Cryptozoology - Vol 06 - 1987

Magazine Overview

This is the 1987 issue, Volume 6, of Cryptozoology, an Interdisciplinary Journal of the International Society of Cryptozoology. The issue is published by Allen Press, Inc. and features a cover headline of "Why Cryptozoology?".

Articles

Why Cryptozoology?

Dmitri Bayanov, Chairman of the Relict Hominoid Research Seminar at the Darwin Museum in Moscow, addresses the fundamental question of why cryptozoology is a necessary scientific pursuit. He argues that the main concern of cryptozoology is the possible survival of animals thought to be long extinct. Bayanov emphasizes that the geological record is incomplete, making it impossible to definitively rule out the survival of fossil animals into the present or recent past. He draws a parallel between the study of zoology and other disciplines like botany, concluding that the inherent ability of animals to hide is the primary reason for their elusiveness and the need for cryptozoology. He posits that cryptozoology must develop its own research methods due to the nature of its subjects. Bayanov discusses the extinction-survival dichotomy, noting that while extinction is a natural process, the balance of nature generally favors an increase in species diversity over millions of years, partly due to the persistence of old forms. He questions how we precisely define what is extinct and extant, citing Darwin's observation that species lifespans are not fixed. Bayanov highlights that while a skeleton proves a specimen is dead, a species is presumed extinct only if known from the fossil record, but can be rediscovered alive. He notes that the survival of creatures like dinosaurs or pre-sapiens hominids, while controversial, would actually solve more problems than it creates, as their existence is already known from fossils.

Bayanov addresses the criticism that cryptozoology deals with "hidden" animals, comparing it to other sciences that search for hidden objects like celestial bodies or minerals. He points out that while botany also has its discoveries, plants do not actively hide, unlike animals. Two behavioral strategies for survival are discussed: being highly visible and having high population densities, or being less visible and secretive. He suggests that large cryptids are likely rare, comparing their numbers to those of giant octopuses or sauropods. Discovering a rare mineral or plant is difficult, but discovering a cryptid is far more so due to its rarity and its ability to avoid detection by hiding in isolated environments.

Bayanov defends the methods of cryptozoology, which include eyewitness testimony, tracks, footprints, surveillance, and laboratory analysis. He acknowledges the skepticism towards eyewitness accounts but draws a parallel to the study of ball lightning, where the convergence of numerous eyewitness reports from different cultures and times provided evidence for its reality. He also discusses the importance of footprints, noting that for extinct animals, footprints are often more abundant than skeletal remains and provide insights into behavior. He specifically mentions the Sasquatch footprints as crucial evidence for the existence of a large bipedal primate in the Pacific Northwest, even if sightings were non-existent. Bayanov also touches upon the significance of photography, particularly the Patterson-Gimlin Sasquatch film, which he concludes is an authentic documentary of a genuine female hominoid.

Fossil Ungulate Mammals Depicted on Archaeological Artifacts

Christine Janis, from Brown University, presents evidence suggesting that archaeological artifacts may depict fossil ungulate species that survived into relatively recent historical times. She references Colbert's (1936) report of a probable sivathere on a Sumerian chariot ring and provides further evidence of sivathere genus Bramatherium depictions on Eurasian artifacts. Other potential depictions include a chalicothere from Siberian frozen tombs, a giant aquatic hyrax from a late Chou Dynasty Chinese sculpture, and a Pleistocene antelope from an African Tji Wara sculpture.

Janis defines "ungulate" as hoof-bearing mammals and discusses their evolutionary history, including extinct orders like Notoungulata and Litopterna. She explains that hoof-like structures were also present in some extinct reptiles. The paper highlights the best-known description of a fossil ungulate possibly surviving into historical times: a sivathere (a type of giraffe) depicted on an artifact from Iraq dated 3500 B.C. She also mentions possible depictions of "Irish elks" (Megaloceros) from the Black Sea region (600-500 B.C.), though their last fossil evidence is from 10,000 years B.P. Reports of Megaloceros bones in later deposits and possible survival into the Middle Ages in Ireland are also noted. Janis observes that a deer depicted in Lascaux cave paintings may represent the extinct genus Eucladoceras.

The article discusses numerous accounts of fossil proboscideans surviving into recent times, particularly in North and Central America, though this topic is deferred for a separate paper. Janis's focus is on presenting new examples of archaeological artifacts possibly depicting surviving fossil ungulates.

She details Sivatheres, a subfamily of Giraffidae, noting their characteristics such as branching ossicones. Colbert's analysis of a Sumerian copper chariot ring artifact from Kish, Iraq, suggests a depiction of a sivathere due to its branched "antlers" resembling ossicones, a moose-like snout, and an additional pair of frontal ossicones. Savage and Long (1985) also suggest sivathere survival into the early Holocene and present a petroglyph of a possible sivathere from the Sahara dating to 6000 B.C. Janis also observed artifacts in the British Museum with a single, median cranial appendage resembling Bramatherium, though she considers these less strong cases than Colbert's Sumerian statuette.

Janis then discusses Chalicotheres, a family of Perissodactyla, known from the Eocene to the middle Pleistocene. These animals were horse-like but had large claws instead of hooves, likely used for pulling down branches. They had a hyaena-like posture with longer fore legs. Heuvelmans (1958) suggested a surviving chalicothere might be the basis for the East African "Nandi Bear" legend, as the descriptions of the Nandi Bear align with the visual characteristics of a chalicothere. However, Janis notes that the Nandi Bear's reported ferocity seems unlikely for a herbivorous chalicothere, suggesting that the killings might have been attributed to the chalicothere sighting.

Janis presents her own evidence from Siberian frozen tombs (Sakic culture, 500-400 B.C.) depicting "fabulous wolf-like animals." These artifacts combine a horse-like head and body with clawed feet, resembling a schizotherine chalicothere. She acknowledges the problem of a long tail, which is not typical of chalicotheres, but suggests the depiction might be a stylized representation based on folklore. She notes that while schizotherines were found in Eurasia and chalicotherines in Africa, land connections allowed for migration, making the possibility of Asian schizotherines and African chalicotherines surviving into more recent times not impossible, despite the limited fossil record.

Field Reports

New Signs of Sasquatch Activity in the Blue Mountains of Washington State

Lonnie Somer reports on recent signs of Sasquatch activity in the Blue Mountains of Washington State.

LCPI Work at Lake Champlain, 1987

Joseph W. Zarzynski details the work of the Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation (LCPI) in 1987.

Observations of Two Lines of Sasquatch Tracks in Oregon

James A. Hewkin describes observations of two distinct lines of Sasquatch tracks found in Oregon.

Investigations and Sonar Testing at Lake Champlain, 1987

Richard D. Smith and William L. Konrad report on investigations and sonar testing conducted at Lake Champlain in 1987.

