El Ojo Critico - No 71 - Set 2012

Magazine Overview

This issue of 'EL OJO CRITICO' (The Critical Eye), issue number 71, published in September 2012, is a Spanish investigative magazine focused on anomalies, ufology, and related mysteries. Edited by GRUPO FÉNIX, it is based in La Coruña, Spain. The cover prominently features headlines about the 'mystery of the dragonfly drones' and the 'strange disappearance of Dr. Jacobo Grinberg', alongside an article on 'Ufology Aeronautics: Pilots, Radars, and UFOs' and an analysis of Zacharia Sitchin's work.

Articles and Investigations

The Dragonfly Drones Case: An International Internet Intoxication

The magazine dedicates a significant portion to the 'dragonfly drones' case, which gained widespread attention in 2007. The editorial team expresses deep concern about 'viral advertising' and the manipulation of UFO phenomena for promotional purposes, arguing that such practices are detrimental to serious investigation. They highlight how this case, primarily spread through the internet, exemplifies a large-scale 'intoxication' of the international ufological community. The article details the case, emphasizing its importance in maintaining the credibility of anomaly research and condemning those who profit from manipulating beliefs.

#### The California Drones: A Perfect Case

This section focuses on the spring of 2007, when mysterious, high-clarity photographs of an unidentified aircraft, dubbed 'dragonfly drones', emerged on North American ufology forums. The images, taken in broad daylight and with high resolution, depicted an unmanned aircraft hovering over several towns. The article describes how this case became a prime example of internet-driven ufological phenomena, with thousands of netizens analyzing the photos and testimonies. The authors note that while many sightings were reported, a core group of investigators identified five key cases as potentially significant, distinguishing them from mere contagion effects.

#### Original Cases:

• 1: Tahoe: On May 12, 2007, two extraordinary photographs of an object were presented to MUFON, reportedly taken by a couple near Lake Tahoe on May 5. The anonymous testimony described a slowly moving, rotating object that made a faint, vibrating sound. The couple attempted to find the object again but were unsuccessful.

• 2: Chad: The testimony and photographs from 'Chad' arrived shortly after the Tahoe case. His account, shared via email in May 2007, described a large, strange object in the sky. His wife took the first photo, and a friend later took more detailed shots. Chad noted the object was nearly silent, moved smoothly, and could accelerate very rapidly. He expressed a desire to understand the object's nature and purpose, and mentioned experiencing headaches, which he worried might be related to radiation from the object.

• 3: Rajinder Satyanarayana: Submitting photos on May 20, 2007, Rajinder claimed to have seen the object with his girlfriend and her family. The photos were taken in Santa Cruz, California. The testimony described the object as hovering and then moving very rapidly. Rajinder later participated in online forums, maintaining his anonymity and mentioning that his Flickr account was allegedly hacked. He also alluded to elements common in ufological literature, such as witness persecution.

• 4: Stephen: Appearing in early June 2007, Stephen's case polarized the ufological community. Some suspected digital manipulation, while others, like Linda Moulton Howe, defended its authenticity. Stephen provided three photographs of an object with 'filaments' or 'antennas', estimated to be 15 meters long and 8 meters wide. The communication came from 'Jenna L.', who claimed the photos were taken by a colleague named Stephen in Big Basin, California. The object was described as hovering slowly and then disappearing.

• 5: Ty: In mid-June 2007, Ty submitted 12 new photographs, reportedly taken in Big Basin, Saratoga, California, showing an object identical to Stephen's. Ty, a cyclist, encountered the object multiple times. He described it as appearing suddenly, moving slowly, and sometimes disappearing instantly. He noted a faint, low-frequency vibration and high-pitched 'clicks' from the object.

• 6: Isaac: At the end of June 2007, a source named Isaac, claiming to be a former military engineer involved in secret government projects, emerged. He provided images similar to those from Stephen and Ty, along with documents related to a Department of Defense project called CARET (Commercial Applications Research for Extra-terrestrial Technology). Isaac asserted that this technology, including anti-gravity systems and cloaking capabilities, was being developed in the 1980s and originated from a 'non-human source'.

UFOs in Art: A Critical Study

This section delves into the presence of UFO-like objects in historical art. It begins by discussing the 'Madonna Col Bambino e San Giovannino' painting in Palazzo Vecchio, Florence, and other examples like the 'Sputnik of Montalcino' and the 'Astronaut of Fergana'. The article questions whether these depictions are evidence of ancient alien intervention or simply artistic conventions, suggesting that a critical approach is necessary for enthusiasts.

Age of Aquarius: Between Astronomy and Astrology

This article explores the concept of the 'Age of Aquarius'. It explains the astronomical basis of astrological ages, which are determined by the precession of the Earth's axis, a cycle of approximately 25,920 years. The article clarifies that the current age is Pisces, not Aquarius, and that the astronomical start of the Age of Aquarius is calculated to be around the year 2595 based on scientific definitions. It contrasts this with various astrological and mystical predictions, which often place the beginning of the Age of Aquarius much earlier, with the year 2000 being a popular, though astronomically inaccurate, date among New Age followers.

Other Articles

• The Strange Disappearance of Dr. Jacobo Grinberg: This is a featured topic, though details are not provided in the scanned pages.
• PSI: Precognition of Erotic Images: A brief mention of an article on parapsychology.
• Isabel Bathory: Chronicle of an Infamy: A historical piece.
• Uri Geller and Daredevil: A Historical Rarity: An article on paranormal phenomena.
• Parapsychology: A Doctor in the Laboratory: Another parapsychology-related article.
• MUTI: Black Magic in Africa: An article on occult practices.
• Experiments on Ouija at the University: A study on the Ouija board.
• The HET: A Critical Reflection (Digital Edition Only): A critical look at the Human Extraterrestrial Theory.
• There was a search engine called Jordi Magraner: A biographical mention.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

'EL OJO CRITICO' maintains a strong stance on investigative integrity, emphasizing the importance of critical analysis, debunking hoaxes, and distinguishing between genuine phenomena and sensationalism or viral marketing. The magazine advocates for a sincere, honest, and impartial approach to understanding mysteries, even when the truth may be uncomfortable. There is a clear distrust of unsubstantiated claims and a commitment to uncovering factual evidence. The editorial team positions itself as a source for those seeking truth, regardless of whether it confirms pre-existing beliefs or prejudices. The recurring theme is the pursuit of truth in the face of deception and misrepresentation, particularly within the ufology community.

