Cryptozoology - Vol 07 - 1988

Magazine Overview

This issue of CRYPTOZOOLOGY, Volume 7, published in 1988, is an interdisciplinary journal of the International Society of Cryptozoology. It focuses on the scientific study of "hidden animals" – those unknown or undescribed by traditional zoology. The issue is heavily weighted towards methodological discussions, particularly in the lead article by Bernard Heuvelmans, "The Sources and Method of Cryptozoological Research."

Articles

The Sources and Method of Cryptozoological Research

Bernard Heuvelmans' extensive article lays the groundwork for understanding cryptozoological research. He defines "hidden animals" as those whose existence is supported by testimonial and circumstantial evidence, or material evidence deemed insufficient by mainstream zoology. He emphasizes that cryptozoological research requires a broad multidisciplinary competence, including zoological sciences, physical anthropology, mythology, linguistics, archaeology, and history. The research is conducted extensively in libraries, archives, museums, and other repositories rather than solely in the field. Heuvelmans outlines the process of building an "identikit-picture" of a hidden animal by analyzing heterogeneous data, eliminating hoaxes, and creating a coherent synthesis. This process aims to scientifically describe and name these animals, potentially leading to their legal protection if threatened.

He details the search for testimonial evidence, which involves perusing newspapers, magazines, and scientific journals for reports of sightings, encounters, or traces. He stresses the importance of contacting eyewitnesses directly for first-hand accounts. He also highlights the contributions of dedicated researchers and publications like "Doubt," "INFO Journal," "Pursuit," "Strange Magazine," "Fute," "Fortean Times," and "Res Bureaux Bulletin" in collecting such data.

Circumstantial evidence is explored through various forms, including historical accounts, folklore, and art. Heuvelmans cites examples like pygmy hunters describing sauropod dinosaurs or church ex-votos depicting coelacanths. He emphasizes that the persistence of a species can be inferred from prehistoric representations and works of art, referencing scholars like Otto Keller and Houghton Broderick. The importance of ethnographical sources and the knowledge of native peoples is also noted, as they often possess information about animals in their habitat.

Linguistics is presented as a valuable tool, with vernacular names providing clues to the characteristics of animals. Heuvelmans uses the example of "bear-men" to illustrate how indigenous names can reflect genuine observations. Mythology is also discussed as a source of circumstantial evidence, arguing that "mythic" does not equate to "fictitious" but rather to deeply embedded mental stereotypes that can distort or preserve information about unknown animals.

Material evidence, such as footprints, hair samples, or even whole specimens, is acknowledged but often considered controversial or insufficient by some. Heuvelmans notes that a large amount of such proof is needed to overcome skepticism, and it must be combined with testimonial and circumstantial evidence. The citation of precedents, such as the rate of new species discovery and the existence of "living fossils," is presented as a way to support the possibility of discovering new or surviving animals.

Other Articles and Reports

• Osteological Evidence for the Prior Occurrence of a Giant Gecko in Otago, New Zealand: By Aaron M. Bauer and Anthony P. Russell.
• The "Monster" Episode in Adomnan's Life of St. Columba: By Charles Thomas.
• Waitoreke, the New Zealand “Otter”: A Linguistic Solution to a Cryptozoological Problem: By John Colarusso.
• A Mathematical Analysis of “Snowman” (Wildman) Eyewitness Reports: By Valentin B. Sapunov (Research Report).
• The First Japanese-Congolese Mokele-Mbembe Expeditions: By Tokuharu Takabayashi (Field Report).
• LCPI Work at Lake Champlain, 1988: By Joseph W. Zarzynski (Field Report).

Book Reviews

The issue includes several book reviews:

• *Naturalized Mammals of the World* by Christopher Lever, reviewed by J. Richard Greenwell.
• *Kadimakara: Extinct Vertebrates of Australia* by Pat V. Rich and Gerard F. Van Tets (eds.), reviewed by Aaron M. Bauer.
• *Thylacine: The Tragedy of the Tasmanian Tiger* by Eric R. Guiler, reviewed by Malcolm Smith.
• *The Beast of Exmoor: Fact or Legend?* by Trevor Beer, reviewed by Karl P. N. Shuker.
• *The Enigma of Loch Ness: Making Sense of a Mystery* by Henry H. Bauer, reviewed by Robert H. Rines.
• *The Loch Ness Monster: The Evidence* by Steuart Campbell, reviewed by Richard Fitter.
• *Sticking My Neck Out! By Nessie* by Edward H. Armstrong, reviewed by A. Jack A. Gibson.

Comments and Responses

This section features contributions from numerous individuals, including Pascal Tassy, Nikolai Spassov, Michel Raynal, Christine Janis, John S. Buckley, Sally Y. Shelton, Grover S. Krantz, Aaron M. Bauer, Anthony P. Russell, Michel Dethier, Ayako Dethier-Sakamoto, Roy P. Mackal, Steuart Campbell, Paul H. Le Blond, Hugh H. Trotti, Eric Buffetaut, Graham Joyner, J. Richard Greenwell, Colin P. Groves, Dmitri Bayanov, James A. Hewkin, and Richard D. Smith.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the rigorous methodology required for cryptozoological research, the diverse forms of evidence that can be employed, and the interdisciplinary nature of the field. The editorial stance, as exemplified by Heuvelmans' article, is one of scientific inquiry, emphasizing careful documentation, critical analysis, and the integration of knowledge from various disciplines. There is a clear advocacy for treating cryptozoology as a legitimate scientific pursuit, distinct from sensationalism or pseudoscience, by employing systematic methods akin to legal proceedings or forensic investigation. The journal aims to legitimize the study of unknown animals by grounding it in robust research practices and historical precedent.

