Cryptozoology - Vol 09 - 1990

Magazine Overview

Title: CRYPTOZOOLOGY
Issue: Vol. 9
Year: 1990
Publisher: International Society of Cryptozoology
Type: Interdisciplinary Journal

This issue of *Cryptozoology* (Vol. 9, 1990) presents a collection of articles, field reports, and book reviews exploring the intersection of zoology, mythology, and folklore concerning unknown and legendary animals.

Articles

The Metamorphosis of Unknown Animals into Fabulous Beasts and of Fabulous Beasts into Known Animals

Author: Bernard Heuvelmans

Bernard Heuvelmans' lead article posits that cryptozoology is concerned with incompletely known animals. He argues that humans unconsciously fill knowledge gaps by borrowing traits from mythical archetypes, leading to mythicized creatures. Conversely, when a real animal is scientifically described, it often turns out to be the basis for previous monster legends. This process, termed 'biomythology,' is seen as an evolutionary adaptation to cope with the unknown. Heuvelmans discusses how sensory information is processed through the limbic system, becoming emotionally tinted and categorized according to deeply embedded stereotypes, shaping mythologies and 'old wives' tales.' He suggests that 'monsters' are reflections of individual and collective unconscious problems. The article categorizes various mythical beings like the Chimera, Dragon, Unicorn, Mermaid, and Wild Man, explaining their symbolic significance in relation to fundamental human psychological issues and desires, such as fear, aggression, and the yearning for a lost paradise.

Heuvelmans further explores the transformation of ordinary animals into fabulous beasts and vice versa. He provides examples such as the manatee being identified with the mermaid, the unicorn originally being a one-horned man or rhinoceros, and the whale shark being mistaken for a sea serpent. He also discusses the kraken being identified as a giant squid, the Indian tapir mistaken for the mythical 'Mé' of Chinese legends, and the gorilla initially being described as a hairy, bloodthirsty giant. The article concludes that mythification and rationalization are intertwined processes, and both folklore and scientific approaches are necessary to understand cryptozoology.

The Thylacine: A Case for Current Existence on Mainland Australia

Author: Athol M. Douglas

Athol M. Douglas investigates the possibility that the thylacine (Tasmanian Tiger or Wolf), believed extinct since 1936, may still exist on mainland Australia. Despite scientific consensus, numerous sightings have been reported by reputable individuals over decades. Douglas reviews reports from Western Australia, casting doubt on the carbon-14 dating of a thylacine carcass found at Mundrabilla Station, suggesting it might be much younger than 4,500 years. He recounts his own investigations, including a case in 1951 involving photographs and footprint casts of an animal matching the thylacine's description. He also discusses the controversial Cameron photographs from 1981, which he initially accepted but later found discrepancies in, suggesting the animal might have been dead in some of the images. Douglas proposes that the Mundrabilla specimen was only months old when found, as it was not a dehydrated carcass, contradicting the older dating.

The Kellas Cat: Reviewing an Enigma

Author: Karl P. N. Shuker

(This article is mentioned in the contents but not provided in the OCR text for detailed summary.)

Scientific Discovery and the Place of the Yahoo in Australian Zoological History

Author: Graham C. Joyner

(This article is mentioned in the contents but not provided in the OCR text for detailed summary.)

A More Appropriate Procedure for Naming Sasquatch

Author: Michael Heaney

(This article is mentioned in the contents but not provided in the OCR text for detailed summary.)

Field Reports

An Investigation of the orang-pendek, the “Short Man” of Sumatra

Author: Deborah Martyr

(This report is mentioned in the contents but not provided in the OCR text for detailed summary.)

Recent Advances in the Search for the Living Giant Gecko of New Zealand

Author: Aaron M. Bauer and Anthony P. Russell

(This report is mentioned in the contents but not provided in the OCR text for detailed summary.)

The Eastern Panther on Film? Results of an Investigation

Author: Jay W. Tischendorf

(This report is mentioned in the contents but not provided in the OCR text for detailed summary.)

LCPI Work at Lake Champlain, 1990

Author: Joseph W. Zarzynski

(This report is mentioned in the contents but not provided in the OCR text for detailed summary.)

Sasquatch Investigations in the Pacific Northwest, 1990

Author: James A. Hewkin

(This report is mentioned in the contents but not provided in the OCR text for detailed summary.)

BCSCC Report on Okanagan Lake, 1990

Author: John Kirk

(This report is mentioned in the contents but not provided in the OCR text for detailed summary.)

Book Reviews

Exotic Zoology, by Willy Ley

Reviewer: Aaron M. Bauer

(This review is mentioned in the contents but not provided in the OCR text for detailed summary.)

Mystery Animals of Britain and Ireland, by Graham J. McEwan

Reviewer: J. Richard Greenwell

(This review is mentioned in the contents but not provided in the OCR text for detailed summary.)

Thunderbirds: The Living Legend of Giant Birds, by Mark A. Hall

Reviewer: Angelo P. Capparella

(This review is mentioned in the contents but not provided in the OCR text for detailed summary.)

Mysterious Lake Pend Oreille and Its "Monster": Fact and Folklore, by James R. McLeod

Reviewer: Roy P. Mackal

(This review is mentioned in the contents but not provided in the OCR text for detailed summary.)

Champ: Beyond the Legend (Updated Edition), by Joseph W. Zarzynski

Reviewer: John Kirk

(This review is mentioned in the contents but not provided in the OCR text for detailed summary.)

