and question the alleged "conclusive analyses" by NASA and the University of Lejona, which were never disclosed.
• The "cursed" history: The narrative of Ochate being destroyed by epidemics is contrasted with historical records that show similar outbreaks in nearby villages without causing their complete devastation. The authors suggest that the story of Ochate's unique destruction by plague might have been inspired by the documented fates of other depopulated villages in the Condado de Treviño, such as Galvarín, San Sebastián, Granado, and Huribarri, which were indeed affected by plague in earlier centuries.
• The "disappeared priest" (Don Antonio Villegas): The story of Father Villegas, who supposedly disappeared mysteriously in 1868, is investigated. Archival research confirms his existence and service as priest of Ochate from 1863 to 1871. However, his departure was not paranormal but a personal decision to seek a new life elsewhere, eventually leading him to Uruguay and Brazil with his former servant. His disappearance was not linked to any supernatural event in Ochate.
• The Necropolis: Prudencio Muguruza's claim of discovering a medieval necropolis of children near Ochate is challenged. Archaeological inspections suggest the site dates to the early Middle Ages (9th-10th centuries) and contains adult-sized tombs, debunking the idea of a children's burial ground.
• The name "Ochate": The etymology of the name is explored, refuting popular interpretations like "door of the cold" or "secret door." The more likely origin is from the Basque "Gogate," meaning "high door" or "high pass," referring to the village's elevated geographical location.
• The "face in the pajar" (hayloft): The famous photograph showing a face in a doorway is explained as a case of "pareidolia" – the psychological phenomenon of perceiving familiar images in random stimuli. The story has been embellished over time, with claims that the face belongs to a researcher who committed suicide in Ochate, which is also refuted.
• The "medallion of Ochate": The discovery of a medallion near the Burgondo hermitage after a lightning strike is confirmed. However, the event is presented as a natural occurrence, with the medallion likely hidden for safekeeping, and its perceived mysterious qualities attributed to Victor Moraza's faith and subsequent embellishment of the story.

EOC Congress and Social Message

The magazine also reports on the EOC's first beneficial congress, which aimed to raise funds for the NGO "Aldeas Infantiles." The congress, held with free entry, requested attendees to bring at least one kilogram of food for social canteens run by "Mensajeros de la Paz." The event emphasized a social message, encapsulated by the phrase "Spirituality is social or it is not," advocating for helping others regardless of esoteric or religious beliefs. The congress concluded that while scientific methods should be used to study anomalies, fraud should also be denounced.

"Noche Mágica" in Aguillo

Salvador Freixedo recounts his experience at a "Noche Mágica" event in Aguillo in 1988, organized by Prudencio Muguruza and others. Freixedo describes the event as a "burlesque farce" orchestrated by individuals seeking to profit from naive attendees, highlighting the commercialization and lack of genuine substance in some paranormal gatherings.

Historical Anomaly: The 1414 Guadalajara Event

Another article details a historical anomaly from 1414 in Guadalajara, Spain. A strange, resplendent white cross appeared in the sky, descended upon a preacher during a procession, and was followed by heavy rain. This event was interpreted as a divine sign, leading to the conversion of 122 Jews. The description of the cross, with its intricate details and numerous "balls," is provided, along with its interpretation by Vicente Ferrer, who linked it to Eucharistic symbolism and prophecies.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The overarching theme of this issue is the critical examination of paranormal claims and the debunking of popular myths, particularly those surrounding Ochate. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of scientific inquiry, historical accuracy, and denouncing fraud within the field of paranormal research. The magazine advocates for a rational approach, emphasizing that while the unexplained may capture the imagination, it is crucial to rely on verifiable evidence and to distinguish between genuine phenomena and fabricated stories or misinterpretations. The issue also highlights the importance of social responsibility and the application of critical thinking even within the context of exploring mysteries.

Title: EL OJO CRITICO
Issue: ESPECIAL (Cuadernos de investigación)
Date: Febrero 2014
Publisher: FUNDACION PAZ Pozuelo de Alarcón
Theme: Soviet UFO research, historical phenomena, religious and political connections.