The issue also touches upon the challenges of distinguishing factual observation from myth and folklore, and the importance of understanding cultural contexts when interpreting reports of unknown creatures. The book reviews and comments sections further reflect the society's engagement with ongoing debates and discoveries within the field of cryptozoology.

Title: CRYPTOZOOLOGY
Issue: 7
Volume: 7
Date: 1988
Publisher: International Society of Cryptozoology
Country: USA
Language: English
ISSN: 0739-7055
Cover Headline: OSTEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIOR OCCURRENCE OF A GIANT GECKO IN OTAGO, NEW ZEALAND

Article: Osteological Evidence for the Prior Occurrence of a Giant Gecko in Otago, New Zealand

This article, authored by Aaron M. Bauer and Anthony P. Russell, presents evidence for the existence of a large, extinct gecko in Otago, New Zealand. The research focuses on osteological remains discovered in Earnscleugh Cave, which include a mandibular ramus and a bone identified as a cloacal bone or possibly a posterior cervical rib.

Introduction to Hoplodactylus delcourti

The authors introduce *Hoplodactylus delcourti*, currently the largest known gekkonid lizard, described from a single specimen preserved since the 19th century. This species measures 370 mm in snout-vent length (SVL), significantly larger than other gecko species. While its exact origin is unknown, morphological and ethnographic evidence suggests a New Zealand origin, possibly linked to the Maori name 'kawekaweau'.

The Earnscleugh Remains

The Earnscleugh Cave yielded two bones: a lower jaw ramus and a small bone described by Hutton (1875, 1899) as a posterior cervical rib. The jaw ramus exhibits pleurodont dentition, ruling out the tuatara (*Sphenodon punctatus*), which has acrodont dentition. The size of the jaw ramus suggests an animal with a total mandibular length of approximately 82 mm, implying a total body size significantly larger than any known extant New Zealand lizard.

The second bone, initially identified by Hutton as a rib, was re-evaluated by the authors. Through comparison with various gecko skeletons, they concluded it most closely resembles a medial cloacal bone, a paired element found in male geckos associated with hemipenes. This identification is supported by its shape and size, particularly its similarity to cloacal bones found in the Tasmantis radiation of geckos, which includes New Zealand species.

Estimating the Size of the Earnscleugh Lizard

Based on the size of the cloacal bone and jaw ramus, and by comparing them with related gecko species, the authors estimate the Earnscleugh lizard to have been approximately 275-325 mm in SVL. This size is consistent with the larger end of the size range for *Hoplodactylus delcourti*, suggesting the Earnscleugh remains might belong to this species or another extinct giant gecko of similar size.

Identity of the Earnscleugh Lizard and Maori Folklore

The authors discuss the potential identity of the Earnscleugh lizard, considering Maori folklore. While the 'kawekaweau' is primarily associated with the North Island, they note that historical distribution of reptiles was wider. They also consider Maori terms like 'kumi' and 'ngarara', but find them less fitting due to vague descriptions or associations with other creatures. They tentatively conclude that the Earnscleugh material represents a gecko, possibly *Hoplodactylus delcourti*, which may have occurred in Otago until at least the early 1800s.

Acknowledgments and References

The article concludes with acknowledgments to various institutions and individuals for their assistance and a comprehensive list of references cited, covering a wide range of publications on cryptozoology, herpetology, folklore, and paleontology.

General Section: Cryptozoology

This section includes a general discussion on cryptozoology, questioning the scientific explanations for the extinction of animal species, particularly dinosaurs. The author suggests that species may disappear due to the natural accumulation of ailments and unfavorable environmental factors over long periods, rather than sudden catastrophic events. The advice given to aspiring cryptozoologists emphasizes careful case preparation, reliance on facts and logic, and perseverance against skepticism.

Heuvelmans: Sources and Method of Cryptozoology

This section provides an extensive bibliography of sources and methods used in cryptozoology, compiled by Bernard Heuvelmans. It lists numerous books and articles, spanning historical accounts, folklore, mythology, and scientific literature, from various authors and time periods, indicating the interdisciplinary nature of cryptozoological research.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine appears to focus on the scientific investigation of cryptids, using osteological evidence, historical accounts, and folklore to support the existence of unknown or extinct animals. The editorial stance seems to favor rigorous research, logical deduction, and a critical examination of existing scientific theories, while remaining open to the possibility of undiscovered species. The inclusion of Bernard Heuvelmans' bibliography highlights a commitment to thorough research methodology and the historical development of the field.

Title: Cryptozoology
Issue: Vol. 7, 1988
Article Title: The "Monster" Episode in Adomnan's Life of St. Columba
Author: Charles Thomas
Publisher: International Society of Cryptozoology

This issue of Cryptozoology features an in-depth analysis by Charles Thomas of the famous "monster" episode recounted in Adomnan's "Life of St. Columba." Thomas, who is both an amateur cryptozoologist and a professional in insular Celtic scholarship, aims to critically examine the story and place it within its historical and linguistic context, arguing against its direct relevance to the Loch Ness Monster.

Subject and Author

The article focuses on the 6th-century encounter of St. Columba with an aquatic beast, as documented by Adomnan. Thomas provides historical background on the region of Scotland north of the Clyde-Forth, inhabited by the Picts and later colonized by the Scoti from Ireland. He details the conversion of the Picts to Christianity and the establishment of Columba's influential monastery at Iona. The article confirms the historical existence of Columba and Adomnan, dating Adomnan's "Life of Columba" to between 688 and 692 AD. It also touches upon the linguistic complexities of the time, noting the necessity of interpreters between the Scoti and Picts due to their different languages.

