El Ojo Critico - No 66 - Ene 2011

Magazine Overview

Title: EL OJO CRITICO
Issue: N° 66
Date: Enero 2011
Publisher: GRUPO FÉNIX
Country: ESPAÑA
Language: Spanish

This issue of 'El Ojo Crítico' presents a comprehensive investigation into various phenomena, with a significant focus on the declassified UFO files of the Spanish Air Force. It also touches upon ancient civilizations, scientific concepts, and critical analyses of historical artifacts.

Exclusive Report: The Spanish Air Force UFO File

The centerpiece of this issue is an exclusive report titled "El archivo OVNI del Ejército del Aire: ¿Qué, quién y dónde?" This report provides an unprecedented compilation of UFO files officially acknowledged by the Spanish Air Force. For the first time, a single document details the extent and content of these files, crucially identifying the individuals responsible for the official explanations for each incident. While most explanations are provided, the article notes that some, marked with an asterisk, may still spark skepticism among specialists involved in the declassification process. The document is presented as unique and indispensable for researchers.

The magazine includes a chronological listing of declassified UFO cases, starting from August 1962. Each entry provides details such as date, time, location, type of observation (LN, DD, RV, TR, etc.), shape, body, valuation (official explanation), the responsible party for the valuation, declassification date, origin of the case, and the number of pages in the original file. The earliest cases listed include sightings in San Javier (Murcia), Montánchez (Cáceres), Lérida, and Torrejón de Ardoz (Madrid), with explanations often involving sounding balloons from CNES or probable planet Venus sightings.

Subsequent pages continue this detailed catalog, spanning from 1968 to 1995. The entries cover a wide range of locations across Spain and its former territories, including air bases, cities, and maritime areas. The explanations provided vary from meteorological phenomena, aircraft, and space debris to more ambiguous classifications like "probable planet Venus," "information insufficient," "fraud," or "inexplicado (Ovni)." The responsible parties for these valuations are often listed as members of the Air Force or other official bodies.

Egypt: Cradle of Civilization?

Another significant article, "EGIPTO ¿Cuna de la civilización?", delves into the historical and archaeological significance of Egypt, exploring its role as a potential origin point for civilization. This section likely examines ancient Egyptian culture, achievements, and their influence on subsequent societies.

The Nocebo Effect: The Science of Voodoo

"El Efecto Nocebo: La ciencia del vudú" investigates the scientific underpinnings of the Nocebo Effect, a phenomenon related to negative expectations causing adverse effects, often associated with concepts like voodoo. This article likely bridges the gap between cultural beliefs and scientific understanding.

The Shroud of Oviedo: A Critical Investigation

"El Santo Sudario de Oviedo: Una investigación crítica" presents a critical examination of the Holy Shroud of Oviedo, a religious relic. This investigation likely scrutinizes historical, scientific, and possibly theological aspects related to the shroud.

Community and Solidarity: 10 Years of "Mundo Misterioso en Acción"

A personal account by Manuel Carballal details the 10-year anniversary of the "Mundo Misterioso en Acción" initiative. Originating from a radio program and mailing list, this project evolved into a solidarity movement, apadrinando (sponsoring) children. The article highlights the initiative's success in supporting children in various countries, emphasizing the power of collective effort and shared ideals, even in the face of criticism from skeptical groups like the MEO (Movimiento Escéptico Organizado).

Cryptozoology Awards: Premios Kraken

Javier Resines writes about the "Premios Kraken," awards established to recognize contributions to the field of cryptozoology in Spain. The article explains the purpose of the awards, the categories, and the voting process, aiming to promote the study and dissemination of research into unknown animals.

Other Articles and Sections

The issue also includes a table of contents listing various articles such as "Editorial," "OVNIS y Ejército: Quién, qué, dónde," "Cydonia: una visión social del misterio," "Escépticos y creyentes manipulan los ovni," "Jesús en Egipto, un análisis crítico," and "OVNIS: los últimos documentos de USA." There are also sections like "Los que nos dejaron en 2010" (obituaries), "Los CONFIDENCIALES de EOC," and "Tablón de avisos."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around unexplained phenomena, particularly UFOs, with a strong emphasis on official documentation and critical analysis. The magazine appears to adopt a stance that encourages investigation and skepticism towards easy explanations, while also valuing solidarity and the pursuit of knowledge in diverse fields like archaeology, science, and cryptozoology. The editorial stance seems to be one of open inquiry, presenting information from official sources and encouraging readers to form their own conclusions, particularly in the realm of the paranormal and unexplained.

This issue of 'El Ojo Crítico' (EOC) features an in-depth interview with Carlos Gabriel Fernández, director of Ediciones Cydonia, a publishing house dedicated to anomalous phenomena and mystery. The magazine also includes several investigative articles debunking purported UFO sightings and exploring historical enigmas.

Interview with Carlos Fernández, Director of Ediciones Cydonia

The interview, titled "CYDONIA: una forma social de entender el mundo del misterio," reveals the unique philosophy behind Ediciones Cydonia. Carlos G. Fernández, described as one of Spain's top investigators of anomalous phenomena, explains that the publishing house was founded to address a perceived gap in the market, where editors often lacked genuine knowledge of the subjects they published. Cydonia aims to provide a serious editorial platform for enigmas, history, and daily life, treating these topics with a rigorous perspective.

