Cryptozoology - Vol 05 - 1986

Magazine Overview

Title: CRYPTOZOOLOGY
Subtitle: INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF CRYPTOZOOLOGY
Volume: 5
Issue Date: 1986
Publisher: International Society of Cryptozoology
Country of Publication: USA
ISSN: 0736-7023
Document Type: Magazine Issue

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 5, published in 1986, serves as an interdisciplinary journal for the International Society of Cryptozoology. It features a comprehensive "Annotated Checklist of Apparently Unknown Animals with which Cryptozoology is Concerned" by Bernard Heuvelmans as its lead article.

Articles

The journal opens with several articles:

• "Annotated Checklist of Apparently Unknown Animals with which Cryptozoology is Concerned" by Bernard Heuvelmans (pp. 1-26). This foundational article presents a checklist compiled from over 20,000 references in the Center for Cryptozoology's files. It lists between 110 and 138 animal forms, with a significant portion being mammals (79-92), followed by reptiles (18-27), birds (3), and fishes (5-7). The checklist is broken down into marine, freshwater, and terrestrial categories, with detailed classifications and regional distributions.
• "Investigating Sasquatch Evidence in the Pacific Northwest" by James A. Hewkin (pp. 27-37).
• "The Likelihood of Persistence of Small Populations of Large Animals and its Implications for Cryptozoology" by Peter F. Brussard (pp. 38-46).
• "The Yahoo, the Yowie, and Reports of Australian Hairy Bipeds" by Colin P. Groves (pp. 47-54).

Research Reports

• "Biochemical Analyses of Preserved Octopus giganteus Tissue" by Roy P. Mackal (pp. 55-62).

Field Reports

• "First Photos of the Yeti: An Encounter in North India" by Anthony B. Wooldridge (pp. 63-76).
• "LCPI Work at Lake Champlain, 1986" by Joseph W. Zarzynski (pp. 77-80).
• "Results of the New World Explorers Society Himalayan Yeti Expedition" by Marc E. Miller and William Cacciolfi (pp. 81-84).
• "Investigations and Systems Tests in the Lake Champlain Basin, 1986" by Richard D. Smith (pp. 85-88).

Book Reviews

The issue includes reviews of several books:

• *Savage Shadow. The Search for the Australian Cougar*, by David O'Reilly, reviewed by Malcolm Smith (pp. 89-90).
• *Search for the Tasmanian Tiger*, by Quentin Beresford and Garry Bailey, reviewed by J. Richard Greenwell (pp. 91-92).
• *Seeungeheuer: Fabeln und Fakten* [Sea Monsters: Fables and Facts] by P. Werner Lange, and *Fabelwesen des Meeres* [Fabulous Creatures of the Sea] by Sonn-fried Streicher, reviewed by Herman Reichenbach (pp. 93).
• *Champ: Beyond the Legend*, by Joseph W. Zarzynski, reviewed by Henry H. Bauer (pp. 95).
• *The Great Sea-Serpent Controversy: A Cultural Study*, by Paul Lester, reviewed by Charles Thomas (pp. 97-98).
• *The Evidence for Bigfoot and Other Man-Beasts*, by Janet and Colin Bord, reviewed by John Green (pp. 98-99).
• *The Sasquatch and Other Unknown Hominoids* (eds.), by Vladimir Markotic and Grover Krantz, reviewed by Roderick Sprague (pp. 99-108).

Comments and Responses

This section features contributions from numerous individuals, including Zhou Guoxing, Benoit Grison, Jean-Jacques Barloy, Jean-Paul Debenat, Bernd Würsig, Greg Silber, Nikolai Spassov, J. Richard Greenwell, Ingo Krumbiegel, John W. Olsen, Michael D. Swords, Grover S. Krantz, Susan Cachel, James D. Lazell, Jr., David C. Guynn, Robert L. Downing, George R. Askew, Di Francis, Roderick Moore, Lena G. Bottriell, and Edward B. Winn (pp. 109).

Editorial Board and Subscriptions

The journal lists its Editorial Board members with their respective fields of expertise, including Walter H. Birkby (forensic anthropology), Colin P. Groves (primatology), Christine Janis (paleomammalogy), Frank E. Poirier (paleoanthropology), Myra Shackley (archaeology), C. Lavett Smith (ichthyology), Pascal Tassy (vertebrate paleontology), M. Justin Wilkinson (geomorphology), Bernd Würsig (marine mammalogy), and George R. Zug (herpetology). Subscription information is provided, detailing costs for individuals and institutions, and the journal's publication frequency (annually).

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The dominant theme of this issue is the systematic cataloging and investigation of unknown animal forms, a core pursuit of cryptozoology. Bernard Heuvelmans' extensive checklist underscores the breadth of the field, encompassing diverse creatures from marine mammals and legendary sea serpents to terrestrial hominoids and elusive reptiles. The journal adopts a rigorous, scientific approach, evident in the research reports and the detailed classifications within the checklist. The editorial board comprises specialists from various scientific disciplines, reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of cryptozoology. The publication aims to compile, analyze, and present evidence for creatures that fall outside the scope of traditional zoology, encouraging further research and documentation. The inclusion of book reviews and a comments section suggests an active engagement with the cryptozoological community and its ongoing debates.

This issue of "Cryptozoology" (Volume 4, Issue 5, 1986) features a significant article by James A. Hewkin titled "INVESTIGATING SASQUATCH EVIDENCE IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST." The magazine also continues Bernard Heuvelmans' extensive "Annotated Checklist of Cryptozoology," detailing various unexplained animal reports from around the world.

Investigating Sasquatch Evidence in the Pacific Northwest by James A. Hewkin

Introduction

James A. Hewkin, a wildlife biologist, presents his findings from a 10-year investigation into Sasquatch reports in the Pacific Northwest, primarily the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. He became interested in the subject in the late 1950s and began his field investigations in 1973. Hewkin emphasizes the difficulty in obtaining reliable Sasquatch data and the need for serious investigation of well-founded reports. He notes that Sasquatch remains unrecognized as a living species despite numerous sightings.

Methodology and Evidence

Hewkin conducted over 200 trips into remote mountain areas, focusing on regions with reported Sasquatch activity. His investigation aimed to identify patterns of evidence and develop a realistic description of the animal. The evidence uncovered includes:

• Eyewitness Testimony: Numerous reports from citizens of all walks of life.
• Footprint Tracks: While difficult to find due to terrain, some significant tracks were documented.
• Split Stumps and Logs: Evidence of large logs being split lengthwise and stumps being torn apart, often without visible claw marks, suggesting an animal with immense strength.
• Rock Piles and Pits: Unusual arrangements of rocks, sometimes in trenches, suggesting digging for food or other purposes.
• Carrion Handling: Reports of carcasses being moved, hidden, or even hung in trees, indicating a potential food source and caching behavior.

