El Ojo Critico - No 69 - Dic 2011

Magazine Overview

This issue of EL OJO CRITICO, titled N° 69 and dated December 2011, is published by GRUPO FENIX and originates from ESPAÑA. The cover prominently features a dossier on skepticism, titled 'DOSSIER ¿ESCEPTICOS? MEO: el nacimiento de una secta', alongside articles on 'El misterio de los Hombres-Murciélago' and 'Ateísmo y filosofía de la religión'. A significant section is dedicated to an 'INFORME: 60 años de literatura OVNI'. The magazine also offers a giveaway of three copies of 'UFOLeaks FILTRACION OVNI'.

Article: Lo que el escepticismo debería ser...

Written by Marcelo Truzzi, this article critiques the misuse of the term 'skeptic'. Truzzi argues that true skepticism is about doubt and agnosticism, not outright denial. He differentiates between 'soft' and 'hard' skeptics, noting that many who call themselves skeptics are actually 'pseudo-skeptics' who claim an unfair advantage by negating claims without proof. Truzzi emphasizes that in science, the burden of proof lies with the claimant, especially for extraordinary claims. He asserts that a true skeptic does not need to disprove an assertion but rather considers it unproven. However, if a critic makes a negative claim (e.g., a psi result was spurious), they must provide evidence. The article criticizes those who act as if they have no burden of proof, often relying on mere plausibility rather than empirical evidence. Truzzi uses examples like the assumption of fraud in psi experiments or the explanation of high scores by flawed random number generators. He stresses that showing a possibility of error does not disprove an anomaly itself. The article concludes by stating that while science can determine empirical improbability, not impossibility, and that evidence is graded. Both critics and proponents need to think probabilistically, as absolute truth is rarely attainable.

Article: Incidente OVNI en un acuartelamiento militar EL CASO BOBADILLA

This investigative report by EOC details a UFO incident that occurred on the night of May 9, 2010, over an Air Force ammunition depot in Bobadilla Estación, Málaga. The object, described as a powerful, spherical light, was witnessed by five soldiers on guard duty and recorded by the installation's new security cameras. The UFO exhibited unusual behavior, changing shape and size, moving erratically, and appearing to 'explode' or move away rapidly over approximately 20 minutes. The reporter interviewed locals, who were unaware of the incident, often remarking that information from the military was difficult to obtain. The investigation extended to the local train station and a cement factory, with similar responses and the recurring phrase, "If it's from the military, you won't get much." The reporter eventually contacted a base commander, who, after initial surprise, denied the incident, calling it military secret information. Despite official denials, the reporter obtained video footage of the event, which was analyzed by experts who confirmed its authenticity and ruled out conventional explanations like aircraft or drones. The article questions why such incidents are denied and what other cases might be hidden in military archives.

Article: OTROS INCIDENTES

This section details two other incidents. The first involves Diego Ramírez, a resident of Campillos, who observed a powerful light illuminating a street for a few seconds while driving near the Bobadilla military polvorín. He initially suspected a DGT radar but this was ruled out by the Civil Guard. The second part of this section continues the investigation into the Bobadilla case, with the reporter visiting the cement factory and speaking with night shift supervisor José Cruz, who had no knowledge of the event. The reporter then directly contacted the base commander, who denied the incident and classified the footage as military secret. The commander suggested contacting the Government Subdelegation in Málaga, which also denied knowledge and referred the reporter to the Air Force General Headquarters in Madrid. Despite official stonewalling, the reporter eventually obtained the video footage through unofficial channels, which was analyzed and confirmed to be an authentic UFO sighting with inexplicable movements.

Article: CATORCE CHMANES ASESINADOS EN PERU DESDE 2010

This news report by Reynaldo Muñoz details the assassination of fourteen shamans in the Peruvian Amazon since 2010. The victims, belonging to the 'shawi' ethnic group, were accused of witchcraft. The viceminister of Interculturality, Vicente Otta, and expert Roger Rumrrill, described brutal murders and the disposal of bodies in rivers. The investigation points to the mayor of Balsapuerto, Alfredo Torres, a fundamentalist Protestant, as being involved, who considers shamans to be 'possessed by the demon.' The report highlights the complex factors contributing to the violence, including religious fanaticism, social abandonment, and disputes over land. The government plans to address the issue through a multisectoral 'mobile state' initiative.

Article: Los ensayos, enciclopedias y monografías más recomendables 60 AÑOS DE LITERATURA OVNI EN ESPAÑA

This extensive article reviews significant UFO literature published in Spain from the 1950s to 2010. It acknowledges that much UFO literature is sensationalist but highlights the existence of serious, documented studies. The article begins by referencing previous bibliographical efforts by Fernández Peris, Sierra, and González Piñeiro. The author's own study aims to catalog the most notable works, organizing them into seven thematic categories: 'Analysis and history of the phenomenon,' 'Investigations and case exposures,' 'Close encounters,' 'Abductions and bedroom visits,' 'Contactism,' 'UFOs and Governments,' and 'Photographs.' The selection criteria prioritize quality information, relevance, and works that provide a serious and objective approach. The article discusses specific books within each category, providing brief summaries and highlighting their contributions to the field. For instance, under 'Analysis and history,' it mentions works by Michel Carrouges, Jacques Vallée, and Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos. Under 'Investigations and case exposures,' it covers international cases like Exeter and Roswell, as well as Spanish cases such as Manises. The section on 'Close encounters' discusses books detailing humanoid sightings and landings. The 'Abductions and bedroom visits' section reviews literature on alien abductions, including critical perspectives.

Precedents

The article acknowledges prior bibliographical works on Spanish UFO literature, including J. A. Fernández Peris's 'Treinta años de literatura OVNI en España (1950-1980)', J. Sierra's 'Cuatro décadas de bibliografía ufológica en España (1950-1992)', and A. González Piñeiro's '50 años de literatura ufológica en España'. These works are noted for their scope and, in some cases, critical analysis.

Criteria for Selection and Organization

The present study aims to be a catalog of notable UFO literature published in Spain up to 2010, serving as a guide for newcomers to the field. It cites 55 works organized by thematic categories. The selection prioritizes books with quality information that remain useful and were presented seriously and objectively. Some works with more questionable rigor are included if they became classics and are historically significant. Topics like Astroarchaeology and general mysteries are excluded if they only partially cover UFO phenomena. The works are grouped into seven categories: 'Analysis and history of the phenomenon,' 'Investigations and case exposures,' 'Close encounters,' 'Abductions and bedroom visits,' 'Contactism,' 'UFOs and Governments,' and 'Photographs.' The review focuses on books published in Spain, whether by Spanish authors or translations, with an emphasis on international phenomena first, followed by purely Spanish ufology, to provide a broader perspective for Latin American readers.

