Cryptozoology - Vol 10 - 1991

Magazine Overview

Title: Cryptozoology
Issue: Vol. 10
Year: 1991
Publisher: International Society of Cryptozoology
Editor: J. Richard Greenwell

This issue of *Cryptozoology*, Volume 10, published in 1991, marks the journal's 10th anniversary. The editorial by J. Richard Greenwell reflects on the journal's survival against initial skepticism, highlighting its adherence to scholarly methods and the support from its editorial board and referees. The journal has published 306 manuscripts to date, covering articles, research reports, field reports, book reviews, and comments and responses, involving 344 authors over 1,383 text pages.

Articles

The Musk Ox in Eurasia: Extinct at the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary or Survivor to Historical Times?

Author: Nikolai Spassov

This article investigates the possibility that the musk ox (*Ovibos moschatus*), now restricted to the North American Arctic, may have persisted in Eurasia much later than previously believed. While traditionally thought to have become extinct in Eurasia at the end of the Pleistocene (around 10,000 years B.P.), Spassov presents evidence suggesting its survival into historical times.

Archaeological Evidence:

• Noin Ula Plaques: Two silver plaques, recovered from 1st century B.C. tombs in the Noin Ula Mountains of Mongolia, depict an ungulate that the author proposes is the musk ox. These images, despite stylization, are detailed and realistic, showing a broad head, a "bull-like" muzzle, and distinctive horns. While other interpretations exist (e.g., ram, yak, takin), Spassov argues that the specific features, particularly the horn shape and position, strongly support the identification as a musk ox. The depiction of the animal in a natural setting with Siberian/Mongolian terrain further supports this.
• Comparison with other depictions: The article contrasts the Noin Ula plaques with depictions of yaks from the Ordos culture, noting differences in horn shape and cranial features.

Osteological Evidence:

• Taimyr Peninsula Skulls: Nikolai K. Vereshchagin reported the finding of musk ox skulls in the Taimyr Peninsula of northwest Siberia. Two skulls found in 1948 were C14 dated to 3,800 and 2,900 years B.P. These skulls showed signs of recent human intervention (holes, pierced base), leading to questions about their age. Vereshchagin himself expressed doubts about the C14 dating accuracy and suggested the musk ox might have survived until much later, possibly known to 17th-century Russian explorers.
• 1984 Skull Find: A more recent find in 1984 by V. F. Muzhchinkin of another musk ox skull on the Taimyr Peninsula, also appearing to have a contemporary, fresh appearance, further supports the idea of recent survival. The skull's condition suggests it is not thousands of years old, nor is it as fresh as a recently deceased animal, leading to the conclusion that it likely derives from an original Pleistocene population that persisted into the Holocene and became extinct in recent centuries.
• Introduced Population: The possibility of the 1984 skull belonging to the 10 musk ox introduced in 1975 on Lake Taimyr is considered but deemed unlikely due to the distance and lack of evidence for migration.

Conclusion:

Archaeological and osteological evidence suggests that the musk ox persisted in northern Eurasia beyond the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary, possibly as recently as 2,000 years B.P., and potentially even into the last few centuries in the Taimyr Peninsula. Further fieldwork is recommended to determine a more precise extinction chronology.

Griffin Bones: Ancient Folklore and Paleontology

Author: Adrienne Mayor

This article examines the origins of the griffin legend, proposing that it arose from ancient observations of rich dinosaur fossil beds in Central Asia, particularly near gold deposits.

Historical Context:

• Greek Descriptions: The griffin was first described by Greeks around 675 B.C. as a lion-like quadruped with an eagle-like beak, associated with gold-mining and steppe nomads. It was said to nest on the ground.
• Interpretations: Over time, the griffin has been interpreted as a symbol (Sir Thomas Browne, 1646), a garbled description of an unfamiliar living creature, or an archetypal memory of extinct prehistoric animals (Andrew Ross, 1652).

Fossil Evidence Hypothesis:

• Adolph Erman (1827): A geologist who suggested that Ice Age mammoth bones, identified by natives as remains of bird-monsters, might be the prototype for the griffin legend. He noted the association of these bones with gold-bearing sand.
• J. D. P. Bolton (1962): While finding Erman's theory attractive, Bolton rejected it due to the geographic location of the griffin legend (Altai Mountains) being far from the mammoth finds north of the Urals.
• Mayor's Argument: Mayor revisits Erman's theory, incorporating neglected archaeological, geological, and paleontological evidence. She argues that the griffin legend likely originated from ancient observations of fossil beds of Late Cretaceous dinosaurs like *Protoceratops*, which had beaked skulls and matched many attributes of the griffin. These fossil beds were found near Central Asian gold deposits, explaining the legend's association with gold and the location along ancient caravan routes.

Ancient Sources, Geography, Chronology:

• Griffin-like creatures appeared in Near Eastern art as early as 3000 B.C. and in Mycenaean art. The first written description in Greece dates to the 7th century B.C., coinciding with Greek contact with Central Asian nomadic cultures.

Field Reports

• Further Investigation into Loys's “Ape” in Venezuela by Marc E. W. Miller and Khryztian E. Miller
• BCSCC Report Okanagan Lake, 1991 by John Kirk
• Sasquatch Investigations in the Pacific Northwest, 1991 by James A. Hewkin

Book Reviews

• *Mysterious Creatures*, by the Editors of Time-Life Books, reviewed by Roy P. Mackal.
• *Mystiske Dyr: En Guide til Information om Soslanger, Havuhyrer, Afskyelige Sne-maend og Andet Godt [Mysterious Animals: A Guide to Information on Lake-Monsters, Sea-Serpents, Snowmen, and Others]*, by Lars Thomas (comp.), reviewed by Henry H. Bauer.
• *Prodigious Birds: Moas and Moa-Hunting in Prehistoric New Zealand*, by Atholl Anderson, reviewed by J. Richard Greenwell.
• *The Search for Nessie in the 1980's*, by J. A. Gibson and David Heppell (eds.), reviewed by Aaron M. Bauer.
• *Big Footnotes: A Comprehensive Bibliography Concerning Bigfoot, the Abominable Snowmen and Related Beings*, by Danny Perez (comp.), reviewed by John E. Wall.
• *Tom Slick and the Search for the Yeti*, by Loren Coleman, reviewed by Henry H. Bauer.