Ecological Context

The article details the ecology of the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains, describing the dominant forest types, subalpine meadows, and riparian habitats. Common mammals in the region include deer, elk, puma, bobcat, coyote, and black bear. Hewkin notes that human intervention has altered habitats, but old-growth forests in remote areas likely provide suitable habitat for Sasquatch.

Specific Incidents and Findings

Several key incidents are detailed:

• 1967 Oregon Cascades Sighting: A logger reported observing a family of three Sasquatches digging for rodents.
• 1973 Footprint Discovery: Hewkin found scuff marks on a talus slope and later a large, unidentified footprint in dry duff, noting the lack of disturbance by smaller animals.
• 1974 Footprint Discovery: Three unidentified prints were found in soft sand, with a significant jump mark.
• 1975 Stump and Log Evidence: Investigations revealed stumps torn apart and logs split lengthwise, with no claw marks, suggesting an animal stronger than a bear.
• 1976 Snow Tracks: A witness reported large tracks (1.5 feet long) in her backyard snow.
• 1978 Rock Piles: A site with numerous rock piles and trenches was investigated, with experts ruling out mining activity.
• 1979 British Columbia Carrion Incident: A student reported shooting at a Sasquatch near a concealed deer carcass.
• Carrion Incident (1970): A trapper reported unusual handling of cattle carcasses.

Discussion and Conclusions

Hewkin concludes that the evidence supports the existence of an animal named Sasquatch, a giant, bipedal primate weighing up to 800 pounds and standing 8 feet tall. Its diet is likely omnivorous, and it inhabits remote wilderness areas. He suggests Sasquatch may possess night vision and be more active at night. The primary threat to Sasquatch is man, through habitat destruction and direct encounters. Hewkin criticizes the lack of scientific examination of the evidence and calls for a thorough study to recognize Sasquatch as an extant species and understand its ecological role.

Annotated Checklist of Cryptozoology (Continued) by Bernard Heuvelmans

This section continues Heuvelmans' comprehensive catalog of cryptids from various regions:

Africa

• Hominoids: Reports of large, ape-like creatures and ape-men from various African countries, including Sudan, Zaire, Kenya, and Cameroon, are discussed. These are potentially related to known hominids or unknown species.
• Anomalous Bears: The "Nandi Bear" is described, with reports suggesting it might be a large ratel, spotted hyena, or extinct baboon.
• Anomalous Felines: Reports of unusual lions, leopards, and cheetahs are noted, some possibly representing new subspecies or species.
• Spotted Lions: Lions with unusual markings, possibly a new subspecies, are reported from several African regions.
• Gigantic Tabby Cats: Large cats, possibly a giant subspecies of the golden cat, are reported from the Tanzanian coast.
• Large Sabre-Toothed Cats: Both aquatic and mountainous forms are described, with various local names.
• Pygmy Elephants: Reports of small, possibly aquatic elephants in Equatorial Africa, with some described scientifically as *Elephas pumilio* and *Elephas fransseni*.
• Pygmy Rhinoceros: A possibly aquatic, one-horned rhinoceros is reported from Liberia and surrounding areas, with speculation it could be a surviving ceratopsian dinosaur.
• Surviving Quagga: Reports of quagga-like animals in Namibia, despite the species being thought extinct since 1875.

North America (Nearctic Region)

• Gigantic Hairy Hominoids: Sasquatch and similar creatures are described, with evidence suggesting a link to *Gigantopithecus blacki*.
• Chimpanzee-like Ape: A nocturnal, swimming ape is reported, possibly a Nearctic representative of dryopithecines.
• Anomalous Bears: The "Farlane's Bear" is described as a cross between a grizzly and a polar bear.
• Large Felines: Reports of large cats resembling African lions, possibly a relict population of *Panthera leo atrox*.
• Mammoths and Mastodons: Evidence suggests survival into the 18th century, particularly in Alaska.
• Gigantic Flying Birds of Prey: "Thunderbirds" with large wingspans are reported, possibly North American teratorns.
• Miscellaneous Reports: Outsized lizards, snakes, beavers, kangaroos, dinosaurs, unicorns, and flying men are mentioned, often attributed to misidentification or hoaxes.

Central and South America (Neotropical Region)

• Ground Sloth: A middle-sized ground sloth is reported from Patagonia and tropical forests.
• Man-sized Apes/Monkeys: Hominoids and hairy creatures are reported from Guatemala.
• Unknown Bears: Bears differing from the spectacled bear are reported from Colombia and the Amazon.
• Andean Wolf: A large, mountainous wolf is described, possibly related to the maned wolf.
• Puma-like Cat: The "Onza" is described, possibly a surviving North American cheetah.
• Striped Sabre-Toothed Cat: A cat of middle size from Colombia and Ecuador, possibly related to *Smilodon* or South American marsupials.

Australasia (Australasian Region)

• Otter-like Animal: The "Waitoreke" from New Zealand, possibly a monotreme.
• Gigantic Monitor Lizards: Large monitor lizards up to 30 feet long are reported from eastern Australia.
• Unidentified Marsupials: Large marsupials described as "rabbits" or "kadimakara" from Australian deserts, possibly giant wombats or kangaroos.
• Large Tapir-like Marsupial: The "gazeka" from Papua New Guinea, possibly related to *Diprotodon*.
• Medium-sized Carnivorous Marsupials: "Pouched tigers" reported from Australia, possibly relict thylacines.
• Large Dog-like Animal: Reported from Mount Giluwe, Papua New Guinea, possibly a surviving thylacine.
• Man-sized Hominoids: "Yowie" and "Yahoo" reported from southeastern Australia, possibly remnants of *Homo erectus*.
• Small Hairy Hominoids: Ape-men reported from the Solomon Islands.
• Tall Hairy Man: A hairy man with long hair reported from Guadalcanal.
• Small Dark Men: Described with devil-like attributes from the New Hebrides.
• Mythicized Pygmies: Pygmies with high conical heads reported from Fiji.

