El Ojo Critico - No 67 - May 2011

Magazine Overview

This issue of "El Ojo Crítico" (The Critical Eye), number 67, dated May 2011, is published by Grupo Fénix and is dedicated to investigative research for researchers. The magazine's cover prominently features the headline "El 'OVNI' de Rodríguez de la Fuente... no era real," suggesting a critical re-examination of a well-known case. The issue also includes a "CONFIDENTIAL REPORT" on the GAO's findings regarding skeptical military personnel and the declassification of OVNI (UFO) information.

Key Articles and Features

"OVNI" de Rodríguez de la Fuente... no era real

This article likely revisits the famous "OVNI" case associated with Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente, suggesting that the official explanation or the case itself was not what it seemed, possibly implying a debunking or a reinterpretation of events.

Informe CONFIDENCIAL: GAO: Militares escépticos con la desclasificación OVNI

This section presents a confidential report from the Grupo Alfa Orión (GAO), which evaluated declassified UFO case files from the Spanish Air Force between 1992 and 1998. The GAO's opinion is that the desclasification was selective, withholding more significant or higher-quality documentation. They suggest that the Air Force may have deliberately omitted crucial information, possibly as a form of disinformation or to manage public perception. The report highlights inconsistencies and details that point to the partial or complete ocultation of information. It also questions why the desclasification only affected the Air Force's archives and not those of the Navy, Army, or Civil Guard, which also hold relevant data. The GAO's analysis of the desclassified cases suggests that many explanations provided by official sources or private investigators were flawed or based on incomplete data, sometimes due to a lack of rigorous methodology or a biased approach.

"Bélmez Face" Fin del misterio

This article promises to resolve the mystery surrounding the "Bélmez Face," a famous paranormal phenomenon in Spain, suggesting a definitive conclusion or explanation has been reached.

Entrevista a Bruno Cardeñosa: 10 Cuestiones sobre "W de Wikileaks"

This extensive interview with journalist and author Bruno Cardeñosa explores his latest book, "W de Wikileaks." Cardeñosa discusses Julian Assange's childhood and its potential influence on his anti-establishment stance, the origins and geopolitical threat posed by Wikileaks, and the implications of the "collateral murder" video. He touches upon the role of Bradley Manning as a source and the broader implications of leaked information on government transparency, military actions, and the media's role in reporting such events. Cardeñosa also reflects on the challenges faced by journalists in the current media landscape and the impact of Wikileaks on international relations and the perception of power.

Caso Pons Prades: el contacto olvidado

This article details the "forgotten contact" case of Pons Prades, likely an encounter with an unidentified aerial phenomenon or entity.

Análisis químico del vibhuti de Sai Baba

This section presents a chemical analysis of "vibhuti," a sacred ash claimed to be materialized by the late spiritual leader Sathya Sai Baba. The analysis, conducted by the Hipergea group, compared the substance to various minerals. The conclusion is that the vibhuti is chemically most similar to talc, with characteristics that could be explained by additives if it were a product of fraud. However, the report acknowledges that the possibility of fraud cannot be definitively proven and leaves room for doubt, respecting Sai Baba's purported psychic abilities.

Other Articles and Sections:

• Editorial: "GAO: Militares contra la desclasificación" (GAO: Military against declassification), setting a critical tone regarding official transparency.
• Neuromagic: Neurología y Magia en Vignol
• El misterioso caso O'Ferril
• Caballeros Templarios: asesinos y narcos
• Fenómenos Aéreos Anómalos en A Coruña
• Las intimidades del espionaje español
• El misterio de "Bélmez Face" resuelto
• Los misterios más solidarios
• I Jornadas Solidarias del Misterio
• Los poderes de los ninja: verdad y fraude
• EI OVNI de Rgez. de la Fuente no era real
• Sumeria, Mesopotamia y los Anunakis
• EL CEI y el Ministerio de Defensa argentino
• Buscando vida extraterrestre
• Los CONFIDENCIALES de EOC
• Tablón de anuncios
• El Santo Sudario: una reflexión crítica (2)
• UMMO en comic (Anexo en edición digital)

The magazine also features a section titled "UFO LEAKS: LOS DOCUMENTOS SECRETOS SOBRE OVNIS DEL GOBIERNO ESPAÑOL," which appears to be a book or dossier compilation of declassified documents related to UFOs in Spain, including reports on the Ministry of Defense, the Air Force, J. J. Benítez, and the CESID-CNI.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around UFO phenomena, government secrecy, and the critical examination of official narratives. "El Ojo Crítico" appears to adopt an independent and investigative stance, aiming to uncover hidden truths and challenge established explanations. The magazine champions the idea that transparency is crucial and that the public has a right to know about potentially significant events, particularly those related to unexplained aerial phenomena. The editorial stance is clearly critical of any perceived cover-ups or manipulations of information by governmental or military bodies. The publication also engages with broader topics of conspiracy, paranormal phenomena, and the impact of information leaks on society, as exemplified by the extensive coverage of Wikileaks.

