Cryptozoology - Vol 12 - 1993-96

Magazine Overview

Title: CRYPTOZOOLOGY
Issue: Vol. 12
Date: 1993-1996
Publisher: International Society of Cryptozoology
Country: USA
Language: English

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 12, published between 1993 and 1996, features a critical examination of the description of *Cadborosaurus willsi*, a purported large marine reptile from the waters of British Columbia. The journal is the official publication of the International Society of Cryptozoology and aims to provide a platform for interdisciplinary research into unknown animals.

Articles

A Living Plesiosaur?: A Critical Assessment of the Description of Cadborosaurus willsi

This lead article by Aaron M. Bauer and Anthony P. Russell critically analyzes the paper by Bousfield and LeBlond (1995) which described *Cadborosaurus willsi* as a living plesiosaur. Bauer and Russell argue that the evidence presented by Bousfield and LeBlond is flawed in both premise and execution. They contend that the Naden Harbour specimen, the primary physical evidence, is likely a decomposed shark, specifically a basking shark, rather than a plesiosaur. The authors critique the morphological reconstructions, locomotion, respiration, and reproductive interpretations presented by Bousfield and LeBlond, finding them inconsistent with known plesiosaur anatomy and biology.

They suggest that eyewitness accounts of "adult" *Cadborosaurus* may be based on sightings of large pinnipeds, such as northern elephant seals, which frequent the area. The "newborn" specimen described is considered more compatible with a decapod crustacean or a teleost fish. The paper emphasizes the importance of rigorous scientific methodology and the application of Ockham's razor in cryptozoological research, advocating for simpler explanations consistent with known phenomena.

Other Articles and Reports

The table of contents indicates a range of other articles, research reports, field reports, and book reviews, covering topics such as:

• Articles: Possible unknown species of giant devil ray, the status of the Tongan skink (*Tachygyia*), and the cryptozoological implications of old bird names.
• Research Report: Molecular genetic identification of a Mexican "Onza" specimen as a puma.
• Field Reports: Investigations into unknown Peruvian mammals, observation of a Yeti in Tibet, and a preliminary search for the puma in New Brunswick.
• Book Reviews: Reviews of books on extinction, unknown birds, Sasquatch, and unidentified hominids.
• Comments and Responses: A section dedicated to discussions and replies regarding previous articles or topics.

Key Persons Mentioned

The issue prominently features the authors of the main article, Aaron M. Bauer and Anthony P. Russell, as well as the authors of the paper being critiqued, Edward L. Bousfield and Paul H. LeBlond. Other authors and researchers mentioned in the table of contents and within the articles include Gunter G. Sehm, Ivan Ineich, George R. Zug, Michael P. Walters, Peter A. Dratch, Wendy Roslund, Janice S. Martenson, Melanie Culver, Stephen J. O'Brien, Peter J. Hocking, Arkady Tishkov, Jay W. Tischendorf, Susan B. Morse, James A. Hewkin, David Day, Neil Frary, J. Richard Greenwell, Henry H. Bauer, Jacqueline Roumeguere-Eberhardt, Jean-Paul Debenat, Russell Ciochon, John Olsen, Jamie James, Peter C. Lent, Nikolai Spassov, Olivier Pauwels, Danny Meirte, James D. Lazell, Van Wallach, Gwilym S. Jones, Roy P. Mackal, Yasushi Kojo, and Mark A. Hall.

Organizations Mentioned

Key organizations include the International Society of Cryptozoology, Allen Press, Inc. (the publisher), Villanova University, The University of Calgary, Amphipacifica (the journal where Bousfield and LeBlond's paper was published), The Natural History Museum (London), The Walter Rothschild Zoological Museum, Lockheed-Martin Engineering and Sciences Co., American Museum of Natural History, The University of Chicago, Texas A. & M. University at Galveston, Smithsonian Institution, The Ohio State University, and McMaster University.

Locations Mentioned

Locations discussed include the Straits of Georgia, British Columbia, Naden Harbour, Queen Charlotte Islands, the Pacific Northwest, Peru, Tibet, New Brunswick, Africa, and New Zealand.

Object Characteristics

The article primarily discusses the characteristics attributed to *Cadborosaurus willsi*. The reconstructed shape is described as an "elongate, attenuate body." A "yellow fuzz" on the abdomen is noted, possibly representing an egg mass. Size estimates range from 65-100 feet (20-30 m) in length. Behaviors attributed include swimming speeds up to 40 m.p.h. (64 k.p.h.) and a peculiar body-looping locomotion. The habitat is suggested to be at depths close to 3,300 feet (1,000 m). Physical trace evidence is primarily the 1937 Naden Harbour specimen, which is interpreted as a decomposed carcass.

Themes

The primary themes are the critique of cryptozoological classifications, the re-evaluation of evidence for unknown animals, and the application of scientific rigor to the field. Specific themes include Plesiosaur, Sea Serpent, *Cadborosaurus willsi*, Basking Shark, and Pinniped.