Addendum

The addendum notes that a general bibliography of cryptozoology is not yet available, but recommends George M. Eberhart's "Monsters: A Guide to Information on Unaccounted-for Creatures."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the ongoing scientific investigation of cryptids, particularly Sasquatch, and the cataloging of unexplained animal reports globally. The editorial stance, as evidenced by the detailed research presented by Hewkin and the comprehensive nature of Heuvelmans' checklist, is one of serious inquiry into the possibility of undiscovered or surviving species. The articles advocate for a more open-minded and thorough scientific approach to cryptozoological evidence, challenging the dismissal of such reports by mainstream authorities.

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 5, published in 1986, features three main articles: "The Likelihood of Persistence of Small Populations of Large Animals and Its Implications for Cryptozoology" by Peter F. Brussard, "The Yahoo, The Yowie, and Reports of Australian Hairy Bipeds" by Colin P. Groves, and "Biochemical Analyses of Preserved Octopus Giganteus Tissue" by Roy P. Mackal. The cover headline highlights the Australian hairy bipeds, while the articles delve into population biology, folklore, and scientific analysis of unusual specimens.

The Likelihood of Persistence of Small Populations of Large Animals and Its Implications for Cryptozoology

Peter F. Brussard's article addresses the core question of whether undiscovered populations of animals, central to cryptozoology, are likely to be viable. He explains that while species populations normally have a capacity to resist threats, very small populations are highly susceptible to stochastic events. Three key stochastic processes are identified: environmental uncertainty (natural disasters, weather variations), populational uncertainty (random fluctuations in birth and death rates, sex ratios), and genetic uncertainty (inbreeding and genetic drift).

Brussard highlights that a population with fewer than 20 breeding individuals is at serious risk of extinction from these factors. The article discusses population growth models, including exponential and logistic equations, noting that fluctuations in growth rate (r) and carrying capacity (K) are critical. MacArthur's and Richter-Dyn and Goel's models suggest a threshold effect for population persistence, with extinction likely below a certain number of breeding individuals (tens to low hundreds). However, May's, Leigh's, and Goodman's models incorporate demographic and environmental stochasticity, showing that even modest numbers do not guarantee long-term survival if environmental variability is high. Large K's are required for reasonably long extinction times.

The article uses the example of the Loch Ness monsters to illustrate these points. Calculations by Sheldon and Kerr, and Scheider and Wallis, suggest the lake could support 10-20 large monsters, but it's unlikely all would be breeding individuals. Brussard concludes that the persistence of a viable population of monsters in Loch Ness from the distant past is extremely unlikely, and even if 20 exist now, they are close to extinction.

Genetic factors are also examined. Inbreeding depression, resulting from the mating of close relatives, can lead to a decline in fitness traits. Genetic drift, random changes in gene frequencies, leads to a loss of genetic variation. For a population to maintain fitness and adaptability, it must be large enough to prevent intense inbreeding and serious reductions in genetic variation. The genetically effective size (Ne) of a population, which is often much smaller than the total population size (N), is crucial. Low Ne values (e.g., below 50) threaten short-term persistence, and an Ne of 500 is considered the minimum for continuing evolution. The Devil's Hole pupfish is presented as a rare exception of a small population persisting for thousands of years, having lost measurable genetic variability.

In summary, Brussard concludes that for viable populations of large, unknown animals to exist, they must either be exceptionally elusive or live in remote, stable environments, maintaining breeding populations in the mid-tens to low hundreds.

The Yahoo, The Yowie, and Reports of Australian Hairy Bipeds

Colin P. Groves' article investigates the supposed Yahoo, Yowie, or wild man of south-eastern Australia, examining it in the context of the Australian mammal fauna, nomenclature, and cosmology.

Groves begins by correcting Bayanov's assertion that Australia was originally populated by only two major placental mammals. He states that Australia has 258 extant or recently extinct indigenous mammal species, including marsupials, rodents, and bats. He notes that large marine carnivores (pinnipeds) are also present.

The article then delves into the nomenclature of the wild man. The term 'yahoo' has an early record in Australia from 1835, associated with Aboriginal beliefs about evil spirits. While 'yahoo' did exist in some Aboriginal languages, it was often used for birds like the grey-crowned babbler, and local Aborigines in the Snowy Mountains denied knowledge of a wild man. Groves suggests the term may have been influenced by Swift's invention and transferred to Australia. Currently, 'yahoo' is used colloquially for uncouth individuals.

The term 'Yowie' is also discussed, with Joyner and the Australian National Dictionary finding no great antiquity for it. However, Kevin Gilbert's mention of 'hairy youree' in relation to Aboriginal mythology suggests a possible origin for the concept.

Groves categorizes wild man beliefs into two areas: Aboriginal traditions and settler folklore.

(a) Wild Men and the Aboriginal People: Aboriginal traditions describe unearthly humanoid monsters, 'devil-devils,' or mythical bogeymen, often localized to coastal regions. These are seen as part of a living, ever-present reality (the Dreaming), rather than historical events. Groves notes that few entries in Joyner's compilation are based on Aboriginal reports, and those that are are mythological.

(b) Wild Men in Settler Folklore: Reports from settlers and pioneers are described as a mix of campfire tales, apparitions, and 'hairy horrids.' Anderson's analysis of supposed 'moa sightings' in New Zealand is used as an analogue. Anderson suggests that moas were reported only after their bones became known, often exaggerated in size, and seen by recent immigrants experiencing loneliness and homesickness. Similarly, Groves suggests that settler reports of wild men may be influenced by expectations and psychological stress.

Groves concludes that the evidence for an Australian wild man (hominoid or hominid) is extremely poor. He argues against lumping disparate reports together, stating that a more careful analysis, recognizing that people may misidentify local fauna, is needed. He suggests that if there is a cryptozoological basis for Yowie stories, it is most likely a surviving giant marsupial, such as a wombat.

Biochemical Analyses of Preserved Octopus Giganteus Tissue

Roy P. Mackal presents the findings of comparative amino acid analyses of tissue samples from a large carcass discovered on Anastasia Beach, Florida, in 1896. The carcass, initially identified as Octopus giganteus by local doctor DeWitt Webb and later by cephalopod expert A. E. Verrill, was estimated to weigh 4,500 kg and measure 7 meters long.

The identification was met with skepticism, with some, like F. A. Lucas, suggesting it was 'whale blubber.' However, in 1957, Forrest G. Wood rediscovered the case and arranged for tissue samples to be analyzed by Joseph F. Gennaro. Gennaro's histological examination suggested it resembled contemporary octopus tissue.

