El Ojo Critico - No 55 - Septiembre 2007

Magazine Overview

This issue, number 55, of the Spanish publication "EL OJO CRITICO" (The Critical Eye), dated September 2007, is dedicated to the theme of "Especial Criminalidad y Misterio" (Special Criminality and Mystery). The magazine, published by GRUPO FENIX, is presented as a collection of research papers for investigators, with its editorial office in La Coruña, Spain. The cover features a prominent fingerprint, setting the tone for the issue's focus on crime and the unexplained.

Content Highlights

Editorial and Reader Contributions

The issue opens with several contributions from individuals associated with the magazine and the field of investigation. Miguel G. Aracil, a writer and journalist, reflects on the magazine's longevity and its distinct approach to reporting on mystery and the paranormal. Paqui Benito, Co-Director of Phenomenon, praises "El Ojo Crítico" for its dedication, effort, and the quality of its content, emphasizing its independence and the passion of its contributors. Victor Martínez, an OVNI investigator, commends the magazine for maintaining its publication for over fifty issues, particularly noting its objective and well-documented articles on enigmatic and paranormal topics. Juan Gonzalo, an investigative journalist, highlights "El Ojo Crítico" as a point of equilibrium in media coverage of credulity and radical skepticism, noting its impartiality and independence over 13 years and 55 issues. He also points out the magazine's unique ability to feature articles from both skeptical and critical viewpoints, and the support it receives from diverse personalities in the field.

Julio Arcas Gilardi, Editor-responsible of "Cuadernos de Ufología," congratulates "El Ojo Critico" on its 12 years of existence, attributing its survival to its relevant topics and the dedication of its editors. Jose Juan Montejo, a lawyer and member of Fundación Anomalía, reminisces about the era of Spanish paranormal fanzines and praises "El Ojo Critico" as a survivor that continues to provide necessary platforms for research and debunking. Salvador Freixedo, a theologian, investigator, and writer, expresses admiration for the magazine's authenticity, bravery in debunking myths, and its unbiased approach, contrasting it with more commercially driven publications. Juanca Romero H., Director of Angulo 13, emphasizes the importance of "El Ojo Critico" as a reference for good work and perseverance in the field of mysteries, celebrating its 13 years of providing information and fostering reflection.

Feature Articles

Interview with Dr. Vicente Garrido: Science Against Serial Killers

This extensive interview with Dr. Vicente Garrido, a Doctor in Psychology and Criminology, explores the scientific approach to understanding and combating serial killers. Garrido, who has researched violence against women and published extensively on criminology, discusses the evolution of forensic science and its role in profiling and apprehending criminals. He addresses the distinction between serial killers and terrorists, noting that while psychopaths may be useful in terrorist organizations, they are not ideal leaders due to their self-serving nature. He also touches upon the influence of religious or supernatural beliefs on violent behavior, suggesting that individuals who believe they are connecting with dark forces may be more prone to violence. Garrido argues for stricter legal measures, suggesting serial killers should serve a minimum of 40 years in prison. He acknowledges that the popularization of criminal techniques through media can inform criminals but believes the complexity of committing a perfect crime makes this effect less detrimental.

The Incredible Case Ruda: German "Vampire" Killers

This article details the chilling case of Manuela and Daniel Ruda, a German couple who murdered their friend Frank Hackert in a ritualistic act on July 6, 2001. The testimony describes a satanic ritual involving a hammer, a knife, and the engraving of an inverted pentagram on the victim's chest. The couple drank Hackert's blood and confessed to acting under the orders of Satan. The investigation uncovered a collection of satanic objects and a list of potential future victims. The couple's trial revealed their initiation into satanism in the UK and their involvement in vampiric practices. Their defense argued for diminished responsibility due to psychological disturbance, resulting in sentences of thirteen years for Manuela and fifteen for Daniel.

The Beast of Gevaudan: The First Serial Killer of France or a Strange Animal?

This piece investigates the legend of the Beast of Gevaudan, a creature that terrorized the Gevaudan region of France between 1764 and 1767, reportedly killing around a hundred people. The article explores various hypotheses, including that of a large wolf, a werewolf, or even a human maniac. Official documents suggest that 70 victims were killed and 76 attacked, with evidence of sexual assault on some female victims, leading to speculation that the aggressor was human. The article recounts the efforts to hunt the beast, including a reward offered by King Louis XV, and the eventual killing of the animal by Jean Chastel on June 19, 1767, using a bullet made from two Virgin Mary medals. The animal's remains were sent to Paris but were lost in a fire during the French Revolution.

The Deductive-Experiential Process in Criminal Profiling

This article discusses the evolution of criminal profiling, drawing parallels between the deductive abilities of fictional detective Sherlock Holmes and the work of real-life FBI profilers like John Douglas. It emphasizes that "intuition" in police investigation is not supernatural but rather the result of years of experience and accumulated knowledge, referred to as "subjective intuitive experience." The article highlights how veteran investigators can often deduce crucial information from seemingly minor clues at a crime scene. It mentions the contributions of figures like Robert K. Ressler and Pierce Brooks, co-founders of VICAP, and the methods used by the FBI's Behavioral Science Unit. The case of a serial killer in San Francisco investigated by John Douglas is used as an example, where Douglas provided a profile of an antisocial subject with a history of violence and psychological disturbance.

