Cryptozoology - Vol 08 - 1989

Magazine Overview

This issue of CRYPTOZOOLOGY, Volume 8, published in 1989 by the International Society of Cryptozoology, is an interdisciplinary journal dedicated to the study of unknown animals. The cover prominently features the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the coelacanth, with the main headline "Reminiscences of the Discovery of the Coelacanth." The issue includes a table of contents detailing articles, field reports, book reviews, and comments.

Articles

The issue opens with "Reminiscences of the Discovery of the Coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae Smith," a special guest article by Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer, who recounts the events leading to the discovery of the first living coelacanth on December 22, 1938. She details her role as director of the East London Museum, her collecting expeditions, her collaboration with Captain Hendrik Goosen, and the subsequent identification of the fish by Dr. J. L. B. Smith. The article is dedicated to Captain Goosen, whose interest and energy were crucial to the discovery.

Other articles include:

• "Paleocryptozoology: A Call for Collaboration between Classicists and Cryptozoologists" by Adrienne Mayor, who advocates for integrating ancient literary and artistic evidence with cryptozoological research.
• "Analysis of the Australian "Hairy Man" (Yahoo) Data" by Malcolm Smith.
• "The Case for a Legal Inquiry into Sasquatch Evidence" by John Green.
• "Sasquatch Footprints: A Proposed Method of Fabrication" by Donald Baird.

Field Reports

Several field reports detail ongoing investigations:

• "Further Investigations into the Reported Yeren-The Wildman of China" by J. Richard Greenwell and Frank E. Poirier.
• "AAS Underwater Elapsed Time Camera Silhouette Photography Experiments at Loch Ness, 1989" by Harold E. Edgerton, Charles W. Wyckoff, Robert H. Rines, Robert Needleman, and Justice C. Rines.
• "Results of Chimpanzee Pheromone Use in Snowman (Wildman) Field Investigations" by Valentin B. Sapunov.
• "LCPI Work at Lake Champlain, 1989" by Joseph W. Zarzynski.
• "Continuing Sasquatch Investigations in the Pacific Northwest" by James A. Hewkin.
• "BCCC Report on Okanagan Lake, 1989" by John Kirk.

Book Reviews

The book review section covers several titles:

• "An Odd Bestiary," compiled by Laurie Block and illustrated by Alan James Robinson, reviewed by J. Richard Greenwell.
• "The Southern Ark: Zoological Discovery in New Zealand 1769–1900" by J. R. H. Andrews, reviewed by Aaron M. Bauer.
• "King Cheetah: The Story of the Quest" by Lena Godsall Bottriell, reviewed by Colin P. Groves.
• "A Living Dinosaur?: In Search of Mokele-Mbembe" by Roy P. Mackal, reviewed by Michael Morales.
• "Monster Wrecks of Loch Ness and Lake Champlain" by Joseph W. Zarzynski, reviewed by Alastair Boyd.
• "Ogopogo: The True Story of the Okanagan Lake Million Dollar Monster" by Arlene Gaal, reviewed by Paul H. LeBlond.

Comments and Responses

This section features contributions from various individuals, including Michel Raynal, Edward B. Winn, Bernard Heuvelmans, Aaron M. Bauer, Ingo Krumbiegel, Gunter G. Sehm, John Colarusso, Thomas R. Williams, Stephen L. Zegura, Valentin B. Sapunov, Steuart Campbell, Paul H. LeBlond, Graham Joyner, Colin P. Groves, J. Richard Greenwell, Michael D. Swords, Robert G. Tuck, Jr., and Raul Valdez.

Paleocryptozoology: A Call for Collaboration Between Classicists and Cryptozoologists (Detailed Summary)

Adrienne Mayor's article, "Paleocryptozoology: A Call for Collaboration Between Classicists and Cryptozoologists," argues for the necessity of integrating ancient textual and archaeological evidence into cryptozoological studies. Mayor highlights the vast, underutilized body of evidence from Greco-Roman antiquity, including descriptions of unknown animals in literature and depictions in art and artifacts. She notes that classical scholars typically analyze this material for artistic or historical significance, while cryptozoologists often overlook it due to a lack of systematic indexing and accessibility.

Mayor proposes that a cross-referenced catalog of interdisciplinary sources is needed to make this material accessible. She suggests that modern archaeological field reports often contain references to "exotic" faunal remains that could be significant for cryptozoology. The task of collecting and classifying this immense corpus of Greco-Roman artifacts and correlating them with written accounts is daunting but offers significant benefits for the credibility of paleocryptozoological research.

Key challenges identified include the language barrier (ancient Greek and Latin), the scattered locations of artifacts in obscure museum collections, and the specialized nature of classical publications. Mayor suggests that the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG) computer system can greatly aid in searching ancient Greek literature for mentions of crypto-animals. For example, a search for "gryps" (griffin) yielded over 200 passages from more than 60 authors.

The article discusses the "griffin" as a case study, noting that classical scholars and cryptozoologists have often focused on limited attributes, leading to theories of misidentification or symbolic invention. Mayor argues that a comprehensive analysis should consider all available information, including anatomical details, habitat, behavior, and depictions of griffins in action (fighting prey, humans, or other griffins). She also points to the potential connection between fossil remains found in the griffin's traditional habitat and artistic depictions of these creatures.

Mayor also touches upon "Wild Men, Scythian Warriors, Pygmy Hippos," suggesting that accounts of hairy wild men and women in antiquity have not been fully analyzed from a cryptozoological perspective. She also mentions the possibility that grotesque terracotta heads found in Greece, featuring knobs, tusks, and bulging eyes, might be based on fossil discoveries or observations of the pygmy hippopotamus, which was once thought to be extinct in the Aegean.

Finally, the article addresses "Sea Monsters," noting the extensive documentation of ancient Mediterranean sea monsters but the lack of cryptozoological classification. Mayor suggests that existing discussions could be supplemented with ancient accounts of lesser-known sea creatures, and that a systematic approach using the TLG system and examining artistic representations could help develop a typology of sea monsters.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the discovery and study of unknown or rarely encountered animals, both living and extinct. The lead article on the coelacanth highlights the importance of dedicated observation and scientific rigor in uncovering biological wonders. The paleocryptozoology article emphasizes the value of interdisciplinary research, urging collaboration between different fields to unlock historical and archaeological evidence of cryptozo-animals. Field reports showcase ongoing efforts to document and investigate modern-day mysteries. The overall stance of the journal appears to be one of serious, scientific inquiry into phenomena that lie outside conventional zoology, encouraging rigorous research and the sharing of findings across disciplines.