Comments and Responses

Contributors include Dmitri Bayanov, Bernard Heuvelmans, Hugh H. Trotti, Jr., Wes Sumerlin, James A. Hewkin, Mark A. Hall, Angelo P. Capparella, Errol Fuller, J. Richard Greenwell, and Gunter G. Sehm.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the persistence of cryptids and extinct animals into more recent historical periods, supported by archaeological and osteological evidence. The journal maintains a scholarly stance, emphasizing rigorous methodology, peer review, and detailed referencing, as articulated in the editorial.

This issue of CRYPTOZOOLOGY features an in-depth article titled "MAYOR: GRIFFIN BONES AND ANCIENT FOLKLORE" by Adrienne Mayor. The magazine focuses on the intersection of mythology, cryptozoology, and scientific discovery, with this particular issue exploring the origins of the legendary griffin.

The Griffin Legend: Ancient Accounts and Early Descriptions

The article begins by tracing the griffin's presence in Greek and Roman art and literature from approximately 700 B.C. to A.D. 300. The word "griffin" is derived from the Greek "gryps," meaning "hooked," likely referring to its beak or claws. The earliest known account comes from Aristeas, a Greek from the Black Sea area, whose lost epic, the *Arimaspea* (circa 675 B.C.), described his travels among the Scythians. Aristeas reported hearing about griffins and Arimaspeans from the Issedonians, an eastern Scythian tribe located in the region of the Tien Shan and Altai mountains. These accounts placed the griffins in lands rich with gold deposits.

The playwright Aeschylus, in his tragedy *Prometheus Bound* (circa 460 B.C.), utilized Aristeas's work to describe a remote, dangerous land inhabited by nomadic horsemen, gorgons, one-eyed Arimaspeans, and the gryps. Aeschylus distinguished the gryps from an eagle, noting its beak but lack of wings, and described it as a creature associated with cosmic thunder and lightning.

Herodotus, a contemporary of Aeschylus, also investigated the Scythian region and quoted Aristeas regarding "gold-guarding griffins" and "Arimaspeans" dwelling beyond the Issedonians. While Herodotus found the idea of one-eyed men incredible, he did not doubt the existence of the gryps animal. Ctesias, a Greek physician, described griffins as four-footed birds, as large as wolves with lion-like legs and claws, inhabiting high mountains where gold was found. Pliny the Elder's *Natural History* (A.D. 77) added details such as long ears and wings, and noted that griffins were associated with gold-mining, with griffins tossing up gold when making their burrows.

Later accounts, such as Philostratus's biography of Apollonius of Tyana (1st century A.D.), described griffins resembling lions in size and strength, with strong beaks capable of quarrying gold. Pausanias (circa A.D. 170) quoted Aristeas, describing griffins fighting Arimaspeans for gold and having the beak and wings of an eagle. Aelian, writing around A.D. 200, provided a more detailed description: four legs, lion-like talons, a beak of an eagle, fiery eyes, and nests in the mountains. He also noted that griffins guarded gold and protected their young, sometimes being captured as chicks.

Griffins in Art and Symbolism

Scythian art from 700 B.C. to A.D. 300 is rich with depictions of griffins, particularly in tombs near ancient gold-mining areas. These artifacts, found at sites like Pazyryk and Issyk, often feature gold artifacts with beaked quadrupeds. A remarkable discovery was the mummified body of a Scythian chief tattooed with griffins. A mirror from Kelermes (circa 570 B.C.) shows a griffin fighting creatures identified as Arimaspeans. Greek art from the 600s B.C. onwards also featured bronze griffins, initially depicted as more reptilian with small wings, later evolving to have more realistic feathered wings but remaining flightless. These griffins were sometimes shown drawing chariots or carrying goddesses.

By A.D. 300, a mosaic in Sicily depicted a griffin among other exotic animals. Combining artistic and literary evidence from this period, a composite image of the griffin emerges: a four-legged, lion-sized creature with a powerful beak, strong claws, and wings, but which did not fly. They inhabited desolate wildernesses near gold deposits and fiercely protected their young. They were associated with nomadic horsemen, one-eyed beings, and creatures turned to stone.

Previous Identifications and the Fossil Theory

The article discusses various hypotheses for the griffin's origin, including interpretations as symbols of vigilance, the sun, or guardianship. It also touches upon the idea that Scythian art might have been influenced by hallucinations from hashish. However, the central argument of the article is that the griffin legend was based on observed reality, specifically the discovery of fossils.

Ancient historians and classicists generally view the griffin as an imaginary composite of real animals. However, Adrienne Mayor proposes that the consistent descriptions and naturalistic details found in ancient texts suggest a basis in observation. The article rejects theories linking griffins to mammoth bones or flying reptiles, emphasizing that the griffin is not a typical mythical hybrid like a centaur or Pegasus and plays no role in Greek myths.

Instead, the article focuses on the paleontological evidence in the region where Aristeas encountered the Issedonians. The Altai and Tien Shan mountain ranges are rich in gold-sand deposits, and the surrounding deserts contain significant fossil beds, particularly of Late Cretaceous dinosaurs like Protoceratops. These fossils, exposed by erosion, would have been visible to ancient gold-seekers and nomads.

Paleontology and Geology in Griffin Territory

The Issedonian territory, located on the border between China and the former USSR, is characterized by extreme climate and difficult terrain, but also by abundant gold-sand eroded from the Altai and Tien Shan mountains. Geomorphological studies confirm that placer gold is deposited in alluvial basins and gullies. Modern travelers report sandstorms that can transport pebbles, and ancient writers described the collection of minerals after violent winds.

Spectacular gold artifacts have been found in Scythian tombs in these regions, confirming their historical importance as gold sources. The article notes that the exact locations of gold deposits were often guarded secrets. Russian archaeologists in the 19th and 20th centuries discovered over a hundred ancient Altai gold-mines.

Crucially, some of the world's richest fossil beds are located in the sedimentary cliffs and badlands along ancient caravan routes in the Gobi, Turfan, and Junggar deserts. These areas are known for dinosaur fossils, including Protoceratops skeletons, eggs, and young. Roy Chapman Andrews's expedition in the 1920s found numerous dinosaur fossils, noting that the extreme aridity and sparse vegetation made them visible on the surface. The fossils, often partially embedded in soft rock, stood out due to their color and shape.