Mackal's article details the amino acid analyses performed on the tissue, comparing it with control tissues from other marine animals, including the giant squid (Architeuthis dux) and other octopus species. The results showed that the O. giganteus tissue had a significantly different amino acid composition compared to all other specimens, with a high proportion of glycine and proline. These findings are consistent with collagen, a major protein in cephalopods, and not 'whale blubber.' Comparative determinations of copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) content were also performed and were consistent with a cephalopod identification.

Mackal concludes that these analytical results support the original identification of the tissue and carcass by A. E. Verrill as an exceptionally large cephalopod, likely an octopus, not referable to any known species.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Cryptozoology demonstrates a commitment to applying scientific methodology and biological theory to cryptozoological questions. The articles by Brussard and Groves emphasize the importance of rigorous analysis, distinguishing between folklore and evidence, and applying principles of population biology and zoology to assess the plausibility of unknown species. The Mackal article showcases the use of biochemical analysis to investigate anomalous biological finds. The overall stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, seeking to understand the biological and cultural factors that give rise to cryptozoological claims, rather than simply accepting them at face value. There is a clear emphasis on the need for evidence-based conclusions and a skepticism towards claims lacking scientific support.

This issue of CRYPTOZOOLOGY, Volume 5, published in 1986, focuses on field reports and scientific analysis related to unexplained phenomena. The cover prominently features "FIRST PHOTOS OF THE YETI: AN ENCOUNTER IN NORTH INDIA" by Anthony B. Wooldridge, alongside a report on "LCPI WORK AT LAKE CHAMPLAIN, 1986" by Joseph W. Zarzynski. The issue also includes detailed scientific tables comparing amino acid and elemental compositions of various biological tissues, particularly focusing on the giant octopus (*O. giganteus*).

Field Report: First Photos of the Yeti: An Encounter in North India

Anthony B. Wooldridge recounts a remarkable encounter in the Garhwal Himalaya of northern India in March 1986. While on a solo run for charity, Wooldridge observed and photographed a large, hominid-like animal, which he believes to be the Yeti. The sighting occurred near Hemkund at an altitude of approximately 3,300 meters, following a minor avalanche. Wooldridge describes the creature as erect, about 2 meters tall, with a large, squarish head, powerful chest, and long arms, covered in dark hair. He noted its stillness and apparent lack of concern about his presence. He took approximately 20 photographs of the creature from about 150 meters, as well as photographs of footprints. The report includes a sketch of the creature's stance and a digitally processed image of one of the photographs. Wooldridge discusses why the animal was unlikely to be a langur monkey, a bear, or a human, concluding that the Yeti is the most plausible explanation. He also explains his decision not to approach the creature more closely, citing the risk of further avalanches and a desire to avoid disturbing the animal. Future plans include using photogrammetric techniques to measure the creature's size and comparing his experience with other Yeti reports.

Field Report: LCPI Work at Lake Champlain, 1986

Joseph W. Zarzynski reports on the 31 days of fieldwork conducted by the Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation (LCPI) in 1986. The primary goal was to gather data on the supposed "Champ" phenomenon. The fieldwork involved daytime and nocturnal surface surveillance using cameras and night-scopes, underwater searches with sonar and photography, and encouraging the public to document sightings. The report details the team members and the methods used, noting that the summer of 1986 was marred by poor weather, experiencing the third wettest summer in thirty years. Despite the challenges, the LCPI continued its efforts to study the mystery of Lake Champlain.

Scientific Analysis of *O. giganteus* Tissue

The issue includes several tables presenting scientific data related to the giant octopus (*O. giganteus*). Table 1 compares its amino acid composition with cetacean and cephalopod tissues. Table 2 compares fresh and formaldehyde-preserved cephalopod tissues. Table 3 analyzes the amino acid composition of *O. giganteus* tissue against collagen, tendon, and bone. These analyses suggest that *O. giganteus* tissue is largely composed of collagen, similar to decalcified bone. Table 4 compares the copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) content of *O. giganteus* with other tissues, indicating that its composition is more similar to other cephalopods than to mammalian tissues, supporting its identification as a cephalopod. The preserved *O. giganteus* tissue is described as a huge mass of collagenous protein, not blubber, consistent with Webb and Verrill's identification of the carcass.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the investigation of cryptids, particularly the Yeti and the "Champ" of Lake Champlain, and the application of scientific methods, including biochemical analysis, to understand these phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded scientific inquiry, presenting evidence and analysis from field reports and laboratory studies. The journal encourages reader participation in research, as seen in the request for information regarding Yeti sightings.

This issue of "Cryptozoology" (Volume 5, 1986) focuses on two major field research efforts: investigations into the "Champ" phenomenon in Lake Champlain and an expedition to the Himalayas to study the Yeti. The magazine also includes several book reviews on cryptozoological topics.

Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation (LCPI) - 1986 Fieldwork

The Lake Champlain surface surveillance was conducted from various piers and by boat, with numerous sessions using cameras and binoculars. Five fieldwork-related scuba dives were also undertaken as part of an underwater reconnaissance survey. The fieldwork spanned 31 days between April and September 1986. Methods included daytime and nocturnal surface surveillance, boat surface surveillance, and the use of sonar equipment. Despite these efforts, the LCPI field sessions did not result in any visual sightings or sonar contacts of an unidentified animal.

However, a significant success was achieved in the Vermont Legislature, which on April 29, 1986, adopted the "Champ Resolution." This resolution, previously adopted by the Vermont House of Representatives and the New York Senate and Assembly, recognized the possible existence of 'Champ,' called for its protection, and encouraged further scientific inquiry and citizen reporting of sightings.

The LCPI documented 11 Champ sightings reported in 1986, listed chronologically:

• April 11, 1986: Allen Matton and Greg Thacker in Plattsburgh Bay, NY, observed an animal's neck (6-8 inches wide) four feet out of the water, described as dark and dinosaur-like.
• May 27, 1986: Christine Hebert, near Winooski River, VT, saw a green, muddy animal resembling a dinosaur, illuminated by a house lamp.
• June 2, 1986: Scott Gifford and mother, east of Willsboro Point, NY, observed a grey-brown animal about 30 feet long.
• June 16, 1986: Mrs. William Kennedy and others, Basin Harbor, VT, reported a dark round object moving in the wake, with a slight hump.
• July 1, 1986: Christine Hebert and mother reported a similar sighting to the May 27th event.
• July 4, 1986: Lee Tucker and family, Willsboro Bay, NY, observed two humps offshore, dark brown to black.
• July 6, 1986: John Holt-Harris III and family, near Ticonderoga, NY, saw a 20-foot-long, grayish animal with a visible hump.
• July 7, 1986: Al Trost, north of Essex, NY, observed an unidentified swimming object moving at 10-15 m.p.h. for 30 minutes.
• July 16, 1986: Mrs. Kimball Prince and Anne P. Marsh, near Point Elizabeth, NY, reported a 15-foot-long, dark hump.
• July 27, 1986: Several people, Port Henry, NY, saw an animal at Bulwagga Bay.
• August 3, 1986: Brenda Baker and others, Port Henry, NY, described a long, black, snake-like thing rising from the water, approximately 25-30 feet long and 12 feet high.