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 8, published in 1989 by the International Society of Cryptozoology, features several articles exploring the intersection of cryptozoology with history, archaeology, and folklore. The main articles include "Paleocryptozoology: A Call for Collaboration" by Adrienne Mayor, "Analysis of the Australian 'Hairy Man' (Yahoo) Data" by Malcolm Smith, and "The Case for a Legal Inquiry into Sasquatch Evidence" by John Green.

Paleocryptozoology: A Call for Collaboration

Adrienne Mayor's article explores the field of paleocryptozoology, suggesting that many ancient myths and descriptions of 'sea monsters' could be explained by the discovery and interpretation of fossilized remains of extinct animals. She notes that archaeologists at Greek sites often excavate 'exotic' faunal remains, such as non-Mediterranean shark vertebrae, elephant bones, and ostrich eggs, which could be fruitfully pursued by cryptozoologists. While modern scholars may underestimate ancient interest in paleontology, ancient sources do describe fossil hunting and the careful collection and identification of fossils. Mayor highlights examples like the Greek island of Samos, where huge bones were interpreted as the remains of giant monsters (Neides) or as the burial grounds of Amazons, and later identified as elephant skeletons. She also mentions the Samos Archaeological Museum's collection of bronze heads of unknown animals, identified as griffins, and other retrieved artifacts like ostrich eggshells and hippopotamus canines. The article emphasizes the need for collaboration between classicists and cryptozoologists to integrate literary, artistic, and paleontological evidence to understand ancient accounts of unknown animals.

Analysis of the Australian "Hairy Man" (Yahoo) Data

Malcolm Smith's article critically examines eyewitness accounts of 'hairy men' or 'Yahoos' in Australia from 1871 to 1912. He notes that these reports are characterized by a low level of detail, conflicting descriptions, and a high proportion of second-hand information. Smith analyzes the physical details reported, such as height, build, body surface, head, face, arms, hands, and legs, finding significant inconsistencies. He suggests that most sightings can be explained by encounters with isolated Aboriginal males, whose appearance might be misinterpreted by settlers, especially given the developing settler myth surrounding such creatures. Smith dismisses the hypothesis of an unknown primate in Australia due to the lack of supporting evidence and the habitat's unsuitability. He argues that the accounts are more likely to be frontier myths that faded over time, rather than evidence of an unknown species. He also addresses specific cases, including the Braidwood beast and the Bombala beast, suggesting mundane explanations like a wombat or a hirsute Aborigine. The article concludes that the evidence for an unknown primate is very poor and that the stories belong more to folklore than to cryptozoology.

The Case for a Legal Inquiry into Sasquatch Evidence

John Green proposes an alternative approach to establishing the existence of Sasquatch: a legal inquiry. He argues that the consistent failure to persuade zoologists and anthropologists is due to the reliance on eyewitness testimony, which scientists are not trained to evaluate. Green suggests that lawyers, who are trained to assess testimony seriously and who also dominate the political scene, are the best candidates to champion a scientific investigation into Sasquatch evidence. He advocates for a campaign to convince lawyers to initiate a judicial or legislative inquiry.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the interpretation of historical accounts and artifacts through the lens of cryptozoology. The journal consistently explores the possibility that unexplained phenomena, mythical creatures, and folklore may have roots in misidentified animals, fossil discoveries, or human misperceptions. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical analysis, encouraging rigorous examination of evidence and collaboration between disciplines, while remaining open to the possibility of unknown animals or unusual phenomena.

Title: CRYPTOZOOLOGY
Issue: Volume 8, 1989
Publisher: International Society of Cryptozoology
Language: English

This issue of Cryptozoology features two main articles: "Sasquatch Footprints: A Proposed Method of Fabrication" by Donald Baird, and "Further Investigations into the Reported Yeren-The Wildman of China" by J. Richard Greenwell and Frank E. Poirier.

Sasquatch Footprints: A Proposed Method of Fabrication

Donald Baird proposes a method for fabricating Sasquatch footprints, challenging the assertion that such evidence is inherently genuine. He details a technique, learned in the late 1930s from Ottmar F. von Fuehrer, involving the enlargement of human footprints using a "sweet latex" molding compound and kerosene. This process, which can be repeated indefinitely, allows for the expansion of the rubber cast by 40% to 50% of its linear dimensions while retaining surface detail, including dermatoglyphic patterns and sweat pores.

Baird explains that by applying varying amounts of oil to different parts of the cast, distortion can be induced, allowing for the manipulation of width, length, and toe splay. While Grover S. Krantz suggested that enlarged ridge spacing would be "easily recognizable as abnormal," Baird disagrees, arguing that a doubling of ridge spacing is subtle and that a Sasquatch-sized footprint with a human-sized dermatoglyphic pattern should be more suspicious.

To create trackways, Baird suggests making flexible rubber soles from silicone rubber or latex, rather than rigid plaster casts. These soles can then be laid on the ground and tamped down to create impressions, with differential pounding used to deepen specific areas like the heel or toes. He also advises padding one's own feet to avoid leaving "Smallfoot tracks" alongside the fabricated ones.

Further Investigations into the Reported Yeren-The Wildman of China

J. Richard Greenwell and Frank E. Poirier recount their October-November 1989 expedition to China to investigate reports of the 'Yeren' or 'Wildman.' The expedition covered Beijing, Shanghai, Hubei, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Yunnan provinces. They met with Chinese researchers, including Professor Liu Mingzhuang of the Chinese Wildman Research Association, who provided access to extensive material.

In Wuhan, they interviewed Cheng Lian Sheng, who described a close-up sighting in May 1976 of a large, reddish-haired, bipedal animal that moved quadrupedally when scrambling. This incident led to a 1977 expedition sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

The authors also interviewed other witnesses in Wuxi, Sichuan, including children who saw a red-haired 'man' squatting and moving bipedally, and a witness who saw a red-haired animal leaning bipedally against a tree. They also interviewed a mute witness and another who saw a bipedal animal at a distance.