This issue of "El Ojo Crítico" (The Critical Eye), a Spanish publication focused on investigations and anomalies, presents a diverse range of articles. The cover story, "La magia contra el autismo o el Alzheimer" (Magic against Autism or Alzheimer's), explores the intersection of neuroscience and illusionism. Other prominent features include an investigation into a mysterious death linked to espionage, the emergence of a new cartel in Mexico, and accounts of UFO sightings in Spain, alongside a profile of a historian who claims to have been abducted.

The Magic Against Autism or Alzheimer's

The lead article, by Susana Martínez-Conde, a neuroscientist and coordinator of the "Neuromagic" event, suggests that magic, through its manipulation of attention, can be a tool for detecting autism and treating neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. Martínez-Conde explains that magicians exploit the mind's attention mechanisms. She highlights that individuals with autism have a deficit in joint attention, meaning they don't automatically follow where others direct their gaze. This difference could be used to identify autism and assess therapies. The article also notes the potential of magic in treating Alzheimer's, where cognitive function and attention are impaired. The "Neuromagic" encounter brought together scientists and illusionists to study how attention is directed and to understand the brain's mechanisms. Martínez-Conde draws parallels between illusionism, advertising, and politics, all of which use distraction and deception. She emphasizes how language can alter perception and how magicians implant "false memories" to obscure their tricks. The article concludes by stating that while humans are visual, attention plays a crucial role in memory formation; without it, information is not consciously processed.

The Mysterious Case of O'Ferril: Did a Spy Die Manipulating an Explosive on Valencia Street?

This investigative piece recounts the events of June 14, 1983, when an explosion and fire occurred in an apartment on Valencia Street, Barcelona. The investigation identified the deceased as Santiago Trallero O'Ferril, who was using five different identities and was 58 years old, not 47 as he claimed. He had no known profession, posed as a marquis, traveled frequently to Madrid, and had a bank account with regular deposits. Initial police reports suggested suicide, but an autopsy was inconclusive. Fire investigators noted the gas valve was closed, despite the explosion likely being caused by gas accumulation. During the investigation, a large archive of sensitive information was found in another apartment belonging to O'Ferril. This included documents related to the U.S. Consulate in Barcelona, information on the President of the Generalitat of Catalonia, documents about Radio Liberty, and plans for North American combat aircraft. It was also discovered that O'Ferril had connections to Freemasonry and the independentist party ERC. The police suspected he worked for a foreign intelligence service, possibly the CIA or the KGB. The CESID (Spain's intelligence agency) immediately took interest, investigating his activities and archive exhaustively. O'Ferril's girlfriend, who worked as a secretary at the U.S. Consulate, was also investigated; some believed she facilitated documents for him, while others thought she was unaware. She never spoke about the matter and was later dismissed. A report from July 10, 1983, suggested O'Ferril might have been working for an Eastern Bloc country. Only a few people attended his funeral. Weeks later, his body was exhumed for a second autopsy by judicial order. On August 5, 1983, the judge closed the case, ruling it a suicide by carbon monoxide inhalation, though the gas valve was found closed. CESID also closed its investigation. The whereabouts of O'Ferril's archive remain unknown. In 2006, an anonymous caller to a TV program suggested O'Ferril died while handling an explosive intended for his companion. Journalists like Joaquim Roglán and Marius Carol doubted the suicide hypothesis.

A New Band of Drug Traffickers in Mexico: The Knights Templar Begin to Kill

This article reports on the emergence of a new criminal group in Michoacán, Mexico, calling themselves "Los Caballeros Templarios" (The Knights Templar). They announced their presence through banners in March, stating they would take over the activities previously conducted by the "La Familia" cartel. At least 30 such banners appeared in cities like Morelia, Apatzingán, Zitácuaro, and Lázaro Cárdenas. Some banners were removed by police, while others remained visible. The group claims to aim to "safeguard order," prevent robberies, kidnappings, and extortions, and protect the state from rival groups. "La Familia" cartel is known for recruiting addicts and common criminals, subjecting them to religious indoctrination. The cartel has suffered significant blows, including the death of its leader, Nazario Moreno, in December, leading the government to declare "La Familia" weakened. The "Knights Templar" name references the medieval military order. "La Familia" has been linked to over 35,000 murders since December 2006. In Acapulco, police discovered nine bodies in three clandestine graves. The "Knights Templar" are believed to be responsible for recent murders. The article also notes that the "Order of the Poor Knights of Christ of the Temple of Solomon, or Knights Templar in Mexico," issued a statement distancing themselves from the criminal group, emphasizing their honorable traditions and rejecting violence.

Biography of Eduardo Pons Prades, An Atypical Abductee: The Forgotten Contact Case

This feature commemorates the fourth anniversary of the death of Eduardo Pons Prades, a renowned historian who also claimed to have had an encounter with extraterrestrials. In 1982, he published "El mensaje de otros mundos" (The Message from Other Worlds), detailing his alleged experience. The article recounts his testimony of being aboard an alien spacecraft for seven hours on August 31, 1981, near Prats de Molló in the Catalan Pyrenees. Pons Prades, described as a passionate leftist, libertarian, and atheist, found himself stranded when his car broke down. He was drawn to a luminous object, which turned out to be a disc-shaped UFO approximately 75 meters wide. He was invited aboard by three beings who welcomed him. They wore white jumpsuits and helmets, and their features resembled those of East Asians. Pons Prades engaged in conversations with the beings about various topics, including war, education, family, and morality. He was told that problems arise in contact with inhabited planets, and that Earth's armament is dangerous. He also mentioned that his contact with these beings continued in dreams, conveying a simple message: humanity must create a more just society to avoid a dire future. Pons Prades meticulously recorded his experience immediately after, recalling every word with perfect clarity. He also confessed that his contacts continued in dreams, warning of a grim future if humanity doesn't create a more just society.