Comments and Responses

This section includes contributions from Ann Harnwell Ashmead, David S. Reese, Adrienne Mayor, Christine Janis, Stephen F. Kredel, Graham C. Joyner, Malcolm Smith, Grover S. Krantz, Mike Pincher, W. Ted Ernst, Jr., Barry Vogel, Peter Jaszi, and John Green.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is the intricate relationship between scientific discovery and folklore, particularly in the field of cryptozoology. The journal consistently explores how unknown animals are perceived, mythicized, and subsequently identified or re-identified through scientific investigation. The editorial stance, as evidenced by the content and the journal's purpose, is to provide a platform for rigorous, interdisciplinary research into anomalous zoological phenomena, encouraging a balanced approach that considers both empirical evidence and the cultural context of myths and legends. The journal aims to bridge the gap between the rational and the irrational, acknowledging the psychological and evolutionary roots of our fascination with the unknown.

Title: CRYPTOZOOLOGY
Issue: Volume 9, Issue 9
Date: 1990
Publisher: International Society of Cryptozoology
Country: United Kingdom
Language: English

This issue of Cryptozoology features two main articles: "DOUGLAS: THE THYLACINE ON MAINLAND AUSTRALIA" by Athol Douglas, and "SHUKER: THE KELLAS CAT" by Karl P. N. Shuker. The magazine also includes references and tables comparing measurements.

The Thylacine on Mainland Australia (Athol Douglas)

Athol Douglas investigates the possibility of surviving thylacines (Tasmanian tigers) on mainland Australia, focusing on evidence from Western Australia. He begins by discussing the Mundrabilla thylacine carcass, found in a cave and initially dated to over 4,500 years old via carbon-14 dating. Douglas expresses skepticism about this age, believing the carcass to be much more recent, possibly only months old. He attributes the preservation to the cave's conditions, including dry, dusty floors and occasional flooding with saline water from salt stalactites, leading to adipocere formation (a waxy substance from decomposition).

Douglas contrasts the thylacine carcass with a dingo carcass found in the same cave, which was hairless, dry, and odorless, and estimated to be no more than 20 years old. He notes that the thylacine carcass, despite its apparent age, was in a superior state of preservation.

He recounts his visits to the Thylacine Hole in 1986 and 1987, exploring the cave's two levels and finding debris from floods. He also found other faunal remains, including snakes, lizards, bats, and owls, many showing signs of invertebrate attack.

Douglas's doubts about the thylacine's age were reinforced by information from John Bannister of the Western Australian Museum, who reported that the rocks on which the thylacine was found were creamy white abrakurrie limestone. Douglas argues that this limestone, being of recent fall and not stained, and the cave's conditions, do not support a 4,500-year preservation. He suggests the carcass was washed to its location and possibly placed there by humans.

The article then shifts to recent eyewitness reports of thylacine-like animals in Western Australia. Douglas has interviewed witnesses from various localities who described an animal similar to the thylacine with remarkable consistency, without prior prompting or reading publications. He describes a sighting near Augusta and the subsequent discovery of a kangaroo carcass he believes was a thylacine kill, noting the characteristic broken neck and specific parts eaten (tongue, face, throat).

He details the typical kill pattern attributed to thylacines: breaking the neck, consuming a blood meal, and then eating the tongue, throat, and nasal area, followed by lungs, liver, and spleen. He notes that thylacines do not return to kills visited by humans, making them difficult to trap or poison. He provides an example of a sheep kill near Boyup Brook in 1986 that was poisoned, but the attacker did not return.

Douglas speculates that thylacines might hunt by scent in the late afternoon or early morning, making a prodigious leap to grasp prey, break its neck, and consume a blood meal. He suggests that the dense bushland of southwestern Australia could conceal such solitary predators, similar to feral cats.

In his conclusion, Douglas emphasizes that his findings concern only Western Australia and may not apply to Tasmania. He laments the lack of official interest in surviving thylacines, possibly due to the cost of recompense for stock damage. He urges serious investigation of thylacine reports, believing that relict populations may still survive on mainland Australia.

The Kellas Cat: Reviewing an Enigma (Karl P. N. Shuker)

Karl P. N. Shuker presents a review of the Kellas cat, a black, gracile felid recorded in Scotland during the 1980s. He notes that numerous reports of large, unidentified felids have surfaced across Great Britain, with the Kellas cat being a notable exception due to preserved specimens.

The Kellas cat is distinguished by its gracile body and limbs, jet-black coat, and wildcat stature, setting it apart from the Scottish wildcat (Felis silvestris grampia) and the feral domestic cat (Felis catus). The name derives from the hamlet of Kellas in the West Moray district of Scotland, where several specimens were found.

Shuker details the discovery of several specimens: an adult male found dead in June 1984 near Revack Lodge; another adult male shot in 1983 near Kellas (Specimen K); a male aged approximately 12 months shot near Advie in April 1985 (Specimen A); and a young male procured near Kellas in October 1985. These discoveries attracted significant media attention.

He presents morphological data, including measurements from Specimens K and A, comparing them to Scottish wildcats and domestic cats. Specimen A, a complete carcass, allowed for more detailed examination than Specimen K, which was a taxiderm exhibit.

Shuker explores four possible identities for the Kellas cat:

1. Separate Taxonomic Status: This is dismissed as highly improbable, as it would imply the evolution of a new species unknown to science in a well-explored country.
2. Feral Domestic Cat: While some features of Specimen A suggest a link to F. s. catus (e.g., developed postorbital processes, supernumerary incisor), many more features align with F. s. grampia. The skull, limb, and dental dimensions of Kellas cats exceed the upper limits for F. s. catus and are within or at the upper limit for F. s. grampia. The gut length of Specimen A is also significantly shorter than that of F. s. catus.
3. Melanistic Wildcat: This was a popular theory, but the British Museum's identification of Specimen K as a melanistic wildcat was provisional. Specimen A showed features comparable to F. s. catus, arguing against a pure-bred F. s. grampia identity. Kellas cats also appear more gracile than typical wildcats.
4. Hybrid of Domestic Cat and Wildcat: This is presented as the most satisfactory identity. The anomalous combination of F. s. catus and F. s. grampia features is explained by hybridization. Evidence from cross-breeding experiments shows that hybrids can range from mottled tabby to uniformly black. The gracility of Kellas cats suggests a more complex introgressive hybrid origin, possibly resulting from extensive hybridization in Scotland where the 'pure' form of F. s. grampia may be effectively extinct.