Religion, Sex, and Divine Messages on Mobile Phones: A Pseudo-UMMO Case in Sweden Ends in Crime

This article reports on a sensational crime case in Knutby, Sweden, involving a nanny, Sara Svensson, who confessed to murdering the pastor's wife and attempting to kill a neighbor. Svensson claimed she was acting under divine instructions received via SMS messages, which she believed came from God. The investigation revealed a complex relationship between Svensson and the pastor, Helge Fossmo, who allegedly wanted to start a new life with the neighbor's wife. The case also touches upon the isolated Pentecostal congregation of Knutby, where pastors exerted significant influence over members' lives. Fossmo is also suspected in the death of his first wife. The article notes that SMS messages played a crucial role as evidence in the trial.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of "El Ojo Critico" consistently emphasizes the importance of rigorous, objective, and independent investigation into paranormal and criminal phenomena. The magazine positions itself as a platform for serious research, distinct from sensationalist media or commercially driven publications. There is a clear admiration for investigative work that relies on evidence, logical deduction, and a healthy dose of skepticism, while remaining open to unexplained phenomena. The magazine celebrates its longevity as a testament to its commitment to these principles and its ability to attract dedicated contributors and readers. The editorial stance appears to favor a critical yet open-minded approach to mysteries, crime, and the paranormal, encouraging readers to think independently and question established narratives.

This issue of the "Violent Criminal Apprehension Program" (VICAP) publication delves into the intricacies of criminal profiling and investigation techniques, with a strong focus on the work of the FBI and Spanish law enforcement. The magazine explores the evolution of criminal profiling from early attempts to understand the criminal mind to modern scientific methods.

The Art of Profiling: Logic Over Paranoia

The lead article, "The secret of their apparent 'extrasensory perceptions' lay in logical reasoning," highlights how FBI profilers like Jhon Douglas and Robert K. Ressler use deductive reasoning to build profiles of criminals. Douglas's analysis of a killer's photograph, leading to accurate deductions about his age, background, and even a speech impediment (tartamudez/stuttering), is presented as a prime example. The article debunks the notion of paranormal abilities, emphasizing that profiling is a scientific process rooted in the analysis of crime scene details, victimology, and psychological patterns.

It recounts the case of David Carpenter, a 50-year-old professor who fit many of Douglas's predictions despite an age discrepancy, having a history of enuresis, cruelty to animals, and stuttering. The article also revisits the "mad dynamiter" case in New York, where psychiatrist Dr. James Brussel's psychological profile led to the arrest of George Metesky, a case considered a landmark in the application of psychology to criminal investigation.

The Science of Investigation: From Psychology to Forensics

The magazine further explores the field of criminal profiling, noting that it is still an inexact science relying heavily on the deductive capacity of psychologists and psychiatrists. Profilers analyze crime scene photos and case files, cross-referencing information with a global database to prioritize suspects. The concept of organized versus disorganized offenders and the analysis of the criminal's modus operandi and "signature" are discussed as key elements in building a profile.

Robert K. Ressler, credited with coining the term "serial killer," is highlighted for his pioneering work with the VICAP program and his unconventional approach of interviewing serial killers in prison to understand their minds. His insights, along with those of other profilers, were often perceived as "extrasensory" due to their accuracy.

Case Studies and Specialized Units

The issue touches upon the case of Reg McHough, a security manager who gained international fame for his "psychic" ability to identify criminals, suggesting that his success was likely due to his extensive police experience and the preventive effect of his reputation.

Criminalistics and Police Training in Spain

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to the advancements in criminalistics and police training in Spain. A course on "Methods and Techniques of Criminal Investigation in Spain" held at the University of Santiago de Compostela is detailed, featuring presentations by various law enforcement professionals.

Francisco Marín Ancín, from the National Police Corps (CNP), discusses the general aspects and methodologies of police investigation, outlining the structure of the CNP and its specialized units dealing with organized crime, cybercrime, and violent offenses. He emphasizes the need for police to adapt to new forms of criminality.

David Piqué, from the Mossos d'Esquadra (Catalan regional police), provides a historical overview of his force, highlighting their focus on adapting investigative techniques to the country's size and the challenges of a multi-police force environment. He stresses the importance of inter-force collaboration.

Constantino García Rodríguez, director of the Department of Investigation and Police Technique at the CNP Training Center in Ávila, details the comprehensive training provided to police officers, covering legal, humanistic, physical, and technical aspects of policing, with a special focus on scientific police work.

Antonio Vega, from the CNP's Scientific Police, traces the history of criminalistics in Spain, from early dactyloscopy to modern biometric identification systems like SAID. He foresees the future use of mobile terminals for immediate suspect identification.

Organized Crime and Cybercrime

Lieutenant Colonel Luís Guijarro Olivares addresses the growing problem of organized crime in Spain, identifying factors such as tourism, proximity to drug production zones, and migration. He discusses the statistical associations between different nationalities and types of crime, warning about the increasing threat of Chinese mafias.

Chief Inspector Mª Nieves Gamoneda Sánchez, head of the Internet Fraud Unit of the CNP's Technological Crimes Brigade, discusses the challenges of investigating cybercrimes, including online fraud, child pornography, and data theft. She highlights the time-sensitive nature of digital evidence and the need for rapid international cooperation.

Forensic Science and Investigation Techniques

The magazine also covers specialized forensic disciplines. Dr. Fernando Serrulla Rech, a forensic doctor, explains the process of collecting biological evidence at crime scenes and the procedure for lifting a cadaver, emphasizing the importance of meticulousness and avoiding contamination. He also touches upon forensic anthropology and its application in cases of skeletal remains.

Dr. Jose Manuel Blanco Pampín, head of Forensic Pathology at IMELGA, discusses the medico-legal autopsy, differentiating it from a clinical autopsy and outlining the questions a forensic doctor seeks to answer. He also presents alternative methods to traditional autopsies, such as minimally invasive techniques and psychological autopsies.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently emphasizes the scientific and logical basis of criminal investigation, moving away from sensationalism and paranormal explanations. There is a strong focus on the evolution of police techniques, the importance of inter-agency collaboration, and the integration of new technologies in forensic science. The magazine advocates for continuous training and adaptation within law enforcement to combat increasingly sophisticated forms of crime, both organized and digital. The editorial stance appears to be one of promoting a professional, evidence-based approach to criminal investigation and highlighting the advancements made by Spanish police forces in this field.

