El Ojo Critico - No 72 - Mar 2013

Magazine Overview

EL OJO CRITICO - Issue 72, March 2013

This issue of EL OJO CRITICO, published by GRUPO FÉNIX, marks the magazine's 20th anniversary and its 72nd number. The publication, based in La Coruña, Spain, is dedicated to critical investigation of paranormal phenomena. The editorial emphasizes the magazine's commitment to honesty, impartiality, and critical thinking, often in contrast to sensationalist or commercially driven paranormal media.

Editorial: 20 Years of Critical Investigation

The editorial reflects on the 20-year journey of EL OJO CRITICO, acknowledging the effort and dedication involved in producing a free, amateur publication. It highlights the magazine's role as a platform for honest and impartial study of anomalies, often attracting contributions from researchers who forego commercial compensation. The editorial notes that EOC has been perceived as controversial, being labeled as too skeptical by believers and too credulous by skeptics. It asserts the magazine's independence and its commitment to seeking truth, even when it is uncomfortable or challenges cherished myths. The editorial contrasts EOC's approach with the current paranormal media landscape, which it criticizes for its redundancy and commercialization. It reiterates EOC's mission to understand mysteries rather than simply believe, and its willingness to confront fraud and misinformation.

Key Articles and Reports:

• INFORME EOC: NINA KULAGINA - A Unique Case in History: This report focuses on the case of Nina Kulagina, a Russian woman known for her psychokinetic abilities.
• The 'Golden Planes' of Bogotá: A Critical Investigation: This article critically examines the phenomenon of alleged 'golden planes' reported in Bogotá, questioning their true nature.
• Pseudo-skeptics in the Psychiatrist: This piece explores the psychological aspects of skepticism, particularly in relation to paranormal claims.
• VAMPIROS: The True Story of the 'Cursed Coffin': This feature delves into the history of the 'ataúd maldito' (cursed coffin) and other literary vampires, tracing its origins and investigating its veracity.
• UFOLEAKS: Benítez Requests Explanations from Defense: This report covers Benítez's demand for explanations regarding UFOleaks, suggesting a connection to official defense documents.
• UMMO: New Data on the Valderas Case. Why There: This article presents updated information and analysis on the UMMO case, focusing on the Valderas incident and its context.
• The Guardia Civil Investigates the Crop Circles of Treviño, A Recurring Fraud: This investigative report details the Guardia Civil's findings on the crop circles that appeared in Baroja, Treviño. The investigation concluded that the circles were a deliberate fraud, with no digital evidence found on tools used. The economic damage was assessed as minor, likely constituting a misdemeanor rather than a felony.
• Ronald Reagan and the Apparitions of Medjugorje: This article recounts a story from Diego Manetti's book 'Ipotesi su Medjugorje,' linking the Virgin Mary's messages to the peace process between the US and USSR, and specifically mentioning a private communication to President Reagan that influenced disarmament negotiations.

Voices of the New Generation:

In celebration of its 20th anniversary, the magazine features testimonials from several individuals considered representatives of the 'new generation' of mystery investigators. These include:

• David Cuevas: Praises EOC's honesty, audacity, tenacity, and independence, calling it a classic and an indispensable reference.
• Beatriz Erlanz: Expresses gratitude to Manuel Carballal for the opportunity to publish and for fostering critical thinking.
• Alejandro Barragán: Commends the publication's 20-year effort, highlighting the dedication required for manual production in the pre-internet era.
• Carlos Ruiz: Acknowledges EOC as a vital resource for researchers, especially in combating fraud and misinformation, and praises its critical approach.
• David Mulé: Describes EOC as being in its 'adult prime,' a symbol of passion for disseminating mysteries from a different perspective.
• Alicia Orea: Defines EOC as 'necessary,' a critical publication that stands against sensationalism and misinformation.
• Jesús Ortega: Emphasizes EOC's role in promoting a serious and dignified journalism of mystery, breaking away from commercial media narratives.
• Juan José Sánchez-Oro: Highlights EOC's role as a platform for critical investigation, debunking fraud, and challenging beliefs.
• Juan Miguel Marsella: Considers EOC a vital publication that keeps the spirit of an era alive, distributing information through grassroots efforts and championing free expression.
• Lourdes Gómez: Calls EOC the 'polar star' of mystery publications in Spain, essential for understanding anomalies objectively.
• Miguel Ángel Ruiz: States that EOC 'is' the only skeptical publication he has read, one that doesn't assume or deny but seeks evidence.
• Yvan Figueiras: Notes EOC's independence from trends and profitability, focusing on the rigor and interest of the information itself.
• Rosa Pérez: Wishes for EOC to continue its mission of discovering truth.
• Mikel Navarro: Describes EOC as a unique and necessary publication in investigative journalism, prioritizing rigor and objectivity over sensationalism.