Title: EL CRITICO
Issue: 19
Publication Date: September 2012 (estimated based on content)
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish

This issue of EL CRITICO focuses on debunking alleged paranormal phenomena, particularly the 'Metepec Creature' case and the 'dragonfly drones' phenomenon, while also reporting on UFO sightings.

The Metepec Creature Case Resolved

The main article, 'El caso de la criatura de Metepec resuelto' (The Metepec Creature Case Resolved), details the investigation into a creature allegedly captured in Metepec, Mexico, in May 2007. Initially reported as a strange animal causing damage at a bird farm, the creature was described as small, hairless, with a developed brain, and possibly extraterrestrial or a new species. Journalist Jaime Maussan heavily promoted the case, presenting it as solid proof of alien life.

However, the investigation reveals the creature was a hoax orchestrated by Urso Moreno, a taxidermist working at the bird farm. Moreno confessed that he created the creature using the body of a dead squirrel monkey, mixed with other animal parts and synthetic tissues, as a prank. He stated that his intention was personal and to see how far the deception could go. The article highlights inconsistencies in the initial reports and the subsequent 'scientific' studies promoted by Maussan, suggesting they were fabricated.

Marco Antonio Salazar, the veterinarian who initially examined the creature, expressed uncertainty about its nature. Francisco García, a worker, claimed to have seen a humanoid figure near the farm. The owner of the farm, Mario Moreno López, was murdered later that year, leading to speculation linking his death to the creature, but the article clarifies it was a separate incident related to debt.

Jaime Maussan's involvement is scrutinized, with the article suggesting he bought the creature from the owner's widow and then amplified the story, possibly for personal gain or to create a sensational narrative. The article also points out that Urso Moreno had previously hinted at his involvement in online forums.

The Dragonfly Drones and Media Manipulation

Another significant section discusses the 'dragonfly drones' phenomenon, which gained traction in 2007 with photographs of alleged unmanned aerial vehicles. The article posits that this phenomenon was largely a media manipulation campaign, possibly orchestrated by the producers of the TV series 'Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles'.

Detectives Davis and Frankie Dixon investigated the case, tracing a key photograph to Campbell, California, rather than the initially claimed location. The article suggests that the series' writers and marketing team may have created the 'drone' story as viral marketing before the show's premiere in February 2008. The timing of the Hollywood writers' strike in late 2007 is seen as a potential reason for the abrupt halt to the phenomenon.

Elements from the TV series, such as the character 'Abraham' (later revealed to be a scientist named Alan Park), and symbols associated with the drones, are highlighted as mirroring elements of the alleged sightings, further supporting the theory of a manufactured narrative.

The article also mentions the release of the video game 'Star Wars: The Old Republic', which featured symbols similar to those seen on the 'dragonfly drones', reinforcing the idea of a Hollywood connection.

UFO Sightings in Campillos, Spain

The magazine also reports on UFO sightings in the area of Campillos, Málaga, Spain. Following a significant sighting at the Bobadilla military base, an investigation revealed over twenty cases in the region over the past decade.

One detailed account is from March 21, 1998, when eight workers at a poultry processing plant witnessed a triangular craft with red lights on its vertices and a central whitish light. The object moved slowly and silently, causing fear among the witnesses. José Trigos, one of the witnesses, bravely spoke out about the experience, describing it as a "tattooed memory."

Another incident occurred on July 18, 1999, when José Antonio López filmed a static, spherical object in the sky. While López himself was skeptical, the video was later analyzed and deemed not to be a tape error or montage, though the spherical appearance might have been due to the camera's zoom.

A subsequent sighting on September 10, 2000, involved José Trigos again, who witnessed another aerial phenomenon with a colleague, Juan Carlos Cañamero. This experience changed Cañamero's initial skepticism about Trigos's earlier account.

The OVNI de La Graña: A NASA Prototype

Finally, the issue touches upon the 'OVNI de La Graña' incident from 1966 in Ferrol, Spain. The article presents evidence suggesting that the object recovered was not an extraterrestrial craft but a spy prototype UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) from NASA. A former military serviceman provides testimony about the recovery and the subsequent cover-up, describing the object's advanced technology and its eventual transfer to American authorities.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the debunking of sensationalist claims in ufology and paranormal investigation, the role of media in shaping public perception, and the distinction between genuine phenomena and hoaxes or marketing stunts. The editorial stance is critical and investigative, aiming to uncover the truth behind alleged mysteries and expose instances of manipulation and fraud. The authors advocate for a rational and evidence-based approach to understanding anomalous phenomena, even when it leads to disappointing conclusions.

This issue of "El Ojo Crítico" (The Critical Eye), a magazine for researchers, focuses on critically examining theories related to ancient astronauts and UFOs, particularly in art and archaeology. The publication aims to debunk pseudoscientific claims by providing historical and scientific context.

Cover Story: Móricz insists there is an underground world beneath the Andes

The cover story, authored by Jaime Díaz Marmolejo, discusses the claims of explorer Juan Moricz regarding an underground world beneath the Andes, as detailed in Erich Von Däniken's book "El oro de los dioses" (The Gold of the Gods). The article highlights the controversy surrounding Moricz's claims, including Däniken's alleged plagiarism and the questionable authenticity of accompanying photographs.

Article: Prometheus brings the theory of ancient astronauts back into fashion

This section explores how the documentary series 'Ancient Aliens' and Ridley Scott's film 'Prometheus' have reignited public interest in the ancient astronaut theory. It discusses the core tenets of this theory, which posits that extraterrestrials genetically created humans and influenced their development. The article links this to the works of authors like Erich Von Däniken and Robert Charroux, and the concept of 'paleoastronáutica'. It also touches upon the idea that monumental ancient structures like Machu Picchu and the pyramids of Giza are evidence of alien visitation.