Main Articles

Vinculaciones antisemitas, religiosas y políticas entre Fernando de Aragón y San Vicente Ferrer

This section explores the historical and political connections between Fernando I of Aragon and the Dominican friar Vicente Ferrer. Fernando I's ascent to the Aragonese throne in 1412, facilitated by the Compromise of Caspe, was supported by Vicente Ferrer, who also served as Fernando's confessor. The article highlights their shared support for Pope Benedict XIII (Pedro de Luna), who was considered an antipope by the French monarchy. A significant event discussed is the appearance of a cross in the sky over Guadalajara on March 18, 1414, followed by the conversion of 122 Jews to Catholicism. Fernando of Aragon consulted Ferrer about this event, and the news of the conversions was likely well-received by the king, given the prevailing anti-Semitic sentiment that would later lead to the expulsion of Jews.

Vicente Ferrer is described as a key figure in the Valencian Community, known for his impactful sermons across Spain and Europe, often focusing on the conversion of non-Christians. His iconography includes a raised index finger, attributed to his miracles, and wings, symbolizing his role as the 'angel of the Apocalypse' who preached the imminent arrival of the end times and the Antichrist.

The article details two blocks of original sources: biographical works on San Vicente Ferrer by Dominican friars and correspondence between King Fernando of Aragon and Vicente Ferrer. Specifically, it mentions a letter from Fernando dated May 11, 1414, from Zaragoza, found in the Royal Archive of Barcelona, accompanied by a drawing of a cross. A reply letter from Vicente Ferrer, dated May 16, 1414, from Tamarit, was not found in the Royal Archive but is believed to have been kept as a relic by the king or his secretaries. Fray Vicente Justiniano Antist later found this letter in the Madrid Archive and published it in his book.

LA RED: PROGRAMA DE ESTUDIO OVNI EN LA UNION SOVIETICA

This article focuses on the Soviet Union's secret UFO research program, codenamed "LA RED" (The Net), which operated from 1978 to 1991. The program's objective was to study UFOs and anomalous atmospheric phenomena at a state level. The project's name changed periodically for strategic reasons, including "GALAXIA" and "HORIZONTE," but its core mission remained the same.

1. Introduction: The article notes that the Soviet Union, like the United States, engaged in state-level UFO research. "LA RED" involved thirteen years of close collaboration between scientists and the military. Russian UFO research organizations possess over 1,000 pages of documents related to various projects under the "LA RED" umbrella.

2. Antecedents: Even before "LA RED," there was scientific interest in unidentified flying objects. In 1976, the USSR Academy of Sciences initiated a secret investigation into these phenomena, as evidenced by an extract from a meeting of its Oceanographic Commission. The focus was on the underwater aspect of the UFO problem and the analysis of hydrosphere data.

3. Origin of the Program "LA RED": The decision to study UFOs was driven by a document concerning anomalous atmospheric and cosmic phenomena and their impact on military technology and personnel. The "Petrozavodsk phenomenon" of September 20, 1977, a rare atmospheric event that defied clear explanation, was a key catalyst. The "LA RED" organization officially began on August 1, 1978, with the support of various military-industrial organizations, the Ministry of Defense, the KGB, and the Ministry of the Interior.

4. Organization of the Study: The program was divided into two parallel streams: "La Red-MO," focused on the impact of anomalous phenomena on military equipment and personnel, and "La Red-AN," dedicated to studying the physical nature and evolution of these phenomena, managed by the Academy of Sciences. Information dissemination was limited due to the program's secrecy. The "LA RED" and "LA RED-OM" projects reportedly closed immediately after the August 1991 coup attempt, with rumors of secret documents being sold to the CIA.

5. Collaborators of "LA RED": Key institutions involved included the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism and the Institute of Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation (IZMIR AN), led by academician V.V. Migulin. The Institute of Space Research (IKI) also participated. The program's funding came from the budgets of the participating organizations, with no specific allocation.

6. Equipment Used: The research utilized various instruments, including radiometers, photometers, and spectrometers, provided by the Institute of Space Research.

