Cryptozoology - Vol 04 - 1985

Magazine Overview

Title: CRYPTOZOOLOGY
Issue: Vol. 4
Year: 1985
Publisher: International Society of Cryptozoology
Type: Interdisciplinary Journal

This issue of *Cryptozoology* presents a comprehensive exploration of the field, featuring a detailed classificatory system proposed by J. Richard Greenwell, alongside articles on specific cryptozoological subjects and book reviews.

Articles

A Classificatory System for Cryptozoology

J. Richard Greenwell proposes a new seven-category system to organize cryptozoological information, aiming for greater objectivity. The system distinguishes between 'described taxa' and 'undescribed taxa,' and incorporates concepts like 'ethnoknown' and 'unexpectedness.' Categories I and VII are considered semi-cryptozoological. The system is designed to be flexible, allowing for the reclassification of animals as new information emerges.

On the Possible Identification of the Egyptian Animal-God Set

Michael D. Swords examines the ancient Egyptian god Set, whose animal form has never been definitively identified. By analyzing pictorial representations and ancient texts, Swords suggests that Set was depicted as an unclassified canid, possibly still in existence and related to the 'Nandi Bear' phenomenon. The article reviews various proposed candidates and the complex role of Set in Egyptian religion.

Towards an Etymology of Maori Waitoreke

John Becker explores the etymology of the Maori word 'Waitoreke,' a term associated with an unknown animal in New Zealand.

The Case of the Pygmy Gorilla: A Cautionary Tale for Cryptozoology

Colin P. Groves discusses the case of the pygmy gorilla, presenting it as a cautionary tale within cryptozoology, likely highlighting issues of misidentification or unsubstantiated claims.

Sole Pads and Dermatoglyphics of the Elk Wallow Footprints

Susan Cachel analyzes sole pads and dermatoglyphics found in elk wallow footprints, likely investigating their potential as evidence for unknown animals.

Research Reports

Estimating the Probability of Non-Detection of Low Density Populations

David C. Guynn, Jr., Robert L. Downing, and George R. Askew present a study on estimating the probability of not detecting low-density populations, a relevant topic for the search for elusive cryptozoological subjects.

Field Reports

Identification of the Ri Through Further Fieldwork in New Ireland, Papua New Guinea

Thomas R. Williams reports on fieldwork conducted in New Ireland, Papua New Guinea, concerning the identification of the 'Ri,' a cryptid.

LCPI Work at Lake Champlain, 1985

Joseph W. Zarzynski details the work of the Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation (LCPI) at Lake Champlain in 1985, likely related to investigations of the Loch Ness Monster's North American counterpart.

Investigations in the Lake Champlain Basin, 1985

Richard D. Smith also reports on investigations conducted in the Lake Champlain Basin during 1985.

Book Reviews

Several book reviews are featured:

• Cat Country: The Quest for the British Big Cat by Di Francis, reviewed by Lena G. Bottriell.
• The Loch Ness Mystery Solved by Ronald Binns, reviewed by Adrian Shine.
• Mysteries: Encounters with the Unexplained by John Blashford-Snell, reviewed by J. Richard Greenwell.
• Monsters: A Guide to Information on Unaccounted-for Creatures, Including Bigfoot, Many Water Monsters, and Other Irregular Animals by George M. Eberhart, reviewed by William R. Corliss.
• Living Wonders: Mysteries and Curiosities of the Animal World by John Michell and Robert J. M. Rickard, reviewed by Jerome Clark.
• Mysterious America by Loren Coleman, reviewed by George W. Earley.
• Wildman. Yeti, Sasquatch and the Neanderthal Enigma by Myra Shackley, reviewed by Susan Cachel.