A key aspect of Cydonia's mission is its commitment to philanthropy. The company donates 5% of the sale price of all its books to charitable organizations such as Médicos sin Fronteras, Ayuda en Acción, and Hermanos Misioneros. This initiative is not merely charity but a form of "well-understood solidarity." The interview highlights the case of author Javier Akerman, who donated 100% of his author's rights for his book "Sexo... naturalmente" to a project fighting malaria, with Cydonia also contributing 5% of its editorial rights to the same cause. This book, published in 2010, was presented at El Corte Inglés in Vigo and promoted by actress Silvia Fominaya.

Fernández explains the choice of the name "Cydonia," referencing the region on Mars once thought to contain evidence of extraterrestrial life, symbolizing a utopian quest for knowledge beyond the known.

He discusses the challenges faced by independent publishers, particularly in securing distribution in bookstores amidst a competitive market and economic crisis. Despite these difficulties, Fernández expresses hope that their efforts will be compensated.

Regarding the content of Cydonia's publications, the interview touches upon books like "OVNIs, alto secreto," "La Conspiración del Mesías," and "Santos Famosos," which feature original investigations. Fernández acknowledges that while these topics may not have mass appeal compared to subjects like cooking or psychology, they are crucial for understanding the world.

Fernández, who moved to Spain from Argentina in 1988, has a background in electronics and is known for his work on instrumental transcommunication. His book "Parapsicología y electrónica" (1995) is considered a key resource for laboratory-based paranormal research.

He reflects on the evolution of mystery investigation and dissemination, noting the impact of the internet in providing faster access to information, but cautioning about the variable quality of both information and research. He asserts that "mystery journalists" can be just as skilled and dedicated as those in more conventional fields.

Debunking UFO Cases

The magazine presents several articles that investigate and debunk purported UFO sightings, attributing them to conventional explanations:

The Vilamartín Case (Spain)

An incident in Vilamartín (Orense) involving a "reddish ball" falling from the sky and leaving a smoke trail was investigated. Witnesses José Rodríguez and Avelino Seoane reported the event. However, the investigation concluded that the object was a maritime flare, specifically a metallic parachute flare, likely launched by individuals associated with the Navy. This case serves as an example of how misidentification can occur.

Barbate Case (Spain)

In June 1996, Gaspar Amaya witnessed an unknown apparatus crash near Barbate (Cádiz). Despite initial reports and witness accounts, the Spanish Ministry of Defense denied any knowledge of such an incident. Investigations revealed that the object was an American spy plane used for low-altitude reconnaissance. The recovery operation was conducted by US military personnel, who reportedly attempted to silence witnesses. The article notes that IU (Izquierda Unida) raised questions in Congress about the incident.

El Coronil Case (Sevilla, Spain)

On August 10, 1989, hundreds of people in El Coronil (Sevilla) observed a "mother ship" and a smaller "saucer" in the sky. Videos and photographs of the event were widely broadcast. The investigation identified the object as an Italian stratospheric balloon, covered in a highly reflective material, with a metallic cavity containing technical equipment. The Civil Guard had received confirmation from the Air Force about the imminent fall of a military research balloon. The area was cordoned off by Spanish and possibly North American military personnel (from the Rota base).

Huelva Case (Spain)

In August 1994, circular objects with a metallic sheen were observed moving erratically in Huelva. These were identified as stratospheric measurement balloons from the INTA program "Odisea." These balloons, launched from Trapani, Sicily, travel at high altitudes (40 km) and are visible at twilight due to sunlight reflecting off their large surface area (200 meters in diameter). They are remotely controlled and equipped with research instruments.

Isla del Hierro Case (Spain)

On the night of August 12-13, 1995, nearly 2000 people celebrating local festivals on Isla del Hierro witnessed strange lights forming geometric figures. The phenomenon was initially described as a central red light with surrounding white intermittent lights. The investigation revealed this to be a prank orchestrated by German tourists living nearby.

Galicia Case (2001)

On the morning of September 16, 2001, hundreds of people in Galicia observed numerous luminous objects leaving bright trails. Initially suspected to be meteorites, the event was later identified by astronomers and investigators as the separation of components from a Russian Progress-M-CO1 spacecraft, a modified module for the International Space Station. The objects were parts of the booster rockets detaching as the module entered orbit.

Historical and Cultural Context

Mesopotamia: The True Cradle of Civilization?

An article titled "ENTRE RÍOS, O CÓMO RESCATAR DEL OLVIDO NUESTRA PROPIA HISTORIA" questions the conventional view of Egypt as the sole cradle of civilization. It argues for the significant, often overlooked, contributions of Mesopotamia. The author highlights the achievements of Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian cultures, including the creation of the first library at Nineveh by Assurbanipal, the establishment of the Akkadian Empire by Sargon, and the development of writing (cuneiform) and mathematics.

The article emphasizes the concept of "Maat" in ancient Egypt, representing cosmic order, justice, and truth, which, while providing stability, also contributed to its eventual decline due to its inherent conservatism. In contrast, Mesopotamia is presented as a dynamic region that fostered innovation.