7. Documentation and Testimonies: Despite the program's closure, information continued to be gathered. The article mentions the sale of approximately 400 mysterious case descriptions. One notable case describes an alleged UFO landing in June 1979 near Derzhavinsk, Kazakhstan, where occupants reportedly spent 24 hours in the area.

8. Case Study: Miguel's Phenomena: This section presents a case study of alleged paranormal phenomena occurring after the unexpected death of Miguel in Albacete, Spain, in May 2010. His wife, Elena, and neighbors reported strange occurrences, which they interpreted as related to Miguel's passing. The article notes that such phenomena can sometimes be influenced by cultural beliefs, memories, and the investigators themselves.

9. Conclusion: The article concludes by questioning why, despite the existence of anomalous phenomena research since the 1980s, the results have not been fully revealed. It highlights a massive UFO sighting on June 14-15, 1980, across the USSR, which was partially explained away as a satellite launch but coincided with numerous other sightings.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores the intersection of science, belief, and unexplained phenomena, with a particular focus on UFOs and historical mysteries. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, presenting evidence and analysis while acknowledging the limitations of current knowledge and the potential for misinterpretation or fabrication of phenomena. The publication seems to advocate for open investigation and the declassification of information related to unexplained events, particularly those involving state-level research programs like "LA RED."

This issue of 'El Ojo Crítico' (The Critical Eye), dated February 2014, focuses on anomalous phenomena, particularly in the context of viral marketing and personal experiences. The magazine explores the intersection of science, belief, and investigation, featuring articles that delve into psychological interpretations of paranormal claims and the evolving landscape of research tools.

Case Study: The Paranormal Experiences of Elena's Family

The issue begins with a detailed account of a family experiencing alleged paranormal activity following the death of Miguel, the patriarch. The primary witness, Elena, reports a range of phenomena, including unexplained smells of cigars, coffee, and roses, as well as auditory disturbances like the jingling of keys and footsteps. Her grandchildren, Andrea (1.5 years old) and Alejandro (3 years old), also report interactions with what they perceive as the deceased grandfather, referred to as 'Abu' or 'el abu.' Andrea describes being touched and kissed by a presence, while Alejandro talks about a being playing with him and being on the moon. The article notes that the children were not explicitly told about Miguel's death, which may influence their perceptions.

A peculiar phenomenon described is an 'incorrupt' rose, received by Elena as a memento of her husband. This rose, after 18 months, remains remarkably preserved, velvety, and retains its color without any special treatment. While initially striking, the author later dismisses this as a unique paranormal event when it's revealed that other similar roses exist, suggesting a possible chemical explanation.

The case also involves a young child, Andrea, who falls ill with stomach pains, initially diagnosed as appendicitis. During this period, she reports feeling someone touch her hair and kiss her cheek. Simultaneously, a kitchen shelf repeatedly falls off the wall in an unusual manner, which Elena interprets as a sign of distress related to Andrea's condition. Later, while recovering in the hospital, Andrea identifies a photograph of her deceased grandfather, stating he was with her in the hospital.

Analysis of Paranormal Phenomena and Witness Testimony

The article then shifts to a more analytical perspective, examining factors that influence the interpretation of such cases. The author, Jesús Ortega, emphasizes that his work is not a formal investigation but a journalistic approximation.

Profile of the Principal Witness (Elena)

A basic psychological profile of Elena is presented, revealing that the phenomena began over ten years prior, after her father's death, and were first noticed after moving to her current town. She describes experiencing 'energies' and 'presences' and holds Christian beliefs. She has experienced phenomena in bed and heard sounds like bangs. Her family members have also reported similar experiences, and séances have been conducted in the home. Elena's belief in the supernatural is described as deeply ingrained, making paranormal explanations 'natural' for her.

The Problem of Paranormal Overinterpretation

Ortega argues that due to the family's strong belief in the paranormal and their history of experiencing such phenomena, there is a tendency to overinterpret events. He provides an example of a financial hardship that coincided with the receipt of a scholarship, which Elena attributed to her deceased husband's intervention. This illustrates how ordinary events can be interpreted through a paranormal lens, creating a 'snowball effect.'