The 'Cursed Coffin' Case Deep Dive:

The article "La verdadera historia del 'ataúd maldito' y otros vampiros literarios" by J. J. Montejo and V. Orozco meticulously investigates the legend of the 'ataúd maldito' (cursed coffin). The case, which began in 1915 with a coffin arriving in Cartagena from Yugoslavia, was allegedly linked to vampiric attacks across Spain. The authors trace the story through various accounts, including notes from lawyer D.A.M. and writer Miguel Gómez Aracil. They discover that the core narrative appears to stem from a fictional short story by Juan Perucho, titled "El vampiro de Pratdip," and later a story by Alfonso Sastre titled "Historia popular de los vampiros Zarco y Amalia." The investigation debunks the idea of a real vampiric event, attributing the legend to literary sources and misinterpretations. The article details the efforts of researchers Jordi Ardanuy, Martí Fló, and Valentín Ferrán to trace the origins of the story, their interactions with Gómez Aracil, and their eventual confirmation with Alfonso Sastre that the tale was fictional.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue strongly reinforces EL OJO CRITICO's long-standing commitment to critical thinking, skepticism, and rigorous investigation. The magazine positions itself as a bulwark against misinformation, sensationalism, and commercially driven paranormal content. It champions the pursuit of verifiable truth over blind belief or unfounded skepticism. The anniversary theme underscores the publication's resilience and its consistent dedication to its core principles over two decades. The diverse testimonials from younger investigators highlight EOC's enduring relevance and its role in fostering a serious approach to the study of mysteries. The magazine consistently prioritizes the quality and integrity of information, regardless of the author's fame, and encourages readers to question and seek evidence rather than accept claims at face value.

This issue of EL CRÍTICO, titled 'EL CRÍTICO', delves into a variety of intriguing and often mysterious topics, spanning literature, historical events, and archaeological enigmas. The content is primarily in Spanish, with a focus on Spanish culture and history, but also touches upon international phenomena.

Literary Explorations: Vampires and Reality

The magazine begins by examining Alfonso Sastre's literary work, specifically 'Las noches lúgubres'. It explores the potential for his characters to be based on real individuals, citing the research of Luis Puicercús who identified a character named 'El Chancaichepa'. The article discusses how Sastre blended imagination with concrete details, referencing newspapers, magazines, and political figures to ground his fantastical narratives. Aurora de Albornoz, in her prologue, highlights Sastre's narrative technique of contrasting concrete data with imaginary elements. The discussion extends to the theme of vampirism in Sastre's work, suggesting that the act of selling blood for survival in a marginalized society can be seen as a modern form of vampirism, with blood banks as contemporary castles.

Further literary analysis delves into Spanish vampire literature, with a critical assessment by Juan Antonio Bardem, who deemed it 'aesthetically null and industrially stunted'. The article reviews works by Juan García Atienza, including 'El autobús de las 23h 15' and 'Sangre fresca para el muerto', which explore ghostly apparitions and vampiric themes within bourgeois settings. It also touches upon the parodic treatment of vampires by Alfonso Paso in his play 'Los otros Münster'. The issue posits Miguel de Unamuno's short story 'La novela de don Sandalio, jugador de ajedrez' as the finest example of Spanish vampire literature, noting its exploration of obsessive vampiric influence rather than literal vampirism.

The Tragic Year of 1934: Bullfighting and Fate

A significant section is dedicated to the year 1934, described as a tragic period for Spanish bullfighting. It recounts incidents involving prominent matadors Domingo López Ortega and Ignacio Sánchez Mejías. The narrative details how a bullfight in La Coruña resulted in a spectator's accidental death, and how Domingo Ortega received news of his brother's death, leading to a car accident that claimed his cousin's life. The article highlights the profound impact of these tragedies on Ortega, who canceled a scheduled bullfight. Ignacio Sánchez Mejías stepped in to replace him in Manzanares but tragically lost his own life in the ring.

Political Fiction and Allegory

The magazine explores the potential for political allegory within Sastre's 'Las noches lúgubres', particularly the narrative of a cursed coffin traveling across Spain. It suggests that this could be a coded message from Sastre to his comrades in the PCE (Spanish Communist Party), with characters and events symbolizing anti-Franco sentiments and potential plots against the dictator. The article speculates that the journey of the coffin might represent clandestine cells providing support for a hypothetical assassination attempt.

Ancient Mysteries: The 'Airplanes of the Gods'

Another major focus is on 'OOPArts' (Out of Place Artifacts), specifically small, golden objects from ancient Colombia that resemble airplanes. The article traces the popularization of these artifacts through Erich Von Däniken's work, who attributed them to ancient Incas or even extraterrestrial visitors. It presents the analysis of aeronautical experts who found the objects to possess aerodynamic qualities. However, the magazine also investigates the origin of these artifacts, suggesting they are not from the Incas but from the Tolima culture. It reveals that the widely circulated 'airplane' artifact is likely a replica made by a jeweler, Emanuel M. Staub, and questions the authenticity of the OOPARTs as evidence of ancient aviation technology. The article concludes that these figures might be zoomorphic representations or symbolic objects related to shamanistic practices.