The "Monster" Episode

Thomas presents a literal translation of the relevant passage from Adomnan's "Life," which describes an incident where St. Columba, while crossing the River Ness, encountered inhabitants burying a man who had been attacked by a water beast. Columba then commanded the beast to retreat, which it did, saving one of his companions, Lugneus mocu-Min, who was swimming to retrieve a boat. The passage is presented as one of several miracles related in the second book of Adomnan's work, not as a factual historical account but as religious propaganda.

Discussion

The author discusses the nature of saint's lives from this period, noting that such stories often featured miraculous events, divine interventions, and the thwarting of savage creatures by holy figures. He confirms that Lugneus was a historical figure associated with Columba. However, Thomas strongly disputes the location of the event, arguing that the description of the River Ness, including its narrowness and the presence of a ferry, is inconsistent with Loch Ness. He suggests the event likely occurred on the River Ness proper, near its outflow into the Moray Firth.

The 'beast' is described using the Latin terms 'bestia' and 'belua,' which imply size and ferocity but are not specifically reptilian, mammalian, or marine. Adomnan's addition of 'aquatilis' (aquatic/marine) is noted. Thomas posits that the event, possibly occurring around 580 AD, was likely a disturbance caused by a large, stray marine mammal, such as a bearded seal or even a walrus, which were more common in earlier centuries. The story, while possibly rooted in a real encounter, was embellished by Adomnan.

Other Accounts

Thomas examines other accounts of the 'monster' episode. He discusses a 10th-century Irish "Life" where the story is truncated and the creature is identified as a 'naithir' (snake or venomous serpent). He also analyzes a later Latin "Life" from the 11th century, which presents a similar miracle on the River Ness, again involving a beast repelled by the sign of the Cross. The author dismisses the 'naithir' identification as lacking zoological weight, attributing its inclusion to the common trope of serpents in saintly miracles.

Conclusion

Thomas concludes that there is no reason to doubt that St. Columba and his party encountered a marine mammal in the River Ness around 580 AD. However, he firmly states that this tale, despite its inclusion in Adomnan's work in good faith, does not involve Loch Ness or any unidentified animal currently being investigated in that loch. He expresses hope that future writers will cease using this reference as evidence for the Loch Ness Monster.

References Cited

The article includes an extensive list of references, including works by Anderson & Anderson, Binns, Clark, Cross, Foster et al., Heist, Kenney, Meehan, Ritchie, Small & Cottam, Whyte, and Witchell.

Waitoreke, The New Zealand "Otter": A Linguistic Solution to a Cryptozoological Problem (Abstract and Introduction)

This section of the journal features a separate article by John Colarussso titled "Waitoreke, The New Zealand 'Otter': A Linguistic Solution to a Cryptozoological Problem." The abstract states that the study examines various Maori words associated with a supposed New Zealand "otter" (waitoreke, kaureke, kaurehe). Colarussso's analysis focuses on etymology and historical attestation, identifying waitoreke and kaureke as probable Maori terms for an amphibious mammal. He suggests these terms might refer to a rare, possibly extinct, monotreme, perhaps related to the platypus or echidna, due to features like a spur or spiny pelage. The introduction highlights New Zealand's lack of native terrestrial mammals and the long-standing interest in reports of a native quadrupedal mammal of amphibious habits.

Criticisms of Becker and Linguistic Analysis

Colarussso critiques the work of Becker, who linked Maori terms to mythology. He argues that Maori /wai-/ (water) has no connection to 'spirit' or 'mythology' and that Becker's etymologies are unfounded. Colarussso provides detailed linguistic analyses of terms like /wai-tō-reke/, /kau-reke/, and /kau-rehe/, proposing that /wai-tō-reke/ likely means "water-diver (with a) quill or knob," suggesting a monotreme. He also examines /kau-reke/, suggesting it means "very knobby" or "covered in quills," and notes its attestation dates back to 1838. He discusses the mythological associations of other terms like /wai-rani/ and /nārara kē/, but finds that /wai-tō-reke/ and /kau-reke/ lack significant mythological correlates, supporting their status as old terms for a rare animal.

Mythology

Colarussso contrasts the Maori approach to mythology with the European one, noting that Maori myths often feature familiar animals, lending coherence to their lore. He argues that the absence of mythological correlates for /wai-tō-reke/ and /kau-reke/ supports the hypothesis that these terms refer to a very rare animal known to a limited circle of Maori, whose incorporation into mythic lore would not have illuminated any particular trait.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue primarily focuses on the critical examination of cryptozoological claims through historical, linguistic, and scientific lenses. The article on St. Columba's encounter debunks its relevance to the Loch Ness Monster, emphasizing the importance of rigorous analysis and contextualization. The linguistic analysis of the Waitoreke case similarly seeks to ground cryptozoological speculation in linguistic evidence, distinguishing between plausible etymologies and mythological interpretations. The overall stance appears to be one of scholarly skepticism towards sensational claims, advocating for evidence-based research within the field of cryptozoology.

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 7, published in 1988, focuses on investigations into three distinct cryptids: the Waitoreke of New Zealand, the Snowman (or wildman) of the Soviet Union, and 'Champ' of Lake Champlain. The magazine features research reports and field updates, utilizing scientific analysis and technological advancements in cryptozoological research.