Analysis and History of the Phenomenon

This section covers books that review the characteristics of the UFO phenomenon or analyze hypotheses. It includes works with sociological, scientific, and psychological perspectives, as well as general overviews of UFO history. Notable books mentioned are 'Aparecen los marcianos' by Michel Carrouges, 'Fenómenos insólitos del espacio' by Jacques Vallée, and 'Los OVNIS y la ciencia' by Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos and Miguel Guasp. 'Investigación ovni' by Ballester Olmos is also highlighted for its technical exposition and guidance for researchers. The article also mentions 'Manual del ufólogo' by Alberto Adell Sabatés as a unique guide for UFO investigation.

Psychology and Sociology of the Phenomenon

This part discusses works that approach the UFO phenomenon from psychological and sociological viewpoints. 'Lo imaginario en el contacto OVNI' is a compilation of articles exploring the psychological and mythological aspects of UFO experiences, including abduction phenomena. 'OVNIS y ciencias humanas' by Ignacio Cabria is presented as a thorough study of UFOs as a sociological myth, examining applied psychology, sociology, and ufological bibliography.

Other Approaches

This section covers studies that offer alternative hypotheses to the extraterrestrial theory. Jacques Vallée's 'Pasaporte a Magonia' is cited for exploring the connection between ancient folklore and UFO testimonies, suggesting a possible joint explanation. Vallée's 'Crónica de otros mundos' further develops the theory of a dimensional intelligent system. Robert Sheaffer's 'Veredicto OVNI' is mentioned as a work presenting arguments against the UFO phenomenon.

History of Ufology

This section reviews historical overviews of ufology. 'OVNI Dossier X' is described as a comprehensive collection of 50 fascicles covering famous cases, historical traces, and newspaper clippings. The 'Diccionario Temático de Ufología' by Matías Morey is recommended for its extensive thematic information and bibliography. Antonio Ribera's 'El gran enigma de los platillos volantes' is noted for its detailed account of early UFO history and cases, particularly from the United States. Frank Edwards' 'Platillos Volantes...aquí y ahora' provides a serious approach to UFO events in 1966-1967. Ignacio Cabria's 'Entre ufólogos, creyentes y contactados' offers a social history of ufology in Spain, examining researcher attitudes and media diffusion.

Investigations and Case Exposures

This section highlights books dedicated to the detailed exposition and investigation of UFO cases. John Spencer's 'OVNIS. La respuesta definitiva' and Peter Brookesmith's 'Documentos UFO. Catálogo completo' are presented as comprehensive case catalogs. Books focusing on specific regions are also mentioned, including those on France, the United States, and Ibero-America. Aimé Michel's 'Los misteriosos platillos volantes' is discussed for its analysis of the 1954 French wave using the 'ortotenia' method. John G. Fuller's 'Incidente en Exeter' is noted for its investigation of the Exeter incident, and Charles Berlitz and William Moore's 'El incidente' and Javier Sierra's 'Roswell, secreto de estado' cover the Roswell incident. Antonio Ribera's 'OVNIS en Iberoamérica y España' provides a catalog of cases from South and Central America. Iker Jiménez's 'Encuentros. La historia de los O.V.N.I. en España' offers a catalog of 243 Spanish cases. Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos and Miguel Guasp's 'Sí: están. Aproximación científica a los OVNIS' is a two-volume compilation of articles from the magazine 'Stendek'. David G. López and Félix Ares de Blas's 'Estudio de la oleada 1968-1969' provides a statistical analysis of a Spanish UFO wave. Works focusing on the Manises incident, such as J. J. Benítez's 'Incidente en Manises' and Juan A. Fernández Peris's 'El expediente Manises', are also mentioned.

Close Encounters

This section focuses on books about close encounters, which are considered to provide the most physical evidence of UFO phenomena. 'Los humanoides' by Charles Bowen is a compilation of articles on encounters with beings associated with UFOs. Antonio Ribera's 'Encuentros con humanoides' compiles significant global cases. Javier García Blanco's 'Humanoides. Encuentros con entidades desconocidas' is aimed at new students and details various cases. Ray Stanford's 'El escándalo del OVNI' is highlighted for its in-depth investigation of the Socorro, New Mexico, UFO case. Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos's 'OVNIS: el fenómeno aterrizaje' details numerous landing cases in the Iberian Peninsula, and his 'Enciclopedia de los encuentros cercanos con OVNIS' provides a comprehensive catalog. J. J. Benítez's 'La quinta columna' covers sightings of humanoids in Spain.

Abductions and Bedroom Visits

This section reviews literature on alien abductions and bedroom visits. Peter Brookesmith's 'Alien abducciones' offers a critical perspective on abduction theories. Manuel Carballal's 'Secuestrados por los OVNI' provides an objective overview of the topic. Luis R. González's 'Las abducciones, ¡vaya timo!' offers a skeptical critique of abduction claims. Antonio Ribera's 'Secuestrados por extraterrestres' details classic abduction cases. John G. Fuller's 'El viaje interrumpido' focuses on the Barney and Betty Hill abduction case. Budd Hopkins' 'Intrusos' and Whitley Strieber's 'Comunión' are noted for popularizing the concept of bedroom visits. David M. Jacobs' 'Vida secreta' is mentioned as a famous American work on abductions.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores anomalous phenomena, particularly UFOs, from investigative and analytical perspectives. It appears to champion rigorous research and critical thinking, distinguishing between genuine skepticism and what it terms 'pseudo-skepticism.' The editorial stance seems to favor open investigation into unexplained events while maintaining a critical eye towards sensationalism and unsubstantiated claims. There is a clear emphasis on documenting and analyzing UFO literature, historical cases, and witness testimonies, often highlighting the challenges posed by official secrecy and denial, especially in military contexts. The magazine also touches upon broader themes such as the philosophy of religion and the nature of belief systems, as seen in the articles on atheism and skepticism.

This issue of "EL OJO CRITICO" (The Critical Eye), identified as issue number 14, delves into a multifaceted exploration of mysteries, philosophy, and folklore. The cover prominently features the title "¿Folclore, leyendas urbanas o fenómenos anómalos? EL MISTERIO DE LOS 'HOMBRES-MURCIELAGO'" (Folklore, urban legends, or anomalous phenomena? The mystery of the 'bat-men'), suggesting a central theme of unexplained phenomena.