1: Dragons and astronauts

This part examines the claim that certain archaeological figures suggest the presence of ancient astronauts. It specifically addresses a Mayan sarcophagus from Palenque, Mexico, which some interpret as a depiction of a cosmonaut piloting a rocket. The article refutes this, explaining that the figure is likely King Pakal, and the imagery relates to Mayan cosmology and symbolism, such as the tree of life and serpents.

2: Rockets in ancient Mexico?

This section revisits the Palenque sarcophagus, referencing a 1966 article by Guy Tarade and André Millou that suggested it depicted a cosmonaut. It also mentions Alexander Kazantsev's popularization of the 'Palenque astronaut' theory. The article reiterates the academic interpretation of the sarcophagus lid, identifying it as King Pakal and explaining the symbolism of serpents and the tree of life, dismissing the rocket interpretation.

3: "Landing strips" in Peru

This section scrutinizes Däniken's theory that the Nazca Lines in Peru were landing strips for extraterrestrial spacecraft. The article acknowledges the awe-inspiring nature of the geoglyphs but contrasts Däniken's interpretation with the academic view, which suggests they were created by pre-Inca cultures (Paracas and Nazca) for ritualistic or astronomical purposes. It highlights that Däniken himself later retracted his claim that the Nazca lines were extraterrestrial landing strips.

Article: UFOs in art: a critical study

This extensive section, authored by Diego Cuoghi, critically analyzes numerous artworks that are often cited by ufologists as evidence of UFO sightings or ancient alien visitation. The author argues that these interpretations frequently stem from a lack of historical and art historical knowledge.

The Tebaida by Paolo Uccello (Academy, Florence)

The article addresses the common claim that a red object in Uccello's painting 'The Tebaida' is a UFO. It explains that this object is actually the red hat of a cardinal, identifying the figure as Saint Jerome, a penitent hermit. The author emphasizes that art historical context is crucial for accurate interpretation.

Saint Jerome iconography

This part delves into the iconography of Saint Jerome, explaining that the red hat (cardinal's hat) is a common attribute, even though he was not a cardinal. It clarifies that the lion often depicted with him is symbolic and relates to legends about him saving the animal. The article points out that many ufologists mistakenly identify the lion as a dog or the red hat as a UFO.

The Annunciation by Carlo Crivelli (National Gallery, London)

This section tackles the interpretation of Crivelli's 'Annunciation', where some claim a 'flying saucer' is depicted among the clouds. The author explains that the 'object' is part of a common artistic convention representing divine descent, often involving angels and abstract forms. The 'ray of light' is a representation of divine energy, not a UFO.

Exaltation of the Eucharist (Detail of the Trinity) by Ventura Salimbeni

The article discusses a painting by Ventura Salimbeni often referred to by ufologists as depicting a 'Sputnik' or UFO. The author clarifies that the object is a symbolic representation of the 'celestial sphere' or 'sphere of creation', which includes the sun, moon, and stars, and is a common motif in religious art depicting the Trinity.

Article: Hot Zones and Strange Lights

This section reports on UFO sightings in Spain, particularly in Andalusia. It details two specific incidents:

• September sighting near Encinas Reales, Córdoba: A witness described a triangular yellow object that transformed into a sphere and then into two orange spheres before descending behind a mountain. The witness noted that other people in a nearby town also saw the phenomenon.
• May 21, 2008 sighting near a lagoon in Andalusia: A young couple reported seeing a bright, hovering light that split into two spheres and then rejoined before approaching their car, causing them to flee in fear. The article mentions that other similar cases in the region remain unreported due to fear.

The author, Juanfra Romero, questions whether these numerous sightings indicate a 'hot zone' or are merely isolated incidents.

Article: 4: Stonehenge... Alien vestige?

This section examines the interpretation of Stonehenge as a potential alien landing site. It dismisses theories that rely on biblical or mythological texts, instead focusing on archaeological evidence. The article explains that Stonehenge was built in phases over centuries, with the earliest construction dating back to around 3000 BC. It refutes the idea of it being a simple alien monument, suggesting it served as a burial site and possibly a sanctuary.

Article: 5: Sacsayhuaman: the walls of giants

This part addresses the claims that the massive walls of Sacsayhuaman in Peru were built by giants or extraterrestrials. The article explains that these structures were built by the Inca civilization between the 15th and 16th centuries. It highlights that the stones were quarried and transported using ropes and sleds, demonstrating the ingenuity of the Inca people, not alien intervention. The article also debunks the interpretation of certain rock carvings as 'Inca thrones' for giants.

Article: 6: "Intraterrestrials in Ecuador"

This section discusses the theory of 'intraterrestrials' inhabiting underground caves in the Amazon, as described in Däniken's "El oro de los dioses". It mentions the explorer Juan Moricz and the controversy surrounding Däniken's account, including allegations of plagiarism and fabricated evidence. The article notes that Moricz formally sued Däniken for plagiarizing his discovery, despite Moricz never having visited the cave himself.

Article: 7: Who built the pyramids?

This section focuses on the Great Pyramid of Giza, a common subject in ancient astronaut theories. It challenges the notion that the pyramid's construction, with its massive blocks and precise proportions, was beyond the capabilities of ancient Egyptians. The article explains that the pyramid's construction was a culmination of earlier attempts and that its proportions, while complex, do not necessarily indicate extraterrestrial origin. It also addresses the lack of mummies within the pyramid, attributing it to tomb raiding.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical examination of ancient astronaut theories, UFO sightings, and alleged extraterrestrial influences on human history and culture. The magazine's stance is clearly skeptical, aiming to debunk pseudoscientific claims by presenting archaeological, historical, and art historical evidence. The editorial approach prioritizes rational explanations over speculative interpretations, often contrasting the views of ufologists and proponents of fringe theories with established academic consensus. The publication emphasizes the importance of understanding the historical and cultural context when interpreting ancient artifacts and artworks.

This issue of "El Ojo Crítico" (The Critical Eye) delves into several intriguing topics, primarily focusing on the intersection of art, history, science, and the unexplained. The magazine critically examines alleged UFO sightings in ancient art, explores groundbreaking research on retrocausality and precognition, and scrutinizes the theories of Zecharia Sitchin regarding ancient astronauts and a mysterious planet.