The text details the empirical and superstitious nature of Mesopotamian peoples, their advancements in mathematics (sexagesimal and decimal systems, algebra, geometry), medicine, engineering (canal systems), and architecture (ziggurats, possibly the Tower of Babel). Their expertise in astrology, including the development of calendars and detailed astronomical observations, is also highlighted. The article points out that many aspects of Greek and Roman culture, as well as biblical traditions, were influenced by Mesopotamian civilization.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes a rigorous, evidence-based approach to investigating anomalous phenomena. It distinguishes itself from sensationalist publications by focusing on detailed research and debunking misidentifications. The editorial stance clearly favors critical thinking and scientific methodology, even when dealing with subjects often associated with pseudoscience. The philanthropic aspect of Ediciones Cydonia, as highlighted in the interview, underscores a broader commitment to social responsibility beyond the realm of mystery and the paranormal. The magazine also emphasizes the importance of recognizing and valuing historical contributions from civilizations like Mesopotamia, challenging Eurocentric perspectives on the origins of civilization.

This issue of "Historia y Teología" (History and Theology) delves into ancient civilizations, primarily Sumerian and Egyptian, exploring their contributions to law, literature, and religion. A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to a critical analysis of the theory that Christianity, particularly the figure of Jesus, may have originated from Egyptian myths and practices. The issue also includes sections on modern intelligence services and brief reports on current events.

Ancient Civilizations: Sumeria and Babylonia

The magazine begins by referencing ancient legal codes, specifically mentioning the Code of Hammurabi as a monumental legislative achievement from Babylon, noting its similarities to later Mosaic Law. It then discusses the Epic of Gilgamesh, considered the oldest written narrative, which recounts the adventures of the Sumerian king Gilgamesh and his companion Enkidu. This epic is noted for its allusions to a great flood and a figure akin to Noah (Ziusudra/Utnapishtim/Atrahasis), suggesting early influences on the Old Testament. The Enuma Elish, a Babylonian creation epic, is also mentioned for its narrative of the universe's origin and the creation of Earth, with echoes in the Book of Genesis. The text highlights common themes like descents into the underworld, citing the goddess Inanna/Ishtar's journey to Irkalla, and connects this to myths of Adonis/Persephone/Jesus and the cycle of seasons, even noting early references to vampires. The issue credits Enheduanna, daughter of King Sargon of Akkad, as the author of "The Exaltation of Inanna," making her the first known author, theologian, and signatory of written works, who also established astrological observatories and created religious calendars.

The Sumerian King List is presented as a mystery, detailing approximately 150 monarchs from pre-dynastic times to Hammurabi's conquests. It notes the impossibly long reigns of early pre-dynastic kings, some equated with biblical figures like Adam, Enoch, and Methuselah, and Ziusudra (Noah), who supposedly reigned for 18 'sars' (a 'sar' being 3,600 years). After the flood, reign lengths become more realistic, though still substantial, with figures like Jish of Kish reigning for 1200 years. Historical figures like Enmebaragesi of Kish and Lugal-zage-si of Uruk (24th century BC) are mentioned as contemporaries and rivals of Gilgamesh.

Ancient Beliefs

The magazine explores the polytheistic beliefs of ancient Mesopotamia, where anthropomorphic gods represented natural forces. Gods were often organized into trinities and associated with celestial bodies and numbers. Each city-state had a patron deity, with Marduk eventually rising to national prominence with the Babylonian hegemony, associated with planets like Jupiter and Mercury. The Sumerian triad consisted of An (sky), Enlil (air), and Enki (water), considered the most powerful gods. An was the demiurge, Enlil the creator responsible for the flood, and Enki the protector of humanity and patron of wisdom and arts. The Semitic triad included Nannar/Sin (moon god), Utu/Samash (sun god, lawgiver, who delivered Hammurabi's code), and Inanna/Ishtar (goddess of fertility, love, beauty, and war), whose influence extended to neighboring cultures as Astarte and Aphrodite. Other deities like Dumuzi/Tammuz, Ereshkigal, Nergal, Gula, and Ninurta are also mentioned. Babylonian mythology, particularly the Enuma Elish, categorized gods into Anunnaki and Igigi. The text notes the Judeo-Christian tradition inherited concepts of angels and demons from Sumerian beliefs, citing Lilith as an example.

The Egyptian Theory of Jesus

A central theme is the examination of the hypothesis that Jesus and Christianity have Egyptian origins. This theory posits that the New Testament narratives are largely plagiarized from Egyptian mythology and religion, with some scholars arguing that Jesus was never a historical figure, while others believe he was a historical magician trained in Egypt. Authors like Llogari-Pujol and Claude-Brigitte Carcenac, in their book "Jesús, 3.000 años a.C.," compare Gospel accounts with Egyptian texts, suggesting parallels in the Annunciation (Mahitusket and Si-Osiris), the Lord's Prayer (similar to an ancient Egyptian prayer), and miracles (like water into wine, paralleled in Egyptian reliefs). They also point to the potential origin of the title 'Christ' from the Egyptian 'HR KRST' (Horus Anointed).

Other researchers, like Acharya S. (D. M. Murdock), in "La conspiración de Cristo," highlight similarities between Jesus and the Egyptian god Horus, including a December 25th birth, virgin conception, a guiding star, three wise men, twelve disciples, and miracles like walking on water. The text also discusses the concept of 'dying and rising gods' in mystery cults, comparing Jesus to figures like Mithras, Attis, and Dionysus, noting the appropriation of December 25th for Jesus' birth and the Last Supper's parallel to Mithraic rituals.