Book Reviews

• Les Survivants de l'Ombre [Survivors of the Shadows] by Jean-Jacques Barloy, reviewed by Eric Buffetaut.
• Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution by Paul S. Martin and Richard G. Klein (eds.), reviewed by Richard J. Greenwell.
• Les Félins-Mystère: Sur les Traces d'un Mythe Moderne [The Mystery Felines: On the Track of a Modern Myth] by Jean-Louis Brodu and Michel Meurger, reviewed by Jean-Paul Debenat.
• Curious Encounters: Phantom Trains, Spooky Spots and Other Mysterious Wonders by Loren Coleman, reviewed by Raymond D. Manne s.

Comments and Responses

This section features contributions from Thomas Tomasi, Michel Raynal, Christine Janis, Victor A. Albert, Bernard Heuvelmans, Dmitri Bayanov, Graham C. Joyner, Colin P. Groves, Charles A. Reed, Daniel Taylor-Ide, Anthony B. Wooldridge, J. Richard Greenwell, Frank E. Poirier, Michael Heaney, Jean-Paul Debenat, Gunter G. Sehm, Thomas R. Williams, and Lorna E. Lloyd.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the justification and methodology of cryptozoology, the potential for survival of extinct species, and the presentation of evidence from various sources, including eyewitness accounts, archaeological findings, and field investigations. The journal's stance appears to be one of serious scientific inquiry into phenomena that lie outside the current scope of mainstream zoology, advocating for open-mindedness and rigorous analysis of unconventional evidence. The inclusion of book reviews and comments from a diverse group of researchers underscores the interdisciplinary nature of the journal and its aim to foster discussion within the field.

Title: CRYPTOZOOLOGY
Issue: Vol. 6, No. 6
Date: 1987
Publisher: International Society of Cryptozoology
Cover Headline: A RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SKULL OF GIGANTOPITHECUS BLACKI AND ITS COMPARISON WITH A LIVING FORM

This issue of Cryptozoology delves into the reconstruction of the skull of *Gigantopithecus blacki*, the largest known primate, and explores its potential connections to living and mythical creatures.

A Reconstruction of the Skull of Gigantopithecus Blacki and Its Comparison with a Living Form by Grover S. Krantz

This extensive article by Grover S. Krantz details the process of reconstructing the skull of *Gigantopithecus blacki*, a hominoid known from fossilized jaw fragments and teeth found in southern China, dating back half to one million years ago.

Introduction and Background

Krantz begins by outlining the limited fossil evidence for *Gigantopithecus*, primarily consisting of jaw fragments and teeth. He notes that while dental traits suggest it is a hominoid, its classification within the human family (Hominidae) is debated. Some researchers have proposed it as a human ancestor, while others suggest it was on a separate evolutionary line. Heuvelmans, Sanderson, and Coon had previously speculated on its possible relationship to the Yeti, and Green connected it to the North American Sasquatch (Bigfoot). Krantz himself proposed equating *G. blacki* with the Sasquatch, though acknowledging the lack of direct evidence.

Krantz challenges the common view that body size and locomotion cannot be determined from dentition alone. He asserts that with the jaw itself, predictive ability is greatly improved. He argues that *Gigantopithecus* likely had an erect, bipedal posture and ape-like cognitive abilities, based on its dental and jaw structure.

The Reconstruction Process

Krantz describes the meticulous steps involved in reconstructing the mandible and skull. This included establishing the breadth and height of the ascending ramus, modeling the details with typical hominoid contours, and using comparative measurements from extant primate jaws. He paid close attention to the divergence of the mandible, the coronoid process, and the placement of the condyles, which were found to be highly placed to accommodate the observed tooth wear.

The upper dentition was based on Wu's description of recovered teeth. Krantz notes that the teeth suggest *Gigantopithecus* was somewhat below average size in its dentition, implying the reconstructed individual might have been smaller than average. The reconstruction involved building up the jaw sockets, palate, nasal chamber, and braincase, using plaster and Sculpy. The skull was then assembled, with particular attention paid to the zygomatic arches, occipital crest, and temporal muscles, which were inferred to be powerfully developed.

Comparative Analysis and Size Estimates

Krantz compares his reconstruction with an earlier one by Wu Rukang (1962) and with the cast of a large male gorilla. His reconstruction resulted in a significantly larger animal than the gorilla, with estimates for mandibular length, bigonial breadth, and condyle height all exceeding the gorilla's. He calculates that his reconstruction suggests a body weight of approximately 424 kg (933 lbs) for a male *Gigantopithecus*, whereas Wu's reconstruction suggested a heavier estimate of 597 kg (1,313 lbs). He notes that these weight estimates are speculative and depend on assumptions about body build and proportions.

Other Artifacts and Fossil Animals

Beyond *Gigantopithecus*, the article discusses other fossil animals that may be represented in archaeological artifacts. A bronze statuette from late Chou Dynasty China (600-500 B.C.) is presented as potentially depicting a giant hyrax, *Pliohyrax*. This animal, known from the late Pliocene, was larger than modern hyraxes and may have been semi-aquatic, with adaptations similar to hippos. The statuette's features, including its hyracoid head and hippo-like body, are analyzed, though the horse-like single hooves are considered anomalous and suggest a representation from mythology rather than direct observation.

Another artifact discussed is an African Tji Wara, or agricultural antelope god. While its origin is unknown, the style suggests East Africa. The artifact's horns are compared to those of living antelopes like the oryx and waterbuck, as well as the Indian nilgai. Intriguingly, a Pleistocene antelope genus, *Mesimbroportax*, which existed in Africa and had horns identical to those on the artifact, is mentioned. Krantz finds it intriguing that the artifact bears no close resemblance to any living African antelope species.

Conclusions

Krantz concludes that while the evidence for *Gigantopithecus* being the Sasquatch is not definitive, the reconstruction provides a basis for comparison. He suggests that fossil animals may have survived into historical times and become part of folklore, influencing artifact depictions. He expresses personal conviction that the Chinese statuette represents *Pliohyrax* and finds the resemblance between the Tji Wara artifact and *Mesimbroportax* intriguing.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine, *Cryptozoology*, consistently explores the intersection of folklore, archaeology, and paleontology, seeking evidence for unknown or extinct animals. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded inquiry, presenting detailed scientific analysis of artifacts and fossil evidence to explore possibilities beyond conventional zoology. The articles encourage the examination of ancient art and oral traditions as potential sources of information about creatures that may have once existed or still exist.

Themes: Fossil Ungulates, Cryptozoology, Paleontology, Archaeology, Gigantopithecus, Sasquatch, *Pliohyrax*, Tji Wara, *Mesimbroportax*.