Their journey continued to Shennongjia, a forest preserve known for Wildman reports. They also visited Fudan University, where Professor Zeng Xianzhou and his team analyzed Wildman hair samples using Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). These analyses consistently showed an Fe/Zn ratio about 50 times higher than in human hairs and 7 times higher than in known primate hairs, suggesting a higher primate not yet known to zoology.

At East China Normal University, Professor Cao Hanmin used a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to analyze hair samples, finding structural differences in cuticular scales, medulla, and pigment granules compared to human and other primate hairs. Professor Cao concluded the hairs were not from known great apes or humans but from a higher primate.

The expedition also visited the famous Liuzhou Cave, where Gigantopithecus fossil mandibles were discovered. The authors explored the cave, noting its potential for uncovering new fossil material.

In Kunming, Yunnan province, they met Professor Ji Weizhi at the Kunming Institute of Zoology, who was skeptical of the Wildman but open to the possibility of living orang-utans in China.

Results and Conclusions

Upon returning, Greenwell and Poirier compared their findings. Initially, Greenwell assigned a 30% probability to the unknown animal hypothesis, and Poirier a skeptical 5%. After the expedition, Greenwell's probability rose to 60%, and Poirier's to 52%. They ranked habitat and hair analyses as high-value evidence, eyewitness reports as moderate, and footprint casts as poor.

They concluded that while many 'Wildman' reports can be explained by known animals (bears, gibbons, macaques, orang-utans) or hoaxes, there is a high probability that unknown primates, possibly two different genera, are involved. One possibility is a surviving population of orang-utans (Pongo), and another is a giant primate related to the fossil Gigantopithecus. They emphasize that further investigation is warranted but will be challenging due to terrain and logistics.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue highlights the ongoing debate between scientific skepticism and the persistent evidence presented by eyewitnesses and preliminary scientific analyses in cryptozoology. The articles advocate for more rigorous scientific investigation, even proposing government inquiries, while also detailing methods for potentially fabricating evidence. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded inquiry, encouraging the exploration of anomalous phenomena while maintaining a critical approach to the evidence presented.

Title: Cryptozoology
Issue: Vol. 8
Year: 1989
Publisher: International Society of Cryptozoology
Country: USA
Language: English

This issue of Cryptozoology presents a collection of field reports detailing investigations into various cryptids and unexplained phenomena across different geographical locations during 1989. The articles cover underwater research at Loch Ness, searches for the Snowman in Central Asia, investigations of 'Champ' at Lake Champlain, and sightings of the 'Ogopogo' at Okanagan Lake.

AAS Underwater Elapsed Time Camera Silhouette Photography Experiments at Loch Ness, 1989

This report, preliminarily drafted by Harold "Doc" Edgerton before his death in January 1990, details the final research activity and fieldwork at Loch Ness conducted by the Academy of Applied Science (AAS). The work aimed to improve underwater elapsed time camera equipment for silhouette imaging of underwater objects using the sun's rays for back illumination. The camera, a modified version from earlier designs, consisted of a pair of in-line 35mm film spools powered by a 6-volt battery, with a slow frame rate of about 10 seconds and a 1/25 second exposure. It was deployed in Urquhart Bay, Loch Ness, in July 1989. The deployment involved anchoring the camera 40 feet below the surface, with a line to shore for positioning and retrieval. The research provided a better understanding of underwater film exposure conditions, leading to the publication of a calibration curve plotting optical density against camera depth. This curve indicates significant light absorption in Loch Ness water, with only a tenth of a percent of light transmitted over a 70-foot path. The report also notes challenges encountered, such as a battery drain due to a shutter synchronizer short circuit, and plans for future improvements, including a wider-angle lens. The ultimate goal is to use this equipment to identify targets identified by future sonar surveys.

Results of Chimpanzee Pheromone Use in Snowman (Wildman) Field Investigations

This report by Valentin B. Sapunov summarizes an expedition in July and August 1989 to the Chimkent and Dzambul regions of the western Tien Shan mountain range in Soviet Central Asia, to search for the Snowman. The expedition employed a novel strategy involving the use of a sexual pheromone from the African chimpanzee, obtained from the urine of a young female. Sterilized cloths saturated with these pheromones were placed on trees in the River Aksu valley, at an altitude of 2,500 meters. During the night of August 1, heavy footsteps and smashing sounds were heard, leading to the discovery of large, bipedal footprints (32-33 cm long, 105-110 cm stride), suggesting an animal approximately 2.2 meters tall and weighing at least 250 kg. On August 9, footsteps and rapid motion were heard again, and evidence was found of a large body moving through the bush. A target cloth had been torn into strips by hand, and a branch was broken from a tree in a manner similar to that of hamadryas baboons. The creature approached to within 10 feet of the camp. The author concludes that the Snowman is present in the Tien Shan region and that ape pheromones are effective attractants.

LCPI Work at Lake Champlain, 1989

This report by Joseph W. Zarzynski details the 1989 fieldwork season of the Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation (LCPI), focused on searching for evidence of 'Champ,' a reported lake monster. The LCPI's efforts supported broader initiatives to make Lake Champlain a "Great Lake" to secure federal funding for research and cleanup. The 1989 season continued a high-tech approach, utilizing Klein side-scan sonar and a remotely-operated vehicle (ROV) with a VHS video camera, similar to previous years. Conventional methods like surface surveillance with cameras and binoculars, and scuba searches, were also employed. The fieldwork involved 32 days, with various personnel and donated equipment from several companies. The primary activities included side-scan sonar surveys, scuba dives (26 in total), surface surveillance, and documentation of reported sightings. Despite these efforts, no visual sighting of a Champ-like animal was made. However, side-scan sonar did detect targets, including a submerged 1960's-era automobile with the trunk open, which was reported to Vermont State Police. The LCPI plans to continue its search in 1990 with similar methods. The report also lists four reported Champ sightings from 1989, including details on the animal's appearance, size, and behavior, as well as sonar readings from one incident.