This issue of "LA HUELLA DEL CRIMEN" (Issue 28) focuses on advancements and methodologies within forensic science and criminology. It features a series of conferences and presentations by leading experts in the field, covering a wide range of topics from memory recall and lie detection to psychopathy, forensic genetics, and the estimation of the time of death.

Memory and Interview Techniques

Eugenio Garrido discussed mnemonic strategies for memory recall, including establishing context, free recall, reverse order recall, and perspective-taking. He also highlighted social skills crucial for effective interviews, such as building rapport and using non-verbal communication. The cognitive interview approach, based on psychological concepts of memory, aims to elicit more accurate information from witnesses and victims.

Lie Detection

Jaume Masip presented on verbal and non-verbal lie detection techniques, as well as polygraphic and other recent methods. He emphasized that distinguishing between someone lying and someone providing false information is complex, as both may present similar narratives. Masip debunked common beliefs about reliable indicators of deception, noting that social attributions of deceit do not always align with real indicators. He stressed that "no single behavior indicates deception." Masip also discussed meta-analyses on non-verbal cues and the limitations of current indicators. He introduced verbal analysis techniques like the CBCA (Childhood Abuse Child Assessment) criteria, based on the Undeutsch hypothesis, which posits that experienced events are described differently from imagined ones. For psychophysiological techniques, Masip mentioned voice stress analyzers, evoked potentials, functional magnetic resonance imaging, thermal cameras, and the polygraph, explaining its graphical representation of physiological variables.

Psychometric Detection of Simulation and Deception

Dr. Jose Antonio Gómez Fraguela advocated for the use of psychometric techniques in deception detection. He emphasized the validity of standardization, repetition, and assessment of tests and questionnaires, which have been successfully used for years in personality assessments. Gómez Fraguela noted that while psychometric questionnaires might seem less attractive than modern techniques, they have demonstrated validity. He also pointed out their utility in research, even if they have limitations in interrogations due to repetitive questioning. He cited examples of self-report measures for offenses that have proven valid and functional since the 1950s. He also mentioned that tests like the MMPI-2, with its 567 items, can help identify fabricators by analyzing affirmative responses to various symptoms.

Psychopathy and Crime

María Angeles Luengo González discussed the biological, psychological, and psychosocial aspects of psychopathy. She explained that the term originated in the 19th century to describe mental illnesses not fitting typical patterns, and later evolved to include "moral imbecility." Luengo González clarified that not all psychopaths are criminals, nor are all criminals psychopaths. She highlighted the PCL-R as an ideal tool for evaluating psychopathy and predicting criminal behavior, though consensus on its origin and treatment varies. She referenced key books like "The Mask of Sanity" by H. Cleckley, "Without Conscience" by R. Hare, and "El psicópata" by V. Garrido. Cleckley's work describes psychopaths as individuals who mask their true selves with charm and normality, lacking delusions, hallucinations, or anxiety. Luengo González noted that psychopaths may be present in about 1% of the population, predominantly male, and their psychopathy can manifest in various forms, not just criminal ones. She elaborated on Cleckley's criteria for identifying psychopaths, including superficial charm, lack of response to punishment, emotional detachment, and a tendency towards impulsive and antisocial behavior. She also detailed the 20 items of the PCL-R, such as pathological lying, manipulation, lack of remorse, superficial affect, and poor behavioral control.

Psychopathy in Minors

Dra. Estrella Romero focused on psychopathy in minors, noting that while diagnosis typically occurs after 18, its precursors can appear earlier. She discussed the application of psychodiagnostic tools with caution due to social implications, preferring to speak of psychopathic traits. She presented the PCL-YV (Young Version) for adolescents, outlining affective characteristics (lack of remorse, labile affect, lack of empathy) and interpersonal characteristics (image management, grandiosity, pathological lying). Romero also detailed impulsive and antisocial behaviors, such as seeking stimulation, parasitic lifestyle, and lack of realistic goals. She discussed Disruptive Conduct Disorder (TCD) in children, differentiating between early-onset and late-onset types, and highlighting the extreme impulsivity and need for change associated with early-onset TCD. Romero suggested that a subgroup of children with TCD and hyperactivity are at particular risk, potentially being incipient psychopaths.

Criminological Profiling

Vicente Garrido discussed criminological profiling as a tool in the investigation of psychopaths and serial offenders. He defined it as an evolving field that aims to describe, explain, and predict the demographic and psychological characteristics of offenders. Garrido differentiated between integrated and non-integrated psychopaths, with the former further divided into those in prison and those not yet captured. He explored various motivations for serial killing, including sex/sadism, revenge, loyalty, profit, terror, and power/control. Garrido outlined the objectives of criminological profiling, such as describing suspect characteristics, defining probable crime scene and residence areas (geographic profiling), linking crimes, and guiding investigations. He explained the fundamental principles of profiling, including the concept of "behavioral trace" and the idea that criminals express themselves at the crime scene and exhibit consistent patterns of behavior.

Forensic Genetics

Fernando Vázquez introduced the session on forensic genetics, highlighting the participation of experts from the Instituto Médico Legal. José Ignacio Muñoz Barus and Maria Victoria Lareu Huidobro presented on forensic genetics. Lareu, an expert in the field, explained its role in identification, historical investigation, and disaster victim identification. She clarified that forensic genetics, as a branch of forensic medicine, emerged with Karl Landsteiner and advanced significantly with the discovery of DNA structure by Watson and Crick. DNA is the basis of genetic identification, being individual, invariable, and present in various biological samples. Lareu emphasized the need for a reference sample for comparison and discussed the evolution of techniques requiring less sample quantity. She also mentioned PCR technology for amplifying DNA and the probabilistic nature of genetic evidence.