UFOs in Art: Iconography vs. Extraterrestrial Evidence

The issue begins by addressing the common claim that certain ancient artworks depict UFOs. A prominent example discussed is the "Crucifixión Catedral Svetitskhoveli, Mtskheta, Georgia." The article states that this image, often found on UFO enthusiast websites, is frequently misinterpreted. It clarifies that the objects depicted on either side of the cross are not alien spacecraft but rather anthropomorphic representations of the Sun and the Moon, a standard iconographic element in Byzantine art. The text explains that this symbolism, including human-like faces or figures for the Sun and Moon, is consistent across numerous Byzantine crucifixions and also appears in works by artists like Dürer, Raphael, and in medieval illuminated manuscripts. The article cites descriptions of these figures as representing the juxtaposition of light and darkness, which is fundamental to interpreting the redemption of man through Christ's death.

Another case examined is the "Crucifixión (Visoki Monasterio Decani, en Kosovo)" from the 14th century. This fresco, like the Mtskheta crucifixion, has been interpreted by some ufologists as evidence of UFOs. However, the magazine asserts that this is also a common iconographic model, with the Sun and Moon depicted as witnesses to the crucifixion. The article references James Hall's "Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art," which explains that the Sun and Moon flanking the cross were a regular feature in medieval crucifixions, originating from ancient pagan solar deities and appearing on Roman coins. These celestial bodies were sometimes represented as human figures driving chariots or as simple discs.

The magazine also debunks the "Annales Laurissenses" image, often cited as evidence of a 776 AD UFO sighting. It reveals that this image is actually a detail from a 13th-century painted stucco altarpiece depicting one of the Magi, not a crusader in 776 AD. The article emphasizes that the interpretation of these artworks as UFOs stems from a lack of understanding of medieval iconography and symbolism.

Retrocausality and Precognition: Daryl Bem's Experiments

The issue then shifts to a scientific exploration of precognition, focusing on the controversial research of Daryl J. Bem, a professor of psychology at Cornell University. Bem's work challenges the conventional understanding of causality by suggesting that future events can influence the present. The article explains Bem's theory of "auto-perception," where individuals infer their attitudes from their own behavior. It also touches upon his work in parapsychology, including Ganzfeld experiments and his theorizing on the relationship between psi phenomena and quantum mechanics.

Bem's controversial study, detailed in the "Journal of Personality and Social Psychology," demonstrated that the human brain might be capable of perceiving the future. The experiments involved participants trying to identify which of two vertical curtains on a computer screen concealed an erotic image. The results showed that participants were more likely to correctly identify the location of erotic images than chance would predict, suggesting a precognitive ability. Bem proposed that information can travel "forward" and "backward" in time, with the present acting as an intermediary. The article notes that while some scientists have questioned Bem's methodology, his work has sparked significant debate about the nature of time, causality, and consciousness.

Zecharia Sitchin and the Anunnaki Theory

Finally, the magazine critically examines the theories of Zecharia Sitchin, particularly his work on the "Anunnaki" and the "twelfth planet," Nibiru. Sitchin's central thesis, presented in "The Earth Chronicles," posits that ancient Mesopotamian texts reveal the existence of a tenth planet (besides the Sun and Moon, which Sumerians considered planets) called Nibiru, with an orbit of 3,600 years. He claimed that this planet is inhabited by technologically advanced beings called the Anunnaki, who visited Earth 450,000 years ago to extract precious minerals. According to Sitchin, the Anunnaki created Homo sapiens by genetically engineering primitive humanoids. He attributed the achievements of ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Americas to the Anunnaki.

The article questions Sitchin's credentials, noting the lack of information about his background as a translator or linguist, and suggesting he may not have received formal training in Sumerian cuneiform. It also touches upon Sitchin's interpretation of the Babylonian epic "Enuma Elish," which he believed described the origin of the world and the conflict between the god Marduk (associated with Nibiru) and the primordial monster Tiamat. The magazine implies that Sitchin's interpretations are not universally accepted and are often based on his own translations and perspectives.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

Throughout the issue, "El Ojo Crítico" adopts a skeptical yet open-minded approach. The magazine consistently seeks to debunk sensationalist interpretations of ancient art and phenomena, grounding its analysis in historical context, iconography, and scientific methodology. While acknowledging the existence of unexplained phenomena and the limitations of current scientific understanding, the editorial stance appears to favor rational explanations over speculative theories, particularly when those theories lack robust evidence or rely on questionable interpretations. The articles encourage readers to critically evaluate claims, distinguish between genuine historical or scientific inquiry and pseudoscientific interpretations, and understand the importance of context in analyzing historical artifacts and scientific data. The recurring theme is the critical examination of claims that blur the lines between myth, art, and science, urging a more rigorous and evidence-based approach.

This issue of EOC magazine, identified as issue 71, delves into a variety of topics related to mysteries, paranormal phenomena, and critical analysis of popular theories. The cover prominently features an article on Isabel Báthory, the "vampire countess," and the magazine's title, EOC, is clearly visible.

The Solar System According to Sumerians: A Critical Look at Zecharia Sitchin

The magazine presents a detailed critique of Zecharia Sitchin's theories, particularly his interpretation of the origin of the solar system and the role of the planet Nibiru. Sitchin's theory posits that Nibiru's passage through our solar system caused catastrophic collisions, leading to the formation of Earth and the asteroid belt. The article questions the scientific feasibility of Sitchin's ideas, pointing out that planetary orbits would have been significantly altered by such events, which is not observed. Astronomers find the notion of a planet with a retrograde and highly elliptical orbit like Nibiru to be absurd. Furthermore, the calculation of the asteroid belt's mass is deemed insufficient to account for the fragmentation of a planet the size of Tiamat. Sitchin's suggestion that Nibiru transferred organic material, including DNA, to Earth is also met with skepticism, as is his explanation for the origin of life.