Continuing Sasquatch Investigations in the Pacific Northwest

James A. Hewkin summarizes his 1989 Sasquatch fieldwork in the Pacific Northwest. His interest in Sasquatch spans 30 years, and he has conducted extensive fieldwork as a wildlife biologist. In March 1989, he investigated reports of large Sasquatch tracks in light snow near the Clackamas River in the Mount Hood National Forest; the snow had melted by the time of his arrival, but evidence of a scattered log and a scratched-up area was found. The tracks were described as about 17 inches long with a stride greater than a man's. On May 11, 1989, in the same area, he found a large log with bark freshly torn off, with possible claw marks. A small footprint was also found nearby. From July 19-21, he searched the Blue Mountains of central Oregon, noting torn-up logs and finding definite nail marks and bear claw marks, suspecting Sasquatch activity. From August 8-11, he investigated another suspected Sasquatch area in the Blue Mountains on the Oregon-Washington border, noting disturbed stumps and logs with good nail and finger marks, and suspected bear claws. He also interviewed a rancher who reported finding tracks of three Sasquatch individuals in 1986, one of which was small and another crippled. The author concludes that old logs and stumps are important grubbing sites for Sasquatch, and that large game animals may also be important. He plans to continue his search in 1990 and investigate a report of a dead cougar possibly killed by a Sasquatch.

BCCC Report on Okanagan Lake, 1989

This report by John Kirk details the British Columbia Cryptozoology Club's (BCCC) first two field expeditions to Okanagan Lake in the summer of 1989, searching for the legendary lake monster 'Ogopogo.' The club, founded in May 1989, aimed to identify vantage points for surveillance and deploy a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). On July 29, Kirk Sr. and James Clark conducted fieldwork at Peachland, observing the lake from the Ogopogo marker. On July 30, the team investigated the western side of the lake and Summerland, where at 3:55 p.m., a large patch of white water was observed. The most significant event occurred on August 1, when the Kirks, accompanied by others, investigated Rattlesnake Island. They sighted an animal swimming north against the wind and swell, described as the classic Ogopogo with five to six humps, whale-like skin, and an estimated length of 30-35 feet. The sighting lasted 105 seconds, and drawings were made. On August 3, a second sighting occurred near Fintry, where a large animal was seen heading south at about 15 miles per hour, displaying five to six humps. This sighting lasted 2 minutes, 45 seconds, and videotape was shot. The BCCC then participated in a joint expedition with Robotic Systems International (RSI) from August 25-29, utilizing an ROV. On August 26, John Kirk Sr. observed a large object near Bertram Creek Regional Park.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Cryptozoology revolve around the investigation of unidentified animals and phenomena, primarily lake monsters and hominoids. The journal consistently features detailed field reports, often employing scientific methodologies and technological tools (sonar, ROVs, specialized cameras) alongside eyewitness accounts. There is a clear emphasis on documenting evidence, analyzing findings, and proposing future research directions. The editorial stance appears to be one of serious inquiry into cryptozoological subjects, encouraging rigorous fieldwork and the sharing of data within the scientific community, while acknowledging the challenges and speculative nature of the field. The inclusion of reports on both aquatic and terrestrial cryptids, from different continents, highlights the global scope of cryptozoological interest.

This issue of CRYPTOZOOLOGY, Volume 8, Issue 8, published in 1989 by the International Society of Cryptozoology, focuses on field reports and book reviews related to cryptozoological subjects. The cover features a striking image of a king cheetah, hinting at one of the book reviews within.

Field Reports: Okanagan Lake Sightings

The issue details field reports concerning sightings in Okanagan Lake, Canada. On July 30, 1989, a BCCC team observed multiple humps and protrusions in the water, with one sighting of a large black hump approximately 25 feet long. The team used videotape to document the creature submerging, surfacing, and splashing. On August 29, 1989, an ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) was deployed by Chris Roper of RSI to search for caves under Rattlesnake Island, but no evidence of an 'Ogopogo' or caves was found. Later that day, John Kirk and other witnesses observed three black humps moving at about 8 miles per hour, followed by a distinct black hump rising from the water. The report notes that while some witnesses saw a tail, Kirk was focused on retrieving his camera.

The results of the initial fieldwork by BCCC are summarized as several visual sightings of large, unidentified animals, with ongoing interpretation. The BCCC planned further fieldwork for the summer of 1990, anticipating the use of more technology. Tragically, James Clark, a valuable team member, passed away on September 3, 1989.

Book Reviews

The majority of the issue is dedicated to book reviews, covering a range of cryptozoological and zoological topics:

An Odd Bestiary: Or, a Compendium of Instructive and Entertaining Descriptions of Animals

This review discusses a book by Alan James Robinson and Laurie Block, which presents 26 animals from A to Z, drawing from five centuries of travelers' accounts. The book features two illustrations per animal and includes a bibliography of historical sources. The review highlights how medieval perspectives viewed real and mythical animals, and how exploration expanded the understanding of the animal world. It touches upon the origins of bestiaries in the Physiologus and their evolution, noting that even scribal errors could create new species. The reviewer emphasizes that these texts, despite their often unverified content, preserved significant zoological data.

The Southern Ark: Zoological Discovery in New Zealand 1769–1900

Reviewed by J. R. H. Andrews, this book covers the zoological exploration of New Zealand. The review focuses on the unique fauna, the impact of European settlers, and the discovery of animals like the kiwi, moa, and takahe. It notes that early investigations were often 'cryptozoological' due to the encounter with scientifically undocumented 'ethnoknown' animals. The review discusses the challenges of identifying new species, the debates surrounding discoveries like the moa, and the role of scientists and explorers. A significant theme is the negative impact of introduced species on New Zealand's delicate ecosystem. The book is praised for its illustrations and comprehensive referencing, though it omits discussion of the 'New Zealand otter' (waitoreke) and other supposed lizard-like animals.

King Cheetah: The Story of the Quest

This review of Lena Godsall Bottriell's book examines the debate surrounding the 'king cheetah.' The reviewer, Colin P. Groves, argues that the king cheetah is not a distinct species or subspecies but a genetic morph, likely due to a recessive allele, citing breeding records from the De Wildt experience. Groves critiques Bottriell's arguments, particularly her comparisons to rhinos and zebras, and her conceptual misunderstandings of species and subspecies. He acknowledges the book's value in recounting the history and presenting photographs but criticizes its lack of a proper index and the author's speculative final chapter.