The LCPI plans to continue research with an increased emphasis on subsurface search efforts to find evidence of a Champ carcass.

Results of the New World Explorers Society Himalayan Yeti Expedition

In February and March 1986, the New World Explorers Society (NWES) conducted a 14-day fieldwork in the Khumbu region of the Himalayas. The expedition's goals were to investigate the possible existence of the yeti and to follow up on the 1960 investigations by Sir Edmund Hillary and Marlin Perkins. The team focused on Buddhist monasteries in Khumjung, Thyangboche, and Pangboche.

The fieldwork was directed by Marc E. Miller and William Cacciolfi, with assistance from Leon Childers, Ed Oxley, and Zane Mustaine. They interviewed Sherpas, particularly those associated with the 1960 expedition. The journey involved difficult terrain, including icy and muddy paths.

During interviews in Khumjung, villagers shared information about yeti sightings and encounters. An elderly Sherpani woman reportedly possessed possible Yeti chest hairs, and her son had allegedly been attacked by a Yeti in 1978. The Yeti was described as a large male, nearly 7 feet tall, covered in dark and reddish hair. The expedition members also examined alleged Yeti hair specimens and a supposed Yeti scalp from a Buddhist monastery, though scientific examination suggested the scalp might be from a goat hide.

At the Thyangboche monastery, the High Lama related stories of Yeti encounters from his youth in Tibet. The expedition also gathered information about alleged attacks on yaks and goats, and footprints attributed to Yetis.

At the Pangboche monastery, at approximately 14,000 feet, the expedition was granted permission to briefly examine a supposed Yeti hand and scalp. Local Sherpas reported observing Yeti footprints near the base camp.

The results of the expedition indicated that while the information gathered was intriguing, it was limited regarding actual sightings. The Yeti is deeply intertwined with Buddhist religion and culture in the region, making it difficult to separate myth from fact. Hair samples were submitted for microscopic analysis. NWES plans further expeditions and aims to compare Yeti descriptions with those of the North American Sasquatch, noting that Yeti descriptions typically involve a smaller animal.

Investigations and Systems Tests in the Lake Champlain Basin, 1986

Richard D. Smith of Wind & Whalebone Media Productions conducted research in Lake Champlain in July 1986, continuing previous seasons' work. The methodology focused on the lake's "drowned valley" habitat and ecosystem. The 1986 work involved testing a new underwater video system and sonar device, obtaining records of bottom contours and aquatic life, testing the effect of chumming, and cross-referencing data with charts. The fieldwork lasted 21 days.

Assisting Smith were Gary S. Mangiacopra, Phil Keller, Kip Cooper, Phil Houston, and Wendy Lathrop. Ike Blonder, a physicist and electrical engineer, reviewed the sonar and video work. LCPI director Joseph Zarzynski also visited.

No video, photographic, or sonar recordings of objects thought to be 'Champ' were made. However, the new equipment functioned well. Sonar recordings were made of lake basin contours and fish. George LaBar, of the University of Vermont, examined the sonar charts and suggested that lake trout and cisco were consistently recorded at depths of 72-108 feet, and that cloud-like clusters at 120 feet depths were aggregations of smelt. A bottom target possibly representing a boat wreck was also recorded.

Underwater video footage was obtained in the Essex anchorage, showing small fish. A larger light on the camera failed at depth, limiting visibility. The expedition also gathered information on eight previously unrecorded eyewitness accounts of Champ.

Al Trost reported seeing an elongated, pole-like object off-shore north of Essex on July 7, 1986. He observed it for about half an hour, noting its change in direction and speed. He described water breaking over the object's back but saw no hump. The author was unable to conduct a comparative sonar run due to weather and boat availability.

George LaBar expressed reservations about the existence of Champ animals but examined the sonar records.

Future plans include returning to Lake Champlain in 1987 with a research vessel and more sophisticated sonar equipment.

Book Reviews

• Savage Shadow: The Search for the Australian Cougar by David O'Reilly: This book investigates reports of a mysterious animal dubbed the "Cordering cougar" in Western Australia. The reviewer notes that while the book is well-written, it presents evidence chronologically, submerging hard data in narrative. It discusses sightings, claw marks, hairs, and livestock kills attributed to a big cat, possibly a puma, with some debate over its origin.
• Search for the Tasmanian Tiger by Quentin Beresford and Garry Bailey: This booklet covers the history of the thylacine (Tasmanian tiger), its supposed extinction in 1936, and subsequent alleged sightings. It details early contacts, the bounty system leading to its eradication, and the efforts of researchers like Eric Guiler. The reviewer notes the book's balanced approach and availability.
• Seeungeheuer: Fabeln und Fakten (Sea Monsters: Fables and Facts) by P. Werner Lange and Fabelwesen des Meeres (Fabulous Creatures of the Sea) by Sonnfried Streicher: These two German books are reviewed together. They are described as modest contributions to cryptozoology, drawing on existing research rather than presenting original findings. Lange covers sea serpents and giant squid, while Streicher's book features illustrations of marine creatures. Both are considered suitable for lay readers but lack indexes, which is a significant flaw for "Seeungeheuer."
• Champ: Beyond the Legend by Joseph W. Zarzynski: This book surveys the evidence for "Champ" in Lake Champlain, including 224 reported sightings. The reviewer notes Zarzynski's belief in the phenomenon and the book's extensive bibliography and illustrations. Comparisons are made to the Loch Ness phenomenon, though the reviewer finds the evidence for Champ sparser and less compelling. The book is recommended for those interested in the subject, particularly those already inclined to believe.
• The Great Sea-Serpent Controversy: A Cultural Study by Paul Lester: This book examines the cultural and psychological aspects of cryptozoology, viewing the Great Sea-Serpent as part of a modern myth. The reviewer notes that Lester draws heavily from Heuvelmans and explores the phenomenon within the context of folklore and psychology, suggesting it fulfills a need for areas where science is perceived as ignorant.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the ongoing investigation of lake monsters (specifically "Champ") and the exploration of cryptids in remote regions (the Yeti). The magazine presents field reports, eyewitness accounts, and scientific analyses, while also acknowledging the cultural and mythological aspects of these phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry into unexplained animal reports, encouraging scientific investigation while also recognizing the limitations of current evidence and the role of belief and folklore. The book reviews cover a range of cryptozoological topics, reflecting the breadth of the field.