Key Incidents

The issue focuses on the Naden Harbour specimen found in July 1937, which is central to the description of *Cadborosaurus willsi*. Other incidents discussed include reports from Henry Island (1934) and Effingham (1946), both identified as decomposed basking sharks, and a similar find off New Zealand in 1977.

Key Facts Synopsis

This issue presents a rigorous scientific critique of the description of *Cadborosaurus willsi* as a living plesiosaur. The authors argue that the primary evidence, the Naden Harbour specimen, is most likely a decomposed basking shark. They propose that eyewitness sightings of "adults" are probably misidentified pinnipeds, and the "newborn" specimen is more consistent with a crustacean or teleost fish. The paper advocates for a more cautious and evidence-based approach in cryptozoology, emphasizing the need to consider simpler explanations before embracing more speculative ones.

Notable Quote

"We believe that known organisms can most parsimoniously account for the testimonial evidence regarding 'adults,' the 'sub-adult' holotype in the Naden Harbour photograph, and the 'newborn' specimen seen by W. A. Hagelund."

Speaker: Bauer and Russell

FAQ

• What is Cadborosaurus willsi? Cadborosaurus willsi is a proposed genus and species of large aquatic reptile described from the waters of British Columbia. However, this paper argues that the evidence does not support it being a living plesiosaur.

• What is the main argument against Cadborosaurus being a plesiosaur? The authors argue that the reconstructed morphology of Cadborosaurus is inconsistent with known plesiosaurs, particularly regarding its locomotion and body shape. They also critique the interpretation of the Naden Harbour specimen.

• What alternative explanations are proposed for Cadborosaurus sightings and remains? The Naden Harbour specimen is suggested to be a decomposed basking shark, while 'adult' sightings are proposed to be misidentified pinnipeds, such as northern elephant seals. The 'newborn' is considered compatible with a crustacean or teleost fish.

• What is the role of eyewitness accounts in the Cadborosaurus case? Eyewitness accounts are considered, but the paper emphasizes that they are often misinterpreted and should not be prioritized over physical evidence or scientific reasoning.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme in this issue is the critical evaluation of cryptozoological claims through the lens of established scientific principles. The editorial stance, as exemplified by the main article, is one of skepticism towards unsubstantiated claims and a strong advocacy for rigorous, evidence-based research. The journal appears to promote self-policing within the field of cryptozoology, encouraging detailed analysis and peer review to distinguish between credible investigation and speculative interpretation. The emphasis is on salvaging data while discarding unsupported interpretations, aiming to uphold the scientific integrity of cryptozoology.

This issue of Cryptozoology, dated 1996, features a prominent article titled "ON A POSSIBLE UNKNOWN SPECIES OF GIANT DEVIL RAY, MANTA SP." by Gunter G. Sehm. The magazine also includes a bibliography of cryptozoological works and articles related to extinct or unknown species, particularly focusing on reptiles and birds.

On a Possible Unknown Species of Giant Devil Ray, Manta sp.

The article by Gunter G. Sehm explores the possibility of an unknown species of giant devil ray, Manta sp., characterized by a distinctive dorsal color pattern. The author presents evidence from an observation made by American naturalist William Beebe on April 27, 1923, near Tower Island in the Galapagos Archipelago. Beebe described a large devil ray, approximately ten feet across, with a dark brown dorsal surface marked by a pair of broad, pure white bands extending halfway down the back from each side of the head. He noted that the wings were not noticeably concave behind and the lateral angles were not acute, with conspicuous cephalic horn-like structures.

Sehm discusses photographic evidence that supports Beebe's observation. A specimen from New Caledonia, shown in a color photograph, exhibits the same symmetrical white dorsal bands. Another photograph, from a documentary film, also displays a distinctly bordered white band on the shoulder of a supposed giant devil ray. The author acknowledges that neither Beebe's sketch nor the photographs are sufficient for a formal species description due to generalization and lack of morphometric details.

The article delves into the present taxonomic situation of giant rays, classifying them within the families Myliobatidae (eagle rays) or Mobulidae (devil rays or mantas). The taxonomic structure of Mobulidae is noted as uncertain, with estimates of two to four genera and varying numbers of species. The key distinction between the genus Mobula and Manta is highlighted: Mobula has a ventral mouth and a tail twice the body length, while Manta has a terminal mouth and a shorter tail. The fish described by Beebe and in the photographs aligns more with the genus Manta due to its broad terminal mouth and shorter tail.

Sehm compares Beebe's manta to the well-known species *Manta birostris*. Differences include the dorsal color pattern, a more "square" or rhomboid body configuration, and a shorter tail. The white bands on the dorsal surface are described as distinctly bordered and symmetrical, unlike the easily rubbed-off pigmentation sometimes seen in *Manta birostris*. The article also considers potential sexual dimorphism, suggesting Beebe's specimen might be male due to the hind edge of the illustration possibly indicating genital claspers, while the New Caledonian specimen might be female.