A Living Dinosaur?: In Search of Mokele-Mbembe

Roy P. Mackal's book on the Mokele-Mbembe of the Congo is reviewed by Michael Morales. The book details expeditions to find the creature, described as a large, amphibious animal resembling a sauropod dinosaur. Morales finds the book interesting as a travelogue but ultimately unsatisfying due to the lack of hard evidence. He notes that the book relies heavily on eyewitness reports and legendary accounts, with limited and unconvincing physical data. Morales suggests that proof would require a body or unambiguous photographic evidence, which Mackal's book does not provide.

Monster Wrecks of Loch Ness and Lake Champlain

Joseph W. Zarzynski's book is reviewed by Michael Morales. The book covers ship and aircraft wrecks in Loch Ness and Lake Champlain, as well as search hardware. While Zarzynski is a respected researcher, the book is described as a collection of short pieces, with most stories lacking evidence for the existence of Nessie and Champ, despite the author's strong belief. The review highlights the raising of a Wellington bomber from Loch Ness and other discoveries that were spin-offs from sonar searches. It also discusses misinterpretations of sonar data, such as the 'Kleinhenge' stone circles and 'The Average Plesiosaur,' which are likely geological in origin. The reviewer stresses the importance of correcting such misjudgments for the credibility of cryptozoology.

Ogopogo: The True Story of the Okanagan Lake Million Dollar Monster

Arlene Gaal's book on the Ogopogo phenomenon is reviewed by Paul H. Leblond. The book traces the history of sightings from indigenous legends to modern times, supported by newspaper clippings and photographs. Ogopogo is described as a large, serpentine creature with a horse-like or goat's head. The review mentions the 'Million Dollar Monster' label and a reward offered for capturing the creature. Gaal's book is considered an excellent introduction to the subject and an example of valuable contributions by amateurs.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the investigation of unknown animals, the challenges of evidence and classification in cryptozoology, and the historical context of zoological discovery. The magazine features both contemporary field reports and retrospective analyses of historical accounts and books. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, valuing rigorous evidence and scientific methodology while acknowledging the enduring fascination with unexplained phenomena and the contributions of dedicated researchers, even amateurs. The reviews often engage in detailed critiques of the books' arguments, evidence, and scientific accuracy, particularly concerning taxonomy and the distinction between species, subspecies, and morphs.

This issue of "Cryptozoology" (Vol. 8, 1989) is dedicated to "Comments and Responses," featuring a series of critical essays and replies concerning the nature, methodology, and validity of cryptozoological research. The primary focus is a debate on whether cryptozoology qualifies as a science or should be classified as a pseudoscience, with particular attention paid to the work of Bernard Heuvelmans.

Cryptozoology: Science or Pseudoscience?

Michel Raynal initiates the discussion by commenting on Bernard Heuvelmans' article "The Sources and Method of Cryptozoological Research." Raynal emphasizes that the quality of witness reports is more important than quantity, citing examples of Sasquatch reports lacking value compared to detailed hominoid reports from the USSR. He also highlights that a single piece of strong evidence, like the Walla Walla track casts showing dermatoglyphs, is superior to numerous questionable pieces of evidence. Raynal then delves into the definition of pseudoscience, contrasting it with science, and argues that cryptozoology, with its objectivity, verifiability, and interdisciplinarity, aligns with scientific principles. He points out that the discovery of new animal species continually confirms cryptozoology's role and that its results, like scientific theories, are progressive and predictive.

Edward B. Winn offers a critique, arguing that cryptozoology strays from rigorous scientific methodology by relying on "indirect and largely unverifiable circumstantial evidence," drawing a parallel to legal trials. He believes the method does not go far enough, suggesting that it should extend to the collection and study of complete specimens to move from cryptozoological to zoological status. Winn dismisses the legal trial analogy, stating that law is an inexact science while natural sciences are exact, and that experimental evidence, which must be reproducible, is paramount.

Bernard Heuvelmans responds to Winn, defending his approach. He argues that Winn misunderstands the philosophy of science and epistemology. Heuvelmans clarifies that evidence in law includes testimonial, circumstantial, and autoptical forms, and that many scientific data, especially in zoology, are based on indirect material evidence like tracks, droppings, and hair samples, which he considers autoptical evidence. He asserts that Winn's rejection of such evidence is misguided. Heuvelmans also defends his definition of cryptozoology, emphasizing that its ultimate aim is to describe new animal forms without necessarily needing specimens, thereby promoting a more ethical approach to zoological research that avoids unnecessary killing and captivity. He contrasts this with Winn's perceived desire to "bag or shoot" animals.

Recent Successes and Predictions in Cryptozoology

Several contributors highlight recent confirmations of previously unknown or unconfirmed animal forms, lending support to cryptozoology's predictive power. Michel Raynal lists numerous examples:

• The onza: A puma-like cat from Mexico, reported for centuries, with a specimen shot and preserved in 1986.
• Unknown lemurs in Madagascar: A new species, Hapalemur aureus, was discovered, followed by another, Propithecus tattersalli.
• A flightless bird on Hiva-Oa: Predicted by Raynal based on Polynesian accounts, a new rail species, Porphyrio paepae, was found.
• The thylacine (marsupial wolf): Possible survival of subspecies in mainland Australia is suggested by photographic evidence.
• Neanderthal Man: The possibility of survival into the 18th century in the Pyrénées is supported by a mandible found in Spain dating to the late Wurm III.
• Wildcat in Ile du Levant: Two specimens were shot in Corsica, making its presence on the nearby island plausible.
• Unknown beaked whale species: Three cetologists sighted and photographed an unidentified Mesoplodon species off the Pacific coast of Mexico.

Heuvelmans further elaborates on the pygmy elephant (Loxodonta pumilio), suggesting it might be a distinct subspecies, a hypothesis recently supported by morphological and biological evidence.

Colarusso's Linguistic Cryptozoology: A Model

John Colarusso's work on the Waitoreke, a New Zealand "otter," is presented as an example of a linguistic approach to cryptozoology. Ingo Krumbiegel and Gunter G. Sehm comment on this. Krumbiegel praises Colarusso's philological analysis, which suggests the Waitoreke was a monotreme, possibly with a poisonous spur like the platypus. He traces the history of the Waitoreke hypothesis, starting with Wilhelm Bölsche in 1896.

Gunter G. Sehm, while impressed by the linguistic approach, argues that linguistics is an art, not an exact science, and cannot substitute for a scientific approach. He suggests that the Waitoreke problem should be tackled by paleontology, considering fossil records, evolutionary timelines, and the geological separation of New Zealand from Australia. Sehm notes that a recent fossil find of an early Cretaceous monotreme in Australia makes the presence of a similar creature in New Zealand more likely.