This issue of CRYPTOZOOLOGY (Volume 5, 1986) features a collection of book reviews and comments, primarily focusing on the study of unknown hominoids, particularly Sasquatch and Bigfoot. The magazine's content is largely academic, with contributions from researchers and reviewers in the field of cryptozoology.

Book Reviews

The Evidence for Bigfoot and Other Man-Beasts by Janet and Colin Bord

Reviewed by Charles Thomas, this book is part of a series aiming to provide comprehensive assessments of evidence for anomalous phenomena. While it presents standard reports of sightings and evidence for large, hairy, bipedal creatures, its chief drawback is its brevity, making it less than comprehensive. The review notes that extensive information from Australia and China has become available since previous books on the subject. A specific incident involving Donald Hepworth in Idaho, describing large, hairy bipeds moving with unnatural speed, is highlighted as a strong point. However, the review criticizes the inclusion of a photo of what is likely a cougar, misidentified as an "unidentified creature." Errors in the text are noted, such as the incorrect assertion that footprint reports outnumber sighting reports in North America. Despite these limitations, the authors are credited with a credible job of sampling and summarizing the evidence, making it a worthwhile quick survey.

The Sasquatch and Other Unknown Hominoids, edited by Vladimir Markotic (Assoc. Ed. Grover Krantz)

This extensive review, written by the editor of the journal, details the complex web of relationships between the reviewers and authors, highlighting the small and interconnected community of Sasquatch researchers. The reviewer acknowledges personal and professional ties with many of the contributors, including Grover Krantz, Jay Miller, Loren Coleman, Mark Hill, Carleton Coon, Hans Biedermann, Dmitri Bayanov, Igor Bourtsev, Rene Dahinden, John Green, and Grant Keddie. The review notes the difficulty in maintaining neutrality in such a close-knit field and expresses frustration with the lack of academic recognition for Sasquatch research, citing instances where journals failed to list relevant books.

The review then delves into the content of the book, which is a compilation of papers from a 1978 UBC Sasquatch conference. Key sections and their critiques include:

• Chapter I, The Monsters in General: Includes Jay Miller's "American Humanity and Other Monsters," which analyzes the concept of monsters through a structuralist lens, and Loren Coleman and Mark Hill's "From 'Atsen' to Giants in North America," which argues that stories of large, hairy creatures among American Indians are part of their natural world, not mythology.
• Chapter II, The Believers and the Skeptics: Features Carleton Coon's discussion on the necessity of a Sasquatch, which is praised as a valuable perspective on the believer/non-believer dichotomy.
• Chapter III, Reports: Contains Dmitri Bayanov's "Hominology in the Soviet Union," Marie-Jeanne Koffmann's "Brief Ecological Description of the Caucasus Relict Hominoid (Almasti)," John Green's "The Search in China for Unknown Hominoids," and Dmitri Bayanov's "The Case for the Australian Hominoids." The review notes Bayanov's trust in informants compared to North American investigators and questions the lack of specimens for the Almasti. It also highlights the Chinese government's initial dismissiveness towards Wildman studies.
• Chapter IV, The Biological and Psychological Aspects of the Sasquatch: Includes "Eyewitness Reports and Footprints: An Analysis of Sasquatch Data" by Bayanov, Bourtsev, and Dahinden, which is considered well-reasoned but criticized for its comparison of Sasquatch to Neanderthals. Archie Buckley's "Report on Sasquatch Field Findings" is deemed folksy and lacking in scientific rigor.
• Chapter V, The Patterson-Gimlin Film: Features an analysis of the film, considered the best discussion of this classic evidence, and a paper by Gordon Strasenburgh relating the film to Australopithecus robustus. The review notes the lack of a response from primatologist William Montagna.
• Chapter VI, Europe of Old: Includes Vladimir Markotic's "The Great Greek God Pan-An Early Hominid?" and Zvonko Lovrenčević's collection of folklore from Croatia.
• Chapter VII, The Problems of Origins: Contains Charles A. Reed's "Possible Ancestry of Sasquatch and Its Eurasian Kin," which logically analyzes possibilities and favors Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis over G. blacki, refuting Strasenburgh's arguments for Australopithecus robustus. Krantz's final section, "The Origins of Sasquatch," is noted for its logical arguments but also for its lack of communication with other authors, particularly regarding the preferred fossil ancestor.

The review concludes by praising the compilation of references into a bibliography and noting the book's overall contribution to Sasquatch studies, despite some editorial inconsistencies and minor errors.

Comments and Responses

This section addresses various points related to cryptozoology and recent publications:

• On Wildman Reports and Chinese Macaques (Response to Poirier and Diamond): Zhou Guoxing responds to a previous article, asserting that hand and foot specimens from Jiulong Mountain, China, are from a stump-tailed macaque, not a Wildman. He also discusses a captured "mao gong" (hairy man) in Hunan Province, which was also identified as a stump-tailed macaque, highlighting the potential for misidentification and unreliable informants in Wildman research.

• Edwin Ray Lankester and the Early History of Cryptozoology (Comment on Heuvelmans): Benoit Grison discusses Sir Edwin Ray Lankester's pioneering role in cryptozoology, noting his early support for the survival of extinct animals and his influence on Arthur Conan Doyle's "The Lost World." Lankester's recommendations to Doyle were followed, suggesting a more scientific background for the novel than is often acknowledged.

• A Useful and Pertinent Classification (Comment on Greenwell): Jean-Jacques Barloy commends Richard Greenwell's definition and classification of cryptozoological animals, finding it useful for zoologists and skeptics alike. He also comments on the term "ethnoknown," suggesting it should be limited to truly extraordinary cases and that discussions of geographical distribution fall under classical zoology.

• On the Definition of the Term "Ethnoknown" (Comment on Greenwell): Jean-Paul Debenat discusses the term "ethnoknown," proposed by Greenwell, which refers to prior human knowledge of unknown animal species. Debenat explores its etymology, suggesting alternatives like "native-known" to avoid the religious connotations of "gnosis." He argues that "ethnoknown" implies a mystical grasp of cosmic forces and that the term should be used carefully to avoid confusion with religious concepts.