The Enigma of Carlos Castaneda

Finally, the issue scrutinizes the life and work of Carlos Castaneda, questioning the veracity of his accounts of shamanistic teachings from Don Juan Matus. It contrasts Castaneda's purported biography with documented facts, highlighting inconsistencies in his immigration records and his claims about learning the Yaqui language and culture. The article points out the lack of photographic or recorded evidence of Don Juan and the implausibility of some of Castaneda's described experiences. It mentions the skepticism of academics like Richard de Mille, who analyzed Castaneda's works and found numerous chronological and logical inconsistencies. The magazine suggests that Castaneda's books, while popular, may have been largely fictionalized, possibly as a form of 'political fiction' or a commentary on the counter-culture of the 1960s.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of EL CRÍTICO demonstrates a consistent interest in the intersection of myth, reality, and history. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, seeking to debunk sensational claims while exploring the cultural and historical contexts of various phenomena. There is a clear emphasis on investigative journalism, presenting evidence and expert opinions to challenge popular narratives. The magazine champions a nuanced understanding of literature, history, and unexplained phenomena, encouraging readers to question and analyze information critically. The recurring themes include the nature of reality versus fiction, the influence of historical events on cultural narratives, and the persistent human fascination with the mysterious and the unexplained.

Title: El Ojo Crítico
Issue Date: December 1992
Document Type: Magazine Issue

This issue of El Ojo Crítico, published in December 1992, offers a deep dive into various aspects of the mysterious and the unexplained, with a particular focus on the enigmatic figure of Carlos Castaneda, the psychology of conspiracy theories, and a retrospective analysis of the paranormal magazine landscape of the time.

Carlos Castaneda: Enigma of a Sorcerer

The magazine begins by exploring the life and work of Carlos Castaneda, the controversial author and influential figure in the New Age movement. It touches upon his alleged journeys to Mexico to study with a shaman named Don Juan, a figure whose existence has been debated. Castaneda's wife, Margaret Runyan Castaneda, is mentioned for her book "A Magical Journey with Carlos Castaneda," which suggests Castaneda had read extensively about indigenous hallucinogenic drugs before his travels. The article also references Timothy Leary's account of Castaneda seeking his help in Mexico under the alias 'Arana,' and his claims of being a 'warrior of the soul.' The piece notes that Don Juan supposedly died in 1973, yet Castaneda continued to publish works based on their past conversations, increasingly focusing on esoteric themes. The introduction of Castaneda's 'tensegrity' technique, a system of 'magical movements,' is discussed, along with the skepticism it generated among anthropologists who noted its similarity to disciplines like Kung Fu and Tai Chi, which Castaneda had studied. Despite evidence suggesting fraudulence in his work, the magazine notes the enduring popularity of Castaneda's books.

The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to understanding why people are drawn to conspiracy theories. Drawing on psychological studies, the article suggests that a predisposition to believe in conspiracies is linked to factors like intellectual curiosity, active imagination, and 'machiavellianism.' It highlights research indicating that people are more likely to believe in conspiracies involving high-profile figures like royalty or presidents. The appeal of conspiracy theories is attributed to the emotions they evoke—astonishment, confusion, fascination, and intrigue—making them potentially addictive. The article contrasts the passive reception of well-documented investigative journalism with the greater engagement sparked by novelistic or fabulated accounts of conspiracies. It also touches upon the idea that 'pseudo-skepticism' can be a defense mechanism, and that the rejection of seemingly irrational ideas can be complex, sometimes revealing more about the individual's worldview than the phenomenon itself.

Skepticism and the Scientific Method

The magazine critiques extreme forms of skepticism, arguing that a healthy scientific approach should be open to exploring all phenomena, even those that seem unusual or heterodox. It references Carl Sagan's reflections on the Velikovsky affair, emphasizing that the suppression of uncomfortable ideas is antithetical to scientific progress. The article posits that science advances through unexpected discoveries, and that even refutations of hypotheses can yield valuable insights. It criticizes the tendency of some 'skeptics' to dismiss paranormal phenomena without rigorous investigation, suggesting that their positions can sometimes be more rigid and less rational than the phenomena they seek to debunk.

Review of Paranormal Magazines (December 1992)

The issue provides a detailed look at the content of prominent Spanish paranormal magazines from December 1992, the same month El Ojo Crítico's first issue was published. It analyzes the cover stories and featured articles of 'Año Cero,' 'Mas Allá,' and 'Karma-7.'

• Año Cero featured articles on telepathy and the impending 'Great Earthquake,' reflecting concerns that would resurface in later years regarding apocalyptic prophecies.
• Mas Allá presented a 'Special Christmas' edition, with a focus on the scientific and symbolic aspects of the holiday, alongside articles on UFOs and the potential for extraterrestrial technology in the military.
• Karma-7, a long-standing publication, covered topics such as the declassification of UFO files by the Spanish Air Force, the SETI project, and alleged photographic evidence of ghosts, as well as articles on ancient texts and conspiracy theories surrounding Christianity.