Vanesa Alvarez discussed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome analysis. Alvarez explained that mtDNA is useful for identifying maternal lineage and has applications in criminalistics, particularly with hair samples. However, it cannot differentiate individuals within the same maternal lineage. The Y chromosome is useful for reconstructing male lineages and has forensic applications, including discriminating between samples in cases of serial rape. Alvarez concluded that both mtDNA and the Y chromosome are well-validated markers for forensic use.

Medical Assessment of Bodily Harm and Private Investigators

Ignacio Muñoz Barus, Beatriz Otero Abadín, and Carlos Represas Vázquez addressed the medical assessment of bodily harm and the role of private investigators, focusing on common pathologies like cervical injuries and insurance fraud.

Family Violence: Mistreatment and Abuse of Minors

Mª Sol Rodríguez Calvo, a professor of Forensic Medicine, discussed family violence, including violence against children, the elderly, and women. She focused on child maltreatment, defining it as any action or omission that deprives a child of their rights and well-being. Rodríguez Calvo outlined various forms of child abuse, including physical, sexual, and psychological abuse, as well as neglect. She highlighted the importance of identifying indicators of abuse, such as multiple lesions, varied localization, and different stages of evolution. She also discussed the Munchausen syndrome by proxy, where a caregiver fabricates or exaggerates a child's symptoms.

Mistreatment of Women and Gender Violence

Berta Rodríguez Martínez, a forensic doctor, defined domestic violence as harmful conduct between individuals sharing an affective relationship, occurring under unequal conditions. She described the battered woman syndrome as a consequence of sociocultural conditioning that places women in a subordinate position. Rodríguez discussed the prevalence of mistreatment, noting that physical abuse is common, often accompanied by psychological abuse. She also addressed the "myth of false accusations" and sociocultural factors contributing to gender violence, such as patriarchal structures and generational transmission.

Estimation of the Time of Death

Dr. Duarte Nuno Vieira, a professor of forensic medicine, discussed the estimation of the time of death. He emphasized that all methods have a margin of error and that a combination of systems is necessary for an accurate estimation. Vieira outlined various methods, including physical, physicochemical, metabolic, and bacteriological processes, as well as autolysis. He detailed key indicators such as cadaveric lividity, rigor mortis, body temperature, decomposition, gastric content, and insect activity. He explained how these indicators can provide clues about the time of death, the position of the body, and whether it has been moved. He also touched upon the processes of putrefaction and the influence of environmental factors.

Dr. Ignacio Muñoz Barús complemented Vieira's presentation by outlining the objectives of forensic medical investigation, including confirming death, identification, and determining the time, place, cause, manner, and authorship of death. Muñoz Barús elaborated on biochemical studies, such as analyzing vitreous humor potassium levels, and discussed the degradation of DNA and RNA. He stressed the importance of integrating various methods and using objective data and potentially applicable techniques to estimate the probable interval of death.

Psychiatric Expert Opinion on Criminal Responsibility

Dr. Maria Dolores Domínguez Santos, a professor of psychiatry, discussed psychiatric expert opinions on criminal responsibility, highlighting the complexity of forensic psychiatry, which bridges psychiatry and criminal law. Irene Linares Vallejo, a forensic psychiatrist, provided a historical overview of forensic psychiatry and expressed concern about the increasing "psychiatrization" of society. She emphasized that forensic psychiatry is an independent assessment, not a party-based opinion, and that expert testimony should be scientific, rigorous, and comprehensible to the court.

Calligraphic Expertise

Luis Angel Santa Cruz Simón, a calligraphic expert, presented on calligraphic expertise in criminalistics. He outlined the fields of documentoscopy (analyzing altered documents, checks, anonymous notes) and graphopsychology (personnel selection, threat profiling). Santa Cruz discussed the application of calligraphy in identifying child abuse and invalidating testaments. He emphasized the importance of understanding historical scripts and the potential for confusion between calligraphy and graphology. He also presented various techniques for forgery detection, including grafometrics, superposition, and grafoscopy.

New Means of Proof in Criminal Proceedings

Victor Moreno Catena, a professor of Procedural Law, discussed new means of proof in criminal proceedings, emphasizing the evolution of legal sciences and the need to update criminal procedure laws. He highlighted the importance of the chain of custody for ensuring the integrity of evidence and discussed the admissibility of evidence obtained through various means, including DNA analysis and telephone interceptions. Moreno also explained the "fruits of the poisonous tree" doctrine, which excludes evidence obtained illegally.

Inés Celia Iglesias Canle and Vicente Guzmán Fluja presented on genetic material as evidence. They discussed the advantages of genetic databases for avoiding misidentification and the applications of nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA. Guzmán highlighted the CODIX system for genetic identification and stressed that DNA evidence is probabilistic and requires judicial interpretation. He also raised concerns about the potential for a "Big Brother" genetic database and the ethical dilemmas associated with genetic manipulation.

Audiovisual Recordings and the Use of Microphones

Lourdes Noya Ferreiro discussed the regulation of microphone installations, noting that current laws are insufficient. She emphasized that only a judge can authorize such interventions and that the "fruits of the poisonous tree" doctrine applies. Bernardino Varela Gómez addressed the use of video surveillance cameras, noting their limited effectiveness and legal loopholes. Lotario Vilaboy Lois discussed the admissibility of audiovisual recordings as evidence, emphasizing the need for updated legislation and proper chain of custody. He also mentioned the use of hidden cameras and the legal implications of video surveillance by companies.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently highlights the increasing reliance on scientific methods and expert testimony in criminal investigations and legal proceedings. There is a recurring theme of the need for updated legislation to keep pace with technological advancements in forensic science. The publication also emphasizes the importance of rigorous methodology, ethical considerations, and the probabilistic nature of much forensic evidence. The editorial stance appears to be one of promoting scientific understanding and critical evaluation of forensic techniques within the legal system.