Further evidence is explored, including a description by Henry W. Fowler (1927) of fragments of a devil ray harpooned off Fanning Island in 1924. This specimen, later named *Manta fowleri* by Whitley (1934), also exhibited a peculiar color pattern and disk dimensions. The author notes that while color variations can occur, the extreme variants presented here are unusual.

Regarding body configuration, Beebe's sketch suggests a more regularly diamond-shaped silhouette than *Manta birostris*, with anterior and posterior edges of the pectoral fins not strictly convex or concave, respectively. However, morphometric details are difficult to ascertain from the photographs.

The article concludes by emphasizing the need for further fieldwork to obtain definitive evidence, such as a specimen, for a formal taxonomic description. The author mentions that many species of Manta have been described but are now considered synonyms, while an unknown number of species may still await discovery. The article also briefly touches upon reports of giant fresh-water rays from the Mekong River and Chao Phraya River in Thailand.

Other Articles and Sections

Cryptozoology Bibliography

Page 18 features an extensive bibliography of works related to cryptozoology, including numerous entries on plesiosaurs, giant octopuses, and other enigmatic creatures. This section lists authors, publication years, titles, and journal or book details.

Tachygyia, The Giant Tongan Skink: Extinct or Extant?

This section, authored by Ivan Ineich and George R. Zug, discusses the giant Tongan skink, *Tachygyia microlepis*. Known from only two specimens collected in the early 19th century, the article explores the possibility of its recent survival. The authors reference a 1986 article from the "4-TONGA CHRONICLE" offering a $100 reward for a photograph or specimen of this lizard, referred to as the "Grey Ghost." Eyewitness accounts from Tongatapu are presented, including those from Lannon Oldenburg and Peter Chignell, describing a large, greenish-brown lizard with black markings. However, the authors suggest these sightings might correspond to *Emoia trossula*, another lizard species, due to size discrepancies and the lack of definitive evidence for *Tachygyia*'s survival. They conclude that while *Tachygyia* is likely extinct on Tongatapu, conclusive evidence is lacking.

The Cryptozoological Implications of Old Bird Names in Native Vocabularies

Michael P. Walters examines the cryptozoological implications of old bird names found in native vocabularies, specifically focusing on a Tahitian-English dictionary from 1851. The author compares these names with modern ornithological works, finding that many names from the 1851 dictionary do not correspond to extant Tahitian species, suggesting they may refer to extinct birds. An abstracted list of 55 native bird names is presented, with some possible identifications.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Cryptozoology revolve around the investigation of unknown or extinct species, particularly in the realms of marine life and reptiles. The journal maintains a scientific approach, presenting evidence, discussing taxonomic classifications, and highlighting the need for further research and specimens to confirm the existence or status of cryptids. The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous inquiry, acknowledging the limitations of current evidence while encouraging continued exploration in the field of cryptozoology.

This issue of *Cryptozoology* (Vol. 12, 1993-1996) features several research reports and fieldwork accounts related to the study of unknown or cryptid animals. The primary focus includes the molecular genetic identification of a purported Mexican 'Onza' specimen, and extensive fieldwork in Peru investigating reports of unknown mammals, particularly large felids and a primate.

Research Reports

Molecular Genetic Identification of a Mexican Onza Specimen as a Puma (Puma concolor)

This report by Peter A. Dratch, Wendy Roslund, Janice S. Martenson, Melanie Culver, and Stephen J. O'Brien details the molecular genetic analysis of a tissue sample from an alleged Mexican Onza shot in 1986. The study employed biochemical assays, including isoenzyme electrophoresis and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction fragment analysis, as well as sequencing of the ND5 gene. The results showed that the Onza specimen's protein and mtDNA characteristics were indistinguishable from those of North American pumas. The authors conclude that the 1986 Onza specimen was a puma and did not represent a distinct, new, or relict species, effectively eliminating hypotheses of it being a new species, a subspecies, a hybrid, or a relict Pleistocene cheetah.

Walters: Old Bird Names in Native Vocabularies

This section, likely a continuation from a previous issue, lists and defines numerous bird names from native Tahitian vocabularies, providing their scientific classifications where known, or noting them as unidentified. The list includes detailed etymological information and cross-references to other sources. The author, Michael P. Walters, emphasizes the importance of linguistic research in cryptozoology, suggesting that native words can serve as valuable clues to understanding past faunas and potentially identifying species that may persist cryptically.

Field Reports

Further Investigations into Unknown Peruvian Mammals

Peter J. Hocking reports on his fieldwork in Peru, focusing on the search for unknown mammals, particularly large felids and a primate known as the 'Isnachi.'

Introduction

Hocking has spent years collecting reports of zoologically unknown mammals from native peoples in Peru. He previously discussed three large felids (giant black panther, speckled tiger, striped tiger) and an arboreal primate (Isnachi). His expeditions in the Contamana and Orellana Mountains yielded limited results for the Isnachi. He then turned his attention to the Yanachaga Mountains in the Yanachaga National Park, an area with reported occurrences of the aforementioned cryptids and a poorly studied wildlife.