The Role of Memory and Subjectivity

The author highlights the unreliability of memory, comparing it to a flawed recording that can be edited to create a more comfortable reality. In Elena's case, the belief that her husband is still present and helping the family is presented as a more comforting narrative than accepting his loss. Ortega notes that Elena consistently opts for supernatural explanations even when rational alternatives are suggested.

The 'Investigator Effect'

Ortega discusses the 'investigator effect,' where the mere interest shown by an investigator can lead witnesses to believe their experiences are extraordinary. Furthermore, investigators can unintentionally influence witnesses with their own beliefs and knowledge.

The Influence of Children's Testimony

The article touches upon the significance of children's testimony in paranormal cases. While children are often considered more sensitive, their perceptions can be influenced by adult beliefs, such as Elena's. The author suggests that children might personalize phenomena or create imaginary friends, which can then be interpreted through a paranormal framework by the adults.

The Nature of Anomalous Phenomena

Ortega distinguishes between objective and subjective phenomena. While subjective experiences rely on memory and interpretation, objective phenomena, like the preserved rose, are more tangible. However, he notes that even objective phenomena in this case do not defy the laws of physics; for instance, the falling shelf did not levitate.

Viral Marketing and Anomalies

The second major section of the magazine explores the use of anomalous phenomena in viral marketing. The article, authored by Eva Villanueva, discusses how the rise of user-generated content and social media has challenged traditional advertising. Viral marketing, akin to the spread of rumors, leverages impactful videos that often incorporate elements of the strange or anomalous.

Rumors as Marketing Tools

Villanueva explains that rumors are effective marketing tools because they are symbolic, interactive, and personal. They empower the sender and create a network of diffusion. Brands use anomalous elements to create mythology and tap into disruptive thoughts. The subtext of these viral campaigns is crucial, designed to be deciphered by the audience and provoke fascination.

The Blurring of Lines Between News and Advertising

A significant issue is the spread of advertising content disguised as news through mass media. This is often achieved through 'publicity' tactics, where campaigns are designed to generate buzz and media attention, sometimes using teaser formats. The subjective nature of video content, especially 'found footage' or hidden camera styles, can create a vicarious experience for the viewer, bypassing critical judgment.

The Role of Digitalization in Research

Chris Aubeck contributes an article on new tools for investigating anomalies, emphasizing the impact of digitalization. He highlights how the internet has revolutionized the collection, storage, and analysis of information. Resources like Magonia Exchange, which he founded, facilitate the sharing of data on fortean and UFO cases. Aubeck points out the advantages of digital archives, including speed, precision, and access to a wider range of sources, enabling researchers to verify information and uncover hidden details about witnesses and events.

He mentions tools like NewspaperArchive.com and Elephind.com for historical newspaper searches, and Project Gutenberg and Google Books for digitized texts. These tools allow for rapid keyword searches, image searches, and even automatic text translation, transforming the research process.

Manifesto for a Real Parapsychology

The issue includes a manifesto signed by a hundred scientists calling for greater scientific openness and resources for the study of parapsychological phenomena. The manifesto argues that despite a century of research and some positive findings, parapsychology remains underfunded and marginalized. It emphasizes that the effects observed are often small but consistent, and that these phenomena do not necessarily violate established laws of physics, especially with advancements in quantum physics.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of 'El Ojo Crítico' consistently explores the boundary between belief and skepticism, the psychological factors influencing paranormal perception, and the evolving methodologies for investigating anomalous phenomena. The magazine appears to adopt a critical yet open-minded stance, presenting personal testimonies alongside analytical discussions and scientific perspectives. There is a clear emphasis on the importance of rigorous investigation, the critical evaluation of evidence, and the understanding of cognitive biases. The editorial stance leans towards a scientific approach, encouraging readers to question, verify, and consider rational explanations while remaining open to the possibility of unexplained phenomena.

This issue of 'EL OJO CRÍTICO' features a prominent article titled '11-M: LAS FALSAS CLAVES DE UNA CONSPIRACIÓN' (11-M: The False Clues of a Conspiracy), which critically examines and debunks various conspiracy theories surrounding the 2004 Madrid train bombings. The magazine also includes a program schedule for 'I CONGRESO SOLIDARIO CIENCIA CREENCIA Y DELITO' (I Solidarity Congress Science Belief and Crime) held on February 14-16, 2014, in Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), organized by 'EL OJO CRÍTICO' and 'Fundación Mensajeros de la Paz'. The congress featured talks on topics ranging from neurospirituality and ancient Egypt to criminology, paranormal phenomena, and historical conspiracies.