This issue of Panfleto, dated Friday, February 1, 2007, delves into several controversial and mysterious topics, including the persecution of the Yezidi minority in Iraq, the alleged satanic nature of their beliefs, and purported cover-ups of UFO incidents by Spanish secret services.

Al Qaeda, the War in Iraq, and the Stoning of Du'a Khalil Yezidis: The "Satanic Sect" of Islam

The lead article details the tragic story of Du'a Khalil Aswad, a 17-year-old Yezidi girl who was brutally stoned to death by her community in Iraq in April 2007. The motive was her love for a Muslim man and her intention to leave her village. The article describes the horrific event, captured on video, emphasizing the fanaticism and lack of mercy shown by the perpetrators. It notes that over 400 members of the Yezidi community died in recent attacks attributed to Al Qaeda, highlighting their vulnerability. The piece also touches upon the broader context of 'honor killings' in the Middle East and the Yezidi faith, which is described as a syncretic blend of Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

The Yezidi Revelation: The "Satanic" Book of Revelation

This section discusses the sacred texts of the Yezidis, primarily the Miskhaf Res (Black Book) and the Qitab Al Jilwah (Book of Revelation). It mentions that Anton LaVey, founder of the Church of Satan, included excerpts from Al Jilwah in his book "Rituals Satánicos," interpreting them as "the words that Satan said to his people." The article acknowledges the documentary value of these texts for comparative religion studies. The Yezidi belief system is explained as centered around the concept of the Fallen Angel, identified with Lucifer, Satan, or Iblis, who is seen as the Lord of this world after repenting his rebellion.

The "Devil Worshippers" of Arabia

This part of the magazine explores the reputation of the Yezidis as "devil worshippers." It attributes this fame largely to propaganda from their enemies, particularly Islamic militias in Iraq and groups inspired by Al Qaeda. The article clarifies that the Yezidi doctrine is more complex than this label suggests and that their faith incorporates elements from various religions, including Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It also notes their endogamous nature, as they do not permit conversions or interfaith marriage.

Victims of Cultural Endogamy

The Yezidis consider themselves unique custodians of a true and ancient faith, forbidding conversions and intermarriage with other religions. This endogamy extends to their culture and theology. The article highlights issues faced by Yezidi children in accessing public education in Arab areas and mentions that Armenians have assisted the Yezidis in developing an alphabet and school manuals. Despite speaking Kurmanji and Arabic, the Yezidis possess their own alphabet, which further marginalizes those who do not know other languages.

A Martyr Called Du'a Khalil

This section revisits the brutal lapidation of Du'a Khalil, noting that the video of the event has shocked international public opinion. It mentions that Al Jazeera and other Arab television channels debated the assassination, and CNN helped disseminate the case globally, leading to protests and petitions. The Yezidis gained unprecedented popularity due to this tragedy, which came at the cost of a human life.

The "Fallen Angel" Cult

This part elaborates on the Yezidi belief in the "Fallen Angel," Malek Taus, who is considered the most important of the seven emanations of the Supreme Being, Yazdan. Malek Taus rebelled against God but repented, extinguishing the fires of hell and becoming the Lord of this world, leading to his identification with Lucifer. The Yezidi cult mixes theological elements from other religions, such as maintaining sacred fire like Zoroastrians, acknowledging prophets like Muhammad and Abraham, and considering Jesus an incarnated angel. This blend has led to confusion about their faith. The article also mentions that figures like René Guénon and Gurdjieff discussed the Yezidis, referring to them as "Peacock Worshippers," a symbol of Malek Taus.

Homage to Dr. Jiménez del Oso at Carlos III University

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to a tribute to Dr. Fernando Jiménez del Oso, a psychiatrist, criminal psychiatrist, and a pioneer in the divulgation of mystery. The event, organized by his widow Pilar, featured researchers, divulgators, and friends who shared nostalgic memories of his kindness, professionalism, sense of humor, and dedication to exploring the inexplicable. The tribute included the projection of a fragment from his collaboration with musician Michael Huygen on a piece about the Great Pyramid.

Lost Files (2): Secret Services and Anomalous Phenomena

This investigative series by Manuel Carballal details his alleged interactions with officials from various secret services (CESID, MI5, CIA) over five years. He claims to have obtained unpublished documents suggesting that these services manipulate the UFO phenomenon to hide other secrets.

The "Spanish Roswell"

Carballal recounts an incident in November 2000 where he was to receive documents from a CESID informant in Pontevedra, allegedly proving a UFO crash in Spain. He describes a clandestine exchange in a café bathroom, leading to him receiving an envelope containing documents from CESID and the Ministry of Defense, marked "Reserved" and "Secret." One report detailed CESID's concern over his meetings with service officials, while another described an incredible incident of a UFO crash in Spain and the "necropsy" of its occupants.

Carballal also addresses a previous letter he published in "Mas Allá de la Ciencia," where he claimed to be a victim of an attempted disinformation campaign by CESID officials aimed at discrediting his book on Spanish secret services and the paranormal.

"Carballal: The CESID Wants to Intoxicate Me"

This section refers to a letter published in "Mas Allá" where Carballal warned of an attempt to discredit him by planting false documents about a UFO crash in Spain, just weeks before the publication of his book "Expedientes Secretos."

The Author with Colonel Juan Alberto Perote

Carballal expresses gratitude to ex-Colonel Juan Alberto Perote, former head of CESID operations, for analyzing the documents and confirming they were false. Perote suggested the false documents might relate to "strange secret planes crashing in southern Spain," hinting at a possible cover-up of real UFO crash investigations.

The "Roswell" of Barbate

The article details an incident in August 1996 involving a triangular craft that crashed near Barbate, Spain. Witnesses reported seeing the object and the subsequent arrival of American troops from the Rota base to collect the wreckage. The Ministry of Defense initially denied any knowledge of the incident, but later acknowledged, in response to parliamentary questions, that a spy plane of the RPV type had crashed and been recovered. Carballal argues that this and other incidents are part of a deliberate effort to discredit witnesses and investigators to hide the truth about illegal military activities and foreign spy planes.