Connecting Fossils to Folklore

The article posits that ancient peoples, encountering these fossilized dinosaur remains, would have attempted to visualize the creatures in life. The Protoceratops, with its horned face, prominent beak, large nostrils (potentially mistaken for eyesockets), and frilled skull, along with other dinosaur fossils like Psittacosaurs, could have inspired the features attributed to the griffin. The presence of adult skeletons, nests, eggs, and young fossils might have suggested scenes of animals defending their hatchlings, aligning with recent theories on dinosaur behavior.

The association of griffins with gold is explained by the proximity of fossil exposures in the badlands to gold deposits. The idea that griffins "guarded" gold could have arisen from prospectors finding fossils in areas where gold was also found. Knowledge of birds collecting shiny objects might have been extrapolated to griffins, which were depicted with beaks and wings.

The Issedonian tale about griffins guarding gold is hypothesized to have evolved from these observations: a long, dangerous journey through a wilderness where gold nuggets are found on the surface, where strange, petrified creatures and nests are seen, and where large claws are discovered. This narrative would naturally lead to the image of a fierce, powerful monster guarding the gold.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue strongly advocates for the hypothesis that paleontological discoveries played a significant role in the formation of ancient myths and legends, particularly the griffin. The article emphasizes the importance of considering fossil evidence when interpreting folklore and cryptozoological claims. The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous investigation, seeking rational explanations for legendary creatures by integrating historical texts, archaeological findings, and scientific evidence, particularly from paleontology. The recurring theme is the potential for real-world discoveries, such as fossils, to be the basis for enduring myths.

This issue of "Cryptozoology" (Vol. 10, 1991) features two main articles. The first, "Some Ecological Notes on Reported Large, Unknown Animals in Lake Champlain" by Yasushi Kojo, examines the behavior and survival strategies of the cryptid known as "Champ." The second article, "Physical and Morphological Analysis of Samples of Fiber Purported to Be Sasquatch Hair" by Edward B. Winn, presents a scientific investigation into alleged Sasquatch hair.

Some Ecological Notes on Reported Large, Unknown Animals in Lake Champlain

This article by Yasushi Kojo, from the Department of Anthropology at The University of Arizona, analyzes over 300 reported sightings of "Champ," a large unknown animal allegedly inhabiting Lake Champlain in the northeastern United States. The investigation, building on the work of the Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation (LCPI), attempts to establish the existence of "Champ" by examining ecological factors such as behavior, locomotion, and morphology.

Nocturnal Behavior

Contrary to initial expectations, daytime sightings are infrequent. Sightings increase significantly from late afternoon towards sunset, peaking between 7:00 and 8:00 p.m. This pattern suggests that the animals are primarily nocturnal. The decrease in sightings after sunset is attributed to low visibility and fewer observers. This nocturnal behavior explains the animals' elusiveness despite the probable presence of a breeding colony.

Locomotion and Morphology

While a few reports describe swimming like a snake (horizontal undulation), the majority of sightings indicate vertical undulation of the body. This vertical undulation is characteristic of modern aquatic mammals and has also been argued as a characteristic of plesiosaurs and other Mesozoic reptiles. Reports of multiple "humps" on the animals' backs are hypothesized to be misidentifications of multiple individuals swimming in line, rather than a single animal with numerous humps. The Mansi photograph is cited as evidence showing only one hump.

Survival in the Ice Season

Lake Champlain freezes over in winter, but the animals are air-breathers. Four possibilities for their survival are discussed: migration to the Atlantic Ocean, making breathing holes, utilizing natural ice openings or underwater caves with air circulation, or hibernating in underwater caves. Migration is rejected due to physical barriers like dams and shallow rapids on the Richelieu River. Ice hole breathing is deemed unlikely due to the lack of reports and the presence of many ice fishers. Utilizing natural openings is also improbable as animals reportedly break ice. Therefore, hibernation in underwater caves with air circulation is considered the most likely scenario. The geology of the Lake Champlain area, with Ordovician limestone and dolostone, suggests the potential presence of such caves.

Behavior in the Ice-Free Seasons

During ice-free seasons, the animals are believed to subsist mainly on fish, supported by reports of them swimming fast as if chasing prey and fish jumping out of the water. Sightings in shallow areas like Missisquoi Bay and Bulwagga Bay suggest warm water fish as a food source. The animals appear to stay in specific localities for a few days, likely foraging, before moving on. This pattern suggests a need for investigations to be conducted in areas with recent sightings.

Proposals for Future Investigations

Future research should focus on areas with recent sightings, especially during the day when animals might be dormant near the surface with nostrils out of water, making them visible to airborne observers in clear water. Noise should be avoided as it frightens the animals. Night observations with night-vision equipment are recommended. Establishing a 24-hour telephone "hotline" for public sightings is crucial for rapid reporting. Lake Champlain's geography, particularly Malletts Bay with its narrow entrances, offers potential for trapping and filming opportunities. High water visibility in Malletts Bay is noted.

Physical and Morphological Analysis of Samples of Fiber Purported to Be Sasquatch Hair

This research report by Edward B. Winn addresses the controversy surrounding evidence for Sasquatch, specifically focusing on samples of hair suspected of being hoaxed. The study aimed to determine if the purported Sasquatch hair was indeed animal hair and to identify its chemical composition.

Introduction

The existence of Sasquatch is debated, with many sightings and evidence examples suspected as hoaxes. A previous symposium highlighted a case where purported hair was identified as synthetic fiber. This report details an investigation into fiber samples collected from twisted tree trunks, allegedly manipulated by a Sasquatch, and a larger sample provided by anthropologist Grover S. Krantz.

Method

Photomicrographic analysis (longitudinal and cross-sectional views) was performed on two samples (A and B) of the purported Sasquatch hair. These were compared with published photomicrographs of natural and synthetic fibers. The fibers used as controls included wool, mohair, cashmere, horse hair, silk, cotton, flax, jute, ramie, viscose, cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, acrylic, modacrylic, nylon, polyester, and polyvinyl alcohol. Initial comparison suggested the Sasquatch hair samples most closely resembled modacrylic fibers, specifically "Dynel" modacrylic fiber.

Results

Electron photomicrographs of both samples (A and B) and "Dynel" modacrylic fiber revealed a deeply fluted surface characteristic of "Dynel." Crucially, neither sample showed the surface scales typical of animal fibers. Further analytical work, including melting point and solubility tests, was conducted on Sample B and a known specimen of "Dynel" modacrylic fiber.