Colarusso: Waitoreke: A Linguistic Solution

This article explores the linguistic and biological evidence for the existence of the Waitoreke, a putative New Zealand "otter." The author argues that the earliest accounts, predating 1838, do not use a native name and are vague, possibly referring to the Maori dog. However, accounts from 1844 onwards describe an animal with amphibious habits, possibly a monotreme. The Maori terms /wai-tō-reke/ and /kau-reke/ are analyzed, with the former meaning "spurred one who sinks into the water" or "the one of the quill/spur," and the latter meaning "very spiney." These descriptions align with an ornithorhynchid monotreme, likely a species of *Ornithorhynchus*. The article posits that New Zealand's early separation from other landmasses would favor the evolution of monotremes. The animal is described as spiney, with pelage transitional between vibrissae and true hair, suggesting an amphibious form of a basal monotreme. The author concludes that linguistic evidence strongly supports the existence of a New Zealand monotreme, and that searches for remains or living specimens are warranted.

Research Reports: A Mathematical Analysis of "Snowman" (Wildman) Eyewitness Reports by Valentin B. Sapunov

This report analyzes eyewitness accounts of the Snowman (Soviet wildman) collected by the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. and subsequent expeditions. Using applied mathematical techniques, including biological statistics, phenetics, and the theory of testimonies, the study found the reports to be consistent and not statistically detectable as hoaxes. Key findings include a bimodal height distribution with modes at 2.04 m and 1.56 m, and four reported colors: yellow-brown, brown, grey, and black. The analysis suggests that the Snowman may represent a real, biological species, possibly one in decline, and that the descriptions align with modern concepts of ecology and population biology. The author concludes that further research is needed to definitively answer the question of the Snowman's existence.

Field Reports: LCPI Work at Lake Champlain, 1988 by Joseph W. Zarzynski

This report details the Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation's (LCPI) 1988 fieldwork in its ongoing search for "Champ." The expedition utilized advanced technology, including a remotely-operated vehicle (ROV), side-scan sonar, and a video digitizer computer monitoring system. Fieldwork involved surface and underwater surveillance, scuba searches, and analysis of reported sightings. The report documents 41 days of fieldwork and lists nine "Champ" sightings from 1988. One visual sighting of a "Champ-like animal" was made by LCPI personnel aboard the ASR 1357 vessel. The report also notes the unexpected discovery of two previously unknown shipwrecks. The LCPI's future plans include continued high-technology approaches and advocating for the protection of this potential new species.

Field Reports: The First Japanese-Congolese Mokele-Mbembe Expeditions by Tokuharu Takabayashi

This report chronicles two Japanese expeditions to the Congo Basin in search of the Mokele-Mbembe, a large, unknown animal reportedly inhabiting the swamps. The expeditions, one in 1986 and another in 1987, gathered information from local villagers and conducted fieldwork around Lake Telle. Despite extensive searches using cameras, sonar, and night-vision equipment, no direct evidence of the Mokele-Mbembe was found. However, villagers provided accounts of sightings and dietary habits, suggesting the animal eats specific plant leaves. One report mentioned a large black object observed on Lake Telle, though mist obscured clear observation. The expedition members acknowledged the possibility of an unidentified animal existing in the region and expressed hope for future expeditions.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the investigation of unknown animals (cryptids) using scientific methods and advanced technology. The magazine promotes a serious, evidence-based approach to cryptozoology, analyzing linguistic, biological, and eyewitness data. The editorial stance supports continued research and the protection of potential new species, while emphasizing rigorous methodology and the avoidance of definitive conclusions without sufficient proof. The issue highlights the global nature of cryptozoological interest, with reports from New Zealand, the Soviet Union, and North America.

This issue of "Cryptozoology" (Volume 7, Issue 7, 1988) features a "Book Reviews" section, offering in-depth analyses of several relevant titles. The magazine is published by the International Society of Cryptozoology.

Book Reviews

Naturalized Mammals of the World by Christopher Lever

This review, by J. Richard Greenwell, discusses Christopher Lever's comprehensive book on naturalized mammals. While not strictly a cryptozoology text, it is deemed highly relevant for cryptozoologists. The book details the worldwide distribution of naturalized mammals, including maps of natural and introduced ranges for 61 species, each accompanied by a fine-line drawing. Lever's criteria for inclusion are strict: species must be established in the wild, self-maintaining, and independent of human support. The review highlights various motives for introductions, such as sport, sentiment, aesthetics, food, fur, pest control, and curiosity. It also notes the significant impact of introduced species, citing a statistic that since 1600, introduced mammals have been responsible for 23% of mammalian and 19% of avian extinctions. Several case studies are presented, including the European hedgehog, feral cats in New Zealand, the North American muskrat (notable for being successfully eliminated in Britain), the mongoose in the Caribbean, and the North American mink in Britain. The review also analyzes patterns of inter-regional mammal transplantation, noting the high number of Palearctic species in Australasia and the relative scarcity of Ethiopian and Australian species introduced elsewhere. The reviewer points out the book's omission of certain cryptozoological reports, such as American kangaroo and British puma sightings, due to a lack of verifiable evidence of independent establishment. A key point of discussion is the possibility that large escaped or released felids, such as leopards and pumas, might be naturalized in Britain and Australia but remain unrecognized due to their elusive nature, a hypothesis that Lever's book, with its lack of felid representation, prompts further consideration of.