UFOs and Governments

The article "OVNIS Y GOBIERNOS" (UFOs and Governments) addresses the controversial aspect of alleged data concealment by military and governmental authorities. It highlights the impact of declassified documents, leading to significant ufological works. The section on the United States discusses key books such as Donald E. Keyhoe's "Los desconocidos del espacio" and Brad Steiger's "Proyecto Libro Azul," which examine documented cases and alleged cover-up maneuvers by the USAF. Joseph Allen Hynek's "El informe Hynek" is also mentioned for its analysis of Project Blue Book cases and the official attitude towards UFOs. The declassification of US government documents in 1975 resulted in the "OVNIS: el archivo de la CIA" series, translated by Andreas Faber-Kaiser. Milton W. Hourcade's "OVNIS: la agenda secreta" is noted for its comprehensive review of UFO aspects, including abductions and the Roswell incident, and its analysis of military intelligence's potential use of extraterrestrial beliefs as a cover.

Contactism

The "CONTACTISMO" (Contactism) section reviews literature related to personal experiences of contact with extraterrestrials and interstellar travel. It acknowledges the abundance of such books but notes that many lack rigor. Three references are highlighted: Miguel Pedrero's "Contacto. ¿Comunicación con seres de otros mundos?" for an introduction to the topic, Gary Kinder's "Años luz" for an investigation into Eduard Billy Meier's case, and J.J. Benítez's "OVNIS: S.O.S. a la humanidad" for an overview of contactee groups and messages, including the controversial Misión RAMA of IPRI.

Spanish UFO Literature

"España" (Spain) focuses on Spanish contributions to UFO literature. J.J. Benítez's "OVNIS: documentos oficiales del gobierno español" (later "OVNI: alto secreto") is presented as a historically significant work based on twelve secret UFO files from the Spanish Air Force. Benítez's "Materia reservada" is praised for its detailed analysis of declassified Spanish Air Force UFO reports, denouncing alleged false explanations. Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos's "Expedientes insólitos" is also recommended for its perspective on the declassification process, drawing from his collaboration with the Air Force.

UFO Photographs

The "FOTOGRAFÍAS" (Photographs) section emphasizes the importance of photographic evidence in UFO research. J.J. Benítez's trilogy "Los visitantes - Terror en la luna - La gran oleada" is cited for presenting around 1000 UFO photographs from the 19th century to 1980. Luis Ruiz Noguez's "Extraterrestres ante las cámaras" is mentioned for analyzing and demystifying photographs of supposed extraterrestrial beings.

International UFO Literature (Los Ausentes)

"LOS AUSENTES" (The Absent Ones) discusses important Latin American translations of UFO works that were not published in Spain. Carl Gustav Jung's "Sobre cosas que se ven en el cielo" is highlighted for its psychological study of UFOs. Jacques Vallée's "El colegio invisible" is noted for his hypothesis on the origin of UFOs and his 'control system.' John A. Keel's "OVNI: Operación Caballo de Troya" explores the relationship between UFOs and paranormal phenomena. John E. Mack's "Contactos" is recognized for its in-depth research into abduction cases and their psychological impact. George Adamski's story is presented in "Aterrizaje de Platillos Voladores." The section also mentions Peter Brookesmith's "OVNIS. Expedientes secretos" for its analysis of US Air Force UFO projects.

Statistics and Discussion

The "ESTADÍSTICAS Y DISCUSIÓN" (Statistics and Discussion) section provides a quantitative analysis of UFO literature in Spain. It details the number of works by author, with J.J. Benítez leading with 6 cited works, followed by Ballester Olmos (5), Ribera (4), and Vallée (3). The analysis also covers the number of translated works (approximately 44%) and highlights the dominance of North American authors among foreign contributions. Statistical graphs illustrate the number of recommended works per author and per decade, showing a significant increase in publications from 1971 to 2000, with a subsequent decline in both quantity and quality.

Philosophy, Religion, and Magical Thinking

The "Filosofía, religión y pensamiento mágico" (Philosophy, religion, and magical thinking) section, particularly the article "EL DIOS DE LA ILUSTRACIÓN" (The God of the Enlightenment), explores the intellectual shifts during the 18th century. It discusses how scientific advancements by figures like Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton challenged traditional theological views. Immanuel Kant's concept of Enlightenment as the 'abandonment of self-imposed minority' is presented, along with the idea that many Enlightenment thinkers, while rational, were not necessarily atheists. The influence of figures like Thomas Aquinas, Aristotle, Descartes, Kepler, Bacon, and Locke is examined in the context of developing rational and scientific approaches to understanding the world. The article notes the tension between Enlightenment ideals and the Church, the condemnation of figures like Galileo and Giordano Bruno, and the eventual rise of secularism. The "Encyclopédie" is highlighted as a monumental compendium of knowledge that disseminated Enlightenment ideals.

Deism vs. Theism

The "Deísmo vs. teísmo" (Deism vs. Theism) sub-section elaborates on the philosophical debates of the Enlightenment regarding the nature of God. It explains deism as the belief in a supreme being who created the universe but does not intervene in its affairs, contrasting it with theism. Key figures like Diderot, d'Alembert, and Anthony Ashley Cooper are discussed in relation to their deistic views. The article also touches upon the emergence of modern atheism during this period, with figures like Baron d'Holbach and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie advocating for materialism and the rejection of supernatural concepts.

The Bible Under Scrutiny

"La Biblia, bajo lupa" (The Bible Under Scrutiny) examines the critical approach to religious texts during the Enlightenment. It discusses Spinoza's "Tratado teológico-político," John Toland's "El cristianismo no es misterio," Matthew Tindal's "El cristianismo, tan antiguo como la creación," and David Hume's "Investigación sobre el entendimiento humano," all of which applied rational analysis to biblical narratives and miracles.

Philosophers on Divinity

The "LOS FILÓSOFOS OPINAN SOBRE LA DIVINIDAD" (Philosophers on Divinity) section presents quotes from Enlightenment thinkers like John Toland, Denis Diderot, Voltaire, and Baron d'Holbach, expressing their views on God, religion, and morality. It highlights the critique of religious dogma and the emphasis on reason and natural law.

The Rise of Atheism

"Y llegaron los ateos..." (And the atheists arrived...) discusses the development of atheistic thought during the Enlightenment. Baron d'Holbach's strong critique of religion as harmful to society and his advocacy for atheism are detailed. Julien Offroy de La Mettrie's materialistic view of humans as machines is also presented. The section mentions Jean Meslier, a priest who secretly authored a radical critique of religion, and the general prejudice against atheists during the era. It notes that despite the condemnation of atheistic and materialistic ideas, the debate between reason and faith was a significant feature of the period.