Letter from Fundación Mensajeros de la Paz

A letter dated March 21, 2014, from Padre Ángel García Rodríguez of Fundación Mensajeros de la Paz, addresses the friends of 'EL OJO CRÍTICO'. He expresses gratitude for a food collection drive, highlighting the impact of such solidarity on families in need. He emphasizes the necessity of mutual support in their arduous social work and encourages continued campaigns for the less fortunate, positioning 'EL OJO CRÍTICO' as a vehicle for their solidarity.

11-M: The False Clues of a Conspiracy

This extensive article, authored by Antonio Luis Moyano, systematically dissects and refutes claims made by journalist and investigator Bruno Cardeñosa in his book '11-M, Claves de una conspiración'. Moyano challenges several key points raised by Cardeñosa:

1. Satellite Imagery of Atocha

Cardeñosa suggests that satellite images of Atocha station taken by Ikonos and QuickBird satellites before the 11-M attacks were suspicious and potentially linked to intelligence services. Moyano counters that Ikonos and QuickBird are commercial satellites, not spy satellites, and their images are publicly available for various purposes, including urban planning and disaster evaluation. He argues that their presence and imagery of Madrid were routine and not indicative of any conspiracy related to the attacks.

2. Suspicious Stock Market Movements

Cardeñosa posits that there were suspicious stock market movements prior to the 11-M attacks, implying insider knowledge. Moyano analyzes stock market graphs, stating that there were no significant 'surprising' drops before the attacks. He asserts that the IBEX 35 movements were correlated with international markets like the DOW JONES and that any notable drops occurred after the attacks, as expected.

3. The 'Suspicious' Kangoo Van

Cardeñosa questions the discovery of a Kangoo van, suggesting it might have been planted by intelligence services, as he claims Al Qaeda members would not steal vehicles. Moyano refutes this, explaining that stealing a vehicle is a practical method to avoid police detection, unlike renting or buying one which leaves a traceable record. He also points out that the comparison to the 'Operación Mengele' is irrelevant.

4. The 'Mochila-Bomba' of Vallecas

Cardeñosa suggests the backpack bomb found in Vallecas was a 'false clue' or 'decoy' designed to mislead the investigation. Moyano explains that the backpack was recovered by police at El Pozo station and its journey to the police station and IFEMA was due to the chaotic circumstances following the attacks. He clarifies that the device did not detonate because a cable was loose, not because it was designed not to explode. He also states that the bomb's composition was similar to others used.

5. CNI Alert to a Terrorist

Cardeñosa claims that CNI agents alerted terrorist Amer Azizi to his impending arrest, citing a video recording. Moyano states that this claim is false and based on a misinterpretation of a press release. The SUP (Unified Police Union) clarified that Azizi escaped because he was being controlled by the CNI, not warned by them, and no such video directly showing agents warning him has been presented.

6. The Siege of the Leganés Apartment

Cardeñosa questions the police protocol during the siege of an apartment in Leganés, where the perpetrators died. He raises doubts about the timing of events, the presence of a police cordon, and the cause of death of a GEO officer. Moyano corrects factual inaccuracies in Cardeñosa's account, stating the apartment was rented before the attacks, the timing was different, and the GEO officer died from shrapnel wounds, not a simple 'splinter'.

7. Desecration of the GEO's Tomb

Cardeñosa suggests that intelligence services desecrated the tomb of GEO officer Javier Torronteras to destroy evidence. Moyano dismisses this, explaining that the tomb's location could be easily found through cemetery records and that the body was identified through an autopsy, making such an act illogical. He also points out that the claim about the body being dismembered to prevent exhumation is unfounded.

Theories of Conspiracy: A Smoke Screen?