Who was Eduardo Pons Prades?

Eduardo Pons Prades was the son of a Valencian cabinetmaker and a militant of the Federal Party. He was born in Barcelona's Raval district. He was a student at the Racionalista Labor School and later studied at L'Escola del Treball. His studies were interrupted by the Spanish Civil War. He joined the Republican Army at 16, falsifying his age, and became a machine gun sergeant. He was wounded in Barcelona and later fought in several key battles. After the Republic's defeat, he participated in the evacuation of wounded soldiers to France. He went into exile in France, where he joined the French maquis and fought alongside the Allied forces during World War II. After the war, he organized trips to Spain and was briefly detained in 1946 before escaping. He continued his work as a writer and historian, returning to Spain in 1962 after an amnesty. He contributed to various publications and was involved in documentary filmmaking. He passed away in Barcelona in May 2007, shortly before the publication of his last book on Picasso.

Fernando Rueda and the Intimacies of Spanish Espionage

This section features an interview with journalist Fernando Rueda about his book, "Las alcantarillas del poder" (The Sewers of Power). The book details 100 operations of Spanish secret services during the Transition period (last 35 years). Rueda explains that the title refers to Felipe González's statement that "the State is also defended in the sewers." He discusses his criteria for selecting the 100 operations, choosing those he found most interesting and that would allow readers to understand how the Cesid (now CNI) functions. He highlights the investigation into Princess Letizia's past as a key operation, explaining that the CNI wanted to ensure a future queen's life was not vulnerable to blackmail. Rueda also explains that "canarios" is spy jargon for microphones. Reflecting on his own involvement as a journalist, he expresses satisfaction with his investigative work but acknowledges his mistakes. He emphasizes that he only publishes information that is thoroughly verified and necessary for public opinion. The interview also touches upon the "Jano archive."

Anomalies: Three New Cases in the Last Three Months

This section presents several reports of anomalous phenomena.

Aerial Phenomena in A Coruña

On April 20, 2011, a couple driving on the AP-53 highway near Santiago de Compostela reported observing two simultaneous aerial phenomena: a large meteor and an "orange mass" that seemed to float across the road, despite the absence of wind. They expressed surprise at the simultaneity of the events. The article suggests the orange mass could have been an artisanal balloon with a plastic bag and a candle, noting that similar incendiary devices have been found by the SEPRONA. Another witness in Cacheiras, near Santiago, reported seeing two "luminous platforms" described as lenticular with green undersides, moving together before disappearing.

The Sphere of Fire Seen in Alvedro

On February 17, 2011, two people reported seeing a bright blue incandescent sphere falling from the sky near Alvedro, A Coruña. The phenomenon, identified as ball lightning, occurred despite the absence of a storm at the time, though a storm later ensued. One witness initially thought it might be a falling airplane engine. Her colleague corroborated the sighting. Meteogalicia, the meteorological service, had no record of the phenomenon but noted that the current atmospheric conditions could allow for ball lightning, which is rare and often doubted due to its brief duration (three to four seconds).

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores themes of mystery, conspiracy, and the unexplained, ranging from the intersection of science and the paranormal to investigations into intelligence services and organized crime. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, presenting accounts of unusual events and offering investigative perspectives without necessarily endorsing all claims. The publication seems to aim at informing readers about phenomena that lie outside mainstream understanding, encouraging critical thought and further investigation.

This issue of El Ojo Crítico, dated April 2011, focuses on a diverse range of topics including urban mysteries, intelligence services, and significant philanthropic efforts within the mystery and parapsychology community.

'Bélmez Face' Graffiti: A Viral Campaign

The issue highlights the appearance of mysterious 'Bélmez Face' graffiti in Madrid and other Spanish cities starting in 2010. These images, reminiscent of the famous 'Faces of Bélmez,' were found on various surfaces and became part of a viral campaign. Urban artists incorporated these images into online exhibitions, and the movement evolved into a commercial venture with the launch of 'Bélmez Face Planet' merchandise, including t-shirts and stickers. The article suggests this was a well-executed viral marketing campaign.

Interview with Fernando Rueda: Intelligence Services and Investigations

An extensive interview with Fernando Rueda, responsible for the 'Materia reservada' section of 'La Rosa de los Vientos,' delves into the world of Spanish intelligence services, specifically the historical Cesid and the current CNI. Rueda discusses his motivations for investigating these services, emphasizing his curiosity about how information is gathered and processed rather than seeking personal secrets. He recounts an anecdote about a Cesid operation involving a Cuban counter-intelligence chief. Regarding the CNI, he notes their failure to prevent the 11-M attacks, attributing it to a lack of seriousness in assessing the threat. Rueda also expresses his preference for investigative journalism over espionage, citing Mikel Lejarza ('El Lobo') as an admired figure. He touches upon Gadafi's historical connection with Spanish intelligence and speculates about French secret service involvement in the Libyan revolt.