The Mystery of the 'Bat-Men'

"¿Folclore, leyendas urbanas o fenómenos anómalos? EL MISTERIO DE LOS 'HOMBRES-MURCIELAGO'" (Folklore, urban legends, or anomalous phenomena? The mystery of the 'bat-men') explores legends of bat-like humanoids. It begins by discussing fossilized giant bats like Desmodus Draculae. The article then delves into indigenous folklore from Brazil and Guyana, recounting tales of 'Cupendipes' or 'bat-men' who flew at night and were associated with violence. It also mentions the Aztec and Maya god Camazotz, linked to death and sacrifice, and the legend of Cãoera, a large bat-like creature from South American folklore. The section suggests that these legends might be rooted in misinterpretations of natural phenomena or cultural exaggerations.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue consistently explores the intersection of unexplained phenomena (UFOs, anomalous creatures) with intellectual history, particularly the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and its challenges to traditional religious and metaphysical beliefs. The magazine presents a critical yet open-minded approach, analyzing both historical accounts and contemporary research. The editorial stance appears to favor rational inquiry and evidence-based analysis, while acknowledging the enduring power of mystery and folklore. The statistical analysis of UFO literature in Spain suggests a concern about the current state of the field, with a call for more original and quality research.

This issue of CRITICO, identified as issue 21 and volume 010, dated 21 (likely referring to a specific day or issue number within a year, with the year inferred as 2009 from context), focuses on an impartial investigation into the controversial 'Ica stones' and related phenomena. The cover headline, "Crónica de una investigación imparcial EL FINAL DE LAS PIEDRAS DE ICA (y II)" (Chronicle of an impartial investigation THE END OF THE ICA STONES (Part II)), sets the tone for a critical examination of these artifacts and the claims surrounding them.

The Legend of the Giant Bat-Man and Other Winged Beings

The article begins by exploring folklore and legends of giant bat-like creatures and winged humanoids from various cultures. It mentions the discovery of fossilized remains of *Desmodus Draculae* in Brazil, suggesting a possible link to modern legends. The story of the 'Orang Bati' from Seram, Indonesia, describes humanoid creatures with bat wings that allegedly kidnap and consume children. Similarly, Filipino folklore features benevolent bat-men called 'Alan.' The text also touches upon the 'Ahool' or 'Athol' from Java, described as a monkey-faced bat, and the 'Big Bird' from Texas, a large, featherless creature with bat-like wings and a gorilla-like head. The author notes the similarities and differences in these accounts, suggesting that while some might be misinterpretations of known animals, others point to potentially undiscovered species or 'inconceivable' beings.

The article also recounts the 1969 sighting by three marines in South Vietnam of a slow-flying, greenish-glowing being resembling a winged woman with bat-like wings, which is compared to, but distinguished from, the Mothman of Point Pleasant.

The Ica Stones: An Impartial Investigation

The core of the issue is a detailed investigation into the 'Ica stones,' artifacts purported to be ancient carvings from Peru. The article scrutinizes the claims made by Dr. Javier Cabrera, a prominent defender of the stones' authenticity, and his interpretations.

Medical Knowledge and Surgical Procedures

Dr. Oscar Arbulú's article "Aspectos médicos en la cultura mochica" (Medical aspects in the Mochica culture) is cited, detailing Mochica surgical practices like amputations and tumor removal, suggesting that surgical knowledge was not unknown in ancient Peru. This is used to argue that the Ica stones, if authentic, could represent a continuation of such practices.

However, the investigation questions the accuracy and significance of the medical information depicted on the stones. While some stones show representations of human organs and surgical procedures, the article argues that these depictions are often simplistic, inaccurate, or lack transcendent information. The famous 'pregnant woman' stone, interpreted by Dr. Cabrera as evidence of ancient knowledge of anti-rejection hormones in pregnant women's blood for organ transplants, is critically analyzed. Medical experts consulted by the author point out that the medical knowledge claimed to be depicted on the stones was either known or being developed in much later periods, and that the drawings themselves are anatomically flawed.

Historical and Bibliographical References

The article systematically debunks the historical and bibliographical references used by proponents like Robert Charroux and Dr. Cabrera to support the authenticity of the Ica stones. References to Pedro Simon's 1626 work, Juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamaygua's writings from the 16th century, and works by Hans Dietrich Disselhoff and Carlos Belli are examined. The author concludes that these sources do not actually mention or support the existence of the Ica stones as claimed, suggesting that the proponents either misinterpreted the texts or intentionally distorted them to fit their hypotheses.

Scientific Analyses and Potential Fraud

Several scientific analyses of the Ica stones are discussed, with conflicting results. Early analyses by geologist Eric Wolf and Professor Trimborn from the University of Bonn suggested that the stones had a natural patina of oxidation, indicating some age, but were inconclusive about their exact antiquity or authenticity. Later, analyses by Joseph Blumrich of NASA and others were interpreted by proponents as proof of authenticity. However, the article presents evidence of artificial aging techniques used by local artisans, including the application of mud, burning, and varnishing to make the stones appear ancient. The BBC's "The Case of the Ancient Astronauts" program also commissioned an analysis that concluded the engravings' edges were too clean and straight to be thousands of years old, suggesting they were modern.

The article also details how local artisans, particularly Basilio Uchuya, allegedly supplied stones and clay figures to Dr. Cabrera, employing methods to artificially age them. The use of pencil marks on some stones, which were not fully erased, further points to their recent creation.

Dr. Cabrera's Interpretations and Methodology

Dr. Javier Cabrera's methodology for interpreting the Ica stones is heavily criticized. The article argues that he projected his own beliefs and desires onto the stones, seeing complex messages where there were likely simple drawings or decorative patterns. His interpretations are described as subjective, arbitrary, and lacking a consistent methodology. For instance, a drawing of a simple animal was interpreted as a symbol related to planetary heat increase, and a depiction of a leaf was given multiple meanings related to energy and cognition. The article suggests that Cabrera's interpretations were driven by his desire to find evidence for his theories about an advanced 'gliptolithic humanity.'

The 'Gliptolithic Humanity' and its Legacy

Cabrera's theory of a 'gliptolithic humanity' is presented as a central, albeit unsubstantiated, aspect of his work. He claimed this civilization left behind thousands of stones as a testament to their knowledge. The article questions the idea that these stones represent a sophisticated message, pointing out that many are repetitive, poorly executed, or lack any discernible scientific or historical value. The claim that these stones contain detailed information about reproduction, astronomy (like zodiac signs), or even the origins of humanity is dismissed as fanciful.