Conclusion

The analysis clearly indicated that the fibers claimed to be Sasquatch hair were synthetic modacrylic fiber, likely "Dynel." The author describes this as a "hoax" and "scientific vandalism."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of "Cryptozoology" demonstrates a commitment to rigorous scientific investigation of anomalous phenomena. The articles employ analytical methods, comparing observed evidence with known scientific principles and materials. The first article, while exploring the possibility of an unknown animal in Lake Champlain, relies on careful analysis of sighting patterns and ecological factors. The second article directly debunks a piece of purported evidence for Sasquatch by employing laboratory analysis, highlighting the journal's stance against unsubstantiated claims and its dedication to scientific scrutiny within the field of cryptozoology.

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 10, published in 1991 by the International Society of Cryptozoology, features several articles focusing on investigations into cryptids. The primary articles cover the analysis of purported Sasquatch hair, an expedition into Venezuela concerning Loys's Ape, and a search for Ogopogo in Okanagan Lake.

Analysis of Purported Sasquatch Hair

The article "Analysis of Purported Sasquatch Hair" by James A. Hewkin examines fiber samples alleged to be Sasquatch hair. Through electron photomicrographs and measurements of melting points and solubility, the author concludes that the samples are not of animal origin but are almost certainly synthetic fibers, specifically modacrylic fibers, likely manufactured by Union Carbide under the brand name "Dynel." The fibers exhibit a smooth, fluted surface, a melting point around 190°C, and dissolve completely in seven conventional solvents, characteristics not found in animal hairs. Animal fibers typically char and decompose when heated, and do not exhibit well-defined melting points. The article contrasts these findings with the characteristics of animal hairs, which generally have surface scales. The author also addresses the physical evidence of "twisted tree trunks" presented at a symposium, suggesting that such damage could be inflicted by human efforts using tools like a chain link vise, thereby debunking claims of Sasquatch activity and labeling such presentations as "scientific vandalism."

Further Investigation into Loys's "Ape" in Venezuela

This report, authored by Marc E. W. Miller and Khryztian E. Miller, details their 1990 expedition to the Amazonas state of Venezuela to investigate reports of Loys's "Ape." The article recounts the original account of François De Loys in 1917, who claimed to have encountered and photographed a large, unknown primate with 32 teeth. The expedition interviewed local Indian villagers and pilots, gathering accounts of a large, unknown monkey, often referred to as "salvaje." Reports describe an animal approximately 3 to 5 feet tall, with long arms, reddish hair, and a strong odor. Some accounts mention giant monkey tracks and the animal's call. The authors note that while zoologists may find it difficult to draw firm conclusions, the consistent descriptions and numerous reports suggest a high probability of such a primate existing. They also mention that apes are only found in the Old World, and this creature is found in the New World Neotropics, hence it is more accurately a monkey.

BCSCC Report on Okanagan Lake, 1991

Authored by John Kirk, this report details a winter expedition by Nippon Television (NTV) to search for the lake monster Ogopogo in Okanagan Lake, British Columbia, in early 1991. The British Columbia Scientific Cryptozoology Club (BCSCC) assisted in an advisory capacity. The expedition, which utilized sealed underwater cameras and a remotely operated vehicle (ROM) named Deep Rover, was hampered by harsh winter conditions, including low visibility, snowstorms, and rough waters. Despite extensive efforts, including sonar scans, no conclusive evidence of Ogopogo was found. The report criticizes NTV for conducting the search during winter, when sightings are typically rare, and suggests that summer expeditions are more likely to yield results. The article also touches upon the potential misinterpretation of natural phenomena, such as thermal vents causing bubbles, as evidence of the creature. The author emphasizes the importance of meticulous planning and long-term investigations, referencing the methods of the Loch Ness Investigation Bureau.

Sasquatch Investigations in the Pacific Northwest, 1991

This report by James A. Hewkin updates previous findings on Sasquatch investigations in the Cascade Mountains and Blue Mountains of Oregon. During field trips in June and July 1991, Hewkin examined evidence such as torn-up logs, muddy streaks, and possible Sasquatch nail marks. He also interviewed a witness who reported an incident in 1979 where a large, dark, bipedal animal with "hunched-over" shoulders seized a fawn. The witness described the animal as moving rapidly on two legs and using its hands. The report also references previous findings of Sasquatch tracks and possible carrion taking in the same region.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the investigation of unexplained phenomena and alleged cryptids, including Sasquatch, Loys's Ape, and Ogopogo. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical scientific inquiry, aiming to distinguish between genuine evidence and hoaxes or misinterpretations. The analysis of Sasquatch hair samples as synthetic hoaxes, the cautious approach to the Loys's Ape reports, and the critique of the Ogopogo expedition's methodology highlight a commitment to rigorous investigation and evidence-based conclusions. The journal also serves as a platform for reporting on field expeditions and presenting findings to the cryptozoological community.

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 10, Issue 10, published in 1991 by the International Society of Cryptozoology, features a "Book Reviews" section. The main articles reviewed are "Mysterious Creatures" by Time-Life Books, "Mysterious Animals: A Guide to Information on Lake-Monsters, Sea-Serpents, Snowmen, and Others" by Lars Thomas, "Prodigious Birds: Moas and Moa-Hunting in Prehistoric New Zealand" by Atholl Anderson, and "The Search for Nessie in the 1980's" (Proceedings of a symposium).

Article: Sasquatch Field Report

The issue begins with a report on a field trip to the Cascades from October 18-20, 1991, involving John Green and John Bindernagel. The report details the investigation of rock pits and observations of a rough-skinned newt, suggesting it as a potential food source for Sasquatch. The author notes that the reaction of a doe to an unseen presence is consistent with deer behavior when alarmed. While no strong evidence for Sasquatch presence was obtained in 1991, nail marks on logs were noted as provocative but inconclusive. A 1979 sighting report involving the seizure of a fawn is mentioned as an addition to the Sasquatch literature. Future fieldwork is planned for 1992 to uncover new evidence for large, unknown bipedal primates in the Pacific Northwest.