Shuker notes that the appearance of black domestic-lookalike hybrids and the BBC's black hybrid, along with findings by French, Corbet, and Easterbee, confirm that black hybrids occur and that hybridization between F. s. catus and F. s. grampia is extensive.

He also briefly mentions folklore, such as the 'fairy cat' or 'cait sith', which shares some characteristics with the Kellas cat, and a black felid form documented in Transcaucasia.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue strongly focuses on cryptozoology, specifically the investigation of elusive or potentially extinct animals like the thylacine and the Kellas cat. The editorial stance appears to favor rigorous scientific investigation, even when challenging established beliefs or facing skepticism from official bodies. There is an emphasis on detailed morphological analysis, comparison of specimens, and consideration of genetic hybridization as explanations for anomalous animal reports. The articles highlight the challenges of documenting and accepting evidence for such creatures, often relying on eyewitness accounts and preserved specimens when live sightings are fleeting or unconfirmed.

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 9, published in 1990 by the International Society of Cryptozoology, features articles on cryptids and the nature of scientific discovery. The issue includes discussions on the Kellas cat, the Australian Yahoo, Sasquatch taxonomy, and the Orang-Pendek.

The Kellas Cat

The Kellas cat is presented as a distinct species, though later classified as a black morph of the Caucasian wildcat, or a feral domestic cat. The article notes its superficial resemblance to the Caucasian wildcat but highlights differences in size, limb length, and tail length. The conclusion is that the Kellas cat is a hybrid of the feral domestic cat and the Scottish wildcat, of cryptozoological interest as it supports reports of black, long-limbed felids in northern Scotland.

Scientific Discovery and the Place of the Yahoo in Australian Zoological History by Graham C. Joyner

This article examines scientific discovery through the lens of Thomas Kuhn's theories, focusing on anomalies. Joyner uses the 'Yahoo' or Australian 'ape' as a case study, arguing that its existence was debated sporadically throughout the 19th century. He highlights Charles Harper's account of an encounter and Alexander E. Montgomery's commentary, which represented a conservative scientific viewpoint. Joyner critiques the scientific community's tendency to dismiss or ignore evidence that does not fit existing theoretical frameworks, citing examples like the discovery of the platypus's egg-laying nature and marsupial reproduction. He argues that the Australian Yahoo, despite numerous reports preceding the formal discovery of the gorilla, was largely overlooked due to a lack of scientific preparedness and conceptualization.

The article discusses the challenges in recognizing anomalies, noting that scientists often struggle to accept the unexpected. It contrasts the views of European scientists with those of settlers and Aborigines. Joyner also touches upon the linguistic evidence for the Yahoo, including Aboriginal names like 'dooligal'. He concludes that the history of Australian zoology demonstrates how phenomena can go unremarked upon by scientists because they lie beyond their expectations.

A More Appropriate Procedure for Naming Sasquatch by Michael Heaney

This paper critiques Grover Krantz's procedure of assigning Sasquatch footprint casts to the type specimen of the Chinese fossil species *Gigantopithecus blacki*. Heaney argues that this is taxonomically incorrect and complicates future identification. He proposes that the footprint casts should be used to erect a new species, *Gigantopithecus canadensis*, which would be a more appropriate and practical approach for scientific classification. Heaney discusses Krantz's belief that Sasquatch is *G. blacki*, citing Krantz's view that two gigantic, bipedal primate species are unlikely and that species tend to remain unchanged. Heaney also references Jeffrey H. Schwartz's cladistic analyses, which suggest the orang-utan is most closely related to humans, and how this impacts the classification of *Gigantopithecus*.

Field Reports: An Investigation of the Orang-Pendek, the "Short Man" of Sumatra by Deborah Martyr

Deborah Martyr, a freelance writer, recounts her investigation into the Orang-Pendek, a creature reported in southwestern Sumatra. She had no prior knowledge of it but became intrigued upon learning of its existence. Reports of this unrecognized bipedal primate have persisted throughout the century in Malaysia and Borneo, but are considered most firmly anchored in reality in the Kerinci region of Sumatra. The article describes the rich biodiversity of the Kerinci Seblat National Park, home to various large mammals. Martyr's investigation was prompted by travel features, and she was drawn into the mystery of the Orang-Pendek.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Cryptozoology consistently explores the boundaries between folklore, anecdotal evidence, and scientific investigation. The articles highlight the challenges faced by cryptozoological subjects in gaining scientific acceptance, often due to preconceived notions, taxonomic conservatism, and the difficulty of fitting anomalous phenomena into established scientific frameworks. The editorial stance appears to favor rigorous investigation and a re-evaluation of scientific methodology when encountering unexplained phenomena, encouraging a more open-minded approach to evidence that challenges current understanding.

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 9, published in 1990, features field reports on three distinct cryptids: the orang-pendek of Sumatra, the kawekaweau (a giant gecko) of New Zealand, and a potential sighting of the Eastern puma in New Brunswick, Canada. The magazine is published by the International Society of Cryptozoology.