Tags: *Gigantopithecus blacki*, Grover S. Krantz, fossil reconstruction, primate evolution, hominoid, Sasquatch, Bigfoot, Yeti, paleontology, archaeology, cryptozoology, skull reconstruction, mandible, dentition, fossil animals, *Pliohyrax*, Chinese statuette, Tji Wara, Pleistocene antelope.

This issue of Cryptozoology, volume 6, published in 1987, features several articles on cryptids and scientific research related to ancient life. The primary articles focus on the Tzuchinoko, an unidentified snake from Japan, and the skull of Gigantopithecus blacki. Additionally, there are reports on the cloning of extinct genes and ancient DNA, and a size determination of the famous Wilson photograph of the Loch Ness Monster.

The Tzuchinoko, An Unidentified Snake from Japan

This article by Michel Dethier and Ayako Dethier-Sakamoto explores the Tzuchinoko, a cryptid snake reported in Japan for centuries. The name 'tzuchinoko' is the most frequently used among approximately 40 local names, literally meaning "the child (or the son) of the straw bat," referring to its shape. The snake is described as short (<1 m) and squat, with a triangular head, a large body with subparallel sides, and a thin tail. It is reported to occur in mountainous areas in the center of Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku, but not Hokkaido or the Ryukyu and Amami islands. Reports suggest it may be a crotalid snake, possibly an abnormal individual of *Agkistrodon halys* or a yet unidentified species.

• The authors present several eyewitness reports, including:
• M. Kyuzo: Encountered a rolling, round, black object near Hashimoto, which unrolled, leaped, and disappeared.
• M. Kanelo: Saw a tzuchinoko three times near Mount Bishamon, comparing it to a weaving loom shuttle that rolled down a slope. He considers it gentle, unlike most witnesses who deem it dangerous.
• The Tsujimoto couple: Encountered a thick, short snake near Tojikimi, described as having a triangular section and moving rapidly.
• M. Foujiwara: Saw a captive tzuchinoko in Tamba during World War II, noting its coiled state and remarkable thickness.
• M. Tokutake: A hunter who differentiates the tzuchinoko from the *mamushi* (*Agkistrodon halys*). He claims to have caught two, one in 1969 (54 cm long, 5 cm diameter, seven dull spots, eaten) and another in 1971. He noted its squat body, "blinking" eyes, and "groaning" sound.
• M. Kawano: Reportedly took photos in Yoshino in 1968, but lost the negatives.
• A tzuchinoko was reportedly crushed by a bulldozer in 1968, and a dead one (40 cm, 7-8 cm diameter, 3-4 kg) was found in 1938.
• Three alpinists observed one in 1977 at 2,200 meters in the Aka-ishi mountain range.
• A photograph of a possible tzuchinoko skeleton, about 50 cm long, owned by M. Watanabe Masao, was noted.

The morphology is described as 30-80 cm long and 7-8 cm wide, with a distinctly triangular head separated by a narrow neck. It has large scales, movable "eyelids," and dimples between nostrils and eyes (possibly thermoreceptive pits). The body has subparallel sides, a triangular section, and a doubled mid-dorsal crest. The tail is small and slender. Coloration varies from black to red-brown to grey, with darker spots. The ventral side is yellowish orange-red. It is said to have a disagreeable odor.

Ecologically, it is found in stubble fields, forests, and swamps at altitudes of 1,000 to 2,000 meters. It moves rectilinearly, swims well, and is reported to roll like a ball or hoop. Most Japanese consider it aggressive and venomous, capable of spitting venom and making noises like whistling or moaning. It is sighted most often in fair weather from April to October and feeds on small mammals.

The article discusses two possibilities: misinterpreted observations of *Agkistrodon halys* or a new species of *Agkistrodon*. The consistency of reports and the distinction made by locals between the tzuchinoko and *mamushi* argue for the latter. Some traits also suggest convergence with African Viperidae (*Bitis* spp.).

Krantz: Skull of Gigantopithecus Blacki

This section presents a reconstruction of the skull of *Gigantopithecus blacki*. Robert Titmus, a hunter and taxidermist, claims to have seen Sasquatches and believes the reconstruction is close to the expected size and form, though he notes the eyes might have been farther apart. The summary states that the reconstructed skull is likely close to the actual condition of *Gigantopithecus blacki*. The jaws and teeth indicate a hominoid primate with more hominid than pongid affinities. Erect posture and a 600-cc brain size are indicated, suggesting a body more than twice the size of a male gorilla. The existence of a bipedal hominoid of gigantic size in China half a million years ago is considered well-established, and the possibility of its current existence is left open.

Cloning Extinct Genes

• This article by Rif S. El-Mallakh reviews research into cloning genetic material from extinct animals and ancient humans. The abstract highlights that DNA can survive for thousands of years, providing insights into the genetic makeup of extinct species and their relationships to extant ones. The paper discusses paleobiochemistry and paleo-DNA, noting that while protein analysis offers some information, direct DNA extraction and cloning are more advanced. DNA has been recovered and cloned from:
• Quagga: A salt-preserved skin yielded DNA segments, allowing for the calculation of the split from mountain zebras occurring 3-4 million years ago.
• Ancient Egyptian Mummy: A 2,400-year-old infant mummy yielded DNA with 77% homology to contemporary DNA, indicating minimal post-mortem change.
• Woolly Mammoth: DNA was extracted from frozen mammoth remains, yielding fragments of varying lengths.
• Amber-preserved Insects: While not yet cloned, DNA has been shown to survive for millions of years in amber.

The conditions of preservation are discussed, with desiccated specimens appearing to yield more precise sequence data than frozen ones, though mammoth DNA had a higher proportion of contaminant DNA. The research has implications for understanding evolutionary history and also raises concerns about the potential survival of ancient pathogens, such as the smallpox virus, in preserved bodies.

The Wilson Nessie Photo: A Size Determination Based on Physical Principles

This article by Paul H. Leblond and Michael J. Collins attempts to determine the size of the creature in the 1934 Wilson photograph of the Loch Ness Monster. By analyzing the wind waves visible in the uncropped photograph, they estimate the height of the neck above the water level to be 1.2 meters (4 ft). This quantitative analysis, using wave energy distribution and comparison with adjacent wind waves, suggests that the object in the photograph is of a significant dimension, warranting the interest it has received.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the investigation of unexplained phenomena and the application of scientific methods to cryptozoological and paleontological subjects. The journal demonstrates an interest in both living cryptids (Tzuchinoko, Nessie) and extinct creatures (Gigantopithecus, mammoths, quagga), bridging the gap between traditional cryptozoology and modern genetic and photographic analysis. The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous scientific inquiry, applying established principles to analyze anecdotal evidence and explore the possibilities of undiscovered or extinct life forms.