Solidarity Initiatives: Radio Marathons, Auctions, and Conferences

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to the "Iª Jornadas Solidarias del Misterio" (First Solidarity Days of Mystery), organized by the radio program Dimensión Límite in collaboration with the NGO Acción contra el Hambre. This initiative, spanning from April 8th to 15th, 2011, aimed to raise funds for children suffering from severe malnutrition in Niger. The event included an 8-hour radio marathon on RK20, a charity auction of personal items donated by prominent figures in the mystery community, and a SMS donation service. The auction featured items from well-known investigators like Iker Jiménez, Carmen Porter, Javier Sierra, and Manuel Carballal, with proceeds going towards the cause.

Jornadas Solidarias del Misterio in Azuqueca de Henares

As a culmination of the solidarity week, the "I Jornadas Solidarias del Misterio" took place in Azuqueca de Henares, Guadalajara, on April 16th and 17th. The event featured a series of conferences by experts in the field of mystery and parapsychology. Speakers included Juan José Sánchez-Oro on supposed relics of Jesus in Rome, Santiago Vázquez on his experiences in parapsychology, and Raúl Pastor on a religious figure appearing in two places simultaneously. Other talks covered the life of María Jesús de Ágreda, UFO sightings by elite pilots, and the global issue of hunger, presented by Alfonso Calderón of Acción contra el Hambre and Alicia Orea. José Miguel Parra Ortiz discussed the construction of the Egyptian pyramids, and a round table on the "Divulgation of Mystery Today" featured various researchers discussing the impact of the internet on the field.

'Vida después de la Vida' Congresses and Social Impact

The magazine also revisits previous solidarity efforts, including the "Vida después de la Vida" (Life After Life) congresses organized by Rafael Campillo in Hellín. These events, which began in October 2001, not only explored themes of the afterlife but also dedicated a portion of their proceeds to humanitarian projects, such as building a children's dining hall in Angola and supporting the orphanage Cavaleiros da Luz. The issue highlights the success of these congresses in raising significant funds and emphasizes the commitment of organizers and participants to social responsibility.

Scientific Study on Collective Rituals: Pirovasia

A scientific study on the phenomenon of 'Pirovasia' (fire walking) conducted by researchers from the University of Aarhus in Denmark is presented. The study analyzed the physiological responses of participants and spectators during a fire-walking ritual in Soria, Spain. The findings indicated synchronized physiological states between active participants and their associated spectators, suggesting a shared physiological connection beyond mere mental influence. This research is linked to broader theories about the role of collective rituals in social cohesion and emotional bonding.

Books for Solidarity

The issue mentions ongoing initiatives where Spanish publishers and authors dedicate a portion of their book sales to humanitarian causes. Examples include Editorial Cydonia, Corona Borealis's compilation of "20 relatos inquietantes" for the Vicente Ferrer Foundation, and Minotauro's similar project for Médicos sin Fronteras. A recent example is Alicia Orea's book, "Espejismo de un mundo insomne," which donates rights to support the fight against personality disorders.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the intersection of mystery and parapsychology with social responsibility and humanitarian action. The magazine consistently highlights how individuals and organizations within the mystery community are leveraging their platforms and resources to make a tangible positive impact on society. The editorial stance appears to be one of support for these altruistic endeavors, emphasizing the importance of practical action over mere discourse, particularly in addressing global issues like child malnutrition and poverty. There is a clear appreciation for critical yet constructive approaches to investigating the unknown, as well as a recognition of the power of collective action for social good.

This issue of CRITICO magazine, dated April 2010, delves into a variety of intriguing topics, from historical mysteries and ancient civilizations to contemporary events and popular culture phenomena. The magazine features articles on the "Jornadas Solidarias del Misterio," the history and mythology of ninjas, a debunking of a famous UFO photograph, and an examination of theories surrounding Mesopotamian civilization and the Anunnaki.

Jornadas Solidarias del Misterio

The issue begins by recounting the second and final day of the "I Jornadas Solidarias del Misterio." The day started with a conference by Lorenzo Fernández Bueno, director of Enigmas magazine, on "El Dorado, a journey to the last lost city." This presentation explored the legends of lost cities in the Amazon and the potential historical basis for such myths. The closing conference was delivered by Bruno Cardeñosa, presenter of the program "La Rosa de los Vientos," who discussed "WikiLeaks: the revenge against the lies of power." Cardeñosa highlighted how WikiLeaks and its founder, Julian Assange, exposed manipulations by power groups and their impact on global politics and economics.

The event concluded with a round table on "Ufology today." Due to the absence of some scheduled speakers, the discussion featured prominent figures like Bruno Cardeñosa, José Manuel Gómez Villegas, David Benito, Miguel Ángel Ruiz, and Carlos Ollés. The participants noted the excess of information and misinformation prevalent in ufology, emphasizing the importance of field research.