The review highlights the continuity of themes in paranormal publications over two decades, noting that many topics discussed in 1992 remain relevant today.

The Nature of Conspiracies: Folklore vs. Reality

The article distinguishes between 'folklore conspiracies'—those that are simple, manichean, and easily spread, often involving grand narratives like alien reptilians—and more complex, serious conspiracies that may have historical or political roots. It suggests that popular conspiracies often function as a modern form of folklore, sharing characteristics with children's stories and urban legends. The effectiveness of propaganda and psychological warfare in shaping public opinion is also discussed, with examples like the portrayal of the Iraq War and the discrediting of certain political leaders.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently emphasizes the importance of critical thinking, the scientific method, and the open-minded investigation of phenomena, whether paranormal or conspiratorial. It critiques rigid skepticism and highlights the psychological appeal of conspiracy theories. The editorial stance appears to be one of encouraging a nuanced approach to unexplained phenomena, advocating for thorough research and a willingness to consider alternative explanations, while also being wary of propaganda and unsubstantiated claims. The magazine champions the idea that even seemingly absurd ideas deserve study, as they can lead to unexpected discoveries and a deeper understanding of human psychology and society.

This issue of EOC magazine, titled "¿Representan estos cuadros antiguas naves extraterrestres? OVNIS en el arte: un estudio crítico (2)", delves into the controversial topic of interpreting historical art as potential evidence of UFO sightings. It also features a significant article detailing J.J. Benítez's request for explanations from the Spanish Air Force regarding declassified documents that allegedly questioned his work. Additionally, the magazine provides an in-depth exploration of the novel "La Torre de los Siete Jorobados" by Emilio Carrère and its cinematic adaptation, alongside a scientific piece on physiological responses that may anticipate consciousness.

J.J. Benítez Requests Explanations from the Air Force

The issue highlights J.J. Benítez's formal request to the Spanish Ministry of Defense for explanations concerning declassified documents from the Spanish Air Force. Benítez expresses his annoyance with the content of these reports, which he claims are inaccurate and insultingly toned, particularly regarding his trajectory and the acknowledgment of UFO existence. He specifically addresses points on page 95, refuting claims that the Chief of Air Staff only recognized UFOs as optical phenomena or flying objects, not extraterrestrial ones, asserting that the Chief did acknowledge their extraterrestrial nature. Benítez also provides evidence, including letters, to support his claims about authorized publications and positive feedback received from the Air Force. He questions why he would have been received by the Chief of Air Staff and given an OVNI photograph for publication if his behavior had been dishonest.

UFOs in Art: A Critical Study (Part 2)

This section continues Diego Cuoghi's study on UFOs in art, focusing on specific historical paintings.

Masolino da Panicale's "Foundation of the Church of Santa Maria la Mayor"

The article examines Masolino da Panicale's painting, often cited as evidence of UFOs due to a depiction of a strange cloud formation during a supposed miracle of snow in August 352 AD. The author, however, debunks this interpretation, explaining that the legend was written centuries later and that the stylized clouds are consistent with Masolino's other works and the artistic conventions of the early 15th century. The historical context of the Basilica's foundation is also clarified, noting it was dedicated to Mary in the mid-5th century, with the "ad Nives" designation appearing much later.

Tiziano's "Bacchus and Ariadne"

Another painting, Tiziano's "Bacchus and Ariadne," is analyzed. Some interpretations suggest a formation of circular objects in the sky, described as "F Cdr-821 type objects." The article dismisses this, explaining that the circular formation is Ariadne's crown, which, according to myth, transformed into the constellation Corona Borealis. The author emphasizes the importance of understanding the painting's context and mythological references before making speculative interpretations.

Tumba of Ptahhotep

Images from the Tumba of Ptahhotep (circa 2400 BC) are discussed, which are often misinterpreted online as depicting an alien. The article clarifies that these images show offerings to the gods, and the supposed "alien" is actually the leaves of a plant emerging from a vase. It notes that similar depictions can be found in other Egyptian tombs.

Jacques Legrand's "Le Livre Des Bonnes Moeurs"

An illustration from Jacques Legrand's manuscript "Le Livre Des Bonnes Moeurs" (circa 1490) is presented, which has been misidentified as a UFO or a Montgolfier balloon. The article explains that the image depicts the figure of Fortune, with a globe symbolizing power, and that the dating of the manuscript is often misunderstood. It also addresses a controversy where the magazine "Planeta" was accused of falsifying scientific information.