• The Perils of Cryptozoology and a New Classification (Comment on Greenwell): This comment traces the history of cryptozoology, noting its flourishing in the past century and its role in discovering animals like the okapi and coelacanth. It addresses the dilemma faced by scientists in considering folklore and eyewitness accounts, distinguishing between genuine cryptozoological entities and misidentified or fanciful creatures. The comment also touches upon the classification of alleged cryptozoological animals and the potential for misinterpreting unusual but not necessarily unknown species.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the rigorous scientific study of unknown animals, the challenges of classifying and verifying evidence, and the importance of precise terminology in cryptozoology. The editorial stance appears to favor a scientific, evidence-based approach, while acknowledging the value of folklore and historical accounts as potential starting points for research. There is a clear emphasis on distinguishing between scientific inquiry and speculative or pseudoscientific claims, as well as a recognition of the interconnectedness and potential biases within the cryptozoological research community.

Title: CRYPTOZOOLOGY
Issue: Vol. 4, Issue 4
Date: 1987
Publisher: International Society of Cryptozoology

This issue of *Cryptozoology* is dedicated to "COMMENTS AND RESPONSES," featuring a series of scholarly exchanges between researchers on various aspects of the emerging field. The primary focus is on refining the definitions, terminology, and classification systems within cryptozoology, particularly in response to J. Richard Greenwell's proposed framework.

Key Articles and Discussions

Defining Cryptozoology and Its Scope

The issue opens with a discussion on the definition of cryptozoology, with contributions from Bernd Würsig and Greg Silber, and J. Richard Greenwell. They grapple with the concept of "unexpectedness" in discoveries, with Würsig and Silber arguing that the very search implies expectation, while Greenwell clarifies that "unexpected" applies to zoologists at large, not necessarily cryptozoologists. The need for objective analysis and reliable techniques to study potential "mental awareness" in animals is also highlighted.

Nikolai Spassov contributes by introducing and discussing the term "ethnoknown," which he defines as "prior human knowledge of an animal." He also touches upon the challenges of defining cryptozoology and its relationship with other scientific fields like zoology, paleontology, linguistics, and ethnography.

Terminology and Classification

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to the development and refinement of terminology. J. Richard Greenwell, in response to several commentators, defends his classification system for cryptozoology. He elaborates on his five categories, which include extant taxa in new areas, taxa described from limited evidence, extinct taxa, fossil forms, and new taxa with no prior evidence. He also addresses the term "ethnoknown," acknowledging previous discussions and proposing that it represents "prior human knowledge of an animal."

Bernd Würsig and Greg Silber propose the term "science-known" to complement "ethnoknown," signifying animals recognized by systematic zoology. This dual terminology aims to provide a more structured understanding of animal knowledge within the field.

Spassov's introduction of "ethnosignificant" is also discussed, distinguishing it from "ethnoknown" by suggesting it refers to animals of special significance to people or science, not necessarily unknown species.

Case Studies and Examples

Several specific examples are used to illustrate the concepts and categories discussed:

• Megamouth Shark: Mentioned as an example of a large animal that was nearly missed by science.
• Cercopithecus salongo: A new species of monkey described from an incomplete skin in East-Central Zaire, placed in Category III ("Presumably extant taxa, not representing fossil forms, described from only limited organic evidence").
• Andean Wolf: Another example for Category III, known from a single skin.
• King Cheetah: Considered for Category I ("Individual representatives featuring major divergences or differences from the accepted norms for the species").
• Lynx (Lynx lynx) in Bulgaria: Believed extinct but with unconfirmed recent sightings, fitting into Category II ("Certain forms existing in areas where they are not officially known to exist").
• Turanian (Caspian) Tiger: Officially declared extinct but reportedly still seen and heard, also fitting Category II.
• Mammoth and Cave Bear: Hypotheses about their persistence into historical and Holocene times, respectively, discussed under Category V ("Fossil forms which may have been extant up to historical times").
• Sivatherium: A fossil giraffid possibly depicted in a 3500 B.C. ornament, also related to Category V.
• Kouprey and Thylacine: Examples of species whose survival is an issue of wildlife conservation.
• Egyptian Animal Deity Set: Michael D. Swords and John W. Olsen engage in a debate about the cryptozoological analog for the deity Set, with Swords suggesting it was a normal animal-god smeared by political forces, while Olsen proposes it was an amalgamation of characteristics of known animals.
• Sasquatch Footprints: Susan Cachel and Grover S. Krantz discuss the Elk Wallow (Walla Walla) Sasquatch footprints, debating the thickness of the sole pad, locomotor variations, and the hominid status of Sasquatch. Krantz suggests a phylogeny linking Sasquatch to *Australopithecus afarensis* and *Gigantopithecus blacki*.
• Unseen Argus Pheasant: Ingo Krumbiegel presents the case of *Argus bipunctatus*, a pheasant species described from a single feather over a century ago, suggesting a search for live specimens.

Statistical Approaches to Rare Species

One comment by Grover S. Krantz critiques the statistical methods proposed by Guynn, Downing, and Askew for determining the non-detection probabilities of rare animals. Krantz argues that such methods are dangerous when applied to cryptozoans, emphasizing the critical roles of searcher skills and animal behavior, which are difficult to quantify but crucial for successful searches and avoiding erroneous claims of extinction.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the scientific rigor and definition of cryptozoology. There is a strong emphasis on developing precise terminology (e.g., "ethnoknown," "science-known," "ethnosignificant") and robust classification systems to distinguish cryptozoology from pseudoscience. The editors and contributors consistently advocate for objective analysis, evidence-based reasoning, and a willingness to consider possibilities that challenge conventional zoological understanding, while also maintaining a critical stance against unsubstantiated claims. The overall stance is one of striving to establish cryptozoology as a legitimate scientific discipline by addressing its theoretical and methodological challenges.

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 5, published in 1987, features a collection of articles and comments focusing on various cryptozoological topics. The journal is published by the International Society of Cryptozoology and includes discussions on scientific methodology, animal identification, and reports from fieldwork.

Articles and Comments

"Extinct" may be dropped from funding considerations...

This section presents a letter from James D. Lazell, Jr., who argues against quantifying the probability of non-detection of rare species, stating that such factors are incalculable and that extrapolating from non-detection to non-existence is unscientific.