Orang-Pendek Investigation in Sumatra

The first major report details an investigation into the orang-pendek, a human-like bipedal primate reported in the Mt. Kerinci region of Sumatra, Indonesia. The author, Jay W. Tischendorf, spent several weeks in the area in July and September 1989, collecting information from local villagers. The orang-pendek is described as being 3 to 5 feet tall, with a high forehead, prominent ears, and a large, prominent belly. Its body is covered in black or dark-grey hair, with a mane that can be dark yellow or tan. Witnesses insisted it was bipedal and walked like a man, not a monkey. While villagers in remote, high-altitude areas reported recent sightings, those in more densely populated foothills had not seen the animal in years. The author notes that the name 'orang-pendek' translates to 'Short Man' in Malay.

Despite initial difficulties in finding guides willing to venture into the untracked wilderness east of Mt. Kerinci, the author eventually found tracks that appeared to be from two different orang-pendeks. These tracks were found in a heavily-forested river valley and were characterized by a human-like big toe, a high curved instep, and a narrow heel. The author estimated the size of the creature based on the tracks, concluding it was smaller than the typical orang-pendek description, but noted that the broad shoulders and large stomach might increase its apparent bulk. The investigation also touched upon the 'cigau,' a big cat feared by local hunters, described as smaller but more heavily-built than a Sumatran tiger, and said to attack without provocation.

Search for the Living Giant Gecko of New Zealand

The second report focuses on the search for Hoplodactylus delcourti, the world's largest gekkonid lizard, also known as the kawekaweau in Maori folklore. Authors Aaron M. Bauer and Anthony P. Russell conducted a reconnaissance trip to Northland, New Zealand, in August 1988, to assess the suitability of habitats for this species. They examined the kauri and rata forests, particularly the Waoku Plateau, which was mentioned as a 19th-century locality. The kawekaweau is believed to be associated with large forest trees like the rata. While no direct evidence of the kawekaweau's current existence was found, the authors suggest that the dense, three-dimensionally complex canopy of the kauri forest, along with the sparsely populated and poorly accessible surrounding mountains, could provide a refuge for the species.

The report discusses the potential causes for the kawekaweau's decline, including the introduction of rats and a natural reduction of suitable habitat. Recent interest in the kawekaweau has been spurred by a 1990 display at the National Museum of New Zealand, leading to several reported sightings, some of which appear unexplainable by known animals. Subfossil remains found in Otago, South Island, are also consistent with the interpretation of a very large gecko. The authors conclude that while they remain skeptical of the species' current existence, efforts should be made to remain vigilant in areas identified by historical and folkloric sources.

The Eastern Panther on Film?

The third report investigates a videotaped sighting of a large felid in New Brunswick, Canada, in May 1990. Jay W. Tischendorf, along with Ted Reed of the Friends of the Eastern Panther and wildlife officials, reviewed the 10-minute videotape. The animal was described as a tawny orange cat with a creamy white underside and inner legs, with a thick, cylindrical tail. Its build was impressive, with sinewy muscles. The distance to the animal ranged from 160 to 500 feet. The RCMP crime lab estimated a standing body length of 20-25 inches (excluding the tail). The authors concluded that the animal was a puma, likely a subadult recently separated from its mother, and possibly representing the thought-extinct Eastern puma subspecies (Felis concolor couguar).

The investigation included an on-site examination of the area where the video was taped and interviews with the landowners, Donna and Roger Noble. While no puma sign was found in the area, the authors noted the absence of claw marks on trees, suggesting the animal did not leap into a tree but rather into the forest. The report emphasizes that the animal was alive and healthy, surviving in the New Brunswick forests, which is considered sufficient evidence of its presence. Future plans include puma tracking and sign identification workshops and a proposal for a puma sign survey in Fundy National Park.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Cryptozoology highlights the ongoing efforts to find evidence for elusive and potentially extinct animals. The articles demonstrate a commitment to rigorous investigation, including fieldwork, witness interviews, and analysis of physical evidence like tracks and photographs. The magazine appears to adopt a stance of open-minded inquiry, presenting findings and encouraging further research into these mysterious creatures. The recurring theme is the persistent belief in and search for animals that exist on the fringes of scientific knowledge, often relying on local folklore and eyewitness accounts.

Title: Cryptozoology
Issue: Volume 9, 1990
Publisher: International Society of Cryptozoology
Date: 1990

This issue of Cryptozoology features several articles and reports on cryptozoological investigations and related topics.

LCPI Work at Lake Champlain, 1990

This report by Joseph W. Zarzynski details the Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation (LCPI)'s scaled-down effort in 1990 compared to previous years. The focus shifted to more conventional search methods like surface surveillance with cameras/binoculars and scuba diving. The expedition conducted 22 days of fieldwork, utilizing a Klein 590 Dual Frequency Side-Scan Sonar provided by Klein Associates, Inc. Participants included William Key, Garry Kozak, Douglas Leininger, and several others listed by name. The fieldwork dates spanned from June 9 to September 28. While surface surveillance occurred daily, 16 dives were made throughout the period. A Klein 590 Side-Scan Sonar search was conducted on June 24th, with Vincent J. Capone acting as the primary sonar operator. Notably, no sightings of a Champ-like animal were made by LCPI personnel during this fieldwork. However, four Champ sightings were reported to the LCPI by the public in 1990. These included observations by the Weinberg family, Bob Kambic and family, Ann and Lewis Wetzel, and Stephen and Anita Allen, with descriptions ranging from humps in the water to parts of a dark, snakelike body. The LCPI plans to continue its research in 1991 using similar methods, hoping to gather further evidence for a colony of unknown animals in Lake Champlain.