"La Torre de los Siete Jorobados": A Novel and its Film Adaptation

This section delves into the history and creation of Emilio Carrère's novel "La Torre de los Siete Jorobados" (The Tower of the Seven Hunchbacks). The article highlights Carrère's unique writing style and the novel's blend of fantasy, mystery, and local Madrid color. It discusses the potential co-authorship of Jesús de Aragón, who is credited with expanding and completing the novel for its 1924 publication. The article also touches upon Carrère's reputation and his literary influences, including pulp fiction and authors like Gastón Leroux and Edgar Allan Poe.

The cinematic adaptation of the novel in 1944 is also explored. Directed by Edgar Neville, the film is described as a rare example of Spanish cinema venturing into the fantasy genre during that era. The article notes Neville's background and his ability to adapt the novel's fantastical elements while navigating censorship, incorporating influences from German Expressionism and Hollywood cinema.

Physiological Responses Anticipating Consciousness

A summary of research from Northwestern University suggests that the human body might be capable of anticipating future events, even without conscious awareness or prior clues. This phenomenon, termed "anomalous anticipatory activity," is supported by the review of 26 studies. The article posits that quantum biology might offer explanations for these premonitions, which involve physiological changes in response to important future events.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical examination of evidence for UFOs and extraterrestrial encounters, particularly within historical contexts like art and literature. The magazine adopts a skeptical yet open-minded approach, seeking to debunk misinterpretations while acknowledging the possibility of unexplained phenomena. There is a strong emphasis on rigorous research and historical accuracy, as seen in the debunking of art interpretations and the detailed analysis of J.J. Benítez's claims. The editorial stance appears to favor a rational and evidence-based approach to ufology, encouraging readers to question sensationalized claims and to seek deeper understanding through critical analysis. The magazine also champions Spanish literature and cinema, highlighting works like "La Torre de los Siete Jorobados" and its film adaptation.

This issue of "EL CRITICO" (issue 42) delves into the extraordinary case of Nina Kulagina, a Soviet woman whose alleged paranormal abilities were extensively studied from the 1960s to the 1980s. The magazine presents a detailed report, including exclusive access to testimonies and documents, aiming to shed light on her psychokinetic powers and the scientific investigations surrounding them.

Historical Depictions of Flying Objects

The article begins by examining historical artistic representations that bear a resemblance to modern flying objects. It discusses a tapestry by Charles Le Brun titled "Fuego" (Fire), part of a series on the Four Elements, which features a "fusée volante" (flying rocket) depicted as a cone-shaped object ascending with a trail. This is further explored through a medallion with a similar depiction, described as "Splendet et ascendit" (it shines and ascends). The text references an article by Alfredo Lissoni and a discussion by George Pattera, who questioned the presence of such an object in 17th-century art.

Further investigation into historical texts reveals that the depiction is not incongruous for the period. The article mentions Conrad Haas, an Austrian engineer who described and drew a multi-stage rocket in a treatise written between 1529 and 1569. It also references the work of Johann Schmidlap, a fireworks manufacturer who experimented with multi-stage rockets in 1591, and Kazimierz Siemienowicz's 1650 treatise "Artis Magnae Artilleriae," which discussed rocket nose cones and fins. The conclusion is that the depiction in Le Brun's tapestry is not a UFO but a representation of a rocket, consistent with historical developments in pyrotechnics and warfare.

The Case of Nina Kulagina

The central focus of the issue is the life and alleged psychic abilities of Nina Kulagina. The report highlights that her case is considered unique in the history of international parapsychology, with scientists investigating her for 30 years. When accused of fraud, she sued, and a tribunal ruled that her faculties were genuine.

Early Life and Military Service

Born Ninel Sergeyevna Mikhailova in 1926 in Leningrad, Kulagina was a teenager during World War II. She enlisted in the army and served as a radio operator, demonstrating bravery and resilience during the siege of Leningrad. She was wounded and received medals for her valor.

Emergence of Psychic Abilities

After the war, she married Viktor Vasilievich Kulagin and became a mother. In 1963, during a nervous crisis and hospitalization, her alleged extrasensory abilities began to manifest. Nurses reportedly observed her locating sewing threads without looking, and rumors of her special sensitivity spread.

Scientific Investigations

Dr. Leonid Vasiliev, a physiologist at the University of Leningrad, was among the first academics to investigate Kulagina. He attempted to replicate experiments by J.B. Rhine and stated that in his 30 years of paranormal research, he had never seen anything comparable. Initially investigating dermo-optics, the research expanded to psychokinetic abilities.

Kulagina claimed to have inherited her abilities from her mother and that they were particularly strong when she was angry. Her husband, Viktor, provided old video recordings showing her moving small objects within a sealed glass urn. The article notes that the experiments were rigorous, with controls in place to detect fraud, including the use of compasses to check for hidden magnets and X-rays to rule out shrapnel in her body.