The "I Semana Solidaria del Misterio" successfully raised 6,350 euros for the fight against child malnutrition, demonstrating the unity of the mystery community for a worthy cause.

The Truth and Legend of the Ninja

Another major section of the magazine explores the truth behind the legend of the ninja. It contrasts ninjas with samurai, highlighting the ninja's reliance on stealth, skill, and deception. The article traces the origins of ninjutsu back to ancient China and discusses its evolution and eventual decline in Japan, with its last recorded use by the Japanese government during World War II.

The legend of the ninja is explored through tales of supernatural powers, such as invisibility, transformation, and magical arts. The story of Jiraiya, a legendary warrior who learned various forms of magic, is recounted. The article also touches upon the historical and mythical connections of the ninja to Mount Kurama and the Tengu, mythical bird-like beings.

It clarifies that many of the ninja's perceived abilities, like flying and walking on water, were achieved through practical techniques such as camouflage, the use of smoke bombs (metsubushis), and specialized footwear (shukos and ashikos). The article also addresses the cinematic portrayal of ninjas, noting how films have contributed to their mythical status.

The UFO of Felix Rodríguez de la Fuente... Was Not Real

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to debunking a famous UFO photograph that was widely circulated in the early 1990s and attributed to the naturalist Felix Rodríguez de la Fuente. The article reveals that this image, showing a flying saucer in a tropical setting, was not evidence of an extraterrestrial encounter but rather a prop from the 1967 American film "The Ambushers," starring Dean Martin.

The investigation traces the image's history, noting its earlier appearance in a 1969 book by Mexican medium Matilde Ariceaga and its subsequent use in various publications. The article criticizes how UFO enthusiasts and even some skeptical groups have manipulated the image for their own agendas. It explains that the prop was a 1/1 scale model, not a miniature, and that its true origin was deliberately obscured.

Mesopotamia and the Myth of the Anunnaki

The magazine also examines theories about the origins of civilization, specifically questioning whether Egypt was the sole cradle of civilization. It delves into the hypotheses of Zechariah Sitchin and Anton Parks, who propose that Mesopotamian civilization had an extraterrestrial origin, with the Anunnaki being alien beings responsible for its development. Sitchin's theories, centered around a tenth planet called "Neberu," are discussed, along with his interpretation of ancient texts.

The article critiques Sitchin's approach, arguing that he selectively used sources and ignored crucial archaeological evidence, such as the Hassuna-Samarra, Halaf, and El Obeid cultures, as well as the Old European culture studied by Marija Gimbutas. It highlights the importance of understanding the cultural context and using fundamental linguistic tools like lexical lists for accurate translation and interpretation of ancient texts.

The piece specifically scrutinizes Sitchin's concept of "Neberu," a supposed giant planet in our solar system inhabited by the Anunnaki, who allegedly visited Earth every 3600 years. The article points out that Sitchin's theories lack verisimilitude and have been rejected by academic circles.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

Throughout the issue, CRITICO magazine adopts a critical and investigative stance. It aims to separate fact from fiction, debunk myths, and provide a more grounded understanding of phenomena often shrouded in speculation. The magazine encourages critical thinking and emphasizes the importance of rigorous research and evidence-based analysis, whether examining historical events, paranormal claims, or popular culture narratives. The editorial stance appears to be one of informed skepticism, challenging unsubstantiated claims while acknowledging the enduring fascination with mystery and the unknown.

This issue of "El Critico" magazine, identified as issue 41 and dated November 1992, delves into various aspects of ufology, astronomy, and the search for extraterrestrial life. The cover prominently features the headline "Spanish ufologists propose collaboration with Argentine military," highlighting a connection between Spanish and Argentine defense ministries regarding UFO research.

Debunking Sitchin's Theories

The lead article critically examines Zechariah Sitchin's interpretations of Sumerian cosmology, particularly his claims about the existence of a planet called Nibiru and the Anunnaki. The author, Beatriz Erlanz, argues that Sitchin incorrectly interprets a cylinder seal (VA243), mistaking a representation of the Pleiades constellation for the sun with orbiting planets. Erlanz clarifies that Mesopotamian cosmology was not heliocentric and that the symbol for the sun (Utu/Samash) was distinct. The term 'neberu' is analyzed, showing its varied meanings in cuneiform texts, including 'crossroads' or 'place of passage,' and its application to celestial bodies like Jupiter or the North Star, but never as a trans-Neptunian planet. The article also addresses the astronomical perspective, noting that while new trans-Neptunian objects have been discovered (Sedna, Quaoar, Eris, Varuna), none meet the criteria for a life-supporting Planet X or Neberu. Apparent discrepancies in the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, once thought to indicate an unknown planet, were later resolved as calculation errors. The article concludes that the scientific community has dismissed the search for such a hypothetical planet, and attributing the Anunnaki's arrival to comets or other celestial bodies falls into the realm of belief rather than scientific fact.