Expedition Details

Two expeditions were conducted in the Yanachaga National Park: one in July 1992 and another in September-October 1993. The 1992 expedition involved traveling to Villa Rica and then hiring native helpers to explore the high ridge of Cerro Chontilla and Cerro Jonatan. While valuable bird and small mammal specimens were collected, and information on crypto-mammals was gathered, the Isnachi was not encountered.

The 1993 expedition involved two groups, focusing on finding the Isnachi and unknown felids. The first group, including the author and native helpers, explored the Palcazu valley and reached Paujil. The second group, consisting of museum naturalists, also explored the area. Despite setting bait, no felids were observed, though rangers reported a threat from a black jaguar. The Isnachi remained elusive.

Results

• The Isnachi: A native hunter confirmed the existence of the Isnachi in the Yanachaga Mountains and agreed to lead the author to its location, but family responsibilities prevented this during the expeditions.
• The Speckled Tiger: In 1992, a report of a speckled tiger being killed in the Villa Rica region was investigated. The schoolteacher who killed it described it as light gray with solid-black speckles. The author attempted to acquire the skin and skull but was unsuccessful.
• The Striped Tiger: In 1992, a report of a striped tiger killed near Puerto Bermudez was noted. In 1993, the author acquired the skull of a striped tiger from a hunter in the Pozuzo region. This skull shows differences from ordinary jaguar skulls and is being evaluated by felid specialist Steven C. Conkling.
• Jungle Lion: Reports of a large, reddish-brown felid with long neck hair, similar in size to an African lion, were received. Rangers have reported seeing this felid, and one native helper claimed to have seen a dead specimen.
• Anomalous Jaguar: In 1993, the skull of another strange felid was acquired. This animal, shot by a native hunter, was described as jaguar-sized but covered in solid-black irregular spots, with a cinnamon-brown and white background color. Its skull also shows differences from ordinary jaguar skulls and is under evaluation.
• Pygmy Brown Bear: Curious reports of a pygmy brown bear living in the Park were received, which is particularly interesting given that the spectacled bear is the only known living ursid in South America.
• Black Guan: Park rangers reported a form of guan that is entirely black, possibly a new species, distinct from the known black guan found at lower elevations.

Future Plans

Hocking plans to continue annual or bi-annual expeditions to the Yanachaga National Park to search for the Isnachi and unknown felids. He aims to collect enough evidence to prove the existence of these cryptids, leading to new species descriptions, and welcomes cooperation from other zoologists. He believes the Yanachaga National Park could become famous for the greatest number of new mammal species discovered anywhere in the world.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the investigation of unknown animal species (cryptozoology), the application of scientific methods (molecular genetics, fieldwork) to cryptozoological claims, and the importance of interdisciplinary approaches (linguistics, paleontology, archaeology) in understanding natural history. The journal's stance appears to be one of rigorous scientific inquiry into anecdotal reports and the pursuit of evidence for undiscovered or poorly understood species, particularly in remote regions like Peru. The editorial notes on capitalization of vernacular species names highlight a commitment to scientific convention while acknowledging the specific needs of ornithological reporting.

This issue of Cryptozoology, dated 1993-1996, features several field reports on cryptid investigations. The main articles cover a Yeti sighting in Tibet, a search for pumas in New Brunswick, Canada, and Sasquatch investigations in the Pacific Northwest.

Observation of a Yeti in the Himalayas of Tibet

This report by Arkady Tishkov details an encounter in September 1991 while the author was part of the Soviet-Chinese Glaciological Expedition in Tibet. Working at altitudes of 15,700-16,700 feet (4,800-5,100 m) near Mt. Xixiabangma, Tishkov observed a human-like animal at a distance of about 400 feet (120 m). The creature was described as bipedal, dark brown, with a cone-shaped head, long forelimbs, and short hindlimbs. Tishkov attempted to photograph the animal with a Zenit-TTL camera, taking four photos, but the results were insufficient as convincing evidence due to magnification issues. He also found potential evidence such as niche-shelters and feces resembling human coprolites. The author, a specialist in biogeography, refrains from a definitive conclusion but believes the incident warrants publication.

The Puma in New Brunswick, Canada: A Preliminary Search

This report by Jay W. Tischendorf and Susan B. Morse documents a winter-time investigation conducted in March 1992 in southern New Brunswick, Canada, by the American Ecological Research Institute (AERIE) and Friends of the Eastern Panther (FOTEP). The five-person team searched an area of 500 square miles, later expanded to nearly the entire southern one-fifth of the province. Despite extensive fieldwork, including tracking and scanning for sign, the team found no evidence to indicate the presence of pumas (Puma concolor). The report notes that the status of the puma in New Brunswick remains uncertain and that habitat is deteriorating. It suggests that the area likely cannot support a resident population and that observers may mistake other animals like coyotes or dogs for pumas. The authors recommend further active research in other areas and systematic track counts in New Brunswick. The report also mentions a planned $400,000 multi-year proposal for intensive puma research and an eastern puma conference.