Title: CRYPTOZOOLOGY
Issue: 6
Volume: 6
Date: 1987
Publisher: International Society of Cryptozoology
Country: USA
Language: English
ISSN: 0741-7607

This issue of Cryptozoology features two main articles: a scientific analysis of the Loch Ness Monster (Nessie) based on photographic evidence and wave dynamics, and a report on new signs of Sasquatch activity in the Blue Mountains of Washington State. It also includes a report on the Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation (LCPI) fieldwork in 1987.

Analysis of Loch Ness Monster Dimensions

The article "CRYPTOZOOLOGY" on pages 58-63 presents a scientific approach to estimating the dimensions of the Loch Ness Monster from a photograph. The authors digitized the image and analyzed brightness variations along slices to determine wave patterns. They explain that brightness levels relate to wave slope, not height. By analyzing zero-crossings of brightness fluctuations and using geometrical relations, they calculated the apparent wavelength of the waves in the image plane.

Using formulas relating wavelength (Lm) to wind speed (U) and duration (D), and considering wind conditions at Loch Ness on April 19, 1934 (the presumed date of the photograph), they estimated possible wavelengths. For fully developed waves with a wind speed of 3.0 m/s and a fetch of 20 km, Lm is calculated as 7.5 m. For duration-limited waves with a duration of 3 hours, Lm is 4.0 m. The authors adopt L = 4.0 m as the wavelength of the brightness fluctuations, acknowledging the subjective aspect of this choice.

Through a direct visual comparison and geometric calculations involving viewing angles, they estimated the height of Nessie's neck. Initially, they estimated it to be about 70% of a wavelength, leading to a height of 1.06 m (3.5 ft). A more detailed analysis using pixel dimensions and viewing geometry (Fig. 5) yielded a height of 1.21 m (4 ft) for the neck. The authors conclude that the object's dimensions warrant interest but are too inconclusive for specific biological conclusions, though they suggest the 'bird hypothesis' can be discarded.

New Signs of Sasquatch Activity in the Blue Mountains of Washington State

This report, authored by Lonnie Somer, details an investigation into possible Sasquatch activity in the Blue Mountains of Washington State, initiated by a call to anthropologist Grover Krantz from Sasquatch investigator Paul Freeman on April 9, 1987. Freeman reported hearing about campers being disturbed by loud screams and snapping branches.

Freeman investigated the site and discovered a well-worn trail with tracks interpreted as Sasquatch. These tracks varied in length, with the largest being approximately 17 inches long and another about 11 inches. Three larger tracks were cast. Additional findings included snapped trees (some twisted), a possible 'bed', and what were thought to be Sasquatch hairs. Later, more tracks were found approximately 5 miles further along the trail.

On April 11, Krantz, Somer, and other graduate students joined Freeman. They examined the site, noting that many tracks were obliterated by plaster casting, snow, and other visitors. However, they found intact prints, including scrape marks interpreted as handprints, and a clear handprint downhill from the trail. They also documented numerous snapped pine trees, ranging from 3/4 to 2 inches in diameter, some twisted, with fresh breaks indicating recent activity. A depression possibly used as a nest and scratch marks on a large pine tree were also noted.

Laboratory inspection of the casts revealed that one 17-inch footprint matched previous casts from an individual dubbed 'Dermals'. Another cast resembled 'Stud', and the 17-inch casts had a heel width of 6 inches, suggesting a previously unknown individual.

The hair samples, ranging from light red to grey, were sent for analysis. The authors note the difficulty in proving a hair sample is from a Sasquatch due to the lack of control samples. They speculate that the observed behaviors, like broken trees and scratch marks, might be territorial signs of a visually oriented animal.

Future plans include continued searching in the Blue Mountains for more Sasquatch signs.

LCPI Work at Lake Champlain, 1987

This report by Joseph W. Zarzynski details the Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation's (LCPI) 1987 fieldwork, focused on searching for 'Champ', a supposed 15-25-foot-long animal inhabiting the lake. The investigation employed advanced technology, including side-scan sonar, a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), and a video digitizer monitoring system, in addition to conventional methods like scuba searches and night-scope surveillance.

The 30 days of fieldwork involved searching for a Champ carcass, surveying the lake bottom, testing an experimental video digitizer, surface surveillance, and underwater searches. Donated equipment and expertise came from various organizations and individuals.

• Key activities included:
• Side-scan sonar surveys: Used to search for targets on the lake bottom and mid-water.
• ROV deployment: Used for underwater reconnaissance, inspecting targets, and object retrieval.
• Video digitizer system: Tested for detecting unusual surface movement.
• Scuba dives: Conducted for underwater reconnaissance, inspecting the ROV, and examining sonar targets.

During the 1987 fieldwork, LCPI personnel reported no visual sightings of Champ. However, they did observe two deer swimming in Lake Champlain, a rare occurrence. On August 7, a shipwreck, likely the tugboat William McAllister, was discovered during a side-scan sonar survey. Several deep water targets were also noted that warrant further investigation.

The report also lists two previously unrecorded 1986 Champ sightings and seven 1987 sightings, providing details on dates, locations, descriptions, and conditions. The 1987 sightings include observations of humps, dark objects, and sinuous shapes on the lake surface.

Future plans for 1988 include continued fieldwork with an increased emphasis on underwater searching, using the ROV to examine dropoffs and conducting further side-scan sonar surveys. The goal is to find definitive evidence, such as a carcass, to aid in the formal recognition and protection of the species.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the scientific investigation of cryptids, employing modern technology and analytical methods to study phenomena like the Loch Ness Monster and Sasquatch. The magazine promotes a rigorous approach, acknowledging assumptions and limitations while pursuing evidence. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded inquiry into unexplained phenomena, encouraging further research and documentation. The inclusion of 'Field Reports' suggests a platform for preliminary findings and ongoing investigations, subject to peer review and criticism within the cryptozoological community.

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 6, published in 1987, features a cover story on "Observations of Two Lines of Sasquatch Tracks in Oregon" by James A. Hewkin, and an article on "Investigations and Sonar Testing at Lake Champlain, 1987" by Richard D. Smith and William L. Konrad. It also includes several book reviews.

Observations of Two Lines of Sasquatch Tracks in Oregon

James A. Hewkin reports on an investigation conducted in November 1986 in the Clackamas River drainage of northwest Oregon, concerning presumed Sasquatch (Bigfoot) tracks. The tracks were brought to his attention by Jack Sullivan, who had been informed by a boy who found them near his family's cabin. The area was characterized by logging activity and proximity to farm animals.