Sasquatch Investigations in the Pacific Northwest, 1990

James A. Hewkin reports on six field trips undertaken in 1990 into the Blue Mountains of central and northern Oregon, three involving horseback travel, and several miscellaneous one-day trips in the Cascade Mountains. Early trips in March and June in the southern Blue Mountains yielded no Sasquatch-related activity. Access was gained to a cabin in a unique location in the northern Blue Mountains, within the Umatilla National Forest, an area known for Sasquatch-related incidents. Field trips from this cabin involved observing bear activity, including tree breakage and bears foraging for onions. Hair samples collected were identified as bear hair. Investigations in the Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness also revealed bear sign and broken trees, but no Sasquatch evidence. A postscript details an investigation on January 18, 1991, of tracks found near Mill Creek, Walla Walla, Washington. Hewkin concluded that these tracks, measuring 13 inches long and 6 inches wide with a 30-inch stride, were faked using cast material attached to boots, citing specific details like a gash in the mud and tracks placed unnaturally close to a wire fence.

BCSCC Report on Okanagan Lake, 1990

John Kirk reports on the activities of the British Columbia Scientific Cryptozoology Club (BCSCC), formerly the British Columbia Cryptozoology Club (BCCC), at Okanagan Lake. The BCSCC emphasizes a scientific approach to cryptozoology. Fieldwork in 1990, from August 4 to 29, involved participants John Kirk, John Kirk Jr., Kenneth Shauntz, Andrew Shauntz, and Kenji Chono. Initial observations from Knox Mountain noted a large disturbance in the water. On August 5, a 15-foot long object, described as animal-like with a peeled log appearance, was spotted floating on the lake. Subsequent attempts to get closer were unsuccessful as the object submerged. Other activities included surveillance from a beachfront and an Ogopogo viewpoint. A large group of waterfowl was seen to be agitated by a shadowy mass below the surface. The report notes that while most members returned to Vancouver, Kenji Chono remained for 29 days without further sightings. The expedition was complicated by heavy boat traffic. A team from Nippon Television Network also conducted a search, using divers and camera crews. Mike Gussi of CKIQ radio obtained a fishfinder image of a 30-foot long animate object. Several public sightings are detailed, including one by Ann and Richard Kline of a 30-foot long animal with a horse-like head and humps, and another by Mike and Tina Paskal of a 60-foot long animal. Future plans for 1991 include intensified searches with potential involvement of Nippon Television and the use of subsurface and remotely operated vehicles.

Book Reviews

This section features several book reviews:

• Exotic Zoology by Willy Ley: Reviewed by Aaron M. Bauer, this book is described as a classic compilation of Ley's earlier works, playing a key role in cryptozoology. While praised for its popularizing efforts and casual style, it is criticized for its non-technical approach, difficulty in tracing sources, issues with nomenclature, and reliance on questionable sources like Leguat's narrative. The review notes that much of the information is outdated due to recent scientific discoveries in zoology and paleontology. Despite its flaws, it is recommended as required reading for cryptozoologists.

• Mystery Animals of Britain and Ireland by Graham J. McEwan: Reviewed by J. Richard Greenwell, this book covers British Big Cat reports, sea serpents, and lake monsters. The Big Cat chapter is considered basic, but the aquatic monster chapters are more stimulating, including new information like Eric C. F. Bird's sighting of the Morgawr sea serpent. The review notes the author's tendency to lump cryptozoological and paranormal animals together, suggesting a better placement for animal hauntings in a book about ghosts. The book is considered useful for its bibliography and appendices, despite its limitations.

• Thunderbirds! The Living Legend of Giant Birds by Mark A. Hall: Reviewed by Angelo P. Capparella, this book examines reports of giant, diurnal, predatory birds in the U.S. and Canada, proposing they are surviving members of the teratorn family. The review highlights the thoroughness of the compilation of modern reports and the representation of Native American traditions as strengths. However, the ornithological coverage is criticized for being less thorough, with a dismissal of the California condor as an explanation and missed scientific papers. The review points out minor ornithological errors and questions the book's reliance on newspaper reports. It also critiques the author's lumping of cryptozoological and paranormal phenomena and the lack of consideration for food sources required by such large birds. The book is deemed a useful, though uneven, compendium with thorough citations.

• Mysterious Lake Pend Oreille and Its "Monster": Fact and Folklore by James R. McLeod: Reviewed by Roy P. Mackal, this book investigates reports of a "monster" in Lake Pend Oreille and Bigfoot. The review praises the book's scientific and scholarly analysis of the evidence, its objective and open-minded balance, and its comprehensive referencing. The book is divided into three parts: introduction to the lake and lore, presentation and analysis of evidence (including comparisons with other lake monsters and consideration of factors like the Navy's training station), and a discussion of possible sturgeon explanations. The conclusion suggests that a "popular" type of monster is not very probable, though sturgeon presence could not be ruled out. The review highly commends the book as a model for cryptozoological investigations.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Cryptozoology revolve around the investigation of unexplained animal phenomena, including lake monsters (Champ, Ogopogo), Sasquatch, and giant birds (Thunderbirds). The journal maintains a stance that encourages rigorous, scientific investigation, even when dealing with anecdotal evidence. There is a clear emphasis on distinguishing between potential hoaxes and genuine phenomena, and on critically evaluating sources and methodologies. The book reviews section highlights the importance of scholarly research, thorough documentation, and balanced analysis in the field of cryptozoology, while also acknowledging the historical significance of earlier works and the ongoing evolution of scientific understanding.

This issue of *Cryptozoology*, Volume 9, published in 1990 by the International Society of Cryptozoology, features a collection of comments and responses on various topics within the field. The issue includes a review of a book on the Lake Champlain Monster, and several in-depth discussions on paleocryptozoology, the identification of ancient animals, and the interpretation of historical accounts of unknown creatures.