Diverse Experiments and Phenomena

Experiments conducted by various scientists, including Dr. Genady Sergeyev, Dr. J.S. Zverev, and others, aimed to test Kulagina's abilities. These included moving objects like clips and cigarettes within a sealed urn, and later, levitating objects without the urn. The article mentions her alleged ability to influence chemical reactions, alter the trajectory of a laser beam, cause burns through touch, and separate egg yolk from white in saline solution from a distance.

International Interest and Skepticism

Kulagina's abilities attracted international attention, with teams from Japan and Western countries seeking to interview and film her. However, during the Cold War, access was difficult due to Soviet censorship and suspicion. Western researchers like William A. McGary and J. G. Pratt visited her, witnessing experiments firsthand.

Dr. Herbert Benson, a cardiologist, and Manfred Cassirer conducted experiments in 1973, with Benson reporting a significant burn on his hand after Kulagina projected heat through touch. Dr. Jürgen Keil also visited Kulagina and spoke of her cordiality and cooperation.

The "Telekinesis Case" and Legal Battle

In 1987, scientific investigations into Kulagina were halted due to accusations from the self-proclaimed Organized Skeptical Movement (MEO). An aggressive article in "El hombre y la ley" accused her of fraud, claiming she had deceived scientists, psychologists, and magicians for over 25 years. Kulagina, indignant, filed a lawsuit against the publication.

The "Case of Telekinesis" was a landmark trial. Kulagina, the claimant, sought to prove the genuineness of her abilities. Testimonies from reputable scientists, including Dr. Kobzarev (a national hero and father of Soviet radar) and Sergeant A. M. Kibrik (who confirmed her military service and injury), were presented in her favor. The court ruled partially in her favor, ordering the publication to issue a retraction. The magazine appealed, but the Municipal Court upheld the district court's decision.

Scientific Community's Stance

While many scientists preferred to remain silent to avoid ridicule, some prominent academics, like Dr. Kobzarev, provided irrefutable testimony. Kobzarev stated that Kulagina's abilities could not be explained by electromagnetic fields and were of immense scientific interest, potentially leading to discoveries comparable to relativity or quantum mechanics. He advocated for her posthumous support and assistance.

Later Years and Legacy

Kulagina continued to participate in experiments until her death in 1990. The article mentions experiments involving influencing groups of mice, suggesting she could improve their survival rates. The issue concludes by noting that despite the controversy and skepticism, the case of Nina Kulagina remains a significant and debated topic in the history of parapsychology.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine "EL CRITICO" appears to adopt a stance of presenting extraordinary claims, particularly in the realm of parapsychology, with a degree of open-mindedness, while also acknowledging the scientific scrutiny and skepticism involved. The detailed reporting on Nina Kulagina, including her legal battle and the testimonies of scientists, suggests an effort to provide a comprehensive, albeit potentially biased, account of her alleged abilities. The inclusion of historical art depicting flying objects serves to broaden the scope of paranormal inquiry beyond individual cases. The editorial stance seems to be one of exploring unexplained phenomena and challenging conventional scientific paradigms, while also being critical of unsubstantiated claims of fraud.

Title: EL OJO CRITICO
Issue: M72
Date: October 2012
Publisher: GRUPO FENIX
Country: SPAIN
Language: Spanish

This issue of EL OJO CRITICO delves into various controversial and mysterious topics, from the alleged psychic abilities of Nina Kulagina to the conviction of a cult leader, and a detailed account of a UFO landing in Spain. The magazine also critiques the pseudo-skeptical movement and explores historical cases within ufology.

Nina Kulagina: The Psychic and the Mystery

The issue revisits the case of Nina Kulagina, a woman known for her purported psychic abilities. Despite her satisfaction at having her honor restored after 30 years of being used as a 'guinea pig' by scientists, she passed away two years later in April 1990. The article highlights an interview with a witness, an anonymous Spanish artist who knew Kulagina in Moscow. This witness claims her paranormal abilities were genuine and that her relationship with top PCUS officials was close. The article speculates whether Kulagina was used by the KGB to mislead the Americans during the Cold War, given that Dr. Zdenek Rejdak, a military psychologist linked to the KGB, was the first to investigate her case after the death of Vasiliev in 1966. The support from the Russian scientific community and the 1988 court ruling are presented as potentially explainable by this hypothesis, though it would imply a vast conspiracy involving numerous scientists.

The 'Ashram Shambala' Sect and its Leader

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to the conviction of Konstantín Rudnev, founder of the 'Ashram Shambala' sect. Rudnev, who had attracted thousands of followers across Russia since 1989, was sentenced to 11 years in prison. He was accused of creating a formation that violated members' rights, along with sexual abuse and drug trafficking. Rudnev's lawyer, Alexander Nezhinski, claimed the verdict was not objective and that evidence of his client's innocence was not considered. The sect, founded in Novosibirsk before the fall of the Soviet Union, expanded rapidly, using yoga classes to recruit susceptible individuals. Followers were encouraged to abandon their social ties and homes to live in sect-run apartments, where orgies were reportedly organized. It is estimated that the sect had between 10,000 and 30,000 adherents, mostly young people aged 18 to 30. Oleg Zaev, director of the Center for the fight against sectarian organizations, believes that even with Rudnev imprisoned, his ideas will persist, with followers continuing to recruit new members and operate independently. Zaev proposes improving religious education and amending legislation to include an article on 'mind manipulation methods' to combat such problems.