Book Review: Mysterious Creatures

This review covers "Mysterious Creatures," part of Time-Life Books' "Mysteries of the Unknown" series. The book contains three main chapters: "Creatures of the Sea," "The Quest for Nessie," and "In Pursuit of Bigfoot and Yeti," along with separate essays. The review notes that the book is well-written but superficial, featuring high-quality photographs and drawings. It discusses various creatures like the Dragon, Manticore, Kraken, Basilisk, Hydra, Griffin, sea serpents, coelacanth, giant squid, giant octopus, and mentions hoaxes and mistaken identity cases. The review also touches upon research by Paul Le Blond and John Sibert regarding marine animals off the Northwestern Pacific coast. The chapter on Nessie includes discussions of the Lake Champlain Monster and Ogopogo. The Bigfoot chapter covers the Patterson sighting, Yeti lore, South America's Loys's "Ape," the Russian-Mongolian Almas, the Iceman, and the Chinese Wildman. The book concludes with a picture essay on monster movies. The reviewer points out minor errors and an unnecessary link to UFO phenomena. The book is described as a popular compilation rather than a strictly scientific work, acceptable to ISC members for its collection of images and illustrations. The reviewer regrets that the book did not cover more cryptozoological animals. A positive attribute noted is the objective tone, avoiding attempts to convince the reader of the animals' reality.

Book Review: Mysterious Animals: A Guide to Information on Lake-Monsters, Sea-Serpents, Snowmen, and Others

This review discusses a three-volume unannotated bibliography by Lars Thomas, listing books, articles, and newspaper items on various cryptozoological subjects. The bibliography is divided into sections: general cryptozoology, lake and sea monsters, Bigfoot and other unknown hominoids, and miscellaneous creatures. It also includes lists of periodicals and organizations, and alphabetized title and author indexes. The reviewer praises the effort but points out serious deficiencies, including a lack of clarity on sources and criteria, poor proofreading, unconventional ordering of entries, and missing information about publishers and places of publication. The reviewer suggests that while the bibliography is a valuable adjunct to existing resources, it does not supersede them.

Book Review: Prodigious Birds: Moas and Moa-Hunting in Prehistoric New Zealand

This review focuses on Atholl Anderson's "Prodigious Birds," described as the first comprehensive modern work on moas. The book covers the origin and evolution of ratite birds, New Zealand zoogeography, moa ancestors, and their discovery. It details the systematic hunting of moas by Polynesian invaders, leading to their extinction around 300-400 years ago. The review discusses various attitudes towards moa extinction, from conservatives who believe they went extinct centuries before European arrival, to liberals who accept survival into the early-mid-1900s. The book examines moa hunting strategies, the use of implements for processing carcasses, and the chronology and extinction of moas, presenting radiocarbon-dated records. Anderson concludes that moa extinction was a gradual process resulting from overlapping factors. The reviewer notes that Anderson dismisses European moa sighting reports and Maori traditions as unreliable, concluding that moas became extinct prior to the arrival of Europeans. The book also covers moa systematics, biology, behavior, and Maori traditions. The reviewer finds the book to be a solid scientific treatment but laments the lack of romance and expresses a personal belief that some moas might have survived to be seen by European eyes, with history erroneously recording otherwise.

Book Review: The Search for Nessie in the 1980's

This review covers the proceedings of a symposium on the "mystery of Loch Ness." The collection of papers emphasizes hard evidence rather than speculation, aiming to show that modern cryptozoology operates under scientific rules. The papers summarize efforts to solve the Loch Ness mystery, including the work of the Loch Ness Investigation Bureau and the Academy of Applied Science. The review highlights a paper by Robert H. Rines on sonar and underwater photography, and a paper by Adrian J. Shine and David S. Martin on the physical and biological features of Loch Ness, which suggests sufficient biological resources to support large consumers. Anomalous sonar contacts are discussed, with some remaining unexplained. The paper "The Wilson Nessie Photograph" applies quantitative digital analysis to a famous photograph. Henry Bauer's contribution examines the sociological aspects of the Loch Ness phenomenon and the media's role in influencing public perception. Roy P. Mackal's paper, "The Biology of the Loch Ness Monster," is considered the most speculative, evaluating candidate Nessies and proposing a hypothetical, highly-derived, attenuate archeocete. The reviewer notes minor factual errors in Mackal's paper but acknowledges its systematic and conservative approach. The physical layout of the publication is criticized for poor quality paper and binding.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the review and analysis of books and publications related to cryptozoology. The editorial stance, as reflected in the reviews, is one of critical engagement with the subject matter. While acknowledging the value of popular compilations and extensive bibliographies, the reviewers emphasize the importance of scientific rigor, evidence-based analysis, and objective reporting. There is a clear distinction made between popular accounts and scientific investigation, with a preference for the latter. The issue also touches upon the ongoing debate regarding the existence and survival of various cryptids, such as Sasquatch, Nessie, and Moas, highlighting the challenges and complexities in establishing definitive proof.

This issue of the journal "Cryptozoology" (Volume 10, 1991) features a collection of book reviews and responses, primarily focusing on topics within the field of cryptozoology. The content spans discussions on bibliographies of cryptids, the definition and scope of cryptozoology, interpretations of native accounts, and specific case investigations.

Book Reviews and Responses

'Big Footnotes: A Comprehensive Bibliography Concerning Bigfoot, the Abominable Snowmen and Related Beings' by Danny Perez

Reviewed by Aaron M. Bauer, this bibliography is described as a comprehensive, though not exhaustive, compilation of worldwide references to anthropoid cryptids. It covers literature from the 16th century to the early 1980s and is organized into 13 sections based on the source of reference, including books, academic journals, magazines, newspapers, encyclopedias, comic books, and audio-visual sources. The review notes the striking cover illustration of a Yeti by Donald White and a five-page preface by the author. The arrangement of print media references is found to be convenient for researchers. However, the review highlights two significant flaws: the lack of recent referential material (with the latest dates for references being around 1983, predating the founding of the International Society of Cryptozoology in 1982) and a considerable number of typographical errors, especially in non-English references. Despite these issues, the book is considered a useful quick and ready reference for source material on the hominoid question.