Book Review: Champ: Beyond the Legend (Updated Edition)

The issue opens with a review by John Kirk of Joseph W. Zarzynski's updated edition of "Champ: Beyond the Legend." The book, originally published in 1986 and updated in 1988, chronicles historical facts and fieldwork concerning the Lake Champlain Monster. The updated edition includes sightings and fieldwork from 1984 to 1987, totaling 71 new reports. While photographs are mentioned, none are included. Kirk praises Zarzynski's vivid descriptions of fieldwork, including surface surveillance, underwater searching with sonar, and the use of remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). Zarzynski's methodology is presented as a guide for others interested in monster-locating activities. The review notes that Zarzynski's work has also led to a separate book on shipwrecks, "Monster Wrecks of Loch Ness and Lake Champlain." Kirk concludes by quoting Zarzynski's hope that his work will encourage others to conquer this "zoological Mt. Everest."

Comments and Responses: Paleocryptozoology

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to comments and responses related to paleocryptozoology, focusing on the identification of animals depicted in ancient art, literature, and artifacts.

Paleocryptozoology: A Monstrously Good Idea

Ann Harnwell Ashmead comments on Adrienne Mayor's 1989 article, "Paleocryptozoology: A Call for Collaboration between Classicists and Cryptozoologists." Ashmead praises Mayor's idea of an interdisciplinary project to identify extinct or unknown animals by cross-referencing ancient texts, art, artifacts, bones, and fossils. She suggests that such a project could facilitate dialogue between classicists, archaeologists, folklorists, paleontologists, and paleocryptozoologists. Ashmead highlights the importance of geographic landscape, anatomy, and behavior in developing typologies of animals and notes the ancients' interest in fossil hunting. She points out the potential for using modern computers and existing digital corpora like the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae and the Perseus Project for gathering literary and artistic evidence. Ashmead also suggests that Mayor's project could extend beyond the Classical world and the Mediterranean to include medieval art and Scandinavian Celtic art.

Ashmead, a classical archaeologist, shares her own research on "unclassifiable" ancient felids, describing various depictions that are difficult to categorize. She also mentions relevant doctoral theses from Bryn Mawr College.

Paleocryptozoology and Archaeology: A Sivathere No Longer

Ann Harnwell Ashmead also comments on Christine Janis's 1987 article, "Fossil Ungulate Mammals Depicted on Archaeological Artifacts," and Adrienne Mayor's 1989 article. Ashmead, working as a faunal analyst, discusses the various sources of evidence for studying past animal exploitation, including actual remains, artistic representations, and pictorial evidence on pottery and other artifacts. She references several studies on the trade of faunal remains, such as hippopotamus and elephant teeth, and Indo-Pacific shells. Ashmead raises the issue of identifying animals that may have once existed in an area but are now extinct, or forms that never existed there and were imported, using the Nile perch as an example. She emphasizes the difficulty in identifying ancient animal figurines and notes that what was once thought to be a tame deer on a Kish (Iraq) bronze rein-ring was later identified as an extinct Pleistocene giraffid form, a sivathere, by Edwin H. Colbert. However, more recent research by Christine Janis suggests it is a Persian fallow deer. Ashmead discusses the identification of a "gorgon-like" terracotta mask from Tiryns, questioning its inspiration from pygmy hippopotami due to geographical distribution. She expresses confidence in Mayor's research on the griffin and encourages interdisciplinary collaboration.

Ashmead also mentions other examples of misidentified ancient animals, including a Gallo-Roman bronze figurine initially thought to be a wild boar but later identified as a rhinoceros. She discusses the Persepolis stone frieze depicting camels and dromedaries, and wall-paintings from Akrotiri (Thera) featuring gazelles and monkeys. She also touches upon early evidence for a small domestic horse and illustrations of birds on archaeological objects.

Sivatherium Defended

Christine Janis responds to David S. Reese's comment, defending her identification of the Sumerian figurine as a sivathere. Reese had presented evidence suggesting the figurine was an incomplete specimen of a Persian fallow deer. Janis argues that the figurine most probably represents a sivathere, despite the newly interpreted morphology of its horn-like organs. She focuses on three points: features other than the ossicones that suggest sivathere affinities, the variability of sivathere ossicones in the fossil record, and the lack of clear homology between the figurine's structures and fallow deer antlers. Janis highlights the short, palmated ossicones of the figurine, the animal's proportions (short legs, massive neck, large head, broad snout) suggesting a large, bulky animal, and the presence of small anterior frontal cranial appendages, which are characteristic of sivatherine giraffids like Sivatherium and Bramatherium. She cites research on the variability of sivathere ossicones, noting that they can be twisted, have flanges and knobs, and vary in length and palmatism. Janis concludes that the variability described in Sivatherium warrants further investigation before dismissing the figurine as unlike a sivathere. She also argues that the newly restored structures do not match the antlers of fallow deer, particularly the Persian variety.

Janis also provides an update on her original claim for a depiction of a fossil hyrax, Pliohyrax, on a Chinese figurine, noting that Karl Shuker brought to her attention that F. M. Duncan had previously assigned a similar Chinese figurine to Pliohyrax. She expresses delight that further evidence for the possible survival of this extinct hyrax into historical times exists.

More on the Okapi-Persepolis Link

Stephen F. Kredel comments on Robert G. Tuck and Raul Valdez's article regarding the okapi and Persepolis. Kredel clarifies that Henry M. Stanley carved his name at Persepolis before his expedition to find Livingstone. He notes that Stanley encountered evidence of the okapi (referred to as "atti" by pygmy natives) in the Ituri forest during his expedition to relieve Emin Pasha, but did not personally see an okapi. His evidence was second-hand.