Sasquatch Investigations in the Pacific Northwest, 1993

This report by James A. Hewkin updates previous findings on Sasquatch (Bigfoot) evidence in the Pacific Northwest. The author conducted several non-productive excursions in the Cascade Mountains and Blue Mountains of Oregon and interviewed people about possible sightings. In July 1993, with Jack Sullivan in the Blue Mountains, they found torn logs and stumps but no conclusive evidence. On October 23, 1993, near Sister, Oregon, Dave Davis and his daughter reported seeing a strange track and a dark, hairy creature. Davis also found tracks and a torn-up log. Another incident involved an elk hunter near Lebanon, Oregon, who found an elk carcass unusually dismembered, suggesting Sasquatch as a predator or scavenger. Chris Johnson reported seeing three Sasquatches near Snow Mountain, Oregon, in 1988. The report concludes that evidence for Sasquatch is scanty but suggests it is widespread and an efficient predator/scavenger. Future fieldwork aims to uncover more evidence.

Book Reviews

The issue also includes book reviews. One review discusses "Noah's Choice: True Stories of Extinction and Survival" by David Day, highlighting its focus on human involvement in extinctions and survival efforts, and its suitability for younger readers. The reviewer notes the dwarf caribou's extinction as a case history and draws a parallel to the Sasquatch debate. Another review mentions the publication of the "Proceedings of the Eastern Cougar Conference, 1994" by the American Ecological Research Institute.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is the investigation of cryptids and elusive animals, including the Yeti, Puma, and Sasquatch. The magazine's stance appears to be one of serious scientific inquiry into these phenomena, presenting field reports and evidence, while acknowledging the challenges in obtaining conclusive proof. The editorial focus is on documenting observations, collecting data, and encouraging further research, even when results are inconclusive or preliminary.

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 12, published between 1993-1996, features a collection of book reviews and commentary on various topics within the field. The cover highlights "A Parrot Without a Name: The Search for the Last Unknown Birds on Earth" by Don Stap, focusing on ornithological expeditions in South America.

Book Reviews

A Parrot Without a Name: The Search for the Last Unknown Birds on Earth

This review by J. Richard Greenwell discusses Don Stap's book about the 1987 Cordillera Divisor Expedition in Peru, led by ornithologist John O'Neill. The expedition, which included botanist Al Gentry and others, aimed to discover new bird species in the highly biodiverse Peruvian Amazon. O'Neill, credited with discovering 12 new bird species, was driven by a desire to see and paint birds in life. The expedition successfully found a new species of parrot, Nannopsittaca dachilleae, named in honor of a slain Peruvian journalist. The review notes the expedition's journey by dugout canoe and the challenging terrain of the Cordillera Divisor. It also mentions the significant contributions of ornithologist Ted Parker, who, along with Al Gentry, tragically died in a plane crash in 1993. The book details the collection of nearly 1,500 bird specimens, leading to range extensions and the discovery of the new parrot species. Despite bureaucratic hurdles with Peruvian permits, LSU eventually received half of the collected specimens. The reviewer points out minor factual inaccuracies in the book regarding the age of the Andes and the area of the Cordillera Divisor, and suggests that tropical rainforests, while covering less than 2% of the planet's surface, represent almost 7% of its land area.

Monstrum! A Wizard's Tale

Reviewed by Henry H. Bauer, this book by Tony "Doc" Shiels is critically examined. Shiels' project to photograph the Loch Ness Monster is met with skepticism. The reviewer expresses doubt about Shiels' claims and his photographic evidence, noting conflicting accounts about whether the photos were genuine or trickery. Bauer describes Shiels as a romantic who relies on intuition rather than objective observation, employing a technique he calls "lexi-linking." While acknowledging Shiels' familiarity with the Nessie saga and his bibliography, Bauer finds the book to be more fanciful than substantive, populated by idiosyncratic individuals and unusual events. The reviewer suggests reading it for its flavor rather than for factual information about the Loch Ness Monster.

Dossier X: Les Hominidés Non Identifiés des Forêts d'Afrique

This review by Jacqueline Roumeguere-Eberhardt (JRE) discusses her book on unidentified hominids in Africa. The reviewer provides context by referencing JRE's earlier works on African thought and society, particularly the concept of masculine-feminine duality among the Bantu people, and her research on the "domba" fertility rite. The review highlights JRE's personal experiences as an initiate and her access to specialized knowledge. It then delves into "Dossier X," which presents 31 accounts from 190 observers about encounters with an unidentified hominid, referred to as "Mr. X." Bernard Heuvelmans' foreword categorizes five types of hominids based on these accounts (X1-X5), detailing their physical characteristics and behaviors. The reviewer notes that JRE suggests "Mr. X" might be a specific African Australopithecus or a "proto pygmy." The review also touches upon the unique descriptions of X5, including the identification of his bow and arrows. The reviewer, while respecting JRE, remains critical of the book's presentation and suggests that the subject matter requires considering the African background, the hominids themselves, and JRE's unique approach.