In the concluding part of the article, Moyano reflects on Cardeñosa's feeling of being monitored. He questions why conspiracy theories, if they reveal hidden truths, are published by mainstream publishers like Planeta and promoted by public television like TVE. Moyano suggests that these theories might serve as a 'smoke screen' to distract the public from more significant, real-world issues.

Response from Bruno Cardeñosa

Bruno Cardeñosa responds to Antonio Luis Moyano's critique, accusing Moyano of misrepresenting his work and using his name for publicity. Cardeñosa defends his research methodology, emphasizing his work with antiterrorist sources and his extensive investigation. He clarifies minor points, such as the calculation of days between 9/11 and 11-M, and reiterates that his book predates many of the 'conspiracy theories' that emerged later. Cardeñosa expresses disappointment and confusion over Moyano's personal attacks, suggesting envy or other negative motivations.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue strongly advocates for critical thinking and evidence-based analysis, particularly concerning the 11-M attacks. The editorial stance is clearly against unsubstantiated conspiracy theories, favoring official investigations and verifiable facts. The magazine promotes rigorous research and challenges narratives that lack factual support, as demonstrated by the detailed debunking of Bruno Cardeñosa's claims. The inclusion of the congress program highlights the magazine's commitment to exploring complex topics like science, belief, and crime from an analytical perspective.

This issue of "LOS CONFIDENCIALES de EOC" is dedicated to debunking 25 persistent 'false mysteries' that continue to be presented as authentic in various media outlets. The magazine emphasizes the critical and rational investigative work of its collaborators, aiming to provide a skeptical perspective on anomalous claims.

Key Figures and Obituaries

The issue begins with obituaries for Juan Fco. Mnez. Espín, a long-time member of the El Último Peldaño team, and Jorge Loring, a Jesuit known for his defense of the Holy Shroud. It also notes the passing of Joaquín Grau, a traveler, journalist, and hypnologist.

Investigations and Debunking

The core of the magazine is its detailed examination of 25 cases that are frequently presented as genuine mysteries. These include:

• The 'Nazi UFOs': The magazine questions the authenticity of alleged Nazi UFO footage.
• The Cursed Coffin: The story of the 'cursed coffin' of the vampire Borox is presented as a romantic tale with a different, less supernatural, truth.
• The Fergana Astronaut: The famous image, often cited as proof of extraterrestrial intervention, is revealed to be a non-existent painting.
• The Dropa Discs: The material legacy of a past civilization is questioned, with the author of the fraud identified.
• Sai Baba: The 'miracle man' is examined, questioning the limits of his alleged supernatural powers.
• Crop Circles in Spain: The origin of crop circles similar to those in the UK is investigated and revealed.
• The Abydos Temple Aircraft and Tanks: The suggestive figures in the Abydos temple are presented not as evidence of advanced ancient technology, but with a different explanation.
• The Ica Stones: The authenticity of these stones, claimed to depict a civilization coexisting with dinosaurs, is thoroughly debunked, with evidence pointing to them being manufactured by local artisans.
• The Galician Fishermen's UFO: A viral video is revealed to be a publicity stunt, debunked by investigators.
• The 'Golden Airplanes' of Bogotá: The interpretation of ancient gold objects as airplanes is challenged.
• UMMO Sects, Sex, and Secret Services: The UMMO case, with its claims of extraterrestrial origins, is presented as having a different, less extraterrestrial, truth.
• Julio F. Abducted by Extraterrestrials: The famous abduction case is revealed to have a secret behind it.
• Ricardo Schiariti, the Lying Mentalist: The story of a mentalist who claimed supernatural powers is investigated.
• The Palenque Astronaut and his 'Spaceship': The iconic image is re-examined, with its true meaning revealed.
• Dragonfly: The California Drones: A viral campaign that manipulated ufology is exposed.
• The Best Belgian Wave UFO Photo: The most reproduced UFO photo of the late 20th century is analyzed.
• The Devils of Haiti: The supernatural powers of bokors and houngans are investigated by a team familiar with mentalism.
• The 'Fallen Angel': The origin of a viral video depicting a 'fallen angel' is revealed to be different from what is believed.
• Félix's UFO: The story behind a surprising photograph is explained.
• Nazi UFOs: The authenticity of alleged Nazi UFO footage is questioned.
• The Cottingley Fairies: The story behind the famous photographs, validated by Arthur Conan Doyle, is presented.
• Xavier C. and the Intratrestrals of Vallgorgina: The identity and inconsistencies of an abductee's story are revealed.
• Robert van der Broeke, the Total Contact: The case of a mediumship phenomenon is examined.
• The UMMO Flying Saucers: The inconsistencies of the San José de Valderas flying saucer case are exposed.
• 'Paranormal' Photos: A Technical and Mechanical Review: Photographs used to support paranormal claims are analyzed from a technical perspective.