Kadimakara: Extinct Vertebrates of Australia edited by Pat V. Rich and Gerard F. Van Tets

Reviewed by Aaron M. Bauer, this volume focuses on Australia's extinct vertebrates, including those implied by the Aboriginal term "kadimakara." The book features contributions from experts on paleontology, earth sciences, and specific species accounts. It includes detailed descriptions of extinct reptiles like the giant horned turtle Meiolania and the monitor lizard Megalania prisca, as well as extinct birds such as Genyornis newtoni and Progura gallinacea. The review highlights the significance of these extinct megafauna, some of which may have co-existed with early Aboriginal peoples. The book also covers the mammalian fauna, including Diprotodon, Palorchestes, Sthenurus, and Thylacoleo carnifex, with discussions on their potential connection to Aboriginal myths like the "bunyip" and "giant rabbits." The thylacine (Tasmanian Tiger) is also mentioned in relation to its possible persistence and its connection to large carnivorous marsupial reports. The review notes that the book provides a valuable resource for cryptozoologists interested in Australian fauna, emphasizing the historical perspective and detailed descriptions. It also includes a list of paleontologists and a bibliography.

Thylacine: The Tragedy of the Tasmanian Tiger by Eric R. Guiler

Malcolm Smith reviews Eric R. Guiler's book on the thylacine. The review emphasizes the thylacine's unique position in cryptozoology as a recently extinct animal with ongoing reports of sightings. Guiler's work is described as a comprehensive compilation of data, including a substantial bibliography. The book covers the thylacine's fossil evidence, extinction on the mainland, early settler contact, bounty, population dynamics, and official protection. It details the animal's characteristics, spoor identification, and zoo history. Guiler's own experiences with thylacine spoor are noted, with the chapter on "Some Facts and Some Deductions" being particularly significant. The review highlights Guiler's description of how he has encountered macropodid remains bearing signs of the thylacine's unique killing method. The book also delves into expeditions and searches for the thylacine, including a table of sightings and investigations. A key focus is Chapter 9, "Mainland 'Tigers'," which explores the possibility of the thylacine, or a similar animal, existing in Western Australia, South Australia, and Gippsland, with some footprint casts suggesting an unknown animal. The review notes that while Guiler accepts a percentage of Tasmanian reports as valid, he cannot dismiss mainland reports. The book concludes with a discussion of the thylacine's potential for a comeback, similar to the Tasmanian devil. Minor errors in references are noted, but the work is praised as a definitive study.

The Beast of Exmoor: Fact or Legend? by Trevor Beer

Reviewed by Karl P. N. Shuker, this booklet by Trevor Beer investigates the phenomenon of the "Beast of Exmoor." Beer's work is presented as a vast simplification of the multi-layered myth. The booklet covers the Beast saga, Beer's own investigations, and a scene-setting description of Exmoor. It details the history of the phenomenon from 1983, including Beer's close-range sighting of a leopard-sized cat. The second section analyzes potential identities for the sheep killer, ranging from exotic escapee felids to rogue dogs and even phantom carnivores. The review notes that the mystery remains unsolved. Shuker highlights Beer's demonstration that the mystery cats sighted are likely not responsible for the sheep killings, suggesting that large dogs may be the culprits. The review mentions new developments, including reports of lynx-like beasts and the capture of a panther-like animal on film. The author's conclusion that the animals responsible for the killings were dogs is supported by reports of large dogs roaming the moors and attacking livestock. The review concludes that Beer's booklet distinguishes fact from fiction and exposes a new dimension to the Beast story.

The Enigma of Loch Ness: Making Sense of a Mystery by Henry H. Bauer

Reviewed by Robert H. Rines, this book by Henry H. Bauer approaches the Loch Ness mystery from a scientific and sociological perspective. Bauer examines the evidentiary pros and cons, exploring myth, reality, evidence types, hoaxes, and reasons for belief and disbelief. The review emphasizes that Bauer's concern is not to prove or disprove Nessie's existence but to examine the sociological, psychological, and philosophical aspects of the controversy. The book aims to illuminate why the matter is controversial and why science has remained disengaged. The review notes that Bauer's balanced presentation allows readers to form their own conclusions based on the evidence presented, contrasting proponents' views with debunkers' explanations.

The Loch Ness Monster: The Evidence by Steuart Campbell

Reviewed by Richard Fitter, this book by Steuart Campbell critiques the idea that the Nessie phenomenon could be a relict population of plesiosaurs or other large aquatic animals. Campbell is found to be more convincing in demolishing Mackal's conclusions than in proving Nessie's non-existence. The review notes that Campbell's assumption that if Nessie doesn't exist, then other "lake monsters" don't either, is not analyzed. Campbell's weakest point is his rejection of all visual sightings, though the reviewer agrees that most are likely due to misidentification or phenomena. However, a few sightings by local people are considered difficult to explain away. The review also questions Campbell's proposal of floating vegetation as an explanation. The reviewer concludes that while Campbell demonstrates the unlikelihood of a breeding population of large, unknown animals, the mystery of the residual sightings remains.

Sticking My Neck Out! By Nessie by Edward H. Armstrong

This brief review notes that Edward H. Armstrong's privately published booklet is a less serious contribution to the Loch Ness Monster literature, with the author having two main points to convey.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the nature of evidence in cryptozoology, the challenges of distinguishing between fact and legend, and the scientific approach to investigating unexplained phenomena. The reviews highlight the importance of rigorous research, detailed documentation, and critical analysis. The editorial stance appears to be one that encourages serious investigation while acknowledging the difficulties and controversies inherent in the field. The magazine promotes a balanced perspective, presenting various viewpoints and evidence, and encouraging readers to draw their own conclusions.

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 7, published in 1988 by the International Society of Cryptozoology, features a collection of comments and responses on various topics within the field. The articles delve into the interpretation of evidence, the re-evaluation of existing theories, and the presentation of new hypotheses concerning cryptids and extinct animals.