The article also scrutinizes Sitchin's modification of Sumerian planet names, noting that his interpretations differ significantly from those of experts and that no Sumerian texts support his specific nomenclature. For instance, Sitchin identifies Nibiru/Marduk as the tenth planet, while specialists believe it corresponds to Jupiter. The text highlights that Sitchin's work is often criticized for its linguistic interpretations, particularly his handling of the Hebrew word "Elohim," which he interprets as a plural "gods" to support the idea of extraterrestrial creators, while linguists explain it as a singular "majestic plural."

The Cardiff Giant: A Historical Hoax

Another significant section details the story of the Cardiff Giant, a famous archaeological hoax orchestrated by George Hull. Hull commissioned a statue of a giant from gypsum, aged it, and then had it "discovered" on his cousin William Newell's farm in Cardiff, New York, in 1869. The "discovery" attracted thousands of curious visitors, who paid to see the "petrified giant." The article explains how Hull used his knowledge of archaeology and paleontology to create a convincing deception, capitalizing on the public's fascination with giants, fueled by biblical references like Genesis 6:4.

The hoax was eventually exposed by a paleontologist who identified chisel marks on the gypsum. Despite the exposure, the giant continued to draw crowds, and even P.T. Barnum attempted to create a replica. The article notes that both the original and Barnum's replica are still exhibited today.

Isabel Báthory: Myth and Reality of the "Vampire Countess"

The magazine dedicates a substantial portion to Isabel Báthory (1560-1614), a Hungarian aristocrat known as the "Blood Countess." The article distinguishes between historical facts and the legend that evolved over time. Báthory was accused of torturing and murdering over 600 young women. The article points out that while her crimes are documented, the more sensational aspects of her legend, such as bathing in blood to maintain youth, emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries, inspired by writers and folklore. The text suggests that the legend was amplified by the historical context of Transylvania, known for its rich folklore, and the association of Hungarians with vampires by the Turks.

The article traces the literary origins of the vampire myth associated with Báthory, mentioning works like László Turóczi's "Trágica Historia" and Taylor Coleridge's "Christabel." It also discusses the cultural impact of Báthory in modern media, including music, video games, and comics, noting her influence on the depiction of female vampires.

Other Articles and Sections

Several other shorter pieces cover various topics:

• Mario Conde: Satanic?: A brief mention of an investigation into the alleged connection between ex-banker Mario Conde and satanism, referencing an investigation by CESID (now CNI) into the Illuminati Order of Barcelona.
• Matías Morey and TV UFOs: A review of Matías Morey's e-book "Extraterrestres en televisión," which compiles articles on TV series and programs featuring alien themes.
• UMMO according to Swang Wood: A mention of Swang Wood's book about UMMO, which claims to reveal the history of peaceful interventions by extraterrestrial beings.
• The New Generation of Female Investigators: An introduction to Lourdes Gómez Martín, a journalism graduate passionate about paranormal and ufological topics, who is focusing her work on the history of mystery journalism.
• Marcelino Requejo Seeks Virgin: Marcelino Requejo is preparing a new book on Marian apparitions related to the UFO phenomenon.
• The Museum of the UFO Closes: The UFO Museum in Vitoria, Argentina, has closed due to economic crisis.
• The Ruwa Incident: A call for information on critical and objective investigations into the UFO incident in Ruwa, Zimbabwe, on September 14, 1994.
• The Deputy and UFOs: Chilean lawyer, economist, and politician Hermógenes Pérez de Arce is set to publish a book on UFOs.
• Mystery Trackers Arrive: Announcement of a new TV series on TeleMadrid called "Rastreadores del Misterio."
• Solidarity Investigators: A mention of past and ongoing charity initiatives organized by EOC and other mystery investigators.
• The Photo: A historical photo from the II Iberian Congress on the UFO Phenomenon in Mérida, 1981, featuring notable figures like J.J. Benítez and Antonio Ribera.
• Salvador Freixedo's Blog: An introduction to Salvador Freixedo's blog, where the ex-jesuit uses his characteristic humor to comment on social, cultural, and political issues.
• The UFO of Cádiz Cathedral Solved: José Antonio Caravaca claims to have solved the case of the UFO photographed over the Cádiz Cathedral in 1975.
• Promising UFO Congresses: Announcements for upcoming UFO events, including UFOZ 2012 and a US-based meeting promising testimonies from military officials and ex-FBI agents.
• New Season...: A brief overview of new radio seasons and programs dedicated to anomalies and mysteries.
• The First Transsexual Contactee: The story of Charlie Paz, co-founder of Misión Rama, who transitioned to Verónica Paz and now lectures worldwide, offering a different perspective on the UMMO case.
• Online Magazines on Anomalies: A list of new online magazines dedicated to mysteries and anomalies.
• New Contest: EOC announces a contest for the most ingenious vignette, comic, illustration, or photomontage related to the mystery world.
• The Investigator's Library: Reviews of books such as "El Fenómeno OVNI Ante la Ciudadanía Española" by Gabriel Gomis, "Diccionario de Parapsicología" by Dr. Werner F. Bonin, and "El enigma zombi" by Wade Davis.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently adopts a critical and analytical stance towards paranormal claims and theories, particularly those related to ancient astronauts and UFO phenomena. While presenting various perspectives, EOC often provides counterarguments and scientific or historical critiques. The editorial stance appears to favor rigorous investigation and evidence-based reasoning, even when discussing subjects that challenge conventional understanding. There is a clear emphasis on debunking hoaxes and scrutinizing the methodologies and interpretations of prominent figures in the ufology and mystery fields, such as Zecharia Sitchin. The magazine also highlights the importance of historical accuracy and linguistic precision when interpreting ancient texts. Furthermore, EOC demonstrates a commitment to supporting charitable causes through its events and publications, reflecting a belief in the social aspect of spirituality.

This issue of "El Critico" (issues 51-59, dated approximately September 2012) is a Spanish-language publication that delves into a variety of mysterious and paranormal topics, including historical witchcraft, contemporary African folklore, parapsychology, and ufology.

The Strange Case of the Flying Witches

The magazine opens with an exploration of the historical figure of Countess Isabel Báthory, examining the accusations of witchcraft leveled against her. It posits that her immense wealth and power, coupled with the prevailing misogyny of the era, contributed to her condemnation. The article questions the absolute truth of the crimes imputed to her, suggesting that her legend may be embellished.