Exobiology: The Scientific Search for Life

Another significant section explores exobiology, or astrobiology, the scientific endeavor to find extraterrestrial life. The article defines exobiology as the multidisciplinary study of life beyond Earth, encompassing biology, radioastronomy, and statistics. It focuses on the biological approach, emphasizing the identification of life rather than its definition, and posits that life as we know it requires carbon-based elements, liquid water, and an energy source. The concept of 'ecopoiesis' (the origin of ecosystems) is introduced, tracing the emergence of early life forms on Earth approximately 4 to 3 billion years ago during the Archean Eon. The article discusses 'biopoiesis' and references experiments like the Urey-Miller experiment, which demonstrated the creation of organic molecules from inorganic compounds, and the hypothesis of panspermia, suggesting life could be seeded across planets via meteorites.

Life on Other Planets

Potential habitats for life are examined, including:

• Mars: Characterized by cold temperatures and a carbon dioxide atmosphere, with evidence of frozen water and past liquid water suggesting potential for past or present microbial life. The Viking missions' findings on Martian soil are discussed, noting ambiguous results regarding organic matter production and CO2 exchange.
• Venus: Its surface is deemed inhospitable due to extreme temperatures (over 1000°C) and a dense carbon dioxide atmosphere causing a runaway greenhouse effect.
• Europa and Callisto (moons of Jupiter): Both are considered potential candidates for harboring liquid water oceans beneath icy crusts, possibly warmed by internal heat.
• Titan (moon of Saturn): The presence of methane and ethane seas, along with a constant atmospheric methane level despite UV destruction, suggests a possible biological source maintaining this equilibrium.

Radioastronomy and Intelligent Signals

The article also covers the radioastronomy approach to searching for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). It mentions projects like SETI, Cyclops, SERENDIP, HRMS, and Phoenix, which used radio telescopes to listen for intelligent signals. The famous 'Wow' signal of 1977 is highlighted, along with the Arecibo message sent in 1974 towards the Hercules constellation. The Drake equation, used to estimate the number of intelligent civilizations in the Milky Way, is presented, with an estimated result of 10 civilizations.

News and Updates in Ufology

The magazine includes several news items and updates relevant to the ufology community:

• Collaboration Proposal: The CEI (Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios) and the Ministry of Defense of Argentina are exploring collaboration on UFO research, with a letter from the Argentine ministry expressing interest in accessing the CEI's extensive database.
• Obituaries and Tributes: The passing of Dr. Alfredo Bonavida, a physicist and renowned psychophony analyst, is noted with regret.
• New Projects and Initiatives: The upcoming "II Alerta OVNI" event is announced. The CEI is relocating its headquarters and archives. The web portal "Cuadernos de Ufología" is moving to a new domain. A new book by Salvador Freixedo, "La España de ZP," is mentioned.
• Book Reviews and Features: Several books are reviewed, including "Historia de la Parapsicología" by Jon Aizpurua, "Los OVNIs y la Ciencia" by Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos and Miguel Guasp, and "Testigos del Prodigio" by Jesús Callejo and José Antonio Iniesta. Other features include an article on the Fort-de-France case, the identification of a painting, and new publications on mysteries and history.
• Media and Personalities: News about Alicia Orea publishing a book of poems, Carlos Javier Rojas Luna's media appearances, and a photograph of ufologist Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos with a Russian military attaché are included.
• Street Naming: A street in Albacete is named after Juan Antonio Cebrián, the former presenter of the radio program "La Rosa de los Vientos."
• Controversies: An article questions Javier Armentia's management of the Pamplona Planetarium and his public statements.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the scientific investigation of UFO phenomena, the search for extraterrestrial life, and the critical examination of popular theories. The editorial stance appears to favor a rational, scientific approach to ufology, as evidenced by the debunking of Sitchin's claims and the detailed exploration of exobiological possibilities. There is a clear emphasis on distinguishing between scientific inquiry and speculative belief, particularly in the context of astronomical and biological research. The magazine also highlights the activities and concerns within the Spanish and international ufology communities, including collaborations, new publications, and ongoing research efforts.

This issue of Historia features a critical examination of the Sudarium of Oviedo and its reliquary, titled "Historia del Pañolón de Oviedo y su arca de reliquias: El Sudario de Oviedo: una reflexión crítica (y 2)". It also includes a comic strip about the UMMO phenomenon.

The Sudarium of Oviedo: A Critical Reflection (Part 2)

The article begins by revisiting the history of the Arca Santa of Oviedo, noting that the first documented version dates back to 1075, suggesting a collection of relics gathered in Toledo before the Muslim invasion. The author points out a weakness in this narrative: the lack of explanation for the relics' concealment until the 11th century, especially since Oviedo was a secure Christian center. The article highlights the monarchy's interest in acquiring relics from Mozarabic churches in Al-Andalus, making the Arca Santa's continued hidden status puzzling.

Bishop Pelayo and the Liber Testamentorum

The narrative then introduces Bishop Pelayo of Oviedo (1101-1130), who commissioned extensive historical and diplomatic works. One of these, the "Liber Testamentorum," presents a different origin story for the reliquary. According to this text, the arca was made in Jerusalem by the apostles' disciples. It was later moved to Africa by Philip, a presbyter of Jerusalem, due to incursions by pagans and the devastation of the Temple of the Lord by Cosroes. From Africa, it was brought to Toledo by Fulgencio, bishop of Ruspe, and eventually to Oviedo during the reign of King Rodrigo.