However, the magazine presents counterarguments and criticisms of these theories. Historians like Antonio Piñero argue that the Egyptian theory lacks sufficient evidence and a robust methodology, suggesting simpler explanations for the Gospels' existence. Specific claims about Horus's birth and the Annunciation relief in Luxor are debunked, with the relief identified as depicting Amen and Queen Mutemuia, not Isis and Horus, and the 'wise men' being minor deities or officials. The text also refutes the idea of Horus being born on December 25th or of Isis having a virgin conception.

Regarding the 'Jesus as a magician' hypothesis, supported by scholars like Morton Smith, the magazine notes that while the Gospels mention accusations of Jesus being a sorcerer, and classical authors like Apuleius cite him as a famous magician, this interpretation is considered biased and selective by critics like Piñero. Jewish texts like the Talmud are cited as describing Jesus as an illegitimate son who traveled to Egypt to learn magic. The text also points out that the biblical account of Jesus' flight to Egypt might have been a maneuver to obscure accusations of him being an Egyptian magician.

Similarities and Appropriations

Despite criticisms, the issue acknowledges that some similarities between Egyptian religion and Christianity are undeniable, particularly in iconography. The resemblance between depictions of the Virgin Mary with the child Jesus and images of Isis with the child Horus (Harpocrates) is noted as an artistic appropriation due to Christianity's lack of its own artistic language initially. The concept of psychostasis (weighing of the soul) in Egyptian belief, with Anubis and Thoth, is compared to Christian depictions with St. Michael, seen as a syncretic figure of Hermes-Thoth. The annual celebrations for Osiris and Isis are compared to the Passion of Christ and Holy Week, with Osiris's pseudo-resurrection on the third day mirroring Jesus' resurrection. The practice of communion (transubstantiation) is also linked to ancient Egyptian 'theophagy' (eating the god).

Intelligence and Modern Threats

The magazine features a report on the "I Jornada GlobalChase sobre Inteligencia y Servicios de Información" (1st GlobalChase Conference on Intelligence and Information Services) held at UNED. The event brought together nearly 200 professionals from law enforcement, intelligence, and academia to discuss new challenges in the field of intelligence in the 21st century. Speakers addressed topics such as the creation of intelligence structures within the National Police, the role of undercover agents, the Spanish Intelligence Community, and the legal aspects of information gathering. The conference also touched upon espionage, the 23-F coup attempt, Wikileaks, Islamist terrorism, ETA, and Russian mafias.

Current Events

Brief reports cover unrelated incidents: 45 Voodoo practitioners lynched in Haiti due to accusations of spreading cholera through witchcraft, and the discovery of two sacrificed children in India, where a sorcerer confessed to killing them for 'hidden power and luck.'

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the historical and theological examination of religious origins, particularly the potential Egyptian influence on Christianity, and the evolving landscape of intelligence and security in the modern era. The magazine adopts a critical yet open stance, presenting various theories and counterarguments, acknowledging undeniable similarities while questioning unsubstantiated claims. The editorial stance appears to favor rigorous historical analysis and evidence-based conclusions, while also recognizing the enduring power of ancient myths and their potential impact on later belief systems. The inclusion of current events, though disparate, suggests an aim to connect historical inquiry with contemporary issues.

Title: Fraudes
Issue: 62
Date: December 2010
Publisher: EOC
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish

This issue of 'Fraudes' (EOC) delves into several paranormal and mystery-related topics, with a strong focus on debunking alleged hoaxes and reporting on significant events and figures within the field.

The True Story of the Guánica Gargoyle

The lead article, "La verdadera historia de la Gárgola de Guánica" (The True Story of the Guánica Gargoyle), exposes a purported hoax involving a photograph of a creature claimed to be a 'Gargoyle' found in Guánica, Puerto Rico. Investigator Reinaldo Ríos is accused of fabricating this story by creating a photomontage. The article details how Ríos, an investigator of the paranormal, presented a photo he claimed to have taken, which was later found to be a manipulation. The Caribbean Paranormal Society (CPS) investigated the claim and concluded the phenomenon was non-existent. The article explains the process of creating such a photomontage using Adobe Photoshop, demonstrating how to alter images to create a false reality. It criticizes Ríos for seeking fame through deception, impacting not only the local community of Guánica but also drawing international attention.

II National Congress 'Ciudad de Toledo: The World of the Occult, Magic and Mystery'

This section covers the II National Congress held in Toledo on November 27, 2010, organized by the cultural association Ars Toletana. The event brought together various personalities from the mystery and ufology scene, including Jesús Callejo, Nacho Ares, Lorenzo Fernández, Miguel Pedrero, Ramiro A. Calle, and Miguel Blanco. Nacho Ares opened the session with a talk on the ancient Egyptian afterlife, while Jesús Callejo discussed the mystic Lucrecia de León and her role in 16th-century Spanish politics. Fernando Ruiz de la Puerta provided commentary, emphasizing respect for Spanish Enlightenment thought and mentioning the possible identification of the 'Sopeña Cave.' Lorenzo Fernández Bueno presented a video conference on mysterious places worldwide, and Miguel Pedrero discussed his visit to the Tassili rock paintings. The afternoon sessions included a short film on a global crisis, a discourse on Yoga by Ramiro A. Calle, and a personal reflection by Miguel Blanco on his life experiences. The congress concluded with a panel discussion and the recording of the radio program 'Espacio en Blanco.' The article notes the accessibility of the speakers and the value of the informal interactions, though it suggests the congress could benefit from more original research rather than purely divulgative content.