Other Origins: The Search for the Giant Ape in Human Prehistory

Reviewed by Grover S. Krantz, this book by Russell Ciochon, John Olsen, and Jamie James discusses the fossil ape Gigantopithecus and its potential connection to modern reports of oversized, hairy bipeds like Sasquatch. Krantz finds the connection proposed by the authors to be bizarre. The book is praised for its well-written narrative and scientific information on human evolution, but criticized for its confusing structure and weak reasoning when cryptozoological matters are involved. Gigantopithecus is known from limited fossil evidence, primarily teeth, with its diet possibly including durian fruit. The authors repeatedly assert Gigantopithecus's extinction, which Krantz questions, arguing that the absence of evidence is not proof of extinction. The review highlights the authors' dismissal of evidence for Sasquatch, attributing sightings to "racial memory" rather than direct encounters. Krantz also points out a factual error regarding the naming of Gigantopithecus blacki and criticizes the authors for not considering the possibility of assigning tracks to known fossil species. He suggests that scientists subscribing to the existence of anthropomorphic monsters might be looking more carefully at the evidence than the book's authors.

Comments and Responses

This section features several responses and critiques:

More on Muskoxen

Nikolai Spassov responds to a previous comment regarding Mongolian ornamental plaques depicting muskoxen. He cites Julius Ehik's 1932 paper supporting the interpretation of these artifacts as muskoxen, ridiculing the idea that they might represent yaks. Spassov concurs with the interpretation that the images depict muskoxen, noting their accuracy compared to early European illustrations. He also addresses Peter C. L. Lent's points about muskox introductions in Eurasia, clarifying that dispersal movements, not migration, explain their appearance on the northern coast of Taimyr. Spassov corrects information regarding the success of muskox introductions in the USSR, citing successful re-establishment and population growth in Taimyr and Wrangel Island. He concludes that the extinction of muskoxen in Asia was likely due to depletion by humans and suboptimal conditions, rather than solely habitat change.

Asian Muskox: Main Purpose Achieved

This is a response by Nikolai Spassov to Peter C. L. Lent's comments. Spassov acknowledges Lent's additional opinions and cites Vereshchagin and Ehik's work supporting the interpretation of 1st-century A.D. plaque depictions as muskoxen. He notes that Vereshchagin did not reject his proposition that the animals were muskoxen in a personal conversation. Spassov expresses gratitude for Lent's supplemental information, particularly regarding the survival of muskoxen in Asia. He discusses the discovery of other unknown species in Southeast Asia and addresses the habitat suitability for Asian muskoxen, suggesting survival in localized micro-populations. Spassov also comments on the dating of the Taimyr Peninsula muskox skull, suggesting it predates firearms.

The Status of Cryptophidion annamense

This comment by Jean-Paul Debanat critiques the description of a new snake genus, Cryptophidion annamense, by Wallach and Jones. Debanat argues that the specimen does not represent a new species and that the authors' approach is unscientific. He demonstrates that the characteristics described by Wallach and Jones are consistent with the known species Xenopeltis unicolor, citing extensive examination of museum specimens. Debanat systematically refutes the eight characters used by Wallach and Jones to differentiate Cryptophidion from Xenopeltis, providing evidence from literature and his own observations. He concludes that the photographic data likely corresponds to Xenopeltis unicolor and that the proposed new taxon is invalid.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the exploration of unknown or poorly understood species and phenomena, including undiscovered birds, lake monsters, unidentified hominids, and extinct megafauna. The editorial stance, as reflected in the reviews and comments, is one of critical inquiry, emphasizing scientific methodology, evidence-based reasoning, and the rigorous examination of claims within the field of cryptozoology. While acknowledging the allure of mystery and the possibility of undiscovered species, the publication maintains a skeptical yet open-minded approach, encouraging detailed research and debate.

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 11, published in April 1994, features a significant debate in the field of herpetology and cryptozoology, primarily focusing on the taxonomic classification of snakes. The issue includes detailed scientific arguments, responses, and comments from various researchers.

Main Articles and Discussions

Cryptophidion vs. Xenopeltis: A Taxonomic Debate

The core of the issue revolves around the validity of the genus *Cryptophidion*, specifically *Cryptophidion annamense*, as described by Wallach and Jones. Olivier Pauwels and Danny Meirte present a detailed critique of the original description and argue that *Cryptophidion* should be considered a synonym of *Xenopeltis unicolor*. They systematically analyze eight characters proposed by Wallach and Jones, finding that most do not differentiate the two genera. Pauwels and Meirte assert that the 26 characters enumerated by Wallach and Jones are actually common to both genera, suggesting a convergent, burrowing lifestyle as the reason for similarities.