Aaron M. Bauer also comments on Colarusso's work, contrasting it with John Becker's linguistic analysis, which concluded the Waitoreke was mythical. Bauer agrees with Colarusso that the Waitoreke might be a monotreme but reiterates that linguistics alone is insufficient. He emphasizes the need for paleontological evidence to establish the possibility of a therapsid reptile or early mammal surviving in New Zealand.

More on Monotremes

Bernard Heuvelmans contributes further to the discussion on monotremes, specifically regarding the Waitoreke. He supports Colarusso's linguistic conclusion that the Waitoreke was likely a monotreme and refutes the idea of it being a therapsid reptile. Heuvelmans also discusses the geological and paleontological arguments concerning the evolutionary history and distribution of monotremes, marsupials, and placentals, suggesting that monotremes could have evolved in the Cretaceous period when New Zealand was connected to Australia. He highlights a recent fossil find of an early Cretaceous monotreme in Australia as crucial evidence supporting this possibility.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the definition and boundaries of cryptozoology, the nature and hierarchy of evidence (testimonial, circumstantial, autoptical, experimental), and the scientific rigor required for the field. There is a clear tension between those who advocate for a broad, interdisciplinary approach incorporating diverse forms of evidence and those who insist on strict adherence to experimental, reproducible proof. The International Society of Cryptozoology (ISC) appears to be positioned between these viewpoints, with its "Policy Statement" being critiqued by Heuvelmans for its perceived detachment from the spirit of cryptozoological inquiry. The overall stance of the journal seems to be one of promoting cryptozoology as a legitimate, albeit challenging, branch of natural science, while acknowledging and engaging with critiques regarding its methodology and epistemological foundations.

Title: Cryptozoology
Issue: Vol. 8, No. 1
Date: 1989
Publisher: Society for the Study of Cryptozoology
Country: USA
Language: English

This issue of Cryptozoology features a collection of articles and commentaries that delve into various debated cryptids, employing interdisciplinary approaches that include linguistics, paleontology, oceanography, and anthropology. The primary focus is on the Waitoreke, the Ri/Ilkai, and the Loch Ness Monster, with significant discussion on the scientific methodology and interpretation of evidence.

The Waitoreke: Linguistic and Paleontological Perspectives

John Colarusso, in his response to comments by Heuvelmans, Bauer, and Krumbiegel and Sehm, defends his linguistic analysis of the Maori term 'Waitoreke.' He asserts that his philological work, initially aimed at clarifying the terms for the supposed creature, led him to conclude that 'Waitoreke' refers to an amphibious animal with a spur or quill, and 'kaureke' to an animal with many quills. These conclusions, he argues, align with independent lines of evidence, making the existence of the Waitoreke highly likely. Colarusso addresses Bauer's doubts about the significance of the spur and the interpretation of 'gristly hair,' suggesting it might refer to vibrissae or proto-trichia. He also engages with Krumbiegel and Sehm's critique of linguistics as a non-scientific field, defending comparative linguistics as a science with laws, predictions, and refutability. Colarusso counters their assertion about monotreme evolution, citing paleontological consensus on their ancient origins. He proposes that the Waitoreke could be a primitive monotreme or an advanced cynodont, and suggests that fossils of egg-laying mammals might be found in southern continents.

Colarusso also critiques Krumbiegel and Sehm's dismissal of his term "basal monotreme," explaining it refers to an unspecialized form of the original monotreme stock. He further defends his suggestion that the Waitoreke might be an advanced therapsid, clarifying that "advanced therapsid" refers to groups like therocephalians and cynodonts.

The Ri/Ilkai and the Irrawaddy Dolphin

Gunter G. Sehm, in his comment on Thomas R. Williams, presents further evidence corroborating his contention that the Ri/Ilkai, a creature reported in eastern Papua New Guinea, is the Irrawaddy dolphin (*Orcaella brevirostris*). Sehm cites aerial survey data from Australia's Northern Territory, which revealed substantial populations of this dolphin species, particularly in Blue Mud Bay. He argues that the distribution and habitat of the Irrawaddy dolphin align with the locations of Ri/Ilkai reports, suggesting that the species should no longer be exclusively termed a "river" dolphin. Sehm's reasoning is detailed, involving the establishment of Maori sound laws, interpretation of names, and discussion of biological significance.

In response to Sehm, Thomas R. Williams expresses doubt that the Irrawaddy dolphin is the Ri/Ilkai, questioning the relevance of Sehm's data from Australia to sightings in New Ireland, which is approximately 1,300 air miles away. Williams points out the presence of dugongs in the same waters and questions Sehm's use of the term 'evidence,' stating that Sehm fails to link his observations to Nokon Bay, where Irrawaddy dolphins were not observed. Williams emphasizes that linguistic evidence was supplementary to his own observations, not the basis of his conclusions. He concludes that Occam's razor favors the simpler explanation until new evidence emerges.

The Loch Ness Monster and the Wilson Photograph

Paul H. LeBlond and Steuart Campbell engage in a debate concerning the 1934 Wilson photograph of the Loch Ness Monster. LeBlond, in his response to Campbell, addresses the critical issue of wind direction and its impact on wave propagation and the assessment of the object's size. LeBlond argues that while the exact camera direction is unknown, the wave patterns in the photograph suggest a wind direction that is not parallel to Loch Ness, contrary to Campbell's hypothesis. He calculates that if Campbell's proposed wind direction were correct, the fetch would be too short to generate the observed waves, resulting in a very small estimated size for Nessie (3 cm). LeBlond also notes that the wave crests in the photograph are more consistent with a sharply peaked directional spectrum than with a wind blowing directly from the north.

Campbell, in his comment, reiterates his position that the wind was likely northerly and that the photograph might have been reversed. He argues that a fetch of 20 km is irreconcilable with the photo and that LeBlond's calculation of wavelength and object size is flawed. Campbell suggests that the wind might have been blowing from the north, and that the view might have been reversed, which would alter the fetch calculation. He also notes that the sun's angle at noon could produce shadows comparable to the object's size.