Obituaries: Investigators and Communicators Who Passed Away in 2010

This section pays tribute to several influential figures in the fields of mystery, ufology, and critical thinking who died in 2010. Among them are:

• Enrique Muro: A reporter for the program 'Diálogos en la Nueva Era' and a collaborator with publications like Año/Cero and Enigmas.
• Martin Gardner: A renowned science communicator and mathematician, known for his 'Mathematical Games' column in Scientific American.
• Wendelle C. Stevens: A prominent UFO investigator from North America, who served as a pilot and worked in intelligence.
• Zacarias Sitchin: The author of influential books like 'The Twelfth Planet,' known for his theories on ancient astronauts.
• Alvin Lawson: A professor who proposed a theory linking UFO abductions to birth trauma.
• D. Enrique López Guerrero: A priest who was a notable believer in the UMMO messages.
• Jean Charles de Fontbrune: Known for his interpretations of Nostradamus's prophecies.

News and Investigations

• Argentine Air Force Investigates UFO Incidents: The Argentine Air Force (FAA) announced the creation of a commission to investigate Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP), collaborating with private organizations and other countries' air forces.
• 'Destination Truth' in Spain: The TV show 'Destination Truth' explored the legend of the giant squid in the Fosa de Carrandi, Spain.
• 'Infiltrated' by Dimensión Límite: The radio program 'Dimensión Límite' presented an investigative report on the medium Anne Germain.
• ARP: The Reasonable Alternative to Pseudo-skepticism: Juan José Sánchez-Oro launched a blog to critique the excesses of the organized skeptical movement.
• Herikberto M. Q.'s 'Designer of Species': An exhibition in Madrid showcased speculative artwork on alien evolution.
• Ana Vázquez Passes to the Novel: Researcher Ana Vázquez Hoys published her first novel, blending ancient history with a police plot.
• Iker Jiménez and Carmen Porter: The presenters were reportedly photographed by paparazzi during a sale event.
• Sixto Paz on Interviu Cover: The magazine Interviu published a critical report on contactee Sixto Paz.
• Anti-mystery Hackers Attack: Websites like 'Foros del Misterio' faced cyberattacks and had to relocate.
• Ufologists Gather for Dinner: A reunion of investigators was held, bringing together different generations of researchers.
• Monsters Hunters: A new reality show on SciFi Universal explored cryptids.
• Unconfessable Secrets: A course on intelligence and infiltration techniques was held at UNED.
• Carmen Porter and Fashion: Carmen Porter launched a fashion blog.
• The Mystery of Mozart's Requiem: A project related to Mozart's Requiem was mentioned.
• The Ica Stone in the Palace: The Spanish Royal Palace reportedly possesses a large Ica stone.
• Antonio Ribera's Audio Archive: An extensive audio archive of the ufology pioneer Antonio Ribera was made available.
• Online Mystery Magazines: Several online publications dedicated to paranormal phenomena were highlighted.
• The Investigator's Library: Reviews of books on psychological warfare ('Torturas Mentales de la CIA'), the canonization process ('La Fabricación de los Santos'), and Afro-American religions ('El Monte') were included.
• Ángel Muñoz Acquitted of Fraud: A psychic was acquitted of fraud charges.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine 'Fraudes' consistently adopts a critical stance towards alleged paranormal phenomena, often focusing on debunking hoaxes and exposing fraudulent claims, as exemplified by the 'Gargoyle of Guánica' case. It also serves as a platform for reporting on significant events within the mystery and ufology communities, including conferences, new research, and obituaries of key figures. The editorial stance appears to favor critical investigation and evidence-based analysis, while acknowledging the public's interest in the unexplained.

This issue of "El Ojo Crítico" (The Critical Eye), number 65, published in September 2001, presents a critical perspective on various topics, including the events of September 11, 2001, historical relics, and the psychological impact of suggestion on health.

Article 1: Disagreement with El Ojo Crítico: A Reply to Bruno Cardeñosa

This article, authored by Miguel Alcalá Pérez, directly challenges claims made by Bruno Cardeñosa in a previous issue of "El Ojo Crítico" regarding the 9/11 attack on the Pentagon. Pérez meticulously debunks Cardeñosa's assertions by highlighting factual inaccuracies and offering alternative interpretations based on available information.

One of the primary points of contention is the type of aircraft involved. Cardeñosa reportedly stated that a Boeing 727 collided with the Pentagon, whereas Pérez asserts it was a Boeing 757, emphasizing that these are distinct aircraft with different characteristics. He details the differences in engines and speeds between the 727 and 757 families, arguing that such distinctions are crucial for accurate investigation.

Pérez also addresses the claim that Hani Hanjour, the alleged pilot of the aircraft, lacked sufficient knowledge to execute the maneuver. While acknowledging that Hanjour was not a highly accomplished pilot and was denied rental of a plane by a flight school, Pérez provides evidence of Hanjour's pilot training, including commercial pilot licenses obtained in 1997 and 1998, and subsequent training on Boeing 737 simulators until March 2001. He argues that the approach to the Pentagon was more indicative of an inexperienced pilot's maneuver, characterized by a slow descent and a relatively low-risk turn, citing NTSB reports that suggest the 757 took 3 minutes and 20 seconds to complete a 330° turn, averaging 1.6° per second, which is considered a standard turn.