Transitioning to contemporary phenomena, the issue reports on alleged "flying witches" in Zimbabwe. Two women were found naked, claiming to have fallen from a "witchcraft vehicle," described as a wicker basket. The article details their arrest and psychiatric evaluation, noting that despite the unusual claims, they were deemed mentally stable. This case is presented as a modern manifestation of traditional African myths about aerial vehicles used by spirits.

A Doctor in the Laboratory... of Parapsychology

An extensive interview with Manuel Berrocal Muela, Secretary of the Spanish Society of Parapsychology (SEdP), forms a significant portion of the magazine. Berrocal, a medical doctor, discusses his interest in paranormal phenomena, which began in his youth. He explains the SEdP's mission to study these subjects using scientific methods, emphasizing the importance of analyzing the social and psychological impact of such cases.

Berrocal details the SEdP's internal publication, "Psi-comunicación," and addresses the often-contentious relationship between science and mystery. He argues that science arises from the unexplained and that a closed mind hinders progress, just as an overly open one can lead to irrationality. He firmly believes the scientific method is applicable to parapsychology, provided one has the right tools and an open yet critical mind.

He critiques the trend of amateur paranormal investigations, often conducted in abandoned locations with questionable equipment, deeming them unscientific. Berrocal recounts an experiment where students, led to believe they were in a haunted location, experienced paranormal sensations due to suggestion, when in reality they were in a university warehouse.

The interview also touches upon the concept of a "three-dimensional model" for investigating poltergeist phenomena, which considers the reported events, the psychological state of those involved, and social influences. Berrocal asserts that while all reported cases are "authentic" in the sense that people experience them as real, few are produced by genuinely paranormal causes.

He expresses skepticism towards groups claiming multidisciplinary approaches to paranormal cases, emphasizing the need for genuine academic qualifications. Berrocal also shares his experiences testing alleged psychics, noting that many disappeared when subjected to rigorous scientific scrutiny. He contrasts the cases of Matthew Manning and Uri Geller, finding Manning more credible due to his willingness to undergo controls and his lack of financial motivation.

A significant part of the interview addresses the "UMMO case" and the role of Jordán Peña, the former vice-president of SEdP, who was exposed as the orchestrator of a major fraud. Berrocal expresses disappointment, as Peña had been a respected figure in Spanish paranormal research. He describes Peña as an enigmatic figure whose actions, including the UMMO case and the "faces of Bélmez," remain perplexing.

Regarding UFOs, Berrocal suggests they are more akin to an evolution of ancient legends (fairies, ghosts) than extraterrestrial spacecraft, and that the UFO phenomenon can be used to cover up other activities, such as illegal operations.

Uri Geller and Daredevil: A Parapsychology Comic Book Oddity

This section highlights a unique intersection of parapsychology and comic books. It details how Marvel Comics, at the behest of Stan Lee, incorporated the Israeli psychic Uri Geller into an adventure of the superhero Daredevil in issue #133 (May 1976). Writer Marv Wolfman recounts his initial skepticism but was convinced by Geller's demonstrations of telekinesis, including bending a key. Wolfman's personal account, including his own sketch and Geller's remarkably similar psychic drawing, is presented, leading Wolfman to become a believer.

Ufology: Human Sacrifices in Current Witchcraft Rituals - MUTI: African Black Magic

This article focuses on the practice of "muti" in Africa, a form of witchcraft involving the use of human or animal parts for alleged magical purposes. It recounts two disturbing incidents: the dismemberment of an 11-year-old girl in South Africa in 2009 for a muti concoction, and a 2012 incident where miners, believing themselves to be immune due to muti, were killed by police after an attack. The article notes that "muti" is also used in sports, with players and coaches reportedly using it to gain an advantage, and even in politics, where some leaders allegedly use it for strength and protection.

Ufology: Aeronautical Ufology - Pilots, Radars, and UFOs

An exclusive interview with Major Rodrigo Bravo Garrido, a military pilot and head of aerospace safety for the Chilean Army, discusses his book "Ufología Aeronáutica." Bravo explains that his research focuses on the effects of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) on aerospace safety, rather than their causes. He emphasizes the importance of studying these phenomena from an aeronautical perspective due to the potential risks they pose to flight operations.

Bravo details the work of CEFAA (Comité de Estudios de Fenómenos Aéreos Anómalos), a Chilean organization that scientifically investigates anomalous aerial phenomena. He outlines the committee's structure, including internal and external members from the military, scientific community, and aviation authorities. The process of receiving and analyzing UFO reports is described, highlighting the use of pilot testimonies, radar data, and other electronic evidence.

He explains the selection criteria for the 23 cases featured in his book, prioritizing those with reliable sources and sufficient information. Bravo categorizes UFO encounters based on their proximity and effects, ranging from simple visual sightings to those involving radar detection, instrument interference, and evasive maneuvers.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently adopts a critical yet open-minded approach to its subjects. While advocating for rigorous scientific methodology in investigating paranormal and ufological claims, it acknowledges the reality of subjective experiences and the limitations of current scientific understanding. There's a clear distinction made between genuine investigation and sensationalism or fraud. The editorial stance appears to favor empirical evidence and reasoned analysis, while not dismissing the possibility of phenomena that defy conventional explanation. The recurring theme is the application of scientific principles to understand mysteries, whether they be historical witchcraft, modern folklore, or unexplained aerial phenomena.

This issue of "CRITICO" magazine, identified by page numbers 61-70, delves into a variety of intriguing topics, primarily focusing on unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP), aeronautical safety, psychological research, and cryptid investigations. The content is predominantly in Spanish, with a confidence score of 4, indicating good legibility with some minor imperfections.

Aeronautics and UFOs: A Critical Perspective

The magazine features an in-depth discussion with an Air Force officer and pilot who critically examines the impact of UFOs (referred to as FANIs - Fenómenos Aéreos No Identificados) on aeronautical safety. The officer argues that, contrary to official government statements, these phenomena do pose a risk. He highlights that unlike meteorological phenomena, FANIs are unpredictable and can affect aircraft and ground terminals. The article references historical incidents from Teherán (1976), Brazil (1986), Chile (2000), and France (2007) as evidence. The officer emphasizes the importance of analyzing pilot and air traffic controller reports, citing the 'Teorema de Reason' (Reason's Theorem) which outlines the layers of defenses that can be compromised before an accident. He also defends the credibility of pilots and air traffic controllers as qualified witnesses due to their training and experience in assessing critical situations.