Hewkin and Sullivan visited the site on November 12, 1986, and observed two distinct trails of tracks, both indicating a widely spread, flexible toe action. The tracks began abruptly about 300 yards from the cabin and ended abruptly, with the surrounding area showing signs of human activity and a menagerie of animals. The terrain is mountainous, with elevations ranging from 2,300 to over 4,000 feet.

Prior to the track discovery, the farm animals had been disturbed for several nights, with the chained dogs barking furiously. The father had even fired a shot in the air to quiet them. The oldest boy discovered the tracks on the morning of November 7, 1986, after a night of animal disturbance.

The investigation revealed that some strides had created skid marks, exaggerating the print size to up to 24 inches, though the true print size was determined to be about 16 inches. The two trails were approximately 50 yards apart.

The upper line of tracks started from a potato patch and traveled uphill for about 50 yards before turning and vanishing at the edge of heavy brush. The lower line of tracks started from a moss-covered wood road, traveled downhill, made a U-turn, and then vanished back onto the wood road.

Measurements of strides were taken and presented in Table 1. The average stride for twenty prints in the upper line was 48 inches, while the average stride for twenty-eight prints in the lower line was 55 inches. Both lines showed similar characteristics, leading Hewkin to believe they were made by the same animal.

The strides ranged from 28 to 105 inches in the upper line and 30 to 85 inches in the lower line. Skid tracks were attributed to saturated ground conditions. The animal's foot exhibited considerable variation in toe spread and positioning, with a wide toe spread of up to 12 inches and a heavy distribution of weight on the forepart of the foot. Heel width was 4 to 5 inches. Some prints showed a human-like toe position, while others displayed an acute lateral extension of the first digit.

Several casts of the footprints were examined by Grover Krantz, who selected one for dermatoglyphic study. Hewkin notes variations in digit positioning that he believes have not been previously recorded.

Susan Cachel's questioning of Krantz's identification of other prints is mentioned, with Cachel suggesting a marked adduction of digit one. Hewkin's impression of the animal's behavior is speculative: he suggests the animal may have been irritated by the farm animals and expressed its displeasure by leaving tracks, possibly in a "fit of temper." He also speculates that logging activity might have impacted its foraging and added to its aggravation.

Hewkin concludes that the animal is capable of abundant physical diversity, able to walk lightly or take long strides. He describes the animal as having a "super muscular arrangement" with stout leg bones and a massive pelvic-lumbar area, suggesting physical properties unlike any known animal.

Future plans include continued searching in Oregon for more data on Sasquatch behavior.

Investigations and Sonar Testing at Lake Champlain, 1987

Richard D. Smith and William L. Konrad report on fieldwork conducted in July 1987 at Lake Champlain, building on previous seasons' activities related to the "Loch Ness-like animals" known as "Champ."

The primary objectives of the 1987 work were: 1) to test a shore-based chart recording sonar system capable of horizontal beam extension; 2) to make vertical sonar recordings from a boat; 3) to gather information on unrecorded Champ sightings for the Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation (LCPI); and 4) to gather information for professional scientists and local historians.

The fieldwork lasted 14 days. Six days were dedicated to sonar activities directed by Konrad, while the remaining days were for other activities coordinated by Smith. Several individuals assisted, including Ike and Lois Blonder, Phil Keller, Werner Larsen, Wendy Lathrop, Margaret Light, and Gary Mangiacopra. Katherine Teetor provided assistance with inquiries on the Vermont side, and Morris and Ellin Glenn allowed the use of their property for land-based sonar deployment. Arthur Cohn and Joseph Zarzynski provided suggestions for sonar work sites.

The primary sonar used was a 112 kHz unit designed by Konrad, coupled with an OSR-219 recorder. The sonar had a source level of 235 dB and a pulse power of approximately 5 kilowatts. A 12-inch square transducer weighing 60 pounds was used.

A dive mechanism designed by David Olsen was used to scan the transducer vertically. Initially, the plan was to mount it on a steep underwater drop-off, but logistical considerations led to a site near the base camp. The transducer was suspended 15 feet beneath a canoe in 30 feet of water, 350 feet off a gently sloping shore.

Depth contours taken with a secondary sonar unit (Apelco/Raytheon 201-C) suggested the transducer's beam would likely expand above the bottom topography. The scanning motor was not attached to the transducer, and a more fixed mounting would have been desirable, but the moored canoe's gradual shift with winds was adequate for the tests.

Shore watching was not emphasized, but expedition members carried cameras in case of a Champ sighting. Scans were also conducted from a boat near Essex, New York, Thompson's Point, Vermont, and Basin Harbor, Vermont.

The primary sonar system operated for four days, but the results were unsatisfactory. Water temperature differences between the epilimnion and hypolimnion strata were expected to refract the sonar signal downward, which occurred. However, the effective range was limited to about 1,250 feet, far short of the equipment's three-mile potential. Ray trace calculations supported this limited range. An unanticipated problem was high humidity, which caused the chart paper to bend and soften, leading to the recording styli tearing the paper. Although some aquatic life may have been recorded, the system could not be satisfactorily calibrated on site, making interpretations speculative. The secondary unit recorded fish and two boat wrecks.

Two other results are presented: information on unrecorded Champ sightings and a note on photographing elusive animals.

Information on three sightings was relayed to the LCPI, and an interview concerning a fourth was conducted. The LCPI is noted for its efforts to obtain eyewitness testimony.

Although no Champ animals were sighted, Smith photographed a beaver that had entered the Charlotte, Vermont, anchorage area. This incident highlights the need for a camera to be readily accessible when near an animal's supposed habitat.

Future plans include establishing a sonar "curtain" across the lake's central basin for continuous recording, acquiring a research vessel, and resuming underwater video camera deployment. Konrad is also designing an imaging sonar system.

Liaison will be maintained with the LCPI, professional scientists, and local researchers.

Book Reviews

Les Survivants de l'Ombre [Survivors of the Shadows] by Jean-Jacques Barloy

This book, aimed at the general public, presents famous cryptozoological cases and "historical cryptozoology." It covers cases from the Great Sea Serpent to the Sasquatch and Yeti. The review highlights the chapter on the "Beast of Gévaudan," which terrorized regions of France in the 17th-18th centuries, killing about one hundred people. Barloy favors human intervention as the cause, rather than wolves.

The book also discusses "wild children" and "wolf children." The reviewer notes that Barloy's work owes much to Bernard Heuvelmans but is not as reliable in its sources. The review criticizes the book for including too many strange stories without bibliographical references and for mixing "serious" cryptozoological research with sensational nonsense, which it argues damages the image of cryptozoology.

The illustrations are described as simple and sometimes ridiculous, such as the depiction of a "giant sloth."

Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution edited by Paul S. Martin and Richard G. Klein

This multi-author volume is described as the most comprehensive work on Pleistocene extinctions to date. It covers the period from 1.7 million years B.P. to the present and includes contributions from 47 authors across seven major sections.