The Collection of Clay Figures

Beyond the stones, Dr. Cabrera also amassed a collection of clay figures, allegedly supplied by Basilio Uchuya. These figures, depicting dinosaurs, medical procedures, and strange creatures, were presented as further evidence of the 'gliptolithic humanity.' The article suggests these were also likely modern creations, similar to the stones.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are cryptozoology (specifically winged creatures), folklore, ancient civilizations, archaeological fraud, and the critical analysis of controversial artifacts. The editorial stance is clearly skeptical of the claims surrounding the Ica stones, presenting evidence and expert opinions that challenge their authenticity and Dr. Javier Cabrera's interpretations. The article aims to expose what it views as a fabricated narrative built on misinterpretations, selective use of evidence, and potentially deliberate deception.

The issue concludes by emphasizing that the mystery of the Ica stones and similar phenomena remains unresolved, largely due to the lack of credible evidence and the prevalence of subjective interpretations over rigorous scientific inquiry. The author suggests that the pursuit of such 'inconceivable' beings and civilizations requires a more grounded approach, acknowledging the possibility of hoaxes and the limitations of current knowledge.

This issue of 'El Crítico' (The Critic) is dedicated to a critical analysis of the Organized Skeptical Movement (MEO) and the phenomenon of pseudo-skepticism. The magazine presents a detailed examination of the tactics, motivations, and impact of these groups on the study of anomalies and fringe sciences.

The Ica Stones: A Case of Fraud

The issue begins by revisiting the controversial Ica stones, a collection of ancient artifacts allegedly depicting advanced civilizations and historical events. The article exposes the fraudulent nature of the terracotta figures associated with the collection, attributing their creation to artisan Basilio Uchuya. Investigations by Vicente París and others revealed that these figures were modern fabrications, with Uchuya even using cardboard for drying, leaving tell-tale marks. The article suggests that Dr. Cabrera, the collector, was likely a victim of a large-scale deception, possibly influenced by discoveries in Acámbaro, Mexico, which also featured numerous figures of dinosaurs and strange animals.

Despite the exposure of the fraud in the terracotta collection, the article implies that the Ica stones themselves may also be problematic, with only a few being definitively authenticated. The majority are presented as potentially modern creations designed to cater to collectors and Dr. Cabrera's theories, evolving in content around 1966 to include more heterodox themes.

Pseudo-skepticism: Defining the Term and Its Practitioners

The magazine then delves into the concept of pseudo-skepticism, contrasting it with genuine scientific skepticism. Drawing on definitions from the Royal Spanish Academy and the work of scholars like Marcello Truzzi, the article defines pseudo-skeptics as those who tend to deny rather than doubt, discredit rather than investigate, and employ a double standard in their analyses. They are characterized by their adherence to 'scientificism' – the belief that science alone can explain all mysteries – and their often aggressive stance against anything deemed paranormal or unscientific.

The article cites Dr. Manuel Guerra Gómez, who describes MEO as 'new skeptics' who act as 'divulgers of the scientific,' aiming to prove that experimental science can explain everything, thus rendering the divine and religious unnecessary. They are seen as actively trying to marginalize religions, particularly Catholicism, by asserting an incompatibility between science and religion.

Tactics and Criticisms of Pseudo-skeptics

Several key characteristics of pseudo-skeptics are outlined, including their 'fundamentalist scientific' worldview, their perception of a 'holy war' against irrationality, their intolerance and 'scientific fascism,' and their focus on defending established ideas rather than seeking truth. Their strategies often involve personal attacks, ridicule, and defamation, relying on fallacies and appeals to authority rather than empirical evidence. They are also criticized for lacking self-criticism and for never applying their skeptical methods to their own beliefs.

The article highlights instances where pseudo-skeptics have been accused of hypocrisy, such as the case of James Randi allegedly manipulating data to discredit Rupert Sheldrake. It also points out that many prominent pseudo-skeptics lack formal academic qualifications in relevant fields, gaining popularity through their activism against paranormal claims.

Legal Battles and Defamation

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to legal cases where pseudo-skeptics have been condemned by courts for defamation and libel. The article details the case of Luis Alfonso Gámez, who was ordered to pay damages to Juan José Benítez for calumnious statements made on his blog. Another case involves Luis Hernández Franch, who was also convicted for insults. The magazine emphasizes that these legal defeats have damaged the credibility of the pseudo-skeptical movement.

Parapsychology and Academic Recognition

Contrary to the claims of some pseudo-skeptics, the article asserts that parapsychology is a recognized field of study. It notes that UNESCO includes parapsychology under its classification of Psychology (epigraph 6110), and that universities and research institutions can legitimately fund and conduct research in this area. The article cites examples of academic research in parapsychology, such as Daryl J. Bern's work on precognition, which was published in the reputable 'Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,' demonstrating that such research can meet rigorous scientific standards.

The 'Prize' Tactic

The issue also discusses the common tactic used by MEO members and other groups to offer large monetary prizes for anyone who can prove the existence of paranormal phenomena (e.g., the James Randi Educational Foundation's million-dollar prize). The article suggests this is a publicity stunt designed to create the impression that paranormal claims are easily refutable, while rarely being claimed.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The overarching theme of this issue is a strong critique of the pseudo-skeptical movement and its methods. 'El Crítico' positions itself as a defender of genuine scientific inquiry and open-minded investigation, contrasting it with what it portrays as the dogmatic, intolerant, and often legally questionable practices of pseudo-skeptics. The magazine advocates for a balanced approach that allows for the investigation of phenomena without prejudice, while upholding rigorous scientific standards. The editorial stance is clearly against the aggressive and often dismissive attitude of organized skeptical groups towards any subject that falls outside their narrow definition of 'science'.

This issue of "El Pensamiento Crítico" (The Critical Thought), issue number 41, delves into the alleged "scientific fundamentalism" and "organized pseudo-skepticism" perpetuated by groups like the MEO (Movimiento Escéptico Organizado), ARP (Alternativa Racional a las Pseudociencias), and Círculo Escéptico. The magazine argues that these organizations employ tactics of censorship, blackmail, and personal attacks to discredit individuals and universities that engage with paranormal or anomalous phenomena.

Main Cover Story: Blackmail, Censorship, and the Right to Shit on God

The cover story highlights how the MEO has allegedly orchestrated campaigns to censor and boycott university activities, radio, and TV programs dealing with paranormal content, especially if the MEO is not involved. Examples cited include protests against programs like "Planeta Encantado," "Milenio 3," and "Cuarto Milenio," as well as campaigns against homeopathy. The article accuses the MEO of using tactics like signature campaigns and letter-writing protests to pressure media outlets and universities. The blog "La lista de la vergüenza" (The Shame List) is mentioned as a platform for humiliating universities that accept discussions on the paranormal. The article claims the MEO has monopolized university grants and subsidies for such topics, deterring scientists from investigating anomalous phenomena for fear of damaging their academic records.