'Tom Slick, and the Search for the Yeti' by Loren Coleman

Reviewed by Aaron M. Bauer, this book is praised as a worthy addition to cryptozoological literature, stemming from the author's long-standing interest in the subject. It details the interests and searches of Tom Slick, a wealthy individual who investigated lake monsters, giant salamanders, and 'man-apes,' but primarily focused on the Himalayan Yeti (1956-59) and the North American Bigfoot (1959-62). The review notes Coleman's inclusion of Slick's unusual attempt to breed a hybrid animal. A significant portion of the review discusses chapter 8, 'Hillary's Assassination of the Yeti,' which examines Sir Edmund Hillary's role in debunking Yeti claims through the prejudicial use of doubtful relics. The book also includes appendices detailing Slick's confidential consultants and a list of nine large animals discovered by Western science since 1900 that could justify cryptozoology. Appendix A, discussing 'Yeti and the Cinema,' is highlighted as particularly interesting, suggesting a need for a book on the interaction of film and cryptozoology. The review touches upon the financial support provided by World Book Encyclopedia for cryptozoological quests, noting that such funding can bring undesired side-effects. While acknowledging Coleman's admiration for Slick, the reviewer points out hints that not everyone found Slick as admirable, suggesting he may have 'broken a few eggs' to achieve results.

'Other Definitions, Other Heresies' - Response to Dmitri Bayanov by Bernard Heuvelmans

This section features a response from Bernard Heuvelmans to Dmitri Bayanov's comments on definitions of cryptozoology. Heuvelmans expresses disappointment that after 10 years of the International Society of Cryptozoology, some senior members still lack a clear understanding of the discipline. He reiterates that cryptozoology's aim is the discovery of new animal forms, not the study of animals that are merely rare or on the verge of extinction. Heuvelmans addresses Bayanov's linguistic point about the term "hidden animals," finding the ambiguity in Russian to be providential, as it reflects his original intent in his work 'On the Track of Unknown Animals.' He clarifies that the term implies animals that are not completely unknown but are not recognized by zoology. Heuvelmans also refutes the idea that cryptozoologists do not directly study animals, comparing it to how astronomers study celestial objects or paleontologists study fossils. He emphasizes that his definition of cryptozoology, coined over 30 years ago, remains the scientific study of hidden animals based on testimonial and circumstantial evidence, or material evidence considered insufficient by some.

Response to Bayanov by Dmitri Bayanov

Dmitri Bayanov offers a definition of cryptozoology as "The collecting and scientific study of evidence for the existence of animals whose presence in general or in a particular time or place is not recognized by zoology." He argues that this definition is adequate for translation and captures the essence of cryptozoology through the concepts of 'evidence' and 'not recognized by zoology.' He suggests that a 'cryptid' is an elusive and rare animal species unrecognized by zoology, which becomes an 'ex-cryptid' upon discovery. Bayanov also contends that a definition need not strictly adhere to etymology, citing examples like geometry and cybernetics.

'Heuvelmans, Eliade, and the "Native-Known"' - Comment on Bernard Heuvelmans by Hugh H. Trotti, Jr.

Hugh H. Trotti, Jr. comments on Heuvelmans' work regarding the metamorphosis of unknown animals into fabulous beasts. Trotti discusses the concept of 'native knowledge' and its relation to 'primitive' thought, drawing on the work of Mircea Eliade. Eliade's theories suggest that native peoples perceive history differently, subsuming events and individuals into ancient traditions and archetypes. Trotti explores how this framework might affect the interpretation of native accounts of unknown animals. He posits that while Eliade suggests native memory is limited, the possibility exists for 'historical elements' to enter surviving traditions, and that native artistic sense might allow for the introduction of novel or exotic elements. Trotti concludes that native informants can be a valuable source of cryptozoological information, provided their accounts are carefully considered within the context of their cultural framework and with an awareness that they may wish to please the questioner.

'Mill Creek Tracks Defended' - Response to James A. Hewkin by Wes Sumerlin

Wes Sumerlin responds to James A. Hewkin's claim that the Mill Creek Sasquatch tracks found in January 1991 were fakes. Sumerlin, who spent four days intensively studying the tracks with his brother, provides a detailed account of their investigation, including measurements and environmental conditions. He contrasts his findings with Hewkin's brief inspection, highlighting Hewkin's alleged lack of thoroughness. Sumerlin, drawing on his extensive experience as a tracker and outdoorsman in the Blue Mountains, recounts past encounters with Sasquatch and their tracks, including specific individuals like 'The Blue Black.' He asserts that the Mill Creek tracks are genuine and comparable to those from the 1967 Bluff Creek event. Sumerlin also mentions other experienced trackers who corroborated his findings and notes that the tracks were found by multiple individuals, including one who also found similar tracks in a different location.

Response to Sumerlin by James A. Hewkin

James A. Hewkin responds to Wes Sumerlin's defense of the Mill Creek tracks, acknowledging Sumerlin's experience but pointing out several discrepancies in their investigations. Hewkin states that his measurements of the tracks were taken four days after they were found and that snow melt may have affected their size. He disputes Sumerlin's account of crossing a fence, stating the top wire was tight and not hanging as described. Hewkin also claims he found no sign of tracks entering the blackberry bushes and that the tracks returned to the road, not into timber as Sumerlin suggested. He questions why Sumerlin ignored these points. Hewkin also suggests that the creek's flow, while a torrent, might not have been as high at the time the tracks were made, and that the trackmaker could have crossed it easily.

'Beyond Scientific Journals' - Comment on Angelo P. Capparella by Mark A. Hall

Mark A. Hall comments on Angelo P. Capparella's review of Hall's book 'Thunderbirds! The Living Legend of Giant Birds.' Hall defends his book against Capparella's criticisms, asserting that it contains serious omissions and flaws. Hall clarifies that his book focuses on giant birds reported worldwide, including potential surviving species in North America. He refutes Capparella's claims about the book's organization, the use of out-takes from the Huffer film, and the discussion of the birds' diet. Hall also points out that Capparella misinterpreted references to Teratornis merriami and Argentavis magnificens and took a biologist's statement out of context. Hall argues that professional scientists often dismiss reports of giant birds due to a reluctance to explain them, and that his book addresses this issue. He concludes by advocating for cryptozoologists to establish ties with natural science institutions and professional zoologists, emphasizing cooperation over an adversarial relationship.

Response to Hall by Angelo P. Capparella

Angelo P. Capparella responds to Mark A. Hall's comments on his review. Capparella reiterates that his review accurately reflected the book's content and that his criticisms were valid. He clarifies his points regarding the discussion of teratorns and the phrase "all the field work has been done," explaining that his intent was to highlight the need for a hard-nosed approach to evaluating sightings based on current zoological knowledge. Capparella emphasizes that while he does not dismiss reports of unknown animals, he asserts that zoological knowledge is sufficient to make sound evaluations regarding the likelihood of new species. He concludes by agreeing with Hall's recommendation for cryptozoologists to establish ties with natural science institutions and professional zoologists, viewing cooperation as key to progress in the field.