UFOs and the 'A Zapateira' Incident

The magazine features an exclusive investigation into the 'A Zapateira' incident, described as the Spanish 'San José de Valderas' case. This incident, which occurred in the late 1970s near La Coruña, involved a reported UFO landing. The witness, a former member of the 'Misión Rama' group, recounts seeing the landing marks, scorched grass, and the UMMO symbol drawn with chalk on trees and stones. The article notes that this story, previously a rumor among investigators, is being published for the first time. It also touches upon the phenomenon of 'imitators' in ufology, where individuals or groups replicate well-known cases. The article highlights Galicia's significant, though often overlooked, role in Spanish ufology, mentioning figures like Oscar Rey Brea, who compiled anomalous aerial phenomena reports.

Skepticism and Merchandising

EL OJO CRITICO also addresses the topic of skepticism, particularly through its 'Merchandising Pseudo-Escéptico' section. This feature promotes products from Luis Alfonso Gámez, who, after years of denouncing the financial gains of psychics, has launched his own line of pseudo-skeptical merchandise. The magazine also critiques the approach of some skeptics, such as Richard Dawkins, in the context of a £20,000 prize offered by producer David Rolfe to anyone who can prove the Shroud of Turin is fake.

Other Notable Content

• The Wedding of the Century: A satirical cover story titled 'LA BODA DEL SIGLO' (The Wedding of the Century) with the tagline '¡LA PAVA Y EL ECCE HOMO SE HAN CASADO!' (The Peahen and the Ecce Homo have gotten married!).
• J.J. Benítez: The issue references J.J. Benítez's appearance in the TV series 'Cuéntame' and his research on the Virgin of Guadalupe.
• The Shroud of Turin: The article mentions a debate about the Shroud of Turin, contrasting it with the image of Christ from Collevalenza, Italy.
• The Ebe de Bahumgartner: A brief mention of Félix Bahumgartner's stratospheric jump and a curious ring chosen by his mother.
• 'XENDRA': A Film Project: Information about the film 'XENDRA', based on extraterrestrial contact messages from Sixto Paz Wells and Ricardo González.
• The Archive of Crime: The blog 'El Archivo del Crimen' by Manuel Carballal is noted for surpassing one million visits.
• The Guardia Civil and UFOs: A book by Francisco Sotana is mentioned for compiling UFO anecdotes from the Guardia Civil.
• The Adventures of Meier in Comic: The Billy Meier Foundation is releasing a comic series about the Swiss contactee.
• Ingo Swann: The passing of Ingo Swann, known for his work in remote viewing for the CIA, is reported.
• Psychophony in the Laboratory: An investigation by Anabela Cardoso into psychophony is highlighted.
• 'Emergo': A Documented Film: A review of the film 'Emergo' by Carles Torrens.
• Solidarity Events: Reports on charitable events, including one organized by Mikel Navarro.
• Juan Antonio Cebrián Tribute: News about the reactivation of cultural center projects in memory of Juan Antonio Cebrián.
• University Event: A report on the 'I Congress of History, Myth, and Legend in the Ancient World: Andalusia'.
• Researcher's Library: Recommendations for books on ufology, including 'Azul y Pálido', 'Un caso perfecto', and 'Las huellas del misterio'.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

EL OJO CRITICO consistently maintains a critical stance towards both alleged paranormal phenomena and the skeptical movement. The magazine appears to favor in-depth investigation and presents a wide range of perspectives, from believers to those who question the validity of certain claims. There is a clear interest in historical cases, potential government involvement in UFO research, and the psychological aspects of belief systems and cults. The editorial stance often leans towards questioning established narratives, whether they are from proponents of the paranormal or from mainstream science and skepticism. The magazine seems to champion the pursuit of truth, even when it involves uncomfortable or controversial topics, and positions itself as a platform for alternative viewpoints and investigative journalism in the realm of mystery and the unexplained.

This issue of 'El Ojo Crítico' (issue 72, dated March 2013) focuses on the UMMO case, specifically the Valderas incident, presenting new data and a detailed investigation into the alleged UFO photographs and the people involved. The magazine delves into the historical context of UMMO and the broader phenomenon of contactees in Spain, with a particular emphasis on exposing hoaxes and fraudulent activities within ufology.