Special Features and Columns

• Ballester and the Last Fotocat: Ballester Olmos announces changes to his FOTOCAT project blog, focusing on research and planning.
• New Enigmas: The Revolution: The magazine Enigmas, now owned by Planeta, has undergone significant changes in layout, design, and content.
• Rafael Rivera... decided to live: A testimonial from Rafael Rivera Madariaga about his experience after losing his limbs and his new book.
• 20 Years Without Andreas Faber Kaiser: A remembrance of the influential investigator, with a recommendation to visit his website.
• Divulgadores del misterio... impagable: A promotion for the website http://divulgadoresdelmisterio.net/, which offers audio and video content related to mysteries.
• There are other worlds in this one, and they remain solidary: Information about the charitable book 'Hay otros mundos, pero están en este', with a portion of sales going to Médicos Sin Fronteras and an audiobook version available for the visually impaired.
• Mini-Gira de Presentación: Announcements for book presentation events in Zaragoza, Santander, and Vigo.
• The Investigator's Library: Recommendations for three books: 'Incógnita' by Fran Contreras, 'Apariciones Marianas: La respuesta definitiva' by Marcelino Requejo, and 'Credo Quia Absurdum' by Moisés Garrido.
• Disappears After the Limits: The end of the radio program 'Tras Los Limites' is announced, along with information about its upcoming congress.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes a skeptical and rational approach to anomalous phenomena. It criticizes the sensationalism and lack of critical investigation often found in popular media and among 'mystery vendors.' The editorial stance is to debunk hoaxes, expose fraud, and provide well-researched, evidence-based explanations for claims of the paranormal and extraterrestrial. The magazine champions rigorous investigative journalism as a means to counter misinformation and promote a more grounded understanding of mysteries.

Title: EL OJO CRÍTICO
Issue: Nº 50
Date: November 19, 2013

This issue of 'El Ojo Crítico' delves into the perplexing phenomenon of young girls allegedly crying stones, exploring whether these events are miracles, paranormal occurrences, or elaborate frauds. The magazine presents the case of Saadiya Saleh from Yemen, a 12-year-old girl whose story mirrors previous incidents involving other young girls.

Characteristics of the Phenomenon

The article outlines common traits observed in these cases: the protagonists are usually young girls, often accompanied by a family member, and the phenomenon is presented to the media as extraordinary. Typically, a container of stones is shown, though videos often only capture the appearance of one stone. The stones are usually found in the tear duct and can be expelled with gentle pressure on the lower eyelid. Medical examinations have not revealed any underlying ophthalmological or genetic conditions. Furthermore, the girls and their families often profess Muslim or Hindu faiths. Media speculation frequently leans towards the inexplicable, paranormal, or miraculous, often dismissing the possibility of fraud.

The Precursor: Hasnah Mohamed Meselmani

The article identifies the case of Hasnah Mohamed Meselmani from Lebanon, who was also 12 years old in 1996, as a significant precursor. A video of her producing small quartz crystals from her eyes gained worldwide attention. This case is presented as a perfect model of fraud, inspiring subsequent similar claims. The magazine references an episode of 'Unsolved Mysteries' where investigator Joe Nickell and illusionist Bruce Adams exposed a woman named 'Katie' for faking the materialization of gems. They demonstrated how a small gem could be hidden and simulated to emerge from the eye. Nickell later applied this understanding to Hasnah Mohamed's case, noting that while the medium's trick was about manual dexterity, the crystals in Hasnah's case were likely placed in the tear duct and then extracted.