LeBlond, in a further response, acknowledges Campbell's suggestion about the sun's angle but maintains that the wave analysis is more consistent with a wind direction not parallel to the Loch. He highlights that the wave patterns are more indicative of a directional spectrum and that Campbell's hypothesis of a reversed image is not consistent with his earlier analyses.

Snowman (Wildman) Reports: Statistical Analysis and Criticism

Valentin B. Sapunov responds to criticisms from Stephen L. Zegura regarding his article on 'Snowman' eyewitness reports. Sapunov acknowledges a technical misprint in his standard deviation values but defends his overall analysis. He maintains that the data suggests four modes attributable to sex and race, and that while sexual dimorphism was not significant, the existence of two races of Snowmen has been noted in literature. Sapunov argues that the distribution of sightings indicates an interaction between height and eyewitness variability, and that the hair color patterns are consistent with mammals. He defends his use of a simplified model for mammalian hair color, stating it demonstrates consistency with eyewitness reports. Sapunov also defends his conclusion that the reports are based on objective reality, suggesting that education levels of witnesses influence the fancifulness of their testimonies, and he found no significant differences between groups of witnesses with different educational backgrounds.

Stephen L. Zegura, in his comment, questions Sapunov's statistical rigor, pointing out errors in Table 1 and the lack of units. He argues that Sapunov's conclusion that the Snowman reports are based on objective reality does not necessarily follow from the data, particularly the observation of a very tall female Snowman. Zegura also critiques Sapunov's model of mammalian hair color as outdated and simplistic, stating that modern genetics has greatly complicated the issue. He asserts that Sapunov's claim about the authenticity of reports based on this model lacks rigorous demonstration. Zegura concludes that while negative evidence does not prove non-existence, it remains unlikely that the existence of Snowmen can be definitively determined by future research.

The Yahoo and Zoological Discovery

Colin P. Groves' position on examining reports of unknown animals is discussed by an unnamed author (likely the editor or a contributor). Groves suggests that consistency among two or more independent reports describing the same features is the best real evidence. The author finds this condition arbitrary and unnecessarily severe, preferring to use correlation of independent evidence. The author presents a table comparing characteristics from various Yahoo reports, including those cited by Groves and a report by H. J. McCooey. The table suggests correlations in characteristics across different sources. The author also critiques Groves' own table for omissions and an error, specifically regarding a mythological description being treated as physical evidence.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently grapples with the definition and methodology of cryptozoology. A recurring theme is the tension between anecdotal evidence and scientific rigor, with authors debating the validity of linguistic analysis, statistical interpretation, and physical evidence. The journal appears to advocate for a rigorous, interdisciplinary approach, while acknowledging the speculative nature of the field. There is a clear emphasis on critical evaluation of evidence and a cautious approach to drawing conclusions, even while exploring the possibility of undiscovered species. The editorial stance seems to favor the pursuit of scientific understanding, even when dealing with subjects that challenge conventional zoological classifications.

Title: CRYPTOZOOLOGY
Issue: 138-139
Volume: 5
Issue Date: 1986
Publisher: International Society of Cryptozoology
Country: USA
Language: English

Main Articles and Discussions

The Yahoo and "Hominoid" Psychology (Response to Joyner)

This section features a critical response from Colin P. Groves to Graham C. Joyner's views on the Yahoo, an alleged hominoid or hominid creature from southeastern Australia. Groves challenges Joyner's methodology, particularly his use of tables to demonstrate consistency, arguing that the absence of consistency can also be informative. He criticizes Joyner's tendency to focus on inconsistency and his assertion that the Yahoo phenomenon is primarily intellectual or cultural. Groves reiterates his belief that the Yahoo is most likely an undiscovered marsupial, aligning with 19th-century opinions, and strongly distinguishes it from the Yowie, a more recent fictional primate-like creature. He also suggests that Joyner's demand for evidence reflects a simplistic view of science and proposes that Joyner's analysis might align with Thomas Kuhn's concept of scientific discovery, where anomalies are assimilated.

Groves also requests that Joyner publish the McCooey report, believing its inclusion might finally establish a degree of consistency in the descriptions.

GIRAFFES ALL SET (Comment on John W. Olsen and Michael D. Swords)

J. Richard Greenwell comments on previous discussions regarding the Egyptian god Set, specifically addressing the theories of Michael D. Swords and John W. Olsen. Greenwell introduces literature, including Clive A. Spinage's "The Book of the Giraffe," which suggests the giraffe as a possible candidate for Set. He notes that Spinage, after reviewing ancient Egyptian art, found the giraffe's depiction to be detailed and conservative, and that the animal's history in Egypt, including its gradual disappearance from the Nile Valley, aligns with the mythology surrounding Set. Greenwell includes a comparison of a modern giraffe profile with Swords' depiction of Set, inviting readers to form their own opinions and suggesting that the giraffe warrants further consideration.

GIRAFFES ELIMINATED (Response to Greenwell)

Michael D. Swords responds to Greenwell's comment, arguing against the giraffe identification for Set. Swords provides three main reasons: 1) Egyptians had distinct hieroglyphs for giraffes and Set, indicating they were recognized as different; 2) Set is described as a violent, black-faced creature of the night, unlike the giraffe; and 3) giraffes do not closely resemble Set depictions, which often have a canid or hyaena-like bodyline. Swords points to Egyptian paintings of dogs or unidentified canid forms that share features with Set.

PERSEPOLIS: NILGAI-NOT OKAPI (Comment on Michel Raynal and Christine Janis)

Robert G. Tuck, Jr., and Raul Valdez argue that the Achaemenian frieze at Persepolis, often identified as an okapi, actually depicts a male nilgai antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus) from India. They cite their own scholarly publication and Valdez's personal examination of the relief. They explain that foreign delegates often purchased tribute animals en route, so the animal's origin might not be African, despite the delegation's origin. Tuck and Valdez detail specific anatomical differences between the nilgai and the okapi that are visible on the carving, including horn shape, ear size, presence of a mane, and tail length and tuft. They also note that the carved animal has dew claws, which giraffids lack. They mention a tenuous historical connection between the okapi and Persepolis through explorer Sir Henry M. Stanley.