They meticulously examine several characters, including:

• Ventral Proportion: Pauwels and Meitre state this is not significantly different.
• Temporolabial Scale: While present in *Xenopeltis*, it's considered a convergent feature, not homologous with Elapidae.
• Anal Shield: This character is deemed undemonstrable due to poor image resolution.
• Infralabials: Detailed analysis of the chin reconstruction shows specific numbers and sizes of infralabial contact.
• Rostral Profile: *Cryptophidion*'s snout is described as pointed, while *Xenopeltis*' is blunt.
• Vertical Eye Proportion: Pauwels and Meirte suggest a difference, though smaller than initially proposed, with *Cryptophidion* having a larger vertical eye proportion relative to head size.
• Horizontal Eye Proportion: This ratio is found to be different, indicating *Cryptophidion* has a shorter snout and larger relative eye size.
• Ventral Coloration: *Cryptophidion* is described as dark ventrally, while *Xenopeltis* is typically white or beige, though exceptions exist.

Furthermore, Pauwels and Meirte list an additional 14 distinctions, including:

1. Lateral Profile of Lower Jaw: *Xenopeltis* has a prominent lower jaw, unlike *Cryptophidion*.
2. Upper Lip and Chin Coloration: *Xenopeltis* has a light upper lip and chin, while *Cryptophidion*'s head is uniformly dark.
3. Vertical Eye Diameter vs. Supralabial Height: This ratio indicates a 'moderate' eye in *Cryptophidion* and a 'small' eye in *Xenopeltis*.
4. Body Cross-Section: *Xenopeltis* has a round body, while *Cryptophidion*'s is more flattened ventrally.
5. Ventral Gestalt: *Cryptophidion* resembles a small burrowing snake.
6. Snout Tip Shape: *Cryptophidion*'s snout tip is broadly rounded, *Xenopeltis*' is tapered.
7. Pregenials: Their shape differs between the two genera.
8. Postgenials: *Cryptophidion* has small postgenials; *Xenopeltis* lacks them in the same orientation.
9. Preventral Scales: *Xenopeltis* has transitional scales (GVT), while *Cryptophidion* shows an abrupt transition to the first ventral.
10. Neck Constriction: *Cryptophidion* has a distinct neck constriction, unlike *Xenopeltis*.
11. Ventral Shield Shape: Ventrals are straight and transverse in *Xenopeltis*, slightly convex posteriorly in *Cryptophidion*.
12. Paraventral to Ventral Width Ratio: This ratio differs, indicating *Xenopeltis* has a larger paraventral row relative to ventral width.
13. Tail Tapering: *Cryptophidion*'s tail tapers more strongly than *Xenopeltis*'s.
14. Terminal Spine: *Cryptophidion*'s terminal spine is elongate and thin, while *Xenopeltis*' is short and thick.

They conclude that these distinctions, along with the previously established ones, demonstrate that *Cryptophidion* and *Xenopeltis* are not the same animal and that *Cryptophidion* should remain a valid taxon. They also correct the valid date for *Cryptophidion annamense* to 1994.

Response by the Editor

The editor addresses concerns about "falsification and purposeful or clumsy misinterpretation," stating that all articles undergo rigorous peer review by two or three referees to ensure scientific scholarship. The journal's rejection rate is noted as approximately 25 percent, and the Comments and Responses section is highlighted as a unique forum for scientific inquiry and criticism.

Response to Pauwels and Meirte (by Wallach and Jones)

Van Wallach and Gwilym S. Jones respond to Pauwels and Meirte's critique. They acknowledge that Pauwels and Meirte are correct on two of the eight characters discussed (ventral proportion and temporolabial scale), and one is ambiguous (anal shield). However, they assert that Pauwels and Meirte are incorrect regarding the other five characters. Wallach and Jones emphasize that they excluded *Xenopeltis* from consideration for good reason and have conducted extensive comparisons, including data from 12 additional *Xenopeltis* specimens. They reiterate that *Cryptophidion* is distinct from *Xenopeltis unicolor*, which is described as a stout-bodied, nearly cylindrical snake with a depressed snout and small eye, and a light belly. They argue that *Cryptophidion* looks like a colubrid snake and not a peculiar burrowing boa like *Xenopeltis*. They also mention that the original slides of the type material are deposited at Harvard University and could have been examined by Pauwels and Meirte.

Comment on Lake Monster Sighting Times

Roy P. Mackal comments on Yasushi Kojo's research comparing sighting times of unknown animals at Loch Ness, Okanagan Lake, and Lake Champlain. Kojo concluded that the differences reflect animal behavior, not observer behavior. Mackal counters that sociocultural behaviors, such as midday siestas, likely explain the differences, particularly the absence of a midday dip in sightings at Lake Champlain, which has predominantly American observers with a different cultural heritage. He suggests that observers on boats at Lake Champlain might have more continuous opportunities for sightings.