The "Day of Blasphemy"

The article notes that the MEO's radicalism has escalated to more provocative actions, such as the "Día de la Blasfemia" (Day of Blasphemy), where they demand the right to "shit on God," Allah, or Marduk. This growing radicalism reportedly led to the resignation of CSICOP founder Paul Kurtz in May 2010. In Spain, figures like Luisma García and José Luis Calvo are mentioned as having resigned from the MEO and criticized its lack of content and aggressive rhetoric.

Mario Bunge's Criteria for Pseudoscience

The magazine features the views of Professor Mario Bunge, an honorary member of ARP and a proponent of its foundational manifesto. Bunge defines pseudoscience as "a pile of nonsense (lies, hoaxes) sold as science." He outlines several characteristics of pseudoscience:

• Invokes immaterial or supernatural entities: These are inaccessible to empirical examination (e.g., vital force, soul, superego, divine destiny).
• Credulous: It does not subject its speculations to proof.
• Dogmatic: It does not change its principles when they fail or are contradicted by new findings; it adheres to a fixed set of beliefs.
• Rejects criticism: It dismisses criticism as motivated by dogmatism or psychological resistance, resorting to ad hominem arguments.
• Does not use general laws: Scientists seek general laws, while pseudoscience does not.
• Incompatible with established science: For example, telekinesis contradicts the conservation of energy.
• Does not interact with established science: Psychoanalysts and parapsychologists do not engage with experimental psychology or neuroscience.
• Easy to learn: It does not require extensive study, as it is not based on authentic knowledge.
• Focuses on practical use: It seeks practical application rather than disinterested truth.
• Operates outside the scientific community: Its proponents do not publish in scientific journals or participate in scientific seminars and conferences.

Bunge's criteria are presented as valuable for identifying flawed scientific approaches. The article notes that Bunge's broad definition could inadvertently include some "scientific" disciplines or fields of knowledge.

The Economic Mobile of "Skepticism"

According to the blog "Zeteticismo," the ultimate economic motivation drives many members of the MEO who lack significant academic or professional achievements. The article claims that pseudo-skepticism requires no formal qualifications or extensive research, only aggressive language and the ability to attack politically incorrect knowledge. Examples of alleged financial gains include contracts for TV programs, payments for conferences, and the commercialization of merchandise, books, and DVDs. The article also points out that universities have been persuaded to subsidize "organized skepticism" since 1992.

Félix Ares de Blas's Letter

A letter from Félix Ares de Blas, former president of ARP, dated June 20, 1992, is reproduced. In it, he discusses his conference fees, stating they are 250,000 pesetas (approximately 1,500 euros) plus expenses for international conferences, and mentions his personal motivations for attending social gatherings like "La Ballena Alegre" (The Happy Whale).

Pseudoscience Among Pseudo-Skeptics

The article posits that pseudoscience is more widespread than commonly believed and has even infiltrated the pseudo-skeptic movement. It cites a dinner where Mario Bunge allegedly proposed that prominent figures like Richard Dawkins, Steven Pinker, and Daniel Dennet, promoted by the North American pseudo-skeptic movement, are themselves pseudoscientists. This idea suggests that the movement may have an "enemy within."

The Case of Campillo vs. Cuartero

The magazine details a legal case involving Rafael Campillo, an organizer of charitable congresses, and Professor Fernando Cuartero of the University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM). In October 2009, Luis Alfonso Gámez criticized Campillo's "Vida después de la Vida" congress, labeling participants as "spiritists." Subsequently, Professor Cuartero sent a letter to the UCLM Vicerrector calling the organizers "vulgar swindlers" and "academic frauds." Campillo initiated legal proceedings for defamation. While a lower court found Cuartero guilty of insults and imposed a symbolic fine, the sentence was later annulled by the Provincial Court of Albacete due to a procedural error concerning the statute of limitations. The article suggests that the pseudo-skeptic movement rallied behind Cuartero, viewing him as a martyr for "science."

"Vulgar Charlatans" Pseudo-Skeptics, Condemned Again

This section reiterates the legal case against Professor Cuartero, highlighting that the pseudo-skeptics defended him, comparing him to figures like Servetus and Galileo. The article notes that international press covered the case, sometimes misrepresenting Campillo's statements. It also mentions that the pseudo-skeptic movement often falsifies messages from anomaly researchers to facilitate their debunking.

Scientific Fundamentalism: A Form of Pseudoscience

The article defines scientific fundamentalism as the unwavering belief in science and scientists' opinions as absolute truths, dismissing any non-scientific knowledge. It argues that this stance is irrational and attacks any dissenting views. The author suggests that scientists should follow the same steps as theologians and politicians in combating religious and political fundamentalism by explaining science and dismantling fundamentalist discourse.

The Science and the Scientific Method

Science is defined as knowledge obtained through the scientific method, emphasizing its methodical nature. The article asserts that there is no "alternative science" or science "outside the law." It acknowledges that while the scientific method is broad, its application is consistent.

Historical Precedents

The article points out that scientific fundamentalism is not new, citing Galileo Galilei's absolute belief in heliocentrism and John Dalton's rejection of subatomic particles. It also mentions Albert Einstein's rejection of quantum mechanics postulates. The author argues that presenting science without acknowledging the experimental basis or the possibility of error contributes to scientific fundamentalism.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critique of organized pseudo-skepticism, its alleged economic motivations, and its perceived use of censorship and personal attacks. The magazine positions itself as a defender of academic freedom and open inquiry, contrasting the alleged dogmatism of pseudo-skeptics with the principles of genuine scientific investigation. The editorial stance is clearly critical of groups like MEO, ARP, and Círculo Escéptico, portraying them as more interested in controlling narratives and discrediting opponents than in pursuing objective truth. The article advocates for a balanced approach to skepticism, emphasizing the importance of both critical scrutiny and openness to new ideas, as exemplified by Carl Sagan's views.

Title: EOC (El Ojo Crítico)
Issue: 69
Volume: XXII
Date: November 2011
Publisher: Ediciones Cydonia
Price: 4.50 Euros

This issue of EOC magazine delves into a controversy surrounding the Spanish skeptical movement (MEO), focusing on an author named Mauricio-José Schwarz and his critical stance towards paranormal investigators.