Book Reviews and Comments

The Wilson Photograph and the 'Seagull' Artifact

Jack A. Gibson reviews a booklet by Armstrong that attempts to estimate the size of the Loch Ness Monster from the 1934 Wilson photograph, based on the presence of a "seagull" artifact. Gibson, however, argues that this "seagull" is merely an artifact, likely a scratch, and not a genuine bird, thus rendering Armstrong's size calculations invalid. He notes that while the Wilson photograph copies vary, the supposed seagull is not consistently present and is likely an artifact of the copying process. Gibson also briefly dismisses Armstrong's other theory that Nessie is a swimming elephant.

Fossil Ungulates and Archaeology

Christine Janis's paper on fossil ungulates depicted on archaeological artifacts is discussed by Pascal Tassy and Michel Raynal. Tassy distinguishes between direct evidence (like Colbert's sivathere statuette) and indirect evidence, suggesting that while the sivathere is a strong case for persistence into the Holocene, other interpretations of artifacts (chalicotheres, hyraxes, Mesembriportax) require more reinterpretation and could be artistic license.

Michel Raynal comments on Janis's paper, particularly the depiction of an animal resembling an okapi at Persepolis. He proposes two possibilities: either the okapi was known indirectly through trade with Egypt, or another okapi-like giraffid species survived in Iran. Raynal favors the former, citing archaeological evidence, while acknowledging the latter is not impossible.

The Giant Hyrax and Other Artifacts

Nikolai Spassov responds to Janis's paper, discussing the interpretation of a Chinese statuette as a giant fossil hyrax. He suggests it could also represent a tapir or a pika, noting that while the limbs resemble a tapir, the head is more like a lagomorph. Spassov also comments on the interpretation of Scythian treasures, suggesting that "fabulous wolf-like animals" might be related to Scythian teratological styles rather than definitively chalicotheres. He also finds the interpretation of the Tji Wara as an oryx with a stylized snout interesting but not definitive.

Gigantopithecus and Sasquatch

Christine Janis responds to comments by Tassy, Spassov, and Raynal, clarifying that her "additional sivathere" examples were intended as "fun examples" and not strong cases. She defends her interpretation of the giant hyrax artifact, arguing that its proportions suggest a semiaquatic animal larger than a living hyrax, potentially Pliohyrax. She also addresses the Persepolis okapi, questioning its survival in Egypt or Persia due to dietary specialization.

John S. Buckley and Sally Y. Shelton comment on Grover S. Krantz's paper re-evaluating Gigantopithecus blacki as a large bipedal hominid candidate for Sasquatch. They argue that the evidence, particularly from jaws and teeth, suggests closer affinities to orang-utans (Pongidae) rather than hominids, and that Krantz's modeling is biased towards a hominid jaw suspension. They also question the extreme size estimates for Gigantopithecus, suggesting it might have been a megadont ape adapted to a bamboo diet, similar to giant pandas or gorillas, rather than a huge super ape.

Grover S. Krantz responds to Buckley and Shelton, defending his reconstruction of Gigantopithecus. He reiterates that the jaw structure necessitates anteriorly placed cervical structures, supporting bipedalism. He argues that his size estimate is based on the jaw, not just the teeth, and that anatomical incompatibilities arise when trying to fit the jaw to a pongid suspension. Krantz acknowledges the debate over affinities but leans towards the hominid connection, suggesting that if an orang-utan relative could have such unusual teeth and jaw structure, then bipedalism is not an unreasonable postulation. He challenges others to build their own reconstructions for comparison.

The Tzuchinoko

Aaron M. Bauer and Anthony P. Russell comment on Dethier and Dethier-Sakamoto's paper on the tzuchinoko, a supposed snake. They find the evidence for its identification as a distinct species problematic, suggesting it might be a subspecies, racial, or ecomorphic form of Agkistrodon halys. They point out potential exaggerations in reports, such as the reported size and weight, and question the lack of vertebrae in the tail if it is capable of jumping or hanging. They also suggest that sightings outside of New Guinea might be misidentifications of familiar snakes due to transference of characteristics.

Michel Dethier and Ayako Dethier-Sakamoto respond to Bauer and Russell, acknowledging their expertise but defending their paper. They clarify that they did not reject the ecomorph hypothesis and that their paper was submitted before the publication of Bauer and Russell's cited work. They maintain that reports of 2-3-m leaps are likely exaggerations but that the core observations point to a snake distinct from Agkistrodon halys in body proportions and color. They also suggest the possibility of accidental introduction of foreign species into Japan.

The Wilson Photograph Re-examined

Roy P. Mackal comments on LeBlond and Collins's paper on the Wilson photograph, stating that his earlier identification of the object as a diving bird is now untenable in light of new evidence. He accepts the proposal that the photograph represents a large unidentified animal in Loch Ness and finds Richard Greenwell's comparison with the Mansi photograph compelling, suggesting both depict the same species.

Steuart Campbell comments on LeBlond and Collins's wave analysis of the Wilson photograph. He argues that their assumption about wind direction is not justified by the available data and that the photograph itself indicates a west or northwesterly wind, reducing the estimated fetch. Campbell concludes that the object's size is likely much smaller, possibly around 0.7 m, and that its resemblance to an otter's tail suggests it is indeed an otter's tail, rendering the conclusion that it is a large unidentified animal unjustified.