Response to Mackal (by Yasushi Kojo)

Yasushi Kojo responds to Mackal's comment, questioning the prevalence of midday siestas in Loch Ness and Okanagan Lake. Kojo suggests that sociocultural differences between Americans and Scots/Canadians might be the cause, but proposes examining sighting patterns of similar animals in other lakes to confirm this. He notes that sightings at Lake Memphremagog, Quebec, show a pattern similar to Lake Champlain, despite Canadian and American observers. Kojo also emphasizes the importance of reporting surveillance times, not just sighting times, and requests information on specific surveillance periods for Okanagan Lake sightings.

Comment on Aaron M. Bauer's Review

Mark A. Hall comments on Aaron M. Bauer's review of "Natural Mysteries: Monster Lizards, English Dragons, and Other Puzzling Animals." Hall criticizes Bauer's review as uninformative and suggests that historians might find it useful for understanding "dysfunctional scientists." He defends his book against Bauer's criticisms, particularly regarding the amphibians of the Ohio Valley, and accuses Bauer of misinterpreting his work.

Response to Hall (by Aaron M. Bauer)

Aaron M. Bauer responds to Mark A. Hall, stating that Hall's concept of a review is synonymous with a favorable review. Bauer asserts that Hall's book and comments are not consistent with a scientific approach to cryptozoology and that he does not maintain his interpretation of collected data is correct.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are taxonomic classification, the rigorous application of scientific methodology, and the importance of clear nomenclature in cryptozoology. The journal emphasizes its commitment to scientific scholarship through a stringent peer-review process and provides a platform for open scientific debate and criticism. The editorial stance is one of promoting rigorous analysis and discouraging misinterpretation or "falsification" within the field.

This issue of CRYPTOZOOLOGY (Volume 11, No. 3, 1992) is accompanied by THE ISC NEWSLETTER and focuses on the future of cryptozoology with a panel discussion celebrating the Society's 10th anniversary. The publication serves as a comprehensive archive of research and reports within the field.

Articles and Reports

The issue details back issues of the journal Cryptozoology and The ISC Newsletter, providing a chronological listing of articles, research reports, field reports, and book reviews from Volume 1 (1982) through Volume 11 (1992). This extensive listing covers a wide array of cryptozoological subjects, including:

• Hominoids: Sasquatch, Bigfoot, Yeti, Wildman, Chinese Hominoids, Mongolian Almas, and the Orang-utan.
• Lake Monsters: Loch Ness Monster, Champ (Lake Champlain Monster), Ogopogo, and the Ri (New Ireland).
• Other Creatures: Mokele-Mbembe, Onza (legendary cat), Pygmy Elephant, Giant Gecko, Thylacine, Coelacanth, and various sea serpents.
• Methodology and Theory: Discussions on the scientific analysis of cryptozoological data, the future of cryptozoology, and the classification of cryptids.

Specific articles and reports mentioned include:

• "The Future of Cryptozoology: A Panel Discussion to Celebrate the Society's 10th Anniversary"
• "New Editorial Board Members, Gorillas Lost and Found (editorial)"
• "Vietnamese Zoologists Investigate Wildmen Reports"
• "New Zealand Moa Sighting Reported by Three Witnesses"
• "Second African Coelacanth Found"
• "Moas, Reality, and Social Perception (editorial)"

Sasquatch Track Casts

The International Society of Cryptozoology (ISC) is offering four plaster casts of supposed Sasquatch (Bigfoot) tracks, investigated in Gray's Harbor County, Washington State. These casts are available for educational purposes, with proceeds supporting a non-profit organization. The casts are beige and measure 15 inches (38cm) long.

Instructions to Authors

Detailed instructions are provided for authors submitting manuscripts to Cryptozoology. These cover manuscript submissions, research reports, field reports, book reviews, and comments/responses. Emphasis is placed on double-spacing, clear abstracts, proper referencing, and the submission of original artwork and black and white photographs. Authors agree to transfer copyright to the Society upon acceptance.

The ISC Newsletter Back Order Listing

This section lists available back issues of The ISC Newsletter from Volume 1, No. 1 (1982) to Volume 11, No. 4 (1992). Each entry provides a brief summary of the contents, including interviews, messages from the editor, news and notes, and cryptoletters.

Society Information

The issue includes a directory of the International Society of Cryptozoology officers and Board of Directors, listing their names, affiliations, and addresses. It also outlines the Society's purpose and policy, emphasizing its role as a focal point for investigation, analysis, and discussion of cryptozoological matters without taking a stance on the existence of the phenomena. Membership and subscription details are provided, including annual fees for individuals, couples, and institutions. A list of Honorary Members and Benefactors is also included.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue and the journal as a whole revolve around the rigorous scientific investigation of unexplained animal phenomena. The Society's editorial stance, as clearly stated, is to remain neutral on the existence of cryptids, focusing instead on the analysis of evidence and the open discussion of findings. The emphasis is on scientific respectability and critical analysis, moving cryptozoology away from supernatural interpretations towards a more grounded scientific discipline. The journal serves as a platform for researchers from diverse disciplines to present their findings and analyses, contributing to the advancement of cryptozoological knowledge.