The Return of the Charlatan: Schwarz vs. Marsella

The central article, "Un autor recomendado por Schwarz desenmascara al 'escéptico' más radical del MEO: MAURICIO-JOSE SCHWARZ: EL RETORNO DEL CHARLATAN," by an unnamed author, criticizes Mauricio-José Schwarz for what is perceived as unfounded personal attacks against paranormal investigators Juan Miguel Marsella and Juan José Sánchez-Oro. Schwarz, associated with the "Círculo escéptico," allegedly made disparaging remarks about Marsella and the Spanish Society of Friends of Mystery and Parapsychology (SEAMP) on his blog, "El retorno de los charlatanes." The author questions Schwarz's own credibility, pointing out that Schwarz himself has published advertisements for psychics on his website and that his criticisms seem hypocritical.

The article highlights that Marsella and Sánchez-Oro participated in events in Mieres without financial compensation, covering their own expenses, while questioning Schwarz's motives and methods. It is revealed that Sánchez-Oro was an infiltrator for the program "Dimensión Límite," which exposed how such shows manipulate information. Schwarz, after publishing his blog post, reportedly contacted Sánchez-Oro and was invited to participate in a debate, which he initially declined.

Pseudo-skepticism and Media Tactics

The magazine further scrutinizes Schwarz's online behavior, citing his tweets where he refers to paranormal investigators as "magufos" (a derogatory term for pseudo-experts). The article contrasts this with Schwarz's own self-description on his website, where he claims to have never intentionally harmed anyone. The author suggests that Schwarz's actions are driven by a desire to damage the reputation of those who investigate the paranormal.

The MEO's Lack of Scientific Investigation

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to analyzing the MEO's activities. Under the heading "¿Son científicos los pseudoescépticos?" (Are Skeptics Scientific?), the article presents statistics from the blogs of prominent MEO figures: Luis Alfonso Gámez (Magonia), Mauricio Schwarz (El Retorno de los Charlatanes), and Javier Armentia (Por la Boca Muere el Pez). These statistics reportedly show zero personal paranormal investigations conducted by these individuals. Instead, their content largely consists of attacks on university events or municipal initiatives related to mystery, self-promotion of their own activities, and speculative opinions.

The article also examines the bibliographies of key MEO figures like Félix Ares de Blas, Luis Alfonso Gámez, Javier Armentia, Miguel Ángel Sabadell, and Ricardo Campo Pérez. It claims that none of them have published scientific works, and their books primarily focus on attacking the paranormal, with no personal contributions to investigated cases.

Police Encounters with the Paranormal

The magazine features a detailed account of police involvement in alleged paranormal events. "¿Cómo reacciona la policía cuando un ciudadano denuncia un poltergeist? Cuerpos de Seguridad del Estado y casas encantadas" describes a police report from Vallecas, Madrid, documenting phenomena witnessed by officers, including a spontaneously opening cupboard and unexplained noises. It also mentions a prior incident in the same area involving a Ouija session and alleged possession. Another section details a case in Santiago de Compostela where police responded to a report of paranormal phenomena and found a man with stigmata.

Other News and Features

• UFO Leaks: The magazine reports on new "UFO leaks" concerning J.J. Benítez and his alleged discomfort with military involvement in UFO investigations. It details internal military investigations aimed at identifying sources leaking information to Benítez.
• Sixto Paz in Peru: EOC is investigating the controversial contactee Sixto Paz Wells, with Peruvian investigators showing interest in past denunciations against him.
• New Mystery Magazine: Copérnico García is launching a new online magazine called FARENHEIT 2.0.
• Bélmez Faces: The article notes the 40th anniversary of the "Bélmez Faces" and mentions that Iker Jiménez, who was scheduled to give a speech, declined the invitation.
• Book Reviews: Several books are reviewed, including "Las Pirámides: historia, mito y realidad" by José Miguel Parra Ortiz, "Fuentes del Cristianismo" by Antonio Piñero, and "El secreto de los dioses" by Manuel Carballal.
• Obituaries: The magazine lists several notable figures who passed away in 2011, including Charles E. Hickson (Pascagoula abduction case), Robert C. Girard (founder of Arcturus Books Service), and William Roger Corliss (author).
• Donna D'Errico: Actress Donna D'Errico abandoned her project to ascend Mount Ararat in search of Noah's Ark.
• Ediciones Cydonia: The publisher continues its work with new releases on magical places in Galicia and psychology.
• UFOLEAKS Contest: Winners of a UFOLEAKS book contest are announced.
• Case Bélmez: Readers are asked for help in obtaining an LP titled "Azules" by Pepe Justicia, which may contain clues about the authorship of the "Bélmez Faces."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is the critical examination of the pseudo-skeptical movement in Spain, particularly the MEO. EOC positions itself as a proponent of critical thinking and objective investigation, contrasting its approach with what it perceives as the MEO's methodology of personal attacks, speculation, and self-promotion rather than genuine research. The magazine appears to support the investigation of paranormal phenomena, even while acknowledging the need for rigorous methods, and is critical of those who dismiss such phenomena without proper investigation. The editorial stance is one of challenging established 'skeptical' narratives and encouraging readers to form their own conclusions based on the evidence presented.

This issue of EL OJO CRITICO, number 69, focuses on the UFOleak initiative, a significant leak of classified documents related to UFO phenomena from Spanish military and security forces. It also features an in-depth look at the controversial comic artist Howard Chaykin and his work, particularly 'Black Kiss'. The magazine includes articles on alleged poltergeist incidents, military involvement in UFO investigations, and a critical analysis of 'pseudo-skepticism'.

UFOleak: Military Against Secrecy

The central theme is the "UFOleak" operation, where a group of independent Spanish investigators received hundreds of classified documents, reports, and files concerning UFOs from the Spanish Air Force, Secret Service, and Navy. These documents, accumulated over six years, reveal a history of military encounters with unidentified phenomena that the Ministry of Defense had allegedly kept secret. The article highlights the role of Spanish Air Force officers who disagreed with the secrecy and chose to leak the information.

General José Parés de la Rosa's Testimony

General José Parés de la Rosa, a decorated officer with thousands of flight hours, recounts his personal encounter with an unidentified object while flying a Sabre fighter jet. He describes an object that moved in ways inconsistent with conventional aircraft, eluding his attempts to identify it. General Parés expresses frustration with "pseudo-skeptics" who dismiss pilots' testimonies and asserts that UFOs exist, whether they are extraterrestrial or of other unknown origin.