This account significantly alters the chronology, suggesting origins in the 1st or 2nd century, rather than the 8th century implied by the 1075 document. The Liber Testamentorum details a succession of events: saints filling the arca with relics, fleeing Jerusalem due to pagan advances, seeking refuge in Africa, and finally arriving in Toledo. The author notes that while the logic of this narrative seems impeccable, its credibility falters with the introduction of historical figures.

Chronological Discrepancies and Historical Figures

The article lists several historical figures mentioned in the Liber Testamentorum and their documented chronologies: Heraclius (610-641), Sisebuto (612-621), Cosroes II (590-614), San Jerónimo (died c. 420), Felipe (died c. 455-456), Fulgencio (c. 467-533), and San Julián (bishop of Toledo).

The author points out that while Heraclius, Sisebuto, and Cosroes II are contemporaneous, their role is primarily to date the departure from Jerusalem, which occurred in 614 due to Cosroes II's conquest. The article questions the role of Felipe, a companion of San Jerónimo, as the transporter, given that San Jerónimo died nearly two centuries before the events. Similarly, Fulgencio, bishop of Ruspe, lived decades before the Sasanian domination of Jerusalem.

The narrative then shifts to Toledo, where the Liber Testamentorum describes the final transfer to Asturias. It attributes the fall of the Visigothic kingdom to the sins of King Rodrigo and the sons of Witiza. The arca was then transported to Asturias by Bishop Julián of Toledo. However, Julián had been dead for two decades by the time of the Muslim invasion in 711. Further confusion arises when another paragraph identifies this figure as Julián Pomerio, an African monk who lived in the late 5th and early 6th centuries, making a connection to these events impossible.

The Hidden Intent of Historical Contradictions

The author suggests that these anachronisms are rhetorical devices intended to enhance the arca's prestige. Bishop Pelayo, rather than relying on a reliable source, appears to have fabricated a tradition, incorporating influential figures to glorify the relics. The discrepancies were likely overlooked due to the imprecise historical chronologies of the era. Attributing the arca's origin to Jerusalem also added significant value, connecting it to the biblical Ark of the Covenant and elevating Oviedo to a new Jerusalem.

Relics That Are Forgotten

The article contrasts Pelayo's narrative with the 1075 version, where the arca was hidden and forgotten until the 10th century, its rediscovery being almost accidental. In Pelayo's version, the relics were always known and valued, with the primary concern being finding a suitable place to house them. The author notes that Pelayo's narrative emphasizes relics from the Holy Land, omitting Western ones, to strengthen the Jerusalem origin claim.

The list of relics provided by Pelayo includes items related to Christ (blood, cross fragment, crown of thorns, shroud, tunic, bread from the Last Supper, Mount of Olives soil, Lazarus' tomb, water from Cana, hair of Mary Magdalene, cross fragment) and the Virgin Mary (maternal milk, vestments, mantle given to San Ildefonso). It also lists relics of other biblical figures like San Esteban, San Pedro, San Juan Bautista, the Innocents, and items from the Old Testament (manna, bones of the three youths, Mount Sinai stones, Elijah's mantle, honey from the comb).

The Historical Context and Pelayo's Strategy

The article explains that Bishop Pelayo's actions were driven by the precarious situation of his see in the early 12th century. Santiago de Compostela had become a major international pilgrimage center, drawing donations away from other churches, including Oviedo. Diego Gelmírez, the influential bishop of Santiago, had also secured ecclesiastical rights over Mérida. Meanwhile, the Asturian court had moved from Oviedo to León, diminishing Oviedo's political importance.

To counter these threats and the pressure from neighboring archbishoprics like Toledo and Burgos, Pelayo sought to reinvent Oviedo as a center of power. He employed ideological weapons, including the manipulation of history. The "Corpus Pelagianum," a collection of manuscripts attributed to Pelayo, is described as containing numerous falsifications and interpolations. Professor F. J. Fernández Conde estimates that out of 87 documents in the Liber Testamentorum, only 14 are fully authentic.

Pelayo's promotion of the Oviedo relics aimed to establish it as a pilgrimage destination rivaling Santiago de Compostela. By claiming the relics originated from Jerusalem and were related to Jesus himself, Oviedo could be presented as a spiritual center of equal or greater importance than Santiago. This strategy helped restore Oviedo's religious significance and integrate it into European pilgrimage routes.

Other Analyses: DNA, Blood, C14, and Pollen

The article then discusses scientific analyses conducted on the Sudarium of Oviedo. Carbon-14 dating, performed twice by different laboratories, consistently placed the cloth in the 7th or 8th century, results that were disappointing to proponents of its authenticity. Initial claims of contamination were addressed in the second dating, but the results remained unchanged.

Pollen analysis initially suggested the presence of plants from Palestine, but later, more refined research by the University of the Basque Country concluded that the pollen was exclusively from species found in the Iberian Peninsula.

DNA analysis by the University of Geneva yielded contradictory results, suggesting both male and female origins, possibly due to contamination.

Comparison with the Shroud of Turin reveals differences in weave (twill for Oviedo, herringbone for Turin), though this is not considered definitive. Morphological studies suggest complementary patterns between the two cloths, but researchers remain cautious due to the difficulty in reconstructing how the Asturian relic was used.