"You See a Sprain"

This brief section features a quote from María Rosa Cobo, who is described as a fortune-teller. It seems to be a lighthearted anecdote about her advice to a woman.

"Let Them Pilot"

This short piece mentions that the Chilean Army revealed in a ufologists' meeting that several of their military pilots have sighted UFOs.

Places That Never Existed: High Strangeness

This section explores anecdotal accounts of encounters with the supernatural or unexplained, often involving travelers on lonely roads.

The Phantom Café

An engineer named Tony Clark recounted an experience in Iran in 1950 where he and his interpreter stopped at a roadside café that seemed to disappear. Clark insisted on the café's existence, describing a friendly Armenian owner named Mister Hovanessian and a memorable meal. However, subsequent investigations revealed no trace of such an establishment. The article speculates on paranormal explanations, including the intervention of supernatural beings like 'jinn'.

The Sword and the Stone

This part briefly retells the legend of King Arthur and the sword in the stone, posing the question of what happens when legends become reality.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores themes of mystery, the paranormal, conspiracy theories, and alleged government cover-ups. There is a strong focus on UFO phenomena and their potential connection to secret services and military operations. The editorial stance appears to be one of questioning official narratives and investigating unexplained events, often presenting evidence that challenges conventional explanations. The magazine also highlights instances of religious extremism and the persecution of minorities, as seen in the case of the Yezidis.

This issue of "Investigadores" focuses on the origins of paranormal divulgators and investigators, particularly in Spain, and explores various anomalous phenomena and historical cases. It highlights the role of fanzines and early bulletins in fostering a community of researchers before the internet era.

Fanzines: The Cradle of Investigators

The magazine emphasizes the importance of fanzines as the initial platform for many prominent figures in the paranormal field. It mentions that in the late 1980s, before the internet and modern blogs, fanzines were the primary means for young enthusiasts to share their research. These artisanal publications, often typed and photocopied, created extensive epistolary networks. Several notable fanzines and their creators are mentioned, including ESTIGIA (Joaquín Abenza), ZENE (Julio Barroso), Pleyades (J. J. Benítez), Punto de Vista (Jose Manuel Durán), La Otra Realidad (Antonio Luis Moyano), Levante Información (AVIPO), Mundo Paranormal (Sebastián Rodríguez Galindo), and others.

The issue notes that many of these early publications were short-lived, but some, like those from CEIPU (Carlos Guitiérrez and Charo Lozano) and Samballah (María Ferraz), maintained publication for years, offering high-quality articles that are now rare. It also touches upon the distinction between genuine investigators and 'armchair ufologists' or 'pseudoscience charlatans,' suggesting that the latter have always existed, charging high fees for their services.

Notable Cases and Experiences

Several intriguing cases are detailed:

• The Mysterious Lake of F.W. Holiday: The article recounts Holiday's description of a family in southern England who searched for a lake with a sword pommel, which vanished. This phenomenon of disappearing locations is linked to John Keel's theories on how psychic experiences can be hallucinatory, causing places and even roads to vanish.

• Brigadoon and Germelshausen: The legend of Brigadoon, a Scottish village that appears only one day every hundred years, is presented as a parallel to the German legend of Germelshausen, which shares a similar magical invisibility.

• Donald Weather's Experience (1971): Donald Weather and two friends driving in Pennsylvania encountered a bizarre, absolute darkness. They found themselves in a town that appeared to be from the 1950s, with people dressed in period clothing and a movie poster for 'The Blob' (released in 1958). The experience ended abruptly when they saw a police car, prompting them to flee.

• Whitley Streiber's Encounter (1989): While driving in New Jersey, Whitley Streiber and a 12-year-old boy were transported to an alternate reality. They found themselves on a pristine, empty road lined with identical, roofless sandstone houses featuring serpentine designs. Streiber expressed fear and confusion about how to return the boy to his reality.

• The Faces of Bélmez: The article examines the 'Faces of Bélmez' case from a police perspective, focusing on the role of the Guardia Civil. The author investigated the alleged 'Operación Tridente,' a supposed conspiracy to suppress the phenomenon. Despite extensive research, including reviewing archives and interviewing former officers, no evidence of such a conspiracy or fraud was found. The reports from the Bélmez post of the Guardia Civil from 1972-1975 are highlighted as significant historical documents.

• UFO Sightings: The issue mentions a UFO sighting at Chicago's O'Hare Airport in 2006, where a saucer-shaped vehicle was seen. It also references a witness account of a disk-shaped object seen over Cleveland Hopkins Airport.

Legal Aspects of UFOlogy

The First UFO Trial in Spain: The magazine details the 1981 court case in Bilbao involving J. J. Benítez. Benítez filed a defamation lawsuit against Luis Hernández Franch, who had criticized Benítez's UFO research, accusing him of inventing information and making factual errors. The article suggests that such legal battles were common, with 'armchair ufologists' often attempting to discredit field investigators.

Psychology and Anomalous Phenomena

An article by Pete Hartinger discusses the psychological aspects of UFO phenomena. It notes that many witnesses are reluctant to report sightings due to fear of ridicule and disbelief. The article suggests that a mental block exists for many when confronted with the unknown, and that some individuals may be psychologically disturbed by the reality of UFOs. It also touches on repressed memories and the difficulty some people have in recalling their experiences until prompted.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores the intersection of mystery, investigation, and historical documentation. There's a clear appreciation for early, grassroots efforts in paranormal research, particularly through fanzines. The editorial stance appears to favor empirical investigation and critical analysis, as seen in the detailed examination of the Bélmez case from a police perspective and the debunking of the 'Operación Tridente' conspiracy theory. The issue also acknowledges the psychological and societal factors influencing the perception and reporting of anomalous phenomena, while also highlighting the legal challenges faced by UFO researchers.