Paul LeBlond and Michael Collins respond to Mackal and Campbell, acknowledging the difficulty in applying quantitative methods to cryptozoological problems. They note that Mackal identified the object as a bird and Campbell as an otter, and that their own calculations, while having a wide error bound, do include Mackal's estimate.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical analysis of evidence in cryptozoology, the re-evaluation of existing hypotheses, and the importance of rigorous scientific methodology. The journal showcases a debate between different interpretations of visual and fossil evidence, highlighting the challenges of identifying unknown animals. The editorial stance appears to favor a skeptical yet open-minded approach, encouraging detailed investigation and discouraging conclusions based on insufficient or misinterpreted data. The emphasis on

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 6, published in 1987, delves into various debated topics within the field, including historical animal attacks, alleged hominoid sightings, and the methodology of cryptozoological research. The journal features a collection of comments and responses from various researchers and authors, highlighting ongoing discussions and differing perspectives.

Contents and Key Articles

Comments and Responses on the Beast of Gévaudan

The issue opens with a discussion initiated by Hugh H. Trotti regarding the Beast of Gévaudan, a mysterious creature that terrorized parts of southern France in the 18th century. Eric Buffetaut, in response to a review, discounts the idea of human disguise and suggests trained dogs or wolves as culprits. However, Buffetaut also presents a third possibility: a hybrid mix of dog and wolf, citing C. H. D. Clarke's thesis. Clarke's article in *Natural History* magazine pointed out that there were likely multiple beasts, unusually large for wolves, with non-typical markings. Buffetaut notes that while rigorous modern examination was impossible, Clarke made a case for a dog-wolf cross. He further suggests that feral dogs might be more dangerous to humans than wolves, referencing historical tales and the "wolf without a tail" clue, which he interprets as pointing towards domesticated dogs due to tail cropping.

Hugh H. Trotti responds, acknowledging the Beast of Gévaudan as a major problem in historical cryptozoology. He agrees that the animal or animals killed about 100 people and that hypotheses range from sadism to well-reasoned explanations. Trotti dismisses the idea of a man in disguise, as eyewitnesses described a real animal. He notes that while the first 'Beast' killed by Antoine de Beauterne seemed to be a large wolf, its death did not stop the killings. The second 'Beast' was described as not ordinary, but its carcass was too decomposed for expert examination. Trotti leans towards C. H. D. Clarke's idea of a dog-wolf cross or a feral dog, citing that feral dogs can be dangerous and that wolf attacks on humans are rare compared to dog attacks.

The Yahoo/Yowie Debate: Evidence and Interpretation

Graham Joyner comments on a previous response regarding the Yahoo (or Yowie), asserting that documentation is extensive and available, contrary to claims that it awaits full documentation. He lists six consistent characteristics reported for the Yahoo/Yowie: tree-climbing, dual gait, black hair with reddish throat, specific foot shape, possession of claws, and a projecting face. Joyner argues that this consistency demonstrates substantial evidence.

J. Richard Greenwell addresses Joyner's criticism and Graham Groves' statement about "explaining away" reports. Greenwell clarifies that his concern is with the implications for cryptozoology in general, not specifically the Australian Yahoo. He questions when Groves would consider a report as 'Evidence' if it cannot be 'explained away,' suggesting that anything can be explained away with enough effort. Greenwell introduces the concepts of Type I and Type II errors from statistical science. A Type I error is believing something special is happening when it is not, while a Type II error is believing nothing special is happening when it is. He argues that avoiding Type I errors can lead to Type II errors, and suggests that a more precise term than 'explaining away' is needed to define when reports constitute 'Evidence.'

Colin P. Groves responds to Joyner and Greenwell, stating his belief that the Yahoo/Yowie phenomenon is primarily a cultural and methodological one, possibly with unsuspected zoological referents. He cautions against emotional commitment that blinds researchers to evidence. Groves finds the Yahoo sightings inconsistent, beyond basic descriptions of 'large' and 'hairy,' and thus not 'Evidence.' He distinguishes between 'explaining away' and genuine evidence, emphasizing documentation and consistency.

Graham Joyner responds to both Greenwell and Groves. He defends the extensive documentation for the Yahoo/Yowie, citing H. J. McCooey's work and republications. He reiterates the six consistent characteristics (tree-climbing, dual gait, hair color, foot shape, claws, projecting face) and presents them in a table comparing various reports. Joyner criticizes Groves for potentially falling into a Type II error by overlooking faint anomalies.

Sasquatch and Wildman Reports

Dmitri Bayanov comments on James A. Hewkin's work on Sasquatch investigations. Bayanov expresses pleasure that Hewkin does not advocate killing specimens and believes that understanding Sasquatch's behavior will make it susceptible to scientific study. He notes the parallels between Hewkin's conclusions and those of Bayanov's own group regarding 'relict hominoids,' suggesting they possess 'superanimal' status due to large brains and upright posture, leading to unusual behavior and elusiveness.

James A. Hewkin responds to Bayanov, appreciating the parallels drawn. He reports on recent activities, including a Sasquatch sighting in the Oregon Coast Range with tracks and snapped saplings. He also details fieldwork in the Blue Mountains where logs appeared to have been torn up, possibly by Sasquatch, noting the absence of bear claw marks. Hewkin is confident that these activities involve Sasquatch.

Lake Monster Research and Publication Standards

Richard D. Smith comments on Joseph Zarzynski's work on the Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation (LCPI). Smith expresses concern that carcasses of alleged lake monsters may be short-lived in the lake ecosystem due to scavengers and currents. He emphasizes the importance of scientific publication for disseminating research findings and allowing for informed debate. Smith criticizes the dismissal of research based on 'expert opinion' without supporting data, using the example of sonar contacts related to the Loch Ness Monster. He urges researchers, including the Loch Ness and Morar Project (LNMP), to publish their data to support their conclusions and contribute to scholarly debate.