The Yahoo: An Improbable Hypothesis

Graham C. Joyner comments on Malcolm Smith's analysis of the Australian "Hairy Man" (Yahoo) data. Joyner argues that Smith's analysis lacks rigor and depth, particularly in his case-by-case examination. Joyner contends that Smith omits crucial facts such as tree climbing and the possession of claws, which support the existence of the Yahoo. He also criticizes Smith for misquoting Harper and for misrepresenting firsthand accounts. Joyner presents several objections to Smith's hypothesis that Yahoo reports are due to sightings of hairy Aboriginal outcasts, including the invalidity of the argument, the low probability of such a combination, and the lack of evidence supporting it. He points out that Smith overlooks or misrepresents key accounts and that Aboriginal traditions themselves describe the Yahoo as an animal separate from humans.

The Yahoo: Clarifying the Hypothesis

Malcolm Smith responds to Graham C. Joyner's critique, seeking to clarify his hypothesis. Smith posits that the Yahoo phenomenon might be explained by a popular delusion or craze, similar to how people misinterpret mundane events as "ape-men" or flying saucers. He clarifies that his hypothesis does not focus on a sub-population of hairy tribal outcasts but rather on individuals at the outer range of racial variation who might be misinterpreted under special circumstances, such as when roaming alone in the bush. He suggests these individuals were anti-social but not necessarily rejects from their society, and that in a native camp, they would not have attracted comment.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of *Cryptozoology* consistently emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary research, drawing connections between zoology, archaeology, classics, history, and folklore. The journal appears to encourage rigorous scientific investigation while remaining open to the possibility of unknown or extinct animals. The "Comments and Responses" section serves as a platform for debate and refinement of hypotheses within the cryptozoological community, often challenging established interpretations and encouraging further research. The editorial stance seems to favor a critical yet open-minded approach to cryptozoological claims, promoting detailed analysis and evidence-based reasoning.

This issue of CRYPTOZOOLOGY, Volume 8, published in 1989, is a substantial collection of articles, research reports, field reports, book reviews, and comments and responses related to the study of unknown animals. The journal is published by the International Society of Cryptozoology and focuses on evidence, folklore, and scientific investigation of cryptids.

Key Articles and Themes

Reminiscences of the Discovery of the Coelacanth

Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer recounts her personal experience and the circumstances surrounding the discovery of the Coelacanth, *Latimeria chalumnae*.

Paleocryptozoology: A Call for Collaboration between Classicists and Cryptozoologists

Adrienne Mayor proposes a collaborative approach between classicists and cryptozoologists to study ancient texts and myths that may contain evidence of unknown animals.

Analysis of the Australian "Hairy Man" Data

Malcolm Smith analyzes data related to reports of the Australian "Hairy Man," likely referring to the Yowie, exploring the characteristics and evidence associated with this cryptid.

The Case for a Legal Inquiry into Sasquatch Evidence

John Green argues for a legal inquiry into Sasquatch evidence, suggesting that lawyers are best equipped to evaluate eyewitness testimony. He believes such an inquiry would bring forth enough credible witnesses to establish the existence of Sasquatch.

Sasquatch Footprints: A Proposed Method of Fabrication

Donald Baird proposes a method for creating artificial Sasquatch footprints using latex molds expanded with kerosene, suggesting that realistic tracks might not always be authentic.

Comments and Responses

This section features a robust debate on the merits and feasibility of a legal inquiry into Sasquatch evidence. Several legal professionals and researchers offer their perspectives:

• Malcolm Smith comments on Aboriginal traditions and the difficulty of interviewing members of another race.
• Grover S. Krantz discusses the characteristics of Sasquatch footprints and critiques methods of faking them, emphasizing the importance of demonstrating authenticity.
• W. Ted Ernst, Jr. advocates for the formation of a national, non-profit public benefit corporation to legitimize Sasquatch research, rather than relying solely on legal inquiries.
• Barry Vogel expresses skepticism about the effectiveness of lawyers in resolving scientific disputes, highlighting the limitations of the legal system.
• Peter Jaszi argues that the legal model is ill-suited for resolving factual disputes like the Sasquatch debate due to rules like the hearsay rule and the concept of 'burdens of proof'.
• John Green responds to his critics, clarifying his proposal for a legal inquiry and emphasizing its potential to attract current witnesses and secure funding for scientific investigation.

Research Reports

• Biochemical Analyses of Preserved Octopus Giganteus Tissue by Roy P. Mackal.
• Further Investigations into the Reported Yeren-The Wildman of China by J. Richard Greenwell and Frank E. Poirier.
• AAS Underwater Elapsed Time Camera Silhouette Photography Experiments at Loch Ness, 1989 by Harold E. Edgerton, Charles W. Wyckoff, Robert H. Rines, Robert Needleman, and Justice C. Rines.
• Results of Chimpanzee Pheromone Use in Snowman (Wildman) Field Investigations by Valentin B. Sapunov.
• LCPI Work at Lake Champlain, 1989 by Joseph W. Zarzynski.
• Continuing Sasquatch Investigations in the Pacific Northwest by James A. Hewkin.
• BCCC Report on Okanagan Lake, 1989 by John Kirk.

Field Reports

These reports detail ongoing fieldwork and investigations into various cryptids, including the Yeren in China, Sasquatch in the Pacific Northwest, and the Lake Champlain Monster.

Book Reviews

Several books are reviewed, covering topics such as:

• *An Odd Bestiary*
• *The Southern Ark: Zoological Discovery in New Zealand 1769-1900*
• *King Cheetah: The Story of the Quest*
• *A Living Dinosaur? In Search of Mokele-Mbembe*
• *Monster Wrecks of Loch Ness and Lake Champlain*
• *Ogopogo: The True Story of the Okanagan Lake Million Dollar Monster*

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the nature of evidence, particularly eyewitness testimony, and the best methods for investigating and validating claims of unknown animals. There is a significant debate concerning the role of legal professionals versus scientists and cryptozoologists in such investigations. The journal's stance appears to be one of open inquiry, encouraging rigorous investigation while acknowledging the challenges posed by folklore, potential hoaxes, and the limitations of various methodologies. The emphasis on detailed reports and critical analysis suggests a commitment to advancing the field of cryptozoology through systematic study and open discussion.