This issue of Interviú magazine, identified by its issue number 52, delves into a complex web of accusations within the Spanish ufology community, legal battles, and critical philosophical and religious discourse. The cover prominently features the headline "Acusan ufólogos españoles" (Spanish ufologists accuse), signaling a central theme of internal conflict and critique within the field.

Ufology Under Scrutiny: Accusations and Legal Battles

The lead article, attributed to H. Franch, launches a strong critique against Spanish ufologists, accusing them of prioritizing subjective experiences, errors, fraud, and mercantilism over objective, experimental research. Franch dismisses numerous cases as fabrications or misinterpretations, including alleged extraterrestrial sightings in Canarias (likened to a simple drawing) and Africa del Sur (attributed to a possible nightmare). He also points to specific incidents like the 'OVNI de la Operación Iván' in Irún and the 'OVNI de Gallarta' as staged events or absurd setups. Franch criticizes the tendency to present fantastical stories as truths, accessible only to privileged reporters, likening it to the claims of figures like Adamsky.

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to a legal dispute involving journalist J.J. Benítez. The article details Benítez's lawsuit against engineer H. Franch, Eduardo Alvárez Puga (director of 'Interviú'), and Ediciones Zeta S.A. for alleged defamation. The case stemmed from Franch's statement, "What I don't know, I invent," which Benítez found injurious. The legal process included an 'Acto de Conciliación' where Franch refused to retract his statements, leading to a symbolic demand for one peseta per reader of 'Interviú' (based on the magazine's circulation of 494,789 copies). The trial eventually took place in the Audiencia Provincial of Bilbao, marking a rare instance of a UFO-related case entering the Spanish court system. The article highlights the judge's efforts to keep the focus on the defamation charges rather than the reality of UFO phenomena. Ultimately, H. Franch was condemned for defamation, initially fined 15,000 pesetas, a sum later increased to 250,000 pesetas in damages and losses on appeal. Editorial Zeta S.A. was declared subsidiarily responsible.

The issue also touches upon the controversial figure of Antonio José Alés (also known as Biosca), a former radio host who, after a program dedicated to mysteries, began to criticize ufologists and investigators, including Benítez, with harsh language.

Salvador Freixedo's Heterodox Views on Religion and Humanity

In a lengthy and introspective piece titled "De Jesuita a hereje: Conclusiones de toda una vida de estudio" (From Jesuit to heretic: Conclusions from a lifetime of study), Salvador Freixedo presents his radical conclusions after over 65 years of studying religion and anomalous phenomena. Freixedo, a former Jesuit, expresses his disillusionment with the dogma of the Catholic Church, which he believes is based on myths rather than divine truth. He argues that the Christian narrative is not unique but rather a derivative of older Eastern beliefs, influenced by manipulative extraterrestrial beings. Freixedo posits that humanity is essentially living on a 'farm,' controlled by these superior beings who disguise themselves as gods in various religions to maintain their influence. He criticizes the Church's historical corruption and the human tendency towards corruption when given power. Freixedo believes that the scientific dismissal of UFOs is a deliberate act to keep humanity ignorant of these controlling entities. He concludes that the true God is beyond human comprehension, and the biblical God is a construct used for manipulation.

Other Confidentials and News Items

The magazine also includes a section titled "LOS CONFIDENCIALES de ECC," featuring brief news items:

• Bruno Cardeñosa launches a new blog and takes over as director of the magazine "Historia de Iberia Vieja."
• Javier Sierra signs with Antena 3 for a new mystery program, aiming to compete with Iker Jiménez's show.
• Manuel Carballal wins another legal case against accusations related to his articles on alleged psychics.
• Josep Guijarro shifts focus from mystery to travel, directing the magazine "Rutas del Mundo."
• A convention of mentalists and magicians is announced for Las Vegas.
• Juan Ignacio Blanco, known for his involvement in the Alcàsser case, reappears as an advisor for a construction company.
• J. J. Benítez claims that the prominent skeptic Gámez has failed to pay a court-ordered sanction.
• The passing of General Ángel Bastida Freijedo, known for his role in the declassification of Spanish Air Force UFO files, is reported.
• The death of Jose Ma Kaydeda, an editor, historian, painter, and sculptor, is also noted.
• Luis Lopez Vilas (Lois), who maintained a blog on frauds, announces his departure.
• EOC is recognized as the second-best mystery magazine in an online poll.

La Foto: A Document from the Ministry of the Air

A section titled "LA FOTO" presents a document from the Ministry of the Air, dated October 20, 1976, certifying that J. J. Benítez is a correspondent and that the information he provides is not the responsibility of the Ministry. The magazine states that the history of this document will be published in the next issue of ENIGMAS and hints at its surprising nature.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around skepticism and critique within ufology, the intersection of journalism and legal proceedings, and a profound questioning of religious and societal structures. The magazine appears to provide a platform for investigative journalism, exposing alleged frauds and manipulations, while also exploring alternative and often controversial perspectives on phenomena and belief systems. The editorial stance seems to favor critical inquiry and the challenging of established narratives, whether in the realm of UFOs, religion, or societal power structures. The legal case highlighted suggests a commitment to defending journalistic integrity against defamation. The inclusion of Freixedo's extensive critique of religion indicates an openness to exploring deeply philosophical and potentially unsettling ideas about humanity's place in the universe and the nature of belief.

This issue of the "GRAN PRIORATO DE HISPANIA" publication, dated September 27, 2007, focuses on the organization's efforts to challenge the Catholic Church's prohibition on its members belonging to Freemasonry. It includes an open letter to the media, a plea for support for a UFO research organization, and a report on a virtual reality experiment.