Back Order Listing and ISC Newsletter

The journal also includes a "Back Order Listing" for previous issues of Cryptozoology, detailing prices and ordering information. Following this is a section on "The ISC Newsletter," which lists the contents of various volumes and issues from 1982 to 1988. These newsletters cover a wide range of cryptozoological topics, including expeditions, sightings, research reports, and book reviews related to creatures like the Mokele-Mbembe, Lake Champlain Monster, Sasquatch, Yeti, and various other cryptids.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the rigorous application of scientific methodology to cryptozoological claims, the debate over classification (hominoid vs. marsupial), and the identification of animals depicted in ancient art and artifacts. The journal emphasizes detailed analysis, evidence-based arguments, and the distinction between scientifically plausible hypotheses and speculative theories. There is a clear editorial stance favoring cautious interpretation and a critical approach to anecdotal evidence, while also acknowledging the existence of unresolved anomalies in zoology.

STRANGE Magazine #5 is dedicated to the field of cryptozoology and mystery animals. The issue is described as containing "all new material, fully-referenced, numerous photographs and illustrations" and is 64 pages long, measuring 8 1/2" x 11". The cover price is $5.95 including US postage.

The magazine is published twice a year by STRANGE Magazine, and aims to bring readers a collection of well-researched, thought-provoking articles, features, and columns covering all aspects of the unusual and unexplained. It features contributions from top researchers, investigators, theorists, and writers in the field of strange phenomena.

Contents and Featured Articles

The table of contents for issue #5 reveals a diverse range of articles:

• Cryptozoology: A general piece by Patrick Huyghe.
• The Mystery Photograph Solution: Anatomy of an Investigation: A detailed look by Mark Chorvinsky.
• Cryptozoology in the Land of Shadows: Yetis, the CIA and Tibet: Explored by Loren Coleman.
• Searching for the Historical Bigfoot: An article by Michael T. Shoemaker.
• The Monster Is a Man: Hairy People, Wild People, and Bigfoot: Another contribution from Mark Chorvinsky.
• Lake Champlain's Monster Fossil: By Joseph W. Zarzynski.
• King Kong: Cinema "Crypto"-Classic: A look at the film by Douglas Chapman.
• A Field Guide to the Monsters and Mystery Animals of Maryland: A collaborative effort by Mark Chorvinsky & Mark Opsasnick.
• The Unknown Lake Monsters of Alberta: By W. Ritchie Benedict.
• Carl Hagenbeck and the Rhodesian Dinosaurs: An article by Dr. Dwight Smith & Gary S. Mangiacopra.
• Living Dinosaurs in Africa: The Early German Accounts: Written by Ulrich Magin.

Back Issues and Subscription Information

The magazine also provides details on its back issues, listing the contents of issues #1, #2, #3, and #4. These back issues cover a wide array of cryptozoological topics, including lake monsters, sea serpents, lizard people, Bigfoot, unknown birds, and various animal oddities. Subscription information is also provided, with a 4-issue subscription costing $14.95 (or $19.95 for foreign subscriptions). Back issues must be purchased separately, with prices including US postage. Foreign subscriptions require US funds drawn on a US bank, with an additional $1.00 postage per back issue. UK subscriptions are £11.50, with issue #5 costing £4.00 including postage, payable by check in sterling to "Mark Chorvinsky."

Orders are to be sent to STRANGE Magazine, P.O. Box 2246, Rockville, MD 20847.

Advertisements and Related Content

Page 1 also features an advertisement for the South American Explorers Club, offering trip reports, travel information, guidebooks, and clubhouses in the US, Peru, and Ecuador. They invite inquiries for a free catalog.

Additionally, there is an advertisement for KEELER, a composer-synthesist, and his CD "The Present Link," inspired by cryptozoological phenomena. The CD was available in June 1990 and features twelve sonic constructions. Orders for this CD can be placed through Great Orm Productions in New York.

Instructions to Contributors and Society Information

Page 2 contains detailed "Instructions to Contributors" for the magazine, outlining guidelines for manuscript submission, including typing, abstracts, referencing, and preferred article types (topical or theoretical discussions, literature reviews, or research reports). It specifies requirements for illustrations and photographs and details the review process. It also includes instructions for book reviews, comments, and responses.

Page 3 is dedicated to the International Society of Cryptozoology (ISC). It lists the society's officers, including President Bernard Heuvelmans, Vice President Roy P. Mackal, and Secretary J. Richard Greenwell. The Board of Directors includes prominent figures in the field such as Dmitri Bayanov, Eric Buffetaut, Eugenie Clark, Colin P. Groves, Grover S. Krantz, Paul H. LeBlond, Nikolai Spassov, Phillip V. Tobias, Leigh M. Van Valen, Forrest G. Wood, and Zhou Guoxing.

The "Society Purpose and Policy" section clarifies that the ISC serves as a focal point for the investigation, analysis, publication, and discussion of matters related to animals of unexpected form or size, or unexpected occurrence. It emphasizes that the society takes no position on the existence of these animals and that opinions expressed are personal.

Membership and subscription information for the ISC is provided, detailing annual fees for individuals, couples, and institutions, and outlining the publications received (The ISC Newsletter and Cryptozoology). Payment options include US dollars, Canadian dollars, and British pounds sterling, with specific instructions for international payments.

Honorary Members and Benefactors of the ISC are also listed, including notable figures like André Capart, John Green, and Sir Peter Scott.

BBC WILDLIFE Magazine

Page 2 also includes an advertisement for BBC WILDLIFE Magazine, describing it as Britain's only color monthly magazine dedicated to wildlife and conservation. It highlights its beautiful photographs, informative writing, and coverage of biological and political aspects of nature. The magazine includes news sections, feature articles, wildlife Q&A, comment, and opinion, as well as a nature almanac and gardening tips. It also runs contests, including the Wildlife Photographer of the Year competition. BBC Wildlife magazine works closely with the BBC Natural History Unit but remains an independent publication.

A subscription order form for BBC WILDLIFE Magazine is included, with an annual subscription priced at £28.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The primary theme of STRANGE Magazine #5 is Cryptozoology and Mystery Animals. The editorial stance, as indicated by the content and the nature of the publication, is one of serious investigation and exploration of phenomena that fall outside conventional zoology. The magazine appears to be a platform for researchers and enthusiasts to share their findings, theories, and fieldwork related to unknown creatures and unexplained animal sightings. The inclusion of detailed instructions for contributors and the listing of prominent figures in the International Society of Cryptozoology suggest a commitment to rigorous, albeit unconventional, research within the field.