The discussion extends to the challenges of pilot perception errors, distinguishing them from actual anomalous aerial phenomena. The article touches upon the concept of 'latent failures' and 'insecure actions' in aviation safety. It also addresses the skepticism from some quarters, who attribute UFO sightings to misidentifications of planets like Venus, weather balloons, or perceptual errors. The officer counters that while errors exist, reports backed by technology and highlighting operational risks warrant serious investigation.

Declassification of UFO Documents

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to the process of declassifying UFO-related documents in various countries. The author expresses a nuanced view, suggesting that 'declassification' often amounts to 'transparency of documents' rather than a true revelation of new knowledge. The article critiques the sensationalism surrounding these releases, noting that they have not significantly advanced the understanding of the phenomenon. Examples cited include Uruguay's CRIDOVNI and Chile's CEFAA. The author recounts a personal experience of media misrepresentation regarding a conference he gave, which was framed as a declassification event.

The article lists several countries that have released UFO-related documents, including the UK, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Ecuador, France, Russia, Spain, Chile, and the USA. It notes that the US declassification of 1600 FBI and CIA reports in 2009 may have been a response to formal petitions. The author also criticizes Chile's CEFAA for not conducting official declassifications, arguing that the 'Ley de Transparencia' (Transparency Law) allows citizens to request information, thus not qualifying as UFO declassification.

The Reality of UFOs and the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (HET)

The author firmly states that UFOs are a reality, supported by evidence that is difficult to dismiss. However, he strongly questions the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (HET) as the definitive explanation. He argues that the characteristics of UFOs, such as their advanced propulsion and potential for interstellar travel, are so far beyond current human technology that they seem almost magical. He points out the logical inconsistencies of HET, such as the idea of extraterrestrials using primitive technology like 'cow carts' to travel to the Moon or leaving behind physical traces that suggest conventional mechanics.

He critiques the reliance on photographic evidence, radar detections, and physical traces as proof of extraterrestrial visitation. The author suggests that many of these phenomena might be explained by advanced terrestrial technology (like stealth aircraft), atmospheric anomalies, or even 'daimonic' intelligences. He also questions the anthropomorphic similarity of alleged extraterrestrials to humans, given the vast diversity of life that could evolve across the universe.

Psychological Research: The Unconscious Mind and Ouija Boards

The magazine features an article on psychological research conducted at UBC, exploring the unconscious mind. Professor Ron Rensink and postdoctoral researcher Hélène Gauchou used Ouija boards in experiments to study unconscious cognitive processes. Their findings suggest that participants provide more accurate answers to questions when using a Ouija board, indicating a 'second intelligence' accessible through the unconscious.

The research also involved studying card tricks to understand unconscious thought processes, revealing that people tend to choose specific cards (like the Ace, King, or Queen of hearts) more frequently. The goal of this research is to develop better techniques for studying the unconscious and to improve the safety and intuitiveness of products and systems, such as aircraft and cars.

Cryptid Investigations: The Search for the Yeti

Another section is dedicated to the investigation of cryptids, specifically the search for the Yeti. It recounts the story of Jordi Magraner, a Spanish investigator who dedicated his life to finding evidence of a creature known as Barmanu, or 'the great hairy one,' in the remote Chitral region of Pakistan. Magraner believed Barmanu to be a surviving hominid, possibly related to Neanderthals. He lived among the local Kalash people, gathering testimonies and collecting physical evidence such as hair and excrement samples.

Magraner's work was tragically cut short by his assassination. The article highlights his meticulous approach, including developing a standardized set of questions and creating molds of footprints. Despite facing skepticism and danger, Magraner was convinced of the existence of Barmanu, which he described as a shy creature. The article also touches upon historical references to hairy humanoids in ancient texts and the ongoing global search for such creatures.

Electrical Phenomena: 'Storm Sprites'

The magazine also touches upon unusual electrical phenomena, specifically 'storm sprites' or 'electric goblins.' These are luminous electrical discharges that occur high above thunderstorms, around 80 kilometers above the Earth. Scientists have managed to film these elusive phenomena, which are believed to be related to lightning. The videos, captured at high speed, provide insights into the composition of our atmosphere and the potential for life.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of "CRITICO" revolve around the unexplained, the challenges of scientific investigation, and the critical analysis of evidence. The magazine adopts a stance that acknowledges the reality of phenomena like UFOs and cryptids but maintains a rigorous, evidence-based approach, questioning simplistic explanations like the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis. There is a clear emphasis on critical thinking, the scientific method, and the distinction between speculation and verifiable fact. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, encouraging deeper investigation while cautioning against sensationalism and pseudoscientific claims. The magazine aims to bridge the gap between popular fascination with the mysterious and the demands of scientific scrutiny.

This issue of EL OJO CRITICO (The Critical Eye) focuses on two prominent and mysterious cases: the murder of yeti researcher Jorge Federico Magraner Gómez and the disappearance of parapsychologist Jacobo Grinberg.

The Yeti Researcher's Demise

The magazine details the life and death of Jorge Federico Magraner Gómez, a dedicated researcher of the yeti. Despite the 90% of testimonies being over 30 years old, Magraner was undeterred in his pursuit. He had become a respected figure among yeti researchers, with his work circulated online and featured in French media. His colleagues considered him the most rigorous scientist in his field, focused on separating cryptozoology from mythology. Juan José Giner, a commercial advisor in Pakistan, recalled Magraner's enthusiasm and his detailed reports on the yeti. Magraner's adventurous spirit was inherited from his father, a Valencian republican who exiled to Morocco, leading to Jordi's birth in Casablanca and his family's residence in France. Magraner also had a deep affection for the Kalash minority in Pakistan, whom he described as living like ancient Iberians or Celts. However, his presence in the predominantly Muslim Chitral region, where the Kalash are viewed with suspicion, made him a target. Extremists had declared war on Westerners in Pakistan, and Magraner, often alone and with minimal police presence, was an easy target. Authorities suspect that extremists acted on their intentions, and the police are investigating Afghan citizen Mohammad Deen and Magraner's assistant, Asif Ali, as prime suspects. Stolen items, including Magraner's computer, were found in a fugitive's home. His brother, Andrés, lamented that Magraner never mentioned enemies, only the country's volatile situation, assuring that his specific area was fine. For the Kalash, who considered Magraner almost a god, his death was a national tragedy. He was buried with tribal honors, and his family chose not to repatriate his body, respecting his last wish to be buried among his Kalash friends. The search for the "homínido de Chitral" may have ended with his disappearance. Magraner had succeeded in securing funding for his studies and possessed the prestige to maintain this support.