This document comprises a chronological index of articles and events featured in the journal *Cryptozoology*, spanning from Volume 2, No. 4 (Winter 1983) to Volume 7, No. 4 (Winter 1988). It also includes the "Instructions to Contributors" and the "Officers" and "Board of Directors" of the International Society of Cryptozoology.

Content Index (1983-1988)

The journal entries detail a wide array of cryptozoological subjects, including:

1983

• Volume 2, No. 4 (Winter): Reports on a Congolese biologist observing Mokele-Mbembe, Ness teams at Loch Ness, and "Sea Serpents" off California. Includes news and notes, cryptoletters, and Wood's Animal Facts.

1984

• Volume 3, No. 1 (Spring): Evidence for a new bear species in Nepal, insurance for Ogopogo, a second volume of *Cryptozoology* published, and an ISC Membership Meeting at Lake Champlain.
• Volume 3, No. 2 (Summer): Controversial Sasquatch hunt proposals, new ISC Board decisions, and a membership meeting in Paris. Features a special interview with Marcellin Agnagna.
• Volume 3, No. 3 (Autumn): Interview with Bernard Heuvelmans, an unsuccessful Sasquatch hunt, and plans for the 1985 Membership Meeting and a Cryptozoology Symposium in Brighton.
• Volume 3, No. 4 (Winter): Discussion of the Nessie Flipper Photo and Wilson Photo hoaxes, details of a San Diego meeting, and a reminder of the Brighton Symposium. Includes a critique of cryptozoology by George Gaylord Simpson.

1985

• Volume 4, No. 1 (Spring): New evidence for Ri (dugong), doubt cast on a New Nepal Bear, discovery of a second Megamouth shark, and the formation of the North Idaho Cryptozoology Club.
• Volume 4, No. 2 (Summer): Interview with Rene Dahinden, criticisms of Nessie by CSICOP, and ISC Board meetings in San Diego.
• Volume 4, No. 3 (Autumn): A giant octopus blamed for fishing disruptions, and the 1986 meeting announced.
• Volume 4, No. 4 (Winter): Persistence of Thylacine reports, discovery of two new Onza skulls, and the Stafford Lake Monster.

1986

• Volume 5, No. 1 (Spring): Study of an Onza specimen and Jared Diamond's engagement with cryptozoology.
• Volume 5, No. 2 (Summer): Interview with Arlene Gaal, the discovery of an Ivory-Billed Woodpecker in Cuba, and ISC Board meetings in Chicago. Formation of the Society Foundation Group.
• Volume 5, No. 3 (Autumn): New searches and claims regarding Mokele-Mbembe, a giant fish reported in China, and the Bluff Creek incident.
• Volume 5, No. 4 (Winter): First Yeti photos spark renewed interest, with mention of the 1987 meeting and sustaining members.

1987

• Volume 6, No. 1 (Spring): A close encounter in Lake Okanagan, the fossil naming of Sasquatch, and the passing of David James.
• Volume 6, No. 2 (Summer): Interview with Grover S. Krantz, the christening of Memphré, and a look at tabloids.
• Volume 6, No. 3 (Autumn): A bibliography of cryptozoology books from 1980-1987.
• Volume 6, No. 4 (Winter): A Nessie Symposium in Edinburgh, a giant bear sought by Soviets, and the passing of John Napier.

1988

• Volume 7, No. 1 (Spring): Discovery of the world's largest gecko, Nessie surviving a sonar probe, and the passing of Tim Dinsdale.
• Volume 7, No. 2 (Summer): Interview with Marie-Jeanne Koffmann, a report on a Maryland meeting, and the rediscovery of gorillas in Nigeria.
• Volume 7, No. 3 (Autumn): The Bermuda Blob remains unidentified, the formation of a Soviet Cryptozoology Society, and the Sasquatch Symposium.
• Volume 7, No. 4 (Winter): A hoax involving a Florida "Giant Penguin," the discovery of a third Megamouth shark, and the unresolved identity of the Onza.

International Society of Cryptozoology Information

The journal also provides details about the International Society of Cryptozoology (ISC). Its purpose is to serve as a focal point for the investigation, analysis, publication, and discussion of animals of unexpected form or size, or unexpected occurrence. The Society maintains a neutral stance on the existence of cryptids, emphasizing that member opinions are personal. Membership details are provided, including annual fees for individuals, couples, and institutions, with options for payment in USD, GBP, or local currencies for certain countries. The ISC Secretariat is located in Tucson, Arizona, USA.

Instructions to Contributors

Detailed guidelines are provided for submitting manuscripts to *Cryptozoology*. These include requirements for typing, abstracts, referencing, and manuscript length. Different sections are outlined for "Articles," "Research Reports," "Field Reports," "Book Reviews," and "Comments and Responses." Specific formatting and content expectations are detailed for each category, with a strong emphasis on scientific rigor and clarity. Manuscripts are reviewed by referees, and the Editor may suggest revisions. All submissions should be sent to the Editor at P.O. Box 43070, Tucson, AZ 85733, U.S.A.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes throughout the indexed issues of *Cryptozoology* revolve around the investigation and documentation of cryptids, including Mokele-Mbembe, Nessie, Sasquatch, Yeti, and various lesser-known creatures. The journal also covers related topics such as scientific methodology, the history of cryptozoology, and the activities of the International Society of Cryptozoology, including its meetings and publications. The editorial stance, as explicitly stated, is one of neutrality regarding the existence of cryptids, focusing on the presentation and analysis of evidence and research rather than definitive pronouncements.