The Sahara UFO Cases

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to the "lost UFOs in the Spanish Sahara." It details how a commander in the Spanish Army, risking sanction, disobeyed orders to destroy documents related to 22 UFO incidents in the Sahara. These cases, some of which involved military personnel and aircraft, were deemed too voluminous to destroy and were preserved. The article mentions specific incidents, including a spherical metallic object observed by helicopter pilots, a fusiform black object seen by a fighter pilot, and luminous objects near the ground.

GAO's Stance on UFO Secrecy

The "GAO" (Grupo de Asesores Secretos del Ejército del Aire), a group of military personnel, advocates for transparency regarding UFO phenomena. They criticize the selective declassification of documents, suggesting it's a form of disinformation. The GAO believes that the declassification process, initiated in 1992, primarily affected Air Force archives, while other branches like the Navy and Army, as well as intelligence services (CESID/CNI), likely still hold significant unreleased information.

Critiques of "Skeptics"

The GAO disputes the analyses provided by "pseudo-skeptics" from groups like the MEO (Movimiento Escéptico Organizado), who were allegedly tasked by Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos to provide conventional explanations for UFO cases. The GAO argues that these individuals, often lacking military or aviation backgrounds, provide dubious or erroneous identifications, sometimes driven by an agenda to eliminate uncomfortable cases for national security.

Controlled Ufologists

The article also touches upon the alleged surveillance of Spanish ufologists by military intelligence services. It notes that individuals like Juan José Benítez, Enrique de Vicente, and Bruno Cardeñosa had files compiled on them, raising questions about the extent of military interest in civilian UFO research.

Howard Chaykin and "Black Kiss"

In a separate section, the magazine explores the work of comic artist Howard Chaykin. It highlights his reputation as a transgressive artist and delves into his controversial graphic novel "Black Kiss." The article describes "Black Kiss" as an extremely graphic and obscene work that pushed the boundaries of censorship in the late 1980s, dealing with themes of violence, corruption, and sexuality. Chaykin's announcement of a prequel to "Black Kiss" is also mentioned.

"What is a Pseudo-Skeptic?"

This opinion piece by Pearl S. Buck (though attributed to Manuel Carballal in the context of the magazine) critically examines "pseudo-skepticism." It defines pseudo-skeptics as individuals who, despite claiming to be rational and scientific, exhibit an obsession with paranormal topics, often using ridicule and fallacious arguments to dismiss them. The author contrasts this with genuine skepticism and critical thinking, suggesting that pseudo-skeptics often neglect more pressing social issues in favor of attacking paranormal beliefs.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes the idea that UFO phenomena are real and that governments, particularly the Spanish military, have engaged in secrecy and cover-ups. There is a strong emphasis on the credibility of military witnesses and a critique of "pseudo-skeptics" who are portrayed as biased or agenda-driven. The editorial stance favors transparency and the declassification of UFO-related information, suggesting that the public has a right to know. The inclusion of Howard Chaykin's work indicates an openness to exploring controversial and boundary-pushing aspects of popular culture, aligning with the magazine's investigative and often provocative approach.

This issue of ARP magazine, identified as issue 71 and dated 2012, features an article by N.M.G. that critically analyzes the methods and motivations of "pseudoskeptics." The cover displays a humorous holiday greeting with faces superimposed on elves, along with various symbolic elements.

Analysis of Pseudoskepticism by N.M.G.

The article by N.M.G. delves into what the author perceives as the flawed methodologies and biased approaches of pseudoskeptics. The author begins by questioning the premise of whether a healer is a charlatan, suggesting that a true critical thinker would investigate rather than assume fraud. The author criticizes the tendency to ridicule beliefs, arguing that ridicule is subjective and not a valid form of refutation.

Rhetorical Tactics of Pseudoskeptics

N.M.G. outlines several rhetorical tactics employed by pseudoskeptics:

1. Emotional and Prejudiced Language: Pseudoskeptics allegedly use loaded terms like "pseudoscientific," "magufo" (charlatan), and "paranormal phenomena" to create a negative predisposition in the reader towards the subject matter, rather than using neutral, scientific language.
2. Selective Use of Critical Thinking: The author argues that pseudoskeptics apply critical thinking selectively, focusing on discrediting paranormal claims but failing to examine their own biases or the validity of conventional science. This leads to a lack of self-criticism and an unwillingness to admit errors.
3. Lack of Mutual Criticism: Unlike the scientific community, pseudoskeptics rarely criticize each other. The author cites examples like Ray Hyman not criticizing Richard Wiseman, or James Randi not criticizing Martin Gardner, suggesting an agenda to promote skepticism at all costs rather than a genuine search for truth.
4. Failure to Criticize Orthodox Science: Pseudoskeptics are accused of not applying their critical analysis to established scientific studies outside the paranormal realm, thus failing to contribute meaningfully to scientific debate.

Fallacious Arguments and Double Standards

The article further details how pseudoskeptics use rhetorical tricks to "win" debates:

• Labeling Arguments as Fallacious: They may identify logical fallacies in an opponent's reasoning without addressing the substance or truth of the claim itself. The author argues that a valid point can be made using flawed reasoning, and a true critic should distinguish between the two.
• Using Fallacies Themselves: The author points out that pseudoskeptics themselves employ fallacies. An example given is the claim that homeopathic studies are funded by companies like Boiron to "poison the well." The author counters by noting that a significant portion of conventional medical research is also funded by pharmaceutical companies, questioning why this funding is not scrutinized with the same rigor by pseudoskeptics.
• Double Standards in Evidence Evaluation: The author criticizes the use of a double standard, where pseudoskeptics dismiss personal testimonies as proof of paranormal phenomena but use them to support their own anti-paranormal arguments. The case of Uri Geller is discussed, where the Escéptico Digital cited evidence from figures like Richard Feynman, James Randi, and Martin Gardner. However, N.M.G. argues that Feynman's account was anecdotal and not based on controlled scientific investigation, and questions why the pseudoskeptics did not apply the same skepticism to Feynman's testimony as they did to Geller's.

Conclusion on Pseudoskepticism

N.M.G. concludes that pseudoskeptics are not qualified to provide objective information about the paranormal due to their evident prejudice and irrationality. The author advocates for seeking alternative, objective sources of information that are free from personal biases and obsessions regarding the paranormal.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme in this issue is the critical examination of skepticism itself, particularly the "pseudoskepticism" that the author believes is driven by agenda rather than a pure pursuit of truth. The editorial stance, as presented by N.M.G., is one of advocating for genuine critical thinking, intellectual honesty, and a balanced evaluation of evidence, regardless of whether the subject matter is paranormal or conventional science. The magazine appears to champion a more rigorous and unbiased approach to investigating unexplained phenomena.