'Leguat's Writings Not Spurious' - Comment on Aaron M. Bauer by Angelo P. Capparella

Angelo P. Capparella comments on Aaron M. Bauer's review of Willy Ley's 'Exotic Zoology.' Capparella defends the writings of François Leguat, a Huguenot refugee, regarding the extinct avifauna of Rodriguez Island. He argues that Leguat's account is a primary source and that it is inevitable for researchers on this subject to rely on it, as there are only three known primary sources for information on the extinct birds of Rodriguez. Capparella suggests that Bauer may not be aware of the scarcity of these sources.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Cryptozoology demonstrates a strong commitment to rigorous scientific inquiry within the field of cryptozoology. The journal provides a platform for detailed book reviews, critical responses, and debates on definitions and methodologies. A recurring theme is the importance of establishing cryptozoology as a legitimate scientific discipline, which involves careful examination of evidence, clear definitions, and collaboration with mainstream science. The journal also highlights the challenges of interpreting anecdotal evidence, the role of folklore and native traditions, and the need for critical evaluation of claims, even when they involve potentially sensational topics like Bigfoot, Yetis, or giant birds. The editorial stance appears to be one of open but critical discussion, encouraging detailed analysis and robust debate among researchers and reviewers.

This issue of "CRYPTOZOOLOGY" focuses on historical accounts and debates within the field, featuring articles on François Leguat's voyage and the identification of an animal depicted on Persepolis reliefs. The publication is from the International Society of Cryptozoology.

François Leguat's Voyage and Extinct Birds of Rodriguez

The article "CRYPTOZOOLOGY" on page 118 discusses the evidence supporting François Leguat's 1730 account of his voyage to Rodriguez. The author highlights three sources of information: Leguat's own document, an anonymous document known as the "Relation de L'Ile Rodrigue," and skeletal material found on the island. The skeletal remains, discovered more than 150 years after Leguat's book, largely corroborate his descriptions. Specifically, bones of the "solitary" bird (Pezophaps solitaria) and a flightless heron (Nycticorax megacephalus) have been found, matching Leguat's mentions. A small round mass under the wing of the solitary, described by Leguat as a "musket ball," was identified on skeletons as a bony knob on the metacarpal. Early researchers like H. E. Strickland and A. G. Melville (1848) had already concluded Leguat's general accuracy was established, despite his not being a naturalist and possibly writing from memory. Subsequent writers, including Alfred and Edward Newton, Alphonse Milne-Edwards, and Masauji Hachisuka, have also supported the credibility of Leguat's voyage. The article refutes earlier criticisms by G. Atkinson and Erwin Stresemann, citing refutations by J. Vivielle and H. Dehérian, and T. Mortensen.

Masauji Hachisuka (1953) is quoted as summarizing the evidence and concluding that "few historical events have been better verified."

Errol Fuller, an artist and ornithologist, is introduced with his background and current work on "The Lost Birds of Paradise."

Stanley and the Okapi Debate

This section, starting on page 119, addresses a comment on previous articles regarding the "Okapi-Persepolis Link." It focuses on the interpretation of Henry M. Stanley's account in "In Darkest Africa" (1890) concerning an animal he encountered in the Ituri forest.

Stephen F. Kredel points out that, according to Stanley's own account, he did not actually see an okapi but collected information from Pygmy natives about an animal they called "atti," which he initially thought was a wild ass. The quote provided is: "The Wambutti knew a donkey and called it atti. They say that they sometimes catch them in pits. What they can find to eat is a wonder. They eat leaves."

Kredel corrects a statement by Robert G. Tuck and Raul Valdez (1989), who claimed there was evidence that Sir Henry M. Stanley saw a living okapi in Africa a decade before its discovery by Sir Harry Johnston. Tuck and Valdez based their information on Willy Ley's book (1968), which states that Stanley had learned about an unknown animal called "atti" and that Johnston concluded Stanley had actually seen okapis without realizing they were new to science.

J. Richard Greenwell, Secretary of the International Society of Cryptozoology, further investigates Stanley's statement. He reviews Johnston's writings, including "The Okapi" (1901) and "The Story of My Life" (1923), noting that Johnston mentioned Stanley's statement but did not elaborate on whether he believed Stanley had seen the animal. Greenwell also references a monograph by Sir Edwin Ray Lankester (1902), who, based on conversations with Johnston, concluded that Stanley and his companions had occasionally caught sight of the okapi. Lankester's record is suggested as the likely source for Willy Ley's statement. Greenwell seeks further historical documentation on this subject.

Persepolis Bluebuck Out of the Blue

This section, beginning on page 121, is a comment by Gunter G. Sehm on an article by Tuck and Valdez (1989) concerning the Persepolis relief.

Sehm discusses the creation of Persepolis by Darius I and Xerxes, focusing on the frieze of stairway reliefs depicting processions of delegations bringing tributes. He addresses the mystery animal depicted as a gift from the Ethiopian delegation, which has been identified by various scholars as an okapi or a nilgai/bluebuck. Sehm argues against the suggestion that the animal was purchased along the way, stating that people from northeast Africa would not have traveled to Persepolis via India to buy a bluebuck. He emphasizes that tribute scenes typically depict items originating from the delegates' countries.

Sehm notes that the accompanying men in the relief have "Hamitic" features and are identified as "Ethiopians." He points out that the discrepancy in origin (India vs. Africa) is problematic. He suggests that the animal is a bluebuck (Boselaphus tragocamelus) and that its presence on the relief indicates the bluebuck formerly inhabited not just India but also the Near East, including parts of what is now southern Jordan and Ethiopia.

Bones of the nilgai have been found in prehistoric sites in southern Jordan, suggesting the species was near extinction in the Near East during that period. Sehm posits that populations may have persisted in southern Jordan and Ethiopia into the time of the Persian Achaemenid kings. He specifically mentions Cambyses II's campaign in northeast Africa and the tribute imposed on the "northern-most Ethiopians" around Nysa. Sehm concludes that the Persepolis relief likely represents the Ethiopian delegation from Nysa, and the animal depicted is endemic to that region (southernmost modern Egypt).