The article further discusses the "Pilotos por la verdad del 11-S" (Pilots for 9/11 Truth) group, which has reportedly reconstructed the flight path of the Boeing aircraft and concluded that it does not align with official accounts. Cardeñosa's article apparently suggests that an aircraft did not hit the Pentagon, a claim that Pérez contrasts with the testimony of air traffic controller Danielle O'Brien, who reported seeing an aircraft make a nearly 360° turn in about three minutes on radar.

Pérez concludes by stating his intention is not to offend but to foster critical thinking, aligning with the publication's philosophy. He does not claim the 9/11 attacks are fully explainable or definitively state that Hani Hanjour was the pilot, but asserts that the evidence he possesses leads him to his conclusions. He also mentions his unsuccessful attempt to contact "Pilotos para la verdad del 11S" for their firsthand account.

Article 2: The Pañolón of Oviedo and its Reliquary Ark (Part 1): The Holy Shroud: A Critical History

This multi-part article examines the history and significance of the Santo Sudario de Oviedo (Holy Shroud of Oviedo), a relic believed by some to be associated with Jesus Christ. The article begins by describing the shroud as a rectangular linen cloth, measuring 85.5 cm by 52.6 cm, housed within a silver frame in the Cámara Santa of Oviedo Cathedral. It notes that the shroud was once part of a larger medieval collection of relics kept in a reliquary ark.

The article traces the tradition surrounding the provenance of this reliquary ark, citing a document from 1639 that claims it was made by the Apostles' disciples and brought from Jerusalem to Africa, then to Spain, and finally to Oviedo. This tradition was publicly known and incorporated into liturgical services.

Ambrosio de Morales, in his "Viaje Santo por las Iglesias y Monasterios de León, Galicia y Asturias," is mentioned as having documented this tradition. The article notes that Spanish sindonologists also generally support this narrative, referencing their official website and published works.

However, the article expresses skepticism about the coherence of this tradition, suggesting that the data supporting it is not as well-connected as presented. It posits that there are at least two distinct versions of the ark's origins, and that over time, an attempt was made to harmonize these versions into a single, unified narrative to enhance the glory of the Arca Santa and the episcopal see that housed it.

The article then focuses on a document dated 1075, which is the earliest text referencing the Arca Santa of Oviedo and the shroud. While not an original, but a 13th-century copy, it raises some doubts due to potential inaccuracies in the data. The article points out that by the early 12th century, the Oviedo Cathedral had a scriptorium that produced numerous false diplomas and chronicles, often intended to legitimize the diocese's privileges. Therefore, the 1075 document is advised to be read with caution, although specialists believe its substantial content likely reflects the original.

The 1075 diploma recounts King Alfonso VI's visit to Oviedo during Lent of that year. It describes a divine revelation leading to the discovery of a treasure hidden in the church. According to the text, in ancient times, when the Christians were subjugated by the Ishmaelites, relics collected from various places were gathered in Toledo and placed in an ark. This ark was later moved to Oviedo to escape Muslim advances.

The article highlights key details from this passage: the relics were initially dispersed, and the ark itself was likely a conventional, improvised container rather than something of exotic origin. It also mentions a narrative about the ark being hidden for centuries and emitting a blinding light when attempted to be opened, attributed to Bishop Ponce de Tabernoles (circa 1025-1035).

The article suggests that the narrative of the ark's journey from Toledo to Oviedo and its subsequent concealment until the time of Bishop Ponce is a way to explain its absence from earlier records. It also touches upon the political and religious motivations behind such narratives, aiming to enhance the prestige of the monarchy and the Oviedo diocese.

Article 3: Toledo: Land of Relics?

This section continues the exploration of the Arca Santa of Oviedo, questioning whether Toledo, as suggested by the 1075 document, possessed sufficient relics to fill such an ark. The article notes that before the Muslim conquest in 711, Toledo was a significant political and religious center in the Visigothic kingdom, and it received numerous relics.

It cites historical accounts of King Recaredo receiving relics from the Pope, including a piece of the True Cross, and mentions that King Leovigildo (582) had already accepted the veneration of Catholic relics. The practice of bishops displaying relics on their vestments on certain feast days is also mentioned, though it was later criticized by a synod in Braga in 675.

The article concludes that Toledo likely had many saintly remains, even after the Muslim conquest, as the Mozarabic Church continued to exist and function within the emirate. It suggests that expeditions to Muslim territories for relics were common. The article lists several examples of relics being transferred or sought after, including those of San Ildefonso, Santa Leocadia, San Isidoro, Santa Justa, Santa Eulalia of Mérida, Justo and Pastor, San Vicente, and others.

Given this proliferation of relics in the Iberian Peninsula before and after the Islamic conquest, the idea of gathering many of them into an ark is presented as plausible. However, the article raises questions about the reasons for its concealment from 711 onwards.

It explains that Oviedo became the new capital of the Asturian kingdom in the 9th and 10th centuries, and its development was influenced by Toledo and Aachen. Relics were important for enhancing the city's prestige and strengthening the connection between royalty, the church, and the divine. The article suggests that the Oviedo diocese sought to bolster its status and legitimacy by acquiring valuable relics, thereby attracting pilgrims and donors.