The review focuses heavily on Paul Martin's "overkill" hypothesis, which posits that the extinction of Pleistocene megafauna in the Americas was caused by human hunters arriving from Asia around 11,000 years B.P. The hypothesis is supported by the correlation between the appearance of humans and the disappearance of megafauna.

Criticisms of the overkill hypothesis are discussed, including the lack of archaeological evidence for Clovis hunting of megafauna and the argument that the overkill was a rapid "blitzkrieg." The hypothesis is also applied to Australia, where human arrival predates megafaunal extinction by a significant margin.

The review details various chapters within the book, including:

• A review of nineteenth-century thinking on extinctions by Donald Grayson.
• A mammalian bestiary by Elaine Anderson.
• A review of mammoth distribution in the New World by Larry Agenbroad.
• Discussions of specific sites like Hot Springs, South Dakota; Taima-Taima, Venezuela; Natural Trap Cave, Wyoming; Rampart Cave, Arizona; and Rancho La Brea, California.

Geophysical-climatic hypotheses for extinctions are also covered, with discussions on the response of species to environmental change, the impact of climate change on seasonality and reproductive biology, and the concept of "environmental insularity."

The review highlights Paul Martin's chapter, "Prehistoric Overkill: The Global Model," which consolidates his thinking on the topic and reviews extinction records in North America, South America, Australia, Africa, and Europe. Martin argues that the moderate loss of animals in Afro-Asia was due to gradual human spread, while the loss in North America, South America, and Australia was due to sudden, severe human impact.

Criticisms of the overkill hypothesis are reiterated, particularly regarding the survival of some large mammals and the lack of evidence for megafaunal overkill in Australia. The review also touches upon the debate surrounding the dating of extinctions and the reliability of radiocarbon dating.

Other chapters discuss bird extinctions in North America, extinctions in Asia and Africa, and the case of Madagascar. The review concludes that while Martin's hypothesis is compelling, it faces significant challenges and that the book provides a comprehensive overview of the topic, even for those not supporting the overkill hypothesis.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Cryptozoology primarily focuses on evidence and investigations related to cryptids, specifically Sasquatch and the "Champ" creature. The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous investigation and scientific inquiry, as evidenced by the detailed reporting of fieldwork, data collection (measurements, casts, sonar readings), and the critical review of scientific literature and hypotheses. The book reviews, particularly of "Quaternary Extinctions," engage deeply with scientific theories like the overkill hypothesis, demonstrating a commitment to exploring the scientific underpinnings of cryptozoological phenomena and related fields. The journal emphasizes the importance of sound bibliography, critical appraisal of sources, and the pursuit of scientific respectability for the field of cryptozoology, while also acknowledging the speculative nature of some aspects of the research.

This issue of CRYPTOZOOLOGY (Volume 6, 1987) features a collection of book reviews and reader comments, offering insights into various aspects of cryptozoological research and debate. The publication is from the International Society of Cryptozoology.

Book Reviews

Quaternary Extinctions

The review of Quaternary Extinctions, a book dedicated to large animals of prehistory, discusses the possible causes of their demise. The review highlights that the book covers Australasia and the Pacific, with a 28-page bestiary by Peter Murray. It includes discussions on Thylacoleo and the Queensland Tiger, as well as the thylacine. David Horton's chapter proposes climatic change as the primary cause of extinction for Australian megafauna, mapping 167 fossil sites and concluding that "no sites have been found that have the characteristics of a mass-kill by humans." Geoffrey Hope discusses climatic and vegetational changes in the Australian Pleistocene, noting rainforest reduction and the expansion of arid steppe biomes. Peter Kershaw's chapter on Australian plant extinctions introduces the term "megaflora." The review also covers chapters on New Zealand ratites, the moa birds, discussing their extermination by Polynesian settlers around 1,000 years B.P. The authors present radiocarbon dates, suggesting extinctions occurred before European settlement, but acknowledge the possibility of smaller moa species surviving into the nineteenth century. Atholl Anderson's chapter also addresses moa extinctions, not rejecting a 230 ± 60-year B.P. dating and mentioning "post-European context" moa bones and feathers.

Les Félins-Mystère: Sur les Traces d'un Mythe Moderne

This review examines Les Félins-Mystère (The Mystery Felines: On the Track of a Modern Myth) by Jean-Louis Brodu and Michel Meurger. The book focuses on the so-called Beast of Noth, reported in the Creuse region of France in late 1982. The authors conducted on-the-spot investigations and analyzed media coverage. They propose that the phenomenon is a "modern myth," embodying the uneasiness of rural populations facing societal changes. The review notes that the Beast of Noth shares features with other cryptids like the Sea Serpent and Yeti, being seen but never captured. The authors suggest that the Beast is a symbol of rural fear and social tension, and that the phenomenon is influenced by contemporary events like the release of the movie "Cat People" and the discovery of dinosaur bones. The review criticizes Meurger's approach for not acknowledging Carl G. Jung's work on myths, labeling it as "intellectual dishonesty."

Curious Encounters: Phantom Trains, Spooky Spots and Other Mysterious Wonders

Loren Coleman's book, Curious Encounters, is described as a "Fortean book" filled with enigmas. It covers a wide range of subjects including sea serpents, phantom trains, thunderbirds, stone forts, and scaly monsters, suggesting an underlying pattern to these strangenesses. The book includes eyewitness accounts of the Casco Bay sea monster, enormous squids, and "flying serpents." Coleman discusses sightings of enormous birds, theorizing they might be teratorns. He also researches the "little people" of Yucatan (alux) and "Creatures from the Black Lagoon." The chapter on "Phantom Trains" is strengthened by material on "ghost lights" and their correlation with geologic faults. The book also examines enigmatic stone forts and walls across the United States. Coleman attempts to find patterns in these phenomena, noting similar names associated with dispersed events and cycles in time. The review praises Coleman's "humorous, critical, and rational approach."

Comments and Responses

Checking the Checklist

This section features comments from Thomas Tomasi on Bernard Heuvelmans' annotated cryptozoology checklist. Tomasi praises the checklist's utility but notes the omission of complete literature citations, making it more suitable for laymen. He agrees with including all supposed animals with sufficient documentation, regardless of whether they are hoaxes. Tomasi questions the limitation of cryptozoology to "large-to-medium-sized animals," arguing that small species should also be included. He also suggests that Heuvelmans underestimates his own contribution to the checklist's completeness. Tomasi points out that nearly 75% of the animals in the checklist are mammals, a disproportionately high percentage compared to known species, and suggests reasons such as the tendency to note larger animals, the classification of unknown animals with familiar groups, and the possibility that "higher" unknown animals are more skilled at avoiding capture.