He further suggests that the Near East nilgai might have been a subspecies different from the Indian one, accounting for morphological differences like the sloping back, small size, and short muzzle depicted on the relief. Sehm agrees with Tuck and Valdez that the animal is a nilgai or bluebuck, but asserts that the live model was not an Indian bluebuck but a "genuine" Near East nilgai from Upper Egypt.

Back Order Listing

Pages 122-135 provide a comprehensive listing of back issues of "Cryptozoology" and "The ISC Newsletter" available for purchase. This includes details on volume numbers, issue dates, article titles, authors, and prices. The listing also provides ordering instructions and contact information for the ISC Secretariat.

Special Offer: The Loch Ness Monster - The Search for Nessie in the 1980s

Page 136 advertises a special offer for the proceedings of a Joint Symposium on "The Loch Ness Monster: The Search for Nessie in the 1980s," held on July 25th, 1987, at the Royal Museum of Scotland. The proceedings were published in the centenary (1988) volume of "The Scottish Naturalist." The offer includes contributions from various researchers and an obituary of Tim Dinsdale. A special price is available for members of the International Society of Cryptozoology and the Society for the History of Natural History.

Field Guide to the Sasquatch

Page 136 also advertises "Field Guide to the Sasquatch," a review of the Sasquatch problem by David Gordon, available from the ISC Secretariat. It highlights chapters on Sasquatch history, case studies, and its possible evolutionary position.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the critical examination of historical accounts in cryptozoology, the use of scientific evidence (such as skeletal remains) to support or refute anecdotal reports, and the ongoing debate and interpretation of visual evidence (like the Persepolis reliefs). The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous investigation, seeking to verify or debunk claims through scientific and historical analysis, while acknowledging the complexities and ongoing nature of cryptozoological research. The publication actively engages with its readership through the "Comments and Responses" section, fostering a scholarly dialogue.

This document appears to be a collection of advertisements and informational pages related to natural history, cryptozoology, and wildlife publications. It includes an advertisement for Steven Simpson Natural History Books, information about Strange Magazine and its back issues, details on the International Society of Cryptozoology, and an advertisement for BBC Wildlife magazine.

Steven Simpson Natural History Books

Steven Simpson Natural History Books is presented as a purveyor of specialist books, particularly in the areas of Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles. They also act as a Publishers' Distributor for new specialist books. The business is located at PO BOX 853, BRIGHTON, BN1 5DY, England, with telephone and fax numbers provided. They accept major credit cards (Access, Visa, MC, EC, Amex & JCB) and ship books worldwide, encouraging customers to write stating their interests.

Strange Magazine

This section provides a detailed listing of back issues of "Strange Magazine," a publication focused on cryptozoological material. Each issue is described with its feature articles, reviews, and specific topics covered. The issues listed range from #1 to #10, with prices indicated for each. The magazine is described as a "magnificent magazine" by Dr. Bernard Heuvelmans. Subscriptions and back issues can be ordered from STRANGE MAGAZINE, Dept. C, PO Box 2246, Rockville, MD 20847. A four-issue subscription costs $17.95 ($22.95 Foreign). The magazine is published bi-annually. Payment can be made by check, money order, VISA, or Mastercard. Foreign orders for back issues incur an additional $1.00 shipping fee per issue. The document also highlights two books by Dr. Karl P.N. Shuker, "Extraordinary Animals Worldwide" and "Mystery Cats of the World," available for purchase through the same address.

International Society of Cryptozoology

The International Society of Cryptozoology is presented as a scientific society dedicated to the investigation, analysis, publication, and discussion of matters related to animals of unexpected form or size, or unexpected occurrence. The Society aims to be a forum for public discussion and education, providing reliable information. It explicitly states that it takes no position on the existence of supposed animals and that opinions expressed are personal. The document lists the officers of the society, including President Bernard Heuvelmans, Vice President Roy P. Mackal, and Secretary J. Richard Greenwell. It also details the Board of Directors, with members from various institutions worldwide. Information on membership and subscriptions is provided: annual membership is US$30 or £18, with options for joint membership and institutional subscriptions. Payment can be made by personal check (drawn on U.S. or U.K. banks), bank draft, or international postal money order. The society publishes "The ISC Newsletter" quarterly and the journal "Cryptozoology" annually. Honorary Members and Benefactors are also listed, along with Corporate Sponsors.

BBC WILDLIFE Magazine

BBC Wildlife magazine is described as Britain's only color monthly magazine for those with a genuine interest in wildlife and its conservation. It features beautiful photographs, thought-provoking writing, and up-to-date news on biological and political aspects of nature. Each issue includes news sections on scientific discoveries and conservation, at least five illustrated feature articles, wildlife Q&A, comment, and opinion, a nature almanac, and gardening tips. The magazine also hosts contests, including the "Wildlife Photographer of the Year" competition. It works closely with the BBC Natural History Unit but remains an independent magazine. The magazine is read by wildlife enthusiasts worldwide. A subscription order form is included, with the annual subscription priced at £28. Payment can be made by international money order.

Instructions to Contributors

Detailed instructions are provided for authors wishing to submit manuscripts to "Cryptozoology." These instructions cover general manuscript preparation, including typing, abstracts, referencing, and illustrations. Specific guidelines are given for different types of submissions: Research Reports, Field Reports, Book Reviews, and Comments and Responses. Manuscript length is generally left to the author's discretion, though a minimum of 1,000 words is expected for research reports. Referencing must conform to specific instructions, with authors' full names and journal titles spelled out. Manuscripts should be submitted in triplicate to The Editor, Cryptozoology, P.O. Box 43070, Tucson, AZ 85733, U.S.A. The publication is printed on acid-free and recycled paper.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes across these documents are cryptozoology, natural history, and wildlife. "Strange Magazine" focuses on unexplained phenomena and creatures, while "BBC Wildlife" emphasizes conservation and biological aspects of nature. The International Society of Cryptozoology positions itself as a neutral scientific body for investigating such phenomena. The editorial stance of "Strange Magazine" appears to be one of exploration and reporting on cryptozoological claims, while "BBC Wildlife" adopts a conservationist and informative approach to the natural world. The instructions to contributors for "Cryptozoology" indicate a preference for topical or theoretical discussions and literature reviews over specific research findings, suggesting an academic yet open approach to the subject.