The article mentions that King Alfonso VI commissioned a silver covering for the reliquary ark, which can still be seen today, adorned with religious imagery and inscriptions.

Article 4: Contents of the Ark: Inventory of its Relics

This section provides a detailed inventory of the relics believed to be contained within the Arca Santa of Oviedo, based on the 1075 document and the silver covering commissioned by King Alfonso VI.

The inventory is categorized as follows:

• Relics directly linked to Christ: Pieces of the True Cross, blood of Christ, bread from the Last Supper, Christ's tomb, the Holy Land, Christ's garments, and His shroud.
• Relics related to the Virgin Mary: Her garment and milk.
• Relics of the Disciples: Including those of Saint Peter, Saint Thomas, Saint Bartholomew, Saint John, Saint Paul, Saint Andrew, Saint John the Apostle, and Saint James.
• Relics of Prophets and Hebrews: Bones of prophets and Hebrews such as Ananias, Azarias, and Misael.
• Relics of other Christian saints and martyrs: A comprehensive list of numerous saints and martyrs, including Justo and Pastor, Adriano and Natalia, Mama, Julia, Verísimo and Máximo, Germán, Baudulio, Pantaleón, Cipriano, Eulalia, Sebastián, Cucufate, Emeterio and Celedonio, San Juan Bautista, San Román, San Esteban Protomártir, San Fructuoso, Augurio and Eulogio, San Víctor, San Lorenzo, Justa and Rufina, Servando and Germán, San Liberio, Máxima and Julia, Cosme and Damián, Sergio and Baco, Pope Saint Stephen, San Cristóbal, San Tirso, San Julián, San Félix, San Pedro Exorcista, Santa Eugenia, San Martín, Facundo and Primitivo, San Vicente Levita, San Fausto, Santa Inés, Félix, Simplicio, Faustino and Beatriz, Santa Petronila, Santa Eulalia of Barcelona, and others.

The article notes that García de Castro Valdés has classified these mentions based on geographical origin, identifying saints from the East (Adrián, Natalia, Esteban, Cosme y Damián, Sergio y Baco, Mamés, Pantaleón, Román, Cristóbal), Italy (Sebastián, Sulpicio, Lorenzo, Inés, Ágata, Liberio, Esteban papa, Eugenia, Pedro exorcista, Simplicio, Faustino, Beatriz, Petronila), Gaul (Baudilio, Martín, Julián de Vienne), North Africa (San Cipriano), and Hispania (Justo y Pastor, Eulalia, Emeterio y Celedonio, Fructuoso, Augurio y Eulogio, Justa y Rufina, Eulalia de Barcelona, Verírsimo, Máximo y Julia, Germán, Cucufate, Servando y Germán, Félix, Facundo y Primitivo, Vicente levita, Fausto).

It is estimated that the ark contains around 85 relics, with a significant number originating from the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, and Gaul, supporting the idea that the collection was primarily assembled from relics preserved in churches and temples in Toledo and surrounding areas, rather than directly from Jerusalem.

Article 5: The Holy Shroud: A Critical History (Continued)

This section continues the critical examination of the Santo Sudario de Oviedo and its reliquary ark. It reiterates the skepticism regarding the narrative presented in the 1075 document, particularly the claim that the ark was made by the Apostles' disciples and gathered in Jerusalem. The article suggests that this version was likely created to enhance the relic's prestige and value, making it more significant than its presumed Iberian origins.

The article questions the reasons behind the ark's concealment for three centuries, finding the explanation of divine intervention and blinding light to be a convenient, albeit suspicious, rhetorical device. It suggests that the author of the 1075 document may have resorted to such miraculous explanations due to a lack of concrete historical evidence, similar to how the Holy Chalice of Valencia's origins are sometimes attributed to spontaneous generation.

It then presents an alternative, more elaborate narrative that emerged later from the Oviedo Cathedral: the ark was crafted by the Apostles' disciples and its contents were gathered in Jerusalem. From there, it supposedly traveled to Africa to escape the Muslim advance before reaching Spain. This version significantly elevated the relic's importance by linking it directly to the earliest Christian figures and locations.

The article poses the question of what interests and motivations drove this radical shift in the narrative, promising to delve deeper into this in the second part of the work.

Article 6: The Holy Shroud: A Critical History (Conclusion)

This concluding section of the article on the Holy Shroud of Oviedo delves into the historical context and motivations behind the creation and dissemination of the relic's narrative. It argues that Oviedo, during the 9th and 10th centuries, was undergoing a process of aggrandizement as the new capital of the Asturian kingdom. The city sought to enhance its prestige and spiritual authority, and relics played a crucial role in this endeavor.

The article explains that the need for relics was driven by a desire to connect with the divine and to bolster the political and religious standing of the monarchy and the church. Oviedo, as a burgeoning episcopal see, actively sought to acquire valuable relics from various sources, including Mozarabic communities and churches beyond the Christian kingdom's borders. This pursuit was supported by royal authority and facilitated by royal commissioners who undertook arduous journeys, sometimes through enemy territory, to procure these sacred objects.