More Prodigious Girls

Following the Lebanese case, the phenomenon continued with new claims from young girls, often following the 'Hasnah model' with slight variations. The article mentions a 10-year-old girl in Pakistan, a 20-year-old in Bajil, Yemen, a girl in Saudi Arabia, Tina Agustina (19) in Indonesia, and several in India, including Savitri Kumari (13) and Divya (7).

Alboroto in India: The Case of Savitri Kumari

The case of Savitri Kumari in India garnered significant media attention and controversy. Her family claimed that stones emerged not only from her eyes but also from her nose, mouth, and ears. Savitri underwent extensive observation and analysis at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS). Dr. Jeewan S. Titiyal, a professor at AIIMS, stated at a press conference that the patient was clinically well and that tests showed no evidence of stone formation. He revealed that Savitri had been accustomed to placing stones in her eyes and that chemical analysis of the stones did not match any natural formation. The investigation found that the stones were not formed in her eyes and that she likely brought them from her village. Dr. Titiyal also recalled a previous case where a girl claimed ants were emerging from her eyes, only to be caught placing ants into her own eyes.

The article suggests that the large quantities and varied sizes of stones seen in videos are not necessarily naturally produced. The exaggeration in size, when the girls are already faking the phenomenon, makes it difficult for observers to question the deception.

Another New Warning

While India has a tradition of miracle workers, there are also those dedicated to debunking them. Hulikal Nataraj, Director of the Secondary School in Doddaballapur and a "miracle hunter," demonstrated on television how anyone could insert a small stone into their eye and expel it without harm.

An Old Trick Still Valid Among Magicians

The technique of introducing a small object into the eye and then extracting it is not new. The renowned French illusionist Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin (1805-1871) described a similar trick in his book 'Confidences d'un prestidigitateur'. He detailed a 'Clavo en el Ojo' (Nail in the Eye) trick, where a small nail is inserted into one eye, passed to the other, then to the mouth, and finally returned to the original eye. This trick, which Houdin recommended using a small lead or silver pin for, is akin to modern magic performances involving various objects.

Argentinian magician Monterrey shared a personal anecdote about performing a similar trick, where he forgot a bolt in his eye, and the next day, two appeared. He noted the absence of pain or discomfort, a sensation also mentioned by Robert-Houdin, which can lead the public to doubt the possibility of inserting objects into the eye without harm. The article concludes that this is precisely what these girls are doing, often with parental complicity, to sell 'miracles,' while illusionists perform such tricks honestly for entertainment.

Other Articles and Sections

The magazine also features articles on various topics, including: "JULIO F.: the abduction that Jordán Peña scripted," "Joseph Smith and the ETs," "MORMONES: THE SECRET HISTORY," "The Paleontology... what a pleasure," "The FIA Conspiracy, a critical review," and "DOSSIER: THE XAVIER CLARES JEREZ CASE: BETWEEN JINAS, INTRATERRESTRES AND FRAUD." Other sections include "Fraudes," "Escepticismo," "Psicología Anómala," and "Ufología." Specific articles within these sections cover "TRÍO DE OAWOOLEAS (Part 1): THE SHIPS THAT CAME FROM UMMO," "JULIO F. HISTORY OF A UFOLOGICAL FRAUD," "ROBBERT van den BROEKE: TOTAL CONTACT," "THE FRAUD OF THE 'ESCEPTICO' AWARD JAMES RANDI," "DESENMASCARADORES: MAGOS CONTRA FALSOS MEDIUMS," "DARYL BEM AND THE STUDY OF PRECOGNITION IN EROTIC IMAGES," and "PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS IN THE OCCUPATION OF IRAQ."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is the critical examination of phenomena presented as paranormal or miraculous, with a strong emphasis on exposing potential fraud and deception. 'El Ojo Crítico' adopts a skeptical stance, utilizing investigative journalism and expert analysis, particularly from the fields of science and illusionism, to debunk extraordinary claims. The magazine aims to provide readers with rational explanations for events often sensationalized by the media, encouraging critical thinking and a discerning approach to unexplained phenomena. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of evidence-based reasoning and the demystification of purported mysteries.