The Valderas Case: New Data and Geographical Profile

The article "UMMO: NUEVOS DATOS SOBRE EL CASO VALDERAS" revisits the famous UMMO case, focusing on the photographs taken in San José de Valderas (Madrid) in 1967 and A Zapateira (La Coruña) in 1978. Oscar Rey Brea, an amateur astronomer and radiosondista, is highlighted for his early analysis of the Valderas photos, concluding they were a fraud and identifying Jordán Peña as likely responsible. Despite facing backlash from the ufological community, Rey Brea's conclusions are presented as having been vindicated over time.

The investigation into the Valderas case is approached through a "geographical profile" and a study of the "crime scene." The article notes that the Centro Comercial Tres Aguas in Alcorcón, upon opening a new entrance, featured a photographic exhibition on the history of Alcorcón, including images of the "Castillos de San José de Valderas" as allegedly seen by UMMO occupants. This prompted a new look at the case, examining why Valderas was chosen for the only existing photographs of a UMMO "VED" (Vehicle of Extraterrestrial Origin).

The historical context of the Castillos de Valderas is provided, detailing their construction in the early 20th century by D. José Sanchiz de Quesada. The article notes that in 1967, the area was less urbanized, with the castles being more isolated. The photographs in question were taken from a discreet, abandoned area, suggesting a clandestine activity.

The A Zapateira Photographs and the Role of 'P.'

The article details the investigation into the A Zapateira photographs, which circulated clandestinely among a small group of contactees. These were third-generation copies, showing a "flying saucer" over a wooded area, possibly Monte de A Zapateira. Three images show the object in profile, while the fourth reveals its underside, showing what are described as "nozzles" or "landing gear" impressions in the earth, bearing the symbol )+(.

Locating the photographer, referred to as 'P.', proved challenging. 'P.', a young man from A Coruña who was part of the Rama group, had become disillusioned with active contactism. He revealed that the photos appeared on his camera when he developed the film, along with strange messages and calls. He had not taken the photos himself but found them after his camera was taken from his locker at the gym. He eventually identified "José" as the person who took the photos.

José Manuel González: The Architect of the Hoax

Further investigation identified José Manuel González as the material author of the A Zapateira photographs. González, described as a strong, athletic man, was a companion of 'P.' at the gym and had a strong desire to lead a contact group. He was married to Mercedes Cortés, another significant figure in Galician contactism. González, similar to Jordán Peña, meticulously prepared his "evidence."

González explained his technique: digging rectangular holes in the ground and then spraying them with gasoline and burning them to create the appearance of landing traces. He also used a model, similar to one used by Jordán Peña, with the UMMO symbol drawn on its underside. He exploited 'P.', a credulous and good-natured young man, by taking his camera while he was distracted during gym training, making it appear as if 'P.' had captured the evidence himself.

González, like Jordán Peña and others, justified his actions by claiming an "altruistic scientific interest" in demonstrating the credulity of UFO believers, a claim the author dismisses.

Later, José González and his wife Mercedes led the Arca de A Coruña group of Nonsiamossoli, following the teachings of Italian contactee Giorgio Bongiovanni. González is said to have perfected his fraudulent techniques, developing his own "stigmata" and contacts with divinity, leading a group of unconditional followers, mirroring the actions of Jordán Peña.

The UMMO Phenomenon and Fraudulent Practices

Manuel Carballal, the author of the article, draws parallels between the actions of Jordán Peña and José Manuel González, highlighting their shared methods of deception and manipulation. The article suggests that both individuals, along with others like Ismael Rodríguez and Félix Ares de Blas, were "pathological charlatans" who engaged in elaborate hoaxes.

The article also touches upon the broader context of the UMMO phenomenon, its origins, and the individuals who claimed contact. It criticizes the uncritical acceptance of such claims within parts of the ufological community.

Related Events and Publications

The issue also includes information about related events and publications:

• "Hay otros mundos... pero están en este": A collective book of 384 pages coordinated by David Cuevas, featuring contributions from numerous ufologists and researchers. A portion of the proceeds from the book's sale will go to the NGO Médicos Sin Fronteras. The book was presented on April 5th, preceding the Jornadas Solidarias de Parapsicología.
• Jornadas Solidarias de Parapsicología: Ciencia e Historia: Held on April 6th and 7th in Guadalajara, organized by the radio program Dimensión Límite. The event featured talks on parapsychology, historical enigmas, and related topics, with a call for non-perishable food donations for the Mensajeros de la paz organization.
• Jornadas Enigmas del Hombre y del Universo: Scheduled for April 12th-14th in homage to Dr. Fernando Jiménez del Oso. This event also requested non-perishable food donations for the Banco de Alimentos de Cuenca.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the exposure of hoaxes within ufology, the critical analysis of contactee claims, and the historical investigation of significant cases like UMMO Valderas. The editorial stance is clearly skeptical towards unsubstantiated claims and highlights the methods used by individuals to perpetrate fraud within the field. The magazine emphasizes the importance of rigorous investigation and critical thinking when examining paranormal phenomena. There is also a strong emphasis on the solidarity aspect, with multiple events promoting charitable donations alongside discussions of mystery and the unexplained.