Smith also addresses the issue of publication, noting that while AAS published Loch Ness work, their recent lack of publication may be due to a lull in research. He highlights LNMP's Project Deepscan and its debunking of the 'gargoyle' photo. Smith expresses disappointment that LNMP's Evidence Evaluation Committee (EEC) has not published its findings and has been skeptical of photographic evidence. He stresses that scientific publication is crucial for moving beyond expert opinion to evidence, and welcomes contributions from other lake monster research groups.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the nature of evidence in cryptozoology, the challenges of interpreting anecdotal reports, and the importance of rigorous scientific methodology. There is a clear emphasis on the need for consistency in descriptions, the potential for observer bias (Type I and Type II errors), and the critical role of peer-reviewed publication in establishing scientific credibility. The journal serves as a forum for debate, allowing different viewpoints on cases like the Beast of Gévaudan, the Yahoo/Yowie, and Sasquatch to be presented and discussed. The editorial stance appears to favor a cautious, evidence-based approach, while acknowledging the inherent fascination and potential for discovery within the field of cryptozoology.

This document is a listing of the officers, board of directors, honorary members, benefactors, and corporate sponsors of the International Society of Cryptozoology. It also details the society's purpose, policy, and membership/subscription information.

Officers

• The officers listed are:
• President: Bernard Heuvelmans, 9, Allée des Acacias, L Vésinet 78110, France
• Vice President: Roy P. Mackal, Young Bldg. 307, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A.
• Secretary: J. Richard Greenwell, P.O. Box 43070, Tucson, Arizona 85733, U.S.A.

Board of Directors

The board of directors comprises individuals from various institutions worldwide:

• Dmitri Bayanov: Relict Hominoid Research Seminar, Darwin Museum, Moscow 119 435, U.S.S.R.
• Eric Buffetaut: Laboratory of Vertebrate and Human Paleontology, University of Paris VI, Paris 75230, France
• Eugenie Clark: Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, U.S.A.
• Colin P. Groves: Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
• David Heppell: Mollusca Section, Department of Natural History, Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland EH1 1JF, U.K.
• Grover S. Krantz: Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, U.S.A.
• Paul H. LeBlond: Department of Oceanography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1W5, Canada
• Nikolai Spassov: Department of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
• Phillip V. Tobias: Department of Anatomy, University of the Witwatersrand, Medical School, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
• Leigh M. Van Valen: Department of Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A.
• Forrest G. Wood: Biosciences Department, Naval Ocean Systems Center, U.S. Department of the Navy, San Diego, California 92152, U.S.A.
• Zhou Guoxing: Beijing Natural History Museum, Beijing 100050, China

Society Purpose and Policy

The International Society of Cryptozoology aims to be a central point for the investigation, analysis, publication, and discussion of matters related to animals of unusual form, size, or occurrence. It also serves as a platform for public discussion, education, and providing reliable information to authorities. The Society does not take a stance on the existence of these supposed animals, and opinions expressed by members are personal and do not necessarily reflect official Society policy. Similarly, the Society remains neutral on the authenticity of cryptozoological evidence or events.

Memberships and Subscriptions

Inquiries regarding membership and subscriptions should be directed to the ISC Secretariat at P.O. Box 43070, Tucson, Arizona 85733, U.S.A.

• Individual Membership: US$30 per year. Sustaining members can contribute any amount above this.
• Joint Membership (Couples): US$35 per year.
• Institutional Subscription: US$45 per year (for libraries, zoological parks, corporations, etc.).

Membership includes the ISC Newsletter quarterly (Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter) and the journal Cryptozoology annually (end of year).

There are no additional fees for memberships or institutional subscriptions outside of the U.S.A.

• International Payments:
• Canada: Checks in Canadian dollars are accepted, provided the exact exchange rate current at the time of payment is used.
• Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East: Payments in US$ can be sent to the ISC Secretariat for Europe at 25 chemin de Trembley, 1197 Prangins, Switzerland.
• United Kingdom (or elsewhere): Payments can be made in £ sterling to the Secretariat for Europe. Memberships in £ sterling are £18 (£21 for joint memberships).

All checks, bank drafts, or money orders, whether in US$, Canadian $, or £ sterling, must be made out to the International Society of Cryptozoology.

Honorary Members

The following individuals are recognized as Honorary Members:

• André Capart (Belgium)
• Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer (South Africa)
• John Green (Canada)
• The Lord Hunt of Llanfair Waterdine (United Kingdom)
• Marie-Jeanne Koffmann (Soviet Union)
• Ingo Krumbiegel (Federal German Republic)
• Theodore Monod (France)
• Sir Peter Scott (United Kingdom)
• Robert Titmus (Canada)

Benefactors

Individuals listed as Benefactors include:

• G. A. Buder, III (U.S.A.)
• Robert C. Dorion (Guatemala)
• Michael T. Martin (U.S.A.)
• Gale J. Raymond (U.S.A.)
• Kurt Von Nieda (U.S.A.)
• Edward B. Winn (Switzerland)
• Bette and Joe Wolfskill (U.S.A.)
• Count F. C. Zedlitz (Argentina)

Corporate Sponsors

This section is present but has no listed sponsors in the provided scan.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The primary theme is the formal organization and administration of the International Society of Cryptozoology. The document emphasizes the society's role in scientific inquiry and public education regarding cryptids, while maintaining a neutral stance on the existence of such creatures. The editorial stance is one of open investigation and information dissemination, encouraging participation through membership and subscriptions. The society appears to be a serious academic and research-oriented body, as evidenced by the affiliations of its board members and the structured approach to its operations and publications.