Despite this concerted effort and the favorable context, the Arca Santa, destined to become a prized possession of Oviedo Cathedral, remained undiscovered for centuries. The article points out that the earliest document mentioning it, the 1075 text, acknowledges this prolonged absence and attempts to explain it through a miraculous event. The author of this document is portrayed as having limited historical evidence and resorting to a miraculous explanation, akin to a "catch-all" for unexplained phenomena.

The article then contrasts this with a later, more elaborate narrative originating from the Oviedo Cathedral, which claims the ark was made by the Apostles' disciples and its contents gathered in Jerusalem, later traveling through Africa to escape Muslim conquest. This version significantly amplified the relic's importance by associating it with the foundational figures and sacred sites of Christianity.

The article questions the underlying reasons and interests that prompted this narrative transformation, suggesting it was a deliberate effort to imbue the Arca Santa with greater historical and spiritual significance. The author concludes by stating that the second part of the work will further explore these motivations and the historical context.

Article 7: Civil Guard Investigates Desecration of Graves

This article reports on an investigation by the Civil Guard into the desecration of five tombs in the ancient cemetery of Arico, which occurred on New Year's Eve. The remains of seven deceased individuals were stolen from these graves.

The Civil Guard has interviewed individuals linked to religious groups or sects that had been previously identified in connection with similar activities. Neighbors reported seeing a group of people loitering in the cemetery in the days leading up to the incident. Investigators have identified and interviewed some of these individuals.

One spokesperson for the group claimed their visit was for cultural and archaeological purposes. Another witness described seeing an individual with face paint in green and black, wearing a cape, performing a dance-like ritual. This witness fled the scene and later connected the event to the tomb desecrations reported in the news.

The investigation is progressing with the conviction that the perpetrators belong to a religious group or sect. The focus is on identifying individuals associated with minority religious groups or those with prior records of similar offenses in other cemeteries on New Year's Eve.

The mayor of Arico, Eladio Morales, has urged citizens to remain calm and stated that the municipality is considering installing surveillance cameras in the cemeteries to enhance security. He acknowledged that the economic situation does not permit permanent security personnel for the two municipal cemeteries.

Morales condemned the acts as those of "authentic bandits" and suggested that the theft of bodies was not the work of vandals but of an "organized action by some type of religious group." He expressed confidence that the investigation would be resolved quickly but cautioned against revealing specific details about the direction of the inquiry.

He also confirmed that many residents were still inquiring at the town hall to determine if the opened graves belonged to their relatives, as two of the seven bodies remained unidentified.

Article 8: The Nocebo Effect or the Scientific Explanation of the Power of Suggestion: The Voodoo Science: When the Mind Attacks the Body

This article explores the phenomenon of the nocebo effect, where negative expectations or beliefs can lead to adverse physical health outcomes, sometimes even death. It draws parallels with historical accounts of death by curse with modern medical understanding.

Dr. Clifton Meador, from Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, is cited as an expert who notes that curses are taking new forms. He recounts the case of Sam Schoeman, diagnosed with terminal liver cancer and given only a month to live. Schoeman died as expected, but his autopsy revealed a small tumor with no metastasis. Meador explains that Schoeman died not from cancer, but from believing he was dying of cancer. The article posits that if everyone treats a person as if they are dying, they may internalize that belief.

This phenomenon is described as widespread, with many patients experiencing adverse effects simply because they were told they might. The article highlights a study showing that women who believed they were at high risk for heart disease were more likely to die from coronary problems than those with similar risk factors who believed they were at low risk.

The article introduces the concept of the nocebo effect as the "evil twin" of the placebo effect, where negative suggestions can cause harm. The term "nocebo" was coined in the 1960s and has been less studied than its counterpart, partly due to ethical challenges in designing studies to intentionally make people feel worse.

Robert Hahn, an anthropologist, suggests that voodoo deaths might be an extreme form of the nocebo effect. The effect can also be contagious, as seen in cases of mass psychogenic illness where symptoms spread within a group. Irving Kirsch and Giuliana Mazzoni's research indicates that observing or hearing about potential adverse effects increases the likelihood of experiencing them. This presents a dilemma for doctors, who must inform patients about potential risks without increasing the probability of those risks occurring.

Guy Montgomery, a clinical psychologist, advises doctors to choose their words carefully to minimize negative expectations. He also suggests that hypnosis might help by modifying expectations and reducing anxiety.

The article questions the severity and circumstances of the nocebo effect, noting that it is likely more potent in real-world settings than in laboratory experiments. Paul Enck, a psychologist, suggests that the problem is more serious in reality than observed in controlled studies designed to induce only moderate and temporary nocebo symptoms.

Finally, the article touches upon the common practice of reading medication prospectuses for side effects. It warns that believing something bad might happen can, in itself, cause it to happen. The article concludes by emphasizing that doctors should be cautious in how they communicate potential adverse effects of treatments, as this information can significantly impact patient outcomes.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of "El Ojo Crítico" demonstrates a commitment to critical inquiry and the rigorous examination of information, whether it pertains to historical events, religious relics, or scientific phenomena. The editorial stance appears to favor skepticism towards unsubstantiated claims and a preference for evidence-based analysis. The magazine encourages readers to question official narratives and to seek out diverse perspectives. The recurring themes include historical revisionism, the critical assessment of religious traditions, and the intersection of psychology and health, particularly the power of belief and suggestion.