The Linnaeus of the Zoology of Tomorrow

This comment, by an unnamed author, also discusses Heuvelmans' checklist, calling it a "brilliant synthesis" and Heuvelmans the "Linnaeus of the zoology of the twenty-first century." The author adds data on newly described species, including a killer whale (Orcinus glacialis), a gazelle (Gazella bilkis), an albatross (Diomedea amsterdamensis), and a giant gecko (Hoplodactylus delcourti). The comment also touches upon Maori reports of "huge saurians" like taniwha, moko, and ngarara in New Zealand, suggesting they might be related to large lizards. The discovery of the megamouth shark (Megachasma pelagios) is also mentioned. The author notes that Heuvelmans' checklist is neither restrictive nor fixed, and suggests adding oversized great white sharks (Carcharodon sp.) and a large mysticete whale to the list. The comment debunks the misconception that cryptozoology is solely concerned with "living fossils" or "prehistoric animals," stating that less than 20% fall into this category, with the majority being from well-represented groups. It also addresses the misconception that hidden creatures are necessarily huge, noting that many are relatively small.

A Reevaluation of Some Cryptozoological Animals

This comment by Michel Raynal provides an update on some of the animals listed in Heuvelmans' checklist, based on recent fossil record knowledge. Raynal discusses Megalania prisca (the giant fossil monitor lizard of Australia), the East African Nandi Bear (suggesting it might be a surviving chalicothere), the "small hyrax or marmot" of Southern Ethiopia (likely a hyrax), and the southern Ethiopian deer (unlikely to be Climacoceras, possibly a subspecies of Dama dama). Raynal also discusses the "otter-like mammal" (waitoreke) of New Zealand, suggesting it might be a platypus or an Australian water rat. The "outsized rabbits" of central Australia are considered possibly extinct marsupials like Diprotodon or Palorchestes. Raynal notes that there are few unknown forms from the Nearctic and Palearctic regions, contrasting with other regions. He also points out the high intelligence of animals in groups richest in unknown species, such as primates and felids, and the psychological factor that makes primates more likely to be reported. The low number of birds listed is attributed to the near-completeness of avian inventories. The absence of amphibians in Heuvelmans' checklist is noted as a surprise, given their current restriction to smaller animals.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the nature of cryptozoology, the evidence for unknown animals, and the interpretation of anecdotal reports. There is a clear emphasis on scientific rigor, with reviewers and commenters engaging with Heuvelmans' work to refine definitions, add data, and challenge assumptions. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, encouraging the study of all supposed animals with sufficient documentation, while also critically evaluating the evidence and methodologies employed in the field. The issue highlights the ongoing debate about whether cryptozoological phenomena are purely biological or have psychological and mythological dimensions.

This issue of CRYPTOZOOLOGY, Volume 5, published in 1988 by the International Society of Cryptozoology, features a collection of comments and responses from various researchers on diverse cryptozoological topics. The articles delve into the nature of reported creatures, the methodology of cryptozoological research, and the interpretation of evidence, often engaging in debates and offering corrections or alternative viewpoints to previously published material.

Comments and Responses

Australian Marsupials and the Queensland Tiger

Christine Janis and Victor Albert contribute to the discussion on Australian cryptozoology. Janis suggests that the "giant rabbits" of Australia might be Sthenurines due to morphological differences and arid adaptation, and proposes that the "large tapir-like marsupial" of Papua New Guinea could be Palorchestes, a relative of Diprotodon, potentially having reached New Guinea via land bridges. Albert, in his comment, retracts his earlier hypothesis that surviving Australian thylacoleonids (marsupial lions) might account for the "Queensland Tiger" phenomenon. He argues that grouping all "tiger" reports together is a mistake, as distinct features in Queensland sightings do not resemble the thylacine. Albert proposes that the "Thylacoleo theory" is more plausible due to the reported morphology, fitting the description of a medium-sized carnivorous marsupial with a rounded, cat-like face, and not requiring the invention of a new animal. He criticizes Heuvelmans for "lumping" disparate reports and for his retraction, which he sees as succumbing to the "lumper" approach.

Bernard Heuvelmans responds to these comments, acknowledging Albert's criticism and admitting his retraction was a mistake. He explains that his shift in hypothesis was influenced by accumulating reports of striped predators in western and southeastern Australia that were more dog-like than cat-like, and by suspicions regarding the authenticity of certain historical accounts, including Ian Idriess's report. Heuvelmans suggests that there might be two distinct creatures: the mainland thylacine and a thylacoleonid dwelling in rain forest refugia. Heuvelmans also defends his methodology, stating that his early work involved synthesizing information due to the lack of specialists, and encourages current researchers to specialize.

The Australian "Wild Man" (Yowie)

Colin Groves, in his comment on the "Yahoo" (Yowie), surveys reports and concludes that they are likely due to misidentification, misunderstanding, or mental confusion, comparing them to "shooters' campfire tales" and "hairy horrids." He dismisses reports as a "hotchpotch" and criticizes the method of combining disparate reports. Dmitri Bayanov responds to Groves, defending the use of cryptozoological methods to analyze reports and pointing out that Groves denies a primary technique by dismissing "unidentifiable apparitions." Bayanov highlights eyewitness descriptions of the "wild man" and argues that these details help identification. He also notes that similar evidence exists from other regions like the Himalayas and Siberia. Graham C. Joyner further critiques Groves' approach, particularly his use of analogy and his tendency to explain away reports rather than analyze them critically. Joyner argues that Groves' method emphasizes preconceived ideas and discourages speculative thought. Joyner also discusses the nomenclature of "yahoo" and "Yowie," and the potential for Aboriginal reports to have a real basis rather than being purely mythological. He references historical letters and suggests that McCooey's writings might refer to a marsupial counterpart to large apes.

The Florida Monster

Michel Raynal comments on Roy Mackal's analysis of the Florida Monster of 1896. Raynal notes that the tissue samples were almost pure collagen, a protein known for its structural integrity and poor reactivity, which explains the tissue's preservation. He agrees with Mackal that collagen is expected for a giant octopus but also suggests Verrill's hypothesis that it could be part of a sperm whale's head (spermaceti tank) is plausible. Raynal emphasizes that collagen composition varies little between species, making definitive identification difficult based solely on amino acid analysis. He remains convinced it was a giant octopus, possibly a cirrate octopod, and hopes for immunological analysis to provide a solution.