The Asociación Trogloditas is now facing financial difficulties. Magraner's dreams for the Giganopithecus, including personal conservation in its habitat away from human rapacity, will remain unfulfilled.

The Mysterious Case of Dr. Jacobo Grinberg

This section focuses on the inexplicable disappearance of Dr. Jacobo Grinberg Zylberbaum in 1994. The article highlights his revolutionary work in parapsychology, his field and laboratory studies, and his founding of the National Institute for the Study of Consciousness. Grinberg, a Mexican psychologist, also pursued postgraduate studies and a doctorate in the US, focusing on electrophysiological recordings of the human brain exposed to geometric stimuli. His decision to study the human mind stemmed from his mother's death from a cerebral hemorrhage at age 12. His career was marked by a deep exploration of the mind and its connection to reality.

A significant part of Grinberg's career involved his collaboration with the renowned Mexican curandera Pachita. Through this scientific evaluation of human consciousness manifestations, he wrote his popular book, "Pachita, Milagro Mexicano." He defended the book's publication, arguing it was essential for science to relax its taboos and study facets of reality previously ignored. He described Pachita's ability to perform "miracles," altering space-time and matter, materializing objects, performing organ transplants, diagnosing, and healing.

Grinberg's work with Pachita led to his influential Sintérgica Theory, which posits a holographic matrix (lattice) encompassing all information, where nothing is separate. He also studied measurable energy frequencies during meditative states. His unconventional approach attracted the interest of US military agencies, who repeatedly sought his services, only to be refused.

Sintérgica Theory and Dermoóptica Vision

Grinberg's research, conducted through his institute and independently, explored the mind-matter relationship. He analyzed paranormal aptitudes of shamans and yogis and explored the development of "extra-sensory" cognitive tools in children. Telepathy, defined as the precise transmission of information between brains separated in time and/or space, was another key area of his research. The Sintérgica Theory describes reality as a perception resulting from the brain's decoding of information from a pre-spatial structure, influenced by the mind-brain apparatus. This matrix is likened to Borges' Aleph, where all information converges, allowing access to a state of "informative" illumination for those trained to interact with it.

His theory of dermoóptica, or "extra-sensory" vision, involved reading information through skin variations, particularly in children. This perception functions by capturing infrared rays via cutaneous receptors, stimulating visual symbols stored in the nervous system. Grinberg believed touch was the primary human sense, initially fulfilling functions later taken over by other senses.

Grinberg's Disappearance

Jacobo Grinberg vanished in December 1994. His disappearance was preceded by unusual behavior, including missing appointments and a canceled birthday party. His wife, Teresa, initially explained his absence as an unexpected meeting in Campeche. However, her explanations became increasingly inconsistent and contradictory, raising suspicions. She was the last known person to see him. Investigations into his disappearance were hampered by the lack of concrete evidence and Teresa's evasive behavior. Rumors even suggested that two bodies, possibly of Teresa and Jacobo, were found and their discovery suppressed. Commander Padilla, who led the investigation, stated that the evidence pointed to Teresa being a fugitive, possibly in the United States, and that she likely knew something about his fate.

Theories Surrounding the Disappearance

Numerous theories have emerged to explain Grinberg's vanishing:

• Teresa's Involvement: His wife, Teresa, is a central figure in many theories due to her inconsistent statements and behavior following his disappearance. Some speculate she was directly responsible or an accomplice.
• Kidnapping/Murder: This theory suggests Grinberg was a victim of kidnapping or murder, with potential perpetrators including intelligence agencies (CIA-FBI) seeking his knowledge for military or social manipulation projects, or even individuals connected to the Zapatista uprising or political assassinations that occurred in Mexico that year.
• Extraterrestrial Abduction: Some testimonies suggest Grinberg and his wife were intercepted by individuals who could have been extraterrestrials or agents working with them. This theory is considered extravagant but not entirely dismissible given the nature of Grinberg's research.
• Carlos Castaneda Connection: Discord between Grinberg and anthropologist Carlos Castaneda has led to speculation that Castaneda might have been involved in Grinberg's disappearance, possibly holding him captive in a community in Los Angeles. While there is no direct evidence, their relationship was described as complex, involving conflicting egos and differing views.
• Spiritual Enlightenment/Voluntary Exile: Another line of thought suggests Grinberg achieved a state of spiritual enlightenment or voluntarily withdrew from society after profound realizations, entering another dimension or cutting ties with his previous "psychosocial reality." This aligns with his writings about transitioning to an "other world" without dying.
• Toltec Tradition: Some suggest Grinberg was called upon by the Toltec tradition as a "man of spirit" to serve as a guardian of energetic sites across Mexico.

Legacy

Despite the mystery surrounding his disappearance, Jacobo Grinberg's legacy in the study of consciousness is considered invaluable. His advanced premises and research are seen as increasingly relevant, contributing to the collective development and purification of shared consciousness. Grinberg dedicated his life to the scientific and experiential study of consciousness, leaving behind tools for self-knowledge and freedom.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of El Ojo Critico consistently explores themes of mystery, unexplained phenomena, and the fringes of scientific understanding. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, presenting various theories and facts surrounding controversial cases without definitively endorsing any single explanation. The magazine aims to provoke thought and encourage readers to consider alternative perspectives on reality and consciousness, highlighting the work of researchers who push the boundaries of conventional science.