Overall, the scientific studies presented cast doubt on the authenticity of the Sudarium of Oviedo, or at best, provide contradictory evidence, leaving its credibility weak.

The History of UMMO in Comic

This section features a comic strip from the 1981 Mexican magazine "Duda," which recounts the UMMO phenomenon. It details alleged UFO sightings in Spain, particularly near Madrid in 1967, and the story of communications between Fernando Sesma and beings from the planet UMMO.

The comic describes the UMMO beings as originating from a planet orbiting Wolf 424, approximately 14.6 light-years away. It explains their advanced technology, including telepathic communication and dimensional travel (Ibozoo-UU). The narrative touches upon UMMO's social structure, their physical characteristics (similar to humans but with atrophied vocal cords), and their history, including periods of conflict and a matriarchal rule by a young girl named IE-456.

The comic illustrates the UMMO beings' arrival on Earth, their adaptation, and their scientific pursuits. It highlights a specific incident involving a device that produced histological preparations, demonstrating their advanced technology. The UMMO beings are depicted as having a complex understanding of space-time and a desire to share their knowledge, while also maintaining a degree of secrecy.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue critically examines historical narratives, emphasizing the importance of corroborating evidence and scientific analysis. It highlights how historical accounts can be manipulated for political or religious gain, as seen in Bishop Pelayo's efforts to enhance the prestige of Oviedo. The UMMO comic strip, while presented as a historical account, also touches upon themes of extraterrestrial contact, advanced technology, and the nature of reality, inviting readers to consider the possibility of non-human intelligence.

This issue, titled "UFOLEAKS" and subtitled "LOS DOCUMENTOS OVNI SECRETOS DEL GOBIERNO ESPAÑOL" (The Secret UFO Documents of the Spanish Government), is presented as part of "Los Archivos de EOC" (The EOC Archives) and is identified as "El Ojo Crítico" (The Critical Eye). It was available for sale from June 5, 2011. The publication is self-financed by its readers, with a price of 15.99 for orders within Spain and 26.89 for international orders. Contact for orders is [email protected], and further information can be found at http://libroufoleaks.blogspot.com.

Content Summary

The magazine delves into the topic of UFOs and extraterrestrial contact, with a particular focus on the alleged planet Ummo and its inhabitants. The content draws heavily from the writings of Fernando Sesma, who is presented as a key source of information regarding Ummo. Sesma's books are cited for revealing numerous reports about Ummo, suggesting a civilization far superior to Earth's in its evolutionary stage, having eradicated problems like unjust distribution of wealth and environmental issues such as air pollution.

The Ummo Civilization

Descriptions of Ummo society highlight a perfectly planned production and consumption system, eliminating the possibility of injustice in wealth distribution. Their living spaces, called "XAABU," are described as tower-like structures resembling mushrooms, which can be raised or lowered. Food is consumed from the ground in small pools or spherical chambers called "JAOOI" through small tubes. Their culture is not derived from the wheel, as their vehicles are flying machines. The issue also mentions a fruit from Ummo called "CINOWI," which forms the basis of their diet.

Scientific and Expert Opinions

The magazine presents a debate among experts regarding the authenticity of the Ummo reports and other UFO sightings. Fernando Sesma is quoted as affirming that the facts and evidence speak for themselves regarding the existence of Ummo and the presence of Ummites on Earth. Conversely, Claude Poher of the National Center for Space Studies in Toulouse, France, is mentioned as holding a radical opinion, suggesting that observations by Alikhe and San Jose de Valderas, as well as the Ummo affair, are "lunar magna superstitions" (great lunar superstitions).

An intermediate opinion is offered by Antonio Ribera, who dismisses the possibility of the Ummo case being a prank due to its duration and the quality and diversity of its reports. Ribera suggests that it might be a group of extraterrestrials sending reports to a terrestrial entity that then uses the information to sow confusion.

Editorial Stance and Conclusion

The issue includes prologues by Bruno Cardeñosa and Fernando Rueda. The magazine concludes by quoting the Ummo extraterrestrials themselves, as presented in Sesma's books. They state that they do not wish to impose their ideas, whether scientific, political, or economic, on humanity. They encourage skepticism rather than destruction of the printed materials, emphasizing that these documents represent a historical precedent for early relations between Earthlings and extraterrestrials. The final remarks acknowledge that the universe is full of phenomena that cannot be explained, with the hope that they may be revealed one day. The bibliography lists "¿DE VERAS LOS OVINES NOS VISIBILIZAN?" by Antonio Ribera and "LA LÓGICA DEL VISITANTE DEL ESPACIO" and "OTRO PLANETA HABITADO: UMMO" by Fernando Sesma.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are UFOs, extraterrestrial contact, government secrecy related to these phenomena, and the specific case of the Ummo civilization. The editorial stance appears to be one of presenting information and expert opinions, allowing the reader to draw their own conclusions, while maintaining an open mind to the possibility of unexplained phenomena and extraterrestrial intelligence. The publication champions the investigation of these topics, as indicated by its title and the nature of the content presented.