The Garhwal Yeti

Several comments address Anthony B. Wooldridge's sighting of a supposed Yeti in the Garhwal Himalayas. Charles A. Reed suggests that the object could be an upturned tree stump or a rock outcrop, especially considering Wooldridge's hypoxic and hypothermic state. Reed notes that the tracks observed were not clearly associated with the entity and suggests an ungulate origin for the first set of tracks. Daniel Taylor-Ide, also familiar with Himalayan fieldwork, concurs that Wooldridge's report is not in keeping with local beliefs, as local hunters do not report the Yeti as an animal in that region. Taylor-Ide suggests that Wooldridge's physical state (hypoxic from exertion and altitude) could have affected his perception, leading him to mistake a rock for a creature, similar to his own experience with a "bear-shaped rock." Taylor-Ide also points out that the creature's behavior (standing motionless for 45 minutes) is uncharacteristic of known animals.

Anthony B. Wooldridge responds, detailing his return visit to the site in 1987. He states that photogrammetric analysis of photos taken in 1987 revealed that the object photographed in 1986 lay below the snow level and showed no movement. He concludes that his 1986 sighting was indeed a rock. However, he notes that the conspicuous slide in the avalanche debris and the large tracks leading away from it remain unexplained, as they are too large to be attributed to a goral.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical analysis of cryptozoological evidence, the importance of rigorous methodology, and the debate between "lumpers" and "splitters" in the field. The journal consistently features researchers engaging with each other's work, offering critiques, corrections, and alternative interpretations. There is a strong emphasis on scientific skepticism, the need for consistency in eyewitness accounts, and the potential for misidentification or environmental factors to influence perceptions. The International Society of Cryptozoology, as the publisher, appears to foster an environment where diverse viewpoints are presented and debated, contributing to the ongoing development of the field of cryptozoology.

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 6, Number 1, published in 1987 by the International Society of Cryptozoology, features a cover story titled "A LIVING DINOSAUR? In Search of Mokele-Mbembe" by Roy P. Mackal. The magazine includes a range of articles, comments, and responses on various cryptozoological topics, as well as instructions for contributors and a list of society officers and board members.

Articles and Discussions

The Mansi and Wilson Photographs: A Comparative Analysis

Richard Greenwell addresses the comparison between the Mansi photograph (Lake Champlain) and the Wilson photograph (Loch Ness), focusing on the relative sizes of the 'neck' and 'head' configurations. He explains a method for tracing and comparing these profiles using slide projections, demonstrating that despite thousands of miles and decades separating the photos, the relative proportions are very similar. Greenwell argues that apparent dissimiliarities can be explained by differences in angle and posture rather than taxonomic differences. He also notes Paul H. LeBlond's estimate of the Mansi object's size, ranging from 15 feet 9 inches to 56 feet. Greenwell's analysis suggests that the two presumed animals might be the same or closely allied species, even if their absolute sizes differ, potentially due to sexual dimorphism, age, or subspecies variations.

The Ri/Ilkai Debate: Dugong vs. Irrawaddy Dolphin

This section features a multi-part discussion on the identity of the creature known as 'Ri' or 'Ilkai' from Papua New Guinea. Thomas Williams, responding to previous work, argues that his 1985 expedition identified the animal as the Indo-Pacific dugong (Dugong dugon), disputing earlier identifications and native informants' descriptions that do not match the dugong's appearance. He criticizes the linguistic link suggested by Gunter G. Sehm between the Motu word 'rui' for dugong and the New Ireland word 'ri'. Williams emphasizes the importance of scientific methodology, including forming hypotheses, gathering data, and allowing for repeatable results.

Gunter G. Sehm, in his comment, suggests that the Ri/Ilkai is not a dugong but the Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris). He points out that while the dugong is a marine animal, the Ri is described as having a mobile head, a distinct neck, and swimming upstream in freshwater rivers. Sehm notes that the Irrawaddy dolphin's appearance, including its rounded, beakless head and distinct neck, can be mistaken for a sirenian or 'mermaid-like' creature, and its size and color also align with some descriptions. He concludes that the Ri/Ilkai sightings may represent unknown populations of the Irrawaddy dolphin.

In a response to Sehm, Thomas R. Williams reiterates his expedition's findings, asserting that the observed animal was unequivocally a dugong. He questions Sehm's interpretation of native descriptions and suggests that the villagers might be projecting a 'male fantasy' onto available animals. Williams challenges Sehm to conduct his own fieldwork in Papua New Guinea to test his hypothesis.

Linguistic Debates: 'Ethnoknown' vs. 'Ethnognostic'

Michael Heaney critiques the term 'ethnoknown', raising objections based on etymology, euphony, and sense. He argues that 'ethnognostic' is a more accurate term for 'knowledge held by native inhabitants', drawing parallels with existing words like 'diagnostic' and 'prognostic'. Heaney also highlights the importance of an international vocabulary in scientific communication, noting that 'ethnognostic' adapts better across languages than 'ethnoknown'.

Jean-Paul Debenat responds to Heaney, defending the term 'ethnoknown' as a concise way to describe 'native knowledge' of elusive beings. He acknowledges Heaney's rigorous approach and admits the justification for questioning the etymology of 'cervico-treatment'. Debenat emphasizes that the introduction of a new term must serve a purpose and that 'ethnoknown' fills a void in describing this specific type of knowledge. He also touches upon the concept of 'gnosticism' and its presence in contemporary culture.

Other Contributions

Frank E. Poirier provides a comment on "More on China's Wildman," discussing the possibility that many claims are mistaken reports of golden monkeys and addressing the taxonomy of Chinese macaques. He recounts a visit to Professor Zhou at the Beijing National History Museum and concurs with Zhou's assessment that certain hand and foot specimens likely belong to a macaque.

Lorna E. Lloyd offers a comment "In Defense of Big Cats," arguing that eyewitness reports of large cats in Britain, such as those on Exmoor and Dartmoor, deserve more consideration. She suggests the possibility of a large, unknown cat species, perhaps related to the puma or snow leopard.

Book Announcement

An announcement for Roy P. Mackal's book, "A Living Dinosaur? In Search of Mokele-Mbembe," is featured. The book details two expeditions to the Likouala region of the Congo in search of the Mokele-mbembe, a creature believed by Mackal to be a kind of sauropod dinosaur. Although the expeditions did not result in a definitive sighting, they indicated the presence of large unknown animals in the region.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the comparative analysis of photographic evidence for unknown animals, the linguistic challenges in defining cryptozoological concepts, and the rigorous application of scientific methodology to cryptozoological investigations. The journal also addresses specific cases like the Mokele-Mbembe and the Ri/Ilkai, and broader topics such as the 'Big Cat' phenomenon in Britain and the 'Wildman' of China. The International Society of Cryptozoology's policy is explicitly stated as taking no position on the existence of supposed animals, with opinions expressed by members being personal and not reflecting official Society policy. The emphasis is on investigation, analysis, publication, and discussion, encouraging a scientific approach to the field.