Solicited Review of the Prohibition of Membership in Freemasonry by the Catholic Church

The Gran Priorato de Hispania (G.P.D.H.), a Christian Masonic and chivalric order registered with the Spanish Ministry of the Interior, has issued an open letter to the media regarding the Catholic Church's ongoing prohibition of Catholics joining Freemasonry. The G.P.D.H. emphasizes that it is a non-profit association and practices the Rectified Scottish Rite (R.E.R.), which requires candidates to be Christian. While open to various Christian denominations, many members in Spain are Catholic.

The core of the issue is the conflict arising from the Catholic Church's excommunication penalty for its members who join Masonic orders. This dual identity prevents Catholic Freemasons from participating in the Eucharist. The G.P.D.H. asserts that their rituals and texts are in no way contrary to Catholic doctrine.

To address this, the G.P.D.H. initiated contact with Catholic hierarchy. As a gesture of goodwill, on February 7, 2005, they donated all their texts and rituals to the Benedictine Order at the Monastery of Montserrat, entrusting them to Abbot Dom Josep M. Soler for future consultation. The organization notes that these rituals have reportedly been consulted by priest and author Manuel Guerra Gómez for his book "LA TRAMA MASÓNICA."

Following this, the G.P.D.H. contacted the Tarraconensis Episcopal Conference, meeting with Auxiliary Bishop Mns. Joan Carrera on January 18, 2005. When deemed not competent, the G.P.D.H. sent an ordinary letter on April 14, 2006, to the Episcopal Commission for the Doctrine of the Faith in Madrid.

In response to the Church's stance, which cited the Declaration Quaesitum est from the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (November 26, 1983), the G.P.D.H. consulted an expert in Canon Law. This expert's opinion, or Dictamen, argued that the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith cannot oppose the Code of Canon Law approved by the Second Vatican Council, as only an Ecumenical Council can modify or repeal it. Consequently, the Congregation should adhere to it.

This legal opinion was submitted along with a formal claim via burofax on September 2, 2006. However, after a year of silence, the G.P.D.H. feels compelled to pursue judicial action, expressing regret that this might position them as adversaries of the Church they consider themselves members of.

As a final recourse, they are appealing to the media, hoping that publicizing the Church's alleged inability or failure to uphold its own laws might soften the stance of those responsible for resolving the matter. The organization offers to provide documentation and further information.

The statement is signed by Ferrán Juste Delgado, Gran Canciller, from the Order's headquarters in Barcelona, dated September 27, 2007.

Support for the J. Allen Hynek Center for UFO Studies (CUFOS)

An article by Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos highlights the dire financial situation of the J. Allen Hynek Center for UFO Studies (CUFOS). The author notes the decline of specialized UFO magazines due to the internet and the recent closure of the Belgian organization SOBEPS. CUFOS is facing a critical financial crisis that jeopardizes its publications, the International UFO Reporter and the Journal of UFO Studies, as well as the preservation of its historical archives, including the legacy of Dr. J. Allen Hynek, the archives of the defunct NICAP, and other documentary assets.

The article stresses the importance of supporting serious, scientifically oriented ufological organizations to prevent the field from being overwhelmed by irrational beliefs. It calls for researchers worldwide to support CUFOS through subscriptions, donations, and by promoting its website (http://www.cufos.org) and contact information.

Neuroscientists Simulate Out-of-Body Experiences Using Virtual Reality

A report details a study published in the journal Science, conducted by Henri Ehrsson of the Karolinska Institute and colleagues from the Institute of Neurology in London. They used virtual reality headsets and video cameras to create an out-of-body experience in healthy volunteers.

The experiment involved showing volunteers images of their own bodies from a third-person perspective, as if viewed by someone sitting behind them. This was combined with synchronized tactile stimulation. A scientist would simultaneously touch the volunteer's real body and the virtual body in the same location. After two minutes of this stimulus, volunteers reported experiencing their virtual bodies as their own and feeling sensations as if they were outside their physical bodies.

The illusion was so convincing that participants experienced fear when their virtual bodies were threatened with physical force. The study suggests that out-of-body experiences, often reported by individuals, may have a scientific explanation related to altered perception and sensory integration.

La Ballena Alegre, in Barcelona

This section briefly mentions "La Ballena Alegre," a campsite located 12 km from Barcelona, described as a place where Catalan researchers have gathered to recall the beginnings of the UMMO affair. The location is homonymous to the place where Fernando Sesma allegedly initiated the UMMO case, which is considered the most international case in Spanish ufology. The campsite includes a disco and restaurant and is recommended for ufology enthusiasts.

Santos Famosos y otras extrañas devociones

This section appears to be a cover or promotional material for a book titled "Santos Famosos y otras extrañas devociones: MÚSICOS, POLÍTICOS Y VISIONARIOS EN LOS ALTARES DEL SIGLO XXI" by CARLOS G. HERNÁNDEZ. The tagline asks, "And from now on, who are you going to pray to?" and announces, "Very soon, in your bookstore, you will see new gods being born."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue's primary theme revolves around the conflict between established religious institutions and alternative belief systems or organizational structures. The Gran Priorato de Hispania's open letter highlights the tension between Masonic membership and Catholic doctrine, advocating for a re-evaluation based on internal consistency and legal interpretation. The inclusion of the CUFOS appeal underscores a concern for the preservation of serious research in the face of financial and digital challenges. The virtual reality experiment touches upon the scientific exploration of consciousness and perception, potentially challenging traditional views of the self. The mention of "La Ballena Alegre" and the book "Santos Famosos" points to an interest in fringe phenomena, historical mysteries, and the evolving nature of belief and veneration in contemporary society. The overall editorial stance appears to be one of advocating for open dialogue, the pursuit of knowledge, and the defense of organizations dedicated to specialized research, even when facing opposition from powerful established bodies.