Objective Data vs. Opinion (Response to Lazell)

This response addresses Lazell's points, agreeing that searcher skills and species behavior are critical. The authors defend their use of statistical models to estimate the probability of non-detection, using data from white-tailed deer fawns and Peromyscus polionotus subspecies. They explain how their formula can scrutinize claims of extinction based on questionable fieldwork by considering search effort. They also discuss the red-cockaded woodpecker, noting that studies on its habitat needs have not shown impacts from clearcutting, and suggest the model could be applicable to this species as well. The authors emphasize that statistics are decision-making aids, not proof, and their model aims to assist in evaluating situations based on assumptions and data accuracy.

Comments and Responses (Page 139-149)

This section contains several comments and responses on previously published articles:

• Lazell's comments regarding the red-cockaded woodpecker: The authors of the main response address Lazell's points, stating that studies by Jackson and Jackson, and Williams and Field, present legitimate concerns about the necessity of old trees for red-cockaded woodpeckers. However, a study by Wood et al. found no impact of clearcutting on the woodpecker's territory. They suggest that the red-cockaded woodpecker, being an endangered but relatively abundant species, could be a candidate for applying their statistical model to determine detection probabilities.

• David C. Guynn, Jr., Robert L. Downing, and George R. Askew: These authors comment on the journal's purpose, emphasizing the encouragement of objective quantification of detection probabilities rather than subjective judgment. They acknowledge that their statistical techniques can be misused but were not intended to combat "evil" forces.

• Ri-Evaluation (Comment on Williams, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 61-68): J. Richard Greenwell congratulates Thomas Williams and associates for positively identifying the "Ri" as the Indo-Pacific dugong (Dugong dugon). He reflects on the extensive literature on the Ri in Cryptozoology, noting the differing opinions. Greenwell traces the history of the Ri investigation, starting with Roy Wagner's fieldwork in Papua New Guinea, and subsequent analyses by marine biologists and mammalogists. He recounts the expedition to Nokon Bay where the animal, called "Ilkai" by the Susurunga tribe, was observed. Greenwell admits his initial subjective impression was that it was a small cetacean, possibly Neophocaena. He acknowledges that he and Wagner were mistaken in assuming the dugong was slow-moving and incapable of pronounced vertical flexure or 10-minute dives, noting that Anderson's caution about longer dives in deeper water was relevant.

• Page 143: Continues the discussion on the Ri. Greenwell notes that Williams' fieldwork confirmed the dugong identification. He reflects on the lessons learned about native information, stating that while often reliable, it can sometimes be inaccurate due to various environmental factors. He concludes that the Ri investigation provided an excellent opportunity to trace a mythified animal to its zoological species, a process outlined by Bernard Heuvelmans.

• The Subject Was Cats (Comment on Bottriell, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 80-83): This comment, likely by Di Francis, responds to Lena Bottriell's review of her book "Cat Country." The author disputes Bottriell's interpretation of photographs, stating the two animals were the same and that Bottriell misidentified the prints. The author also challenges Bottriell's assertions about the European wild cat (Felis silvestris) in Britain, describing the photographed animal as having a long, non-bushy tail with many bands, unlike a wild cat. The author also mentions the discovery of large, black, long-legged cats in Scotland and notes that prints had graded pads, unlike cat or dog prints.

• Affluent Cats (Comment on Bottriell, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 80-83): Roderick Moore agrees with Lena Bottriell that it's unlikely a puma-sized animal could remain undetected in Britain for so long. He suggests that sightings might involve a mix of wild cats, hybrids, and escaped exotic animals. Moore posits that early sightings in affluent southern England since WWII might be linked to people affording exotic pets and the increased ease of importing animals due to air transportation.

• A Cat For All Seasons (Response to Francis and Moore): Lena G. Bottriell responds to Di Francis and Roderick Moore. She defends her review of "Cat Country," stating that Francis wrongly perceives facts. Bottriell reiterates that the photographs showed two cubs, not one, and that Francis's assertion that they were the same animal was not supported by the text. She also disputes Francis's description of the photographed animal's tail and ear shape, stating it does not match a wild cat. Bottriell finds Moore's comment about affluent areas and air transportation to be a refreshing perspective.

• The Dragons on the River Kwai (Comment on Greenwell, Cryptozoology, Vol. 4: 86-88): This comment discusses Colonel John Blashford-Snell's finding of the "legendary New Guinea dragon artrellia," which turned out to be a monitor lizard, Varanus salvator. The author notes that Blashford-Snell believes larger monitors exist in the Australasia-Southeast Asia region. The comment details a French television team's investigation into mysterious disappearances of prisoners during WWII railway construction in Thailand, where "monsters" were reported living in caves. The author, attempting to verify this, consulted with the Royal Forest Department in Bangkok. The department official suggested the "monsters" were likely giant monitor lizards, providing descriptions of species found in Thailand: Varanus bengalnensis, Varanus dunerilii, Varanus rucicollis, and Varanus salvator. The author concludes that the "monsters" were probably Varanus dunerilii, due to their habitat in Kanchanaburi Province caves and their potential to prey on weakened prisoners. They also consider Varanus salvator as a less likely possibility.

1987 Membership Meeting

This section details the schedule for the International Society of Cryptozoology's 1987 Membership Meeting, held jointly with the Scottish Branch of the Society for the History of Natural History at the National Museums of Scotland on July 25-26, 1987.

• Saturday, July 25th Symposium: The Search for Nessie in the 1980s included presentations on the history, biology, and public perception of the Loch Ness Monster, analysis of the Wilson Nessie photo, recent fieldwork, research contributions, and a panel debate.
• Sunday, July 26th Symposium: Some Cats of Cryptozoology featured discussions on the "Case for the British Big Cat," the "Kellas Cat," the "King Cheetah," the "Onza," and the "Queensland Tiger-Cat."

Instructions to Contributors

This section provides guidelines for submitting manuscripts to Cryptozoology, covering requirements for articles, research reports, field reports, book reviews, and comments/responses. It details formatting, length, review processes, and referencing style.

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Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue include the scientific methodology of cryptozoology, the challenges of identifying unknown or rare species, and the resolution of historical mysteries through fieldwork. The journal emphasizes rigorous research, objective data, and the importance of fieldwork over speculation. The editorial stance appears to be one of promoting scientific inquiry within the field of cryptozoology, encouraging detailed investigation and publication of findings, while also acknowledging the limitations of current knowledge and the potential for misinterpretation.