Comments and Responses

This section includes contributions from Robert J. Meier, Roy P. Mackal, Rainer H. Brocke, Fred G. VanDyke, Robert L. Downing, Michel Raynal, John Becker, Dmitri Bayanov, Graham C. Joyner, Frank E. Poirier, Michael K. Diamond, and J. Richard Greenwell, offering a range of perspectives and discussions on various cryptozoological topics.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue emphasizes the need for a scientific and objective approach to cryptozoology, as evidenced by Greenwell's proposed classification system. The journal consistently features research reports, field investigations, and critical reviews of books and claims within the field. There is a clear effort to define cryptozoology rigorously, distinguishing it from pseudoscience and highlighting its potential as a legitimate scientific pursuit. The Egyptian god Set article, in particular, showcases the interdisciplinary nature of cryptozoology, drawing on mythology, zoology, and textual analysis. The recurring theme is the systematic study of animals whose existence is suggested by evidence but not yet officially recognized by mainstream zoology, with a particular interest in 'unexpected' discoveries and the potential for surviving 'fossil' forms.

This issue of Cryptozoology (Vol. 4, 1985) features two main articles: "Swords: Possible Identification of Set" and "The Case of the Pygmy Gorilla: A Cautionary Tale for Cryptozoology," along with an article on "Towards an Etymology of Maori Waitoreke."

Swords: Possible Identification of Set

This article explores potential identifications for the animal form associated with the Egyptian god Set. The author begins by categorizing proposed identifications, dismissing those clearly representing other deities or unrelated animals. The focus then shifts to animals that became associated with Set later, such as the serpent and the ass, and then to less plausible candidates like the European boar, camel, and fennec fox.

The article details the characteristics of Set derived from ancient texts, including strength, aggressiveness, nocturnal prowling, carnivorous diet, habit of dismembering bodies, foul smell, loud noise, spewing of saliva, reddish-brown color, and a canid-like form larger than a jackal with a tufted tail, curved snout, and long, pricked ears.

Several categories of potential candidates are examined:

Canids and Hyenas

Canids: The article discusses various African canids, including foxes, jackals, the Abyssinian wolf, and the wild hunting dog (Lycaon pictus). While the golden jackal shares some traits like nocturnal habits and a carnivorous diet, its size is a drawback. Lycaon pictus exhibits a powerful odor and a "blackface" but is less nocturnal and has a different facial structure. A theory suggests a synthesis of aardvark and wild canid characteristics.

Greyhound Predecessors: The article posits that a greyhound-like dog, native to the desert regions of Upper Egypt, is a strong candidate. Evidence includes early Egyptian and Mesopotamian dog breeds, ancient desert rock art depicting similar animals, and the 'tesem' dog. The Shilluk, an East African greyhound, is noted for exhibiting Set-like physical characteristics. However, some Set behaviors like odor tracking and nocturnal prowling are common to wild canids. The hooked nose, erect tail, and peculiar ears are discussed as problem areas, with explanations offered for the hooked nose (variation in muzzle length, bone structure, hair color) and the erect tail (display of dominance). The peculiar ears are attributed to selective breeding by Egyptians to eliminate primitive traits.

Hyenas: Hyenas are presented as having many Set-like qualities: strength, aggression, nocturnal habits, carnivorous diet, and tracking by odor. The Bible word 'tsiy' is linked to hyenas. The possibility of an early form of Crocuta (a predatory hyena) or other unknown hyenids is considered, particularly in relation to the "Nandi Bear" mystery. However, the author ultimately favors a canid over a hyena due to body build.

Other Possibilities: The article also considers a "misfiring" cross-breed produced by Egyptians, some oddly formed hyena species, and a unique synthesis of various desert animals.

The author's preferred conclusion is that Set was likely a greyhound predecessor, with its characteristics rationalized as extreme variations seen in ancient canids.

Towards an Etymology of Maori Waitoreke

This article by John Becker investigates the etymology of the Maori word "waitoreke," referring to a supposed New Zealand otter-like animal. The author examines various linguistic theories, primarily focusing on the Maori language.

Naming Processes

The article outlines general techniques for animal naming, including using established native terms, foreign names, descriptive neologisms, and allegorical names. It rules out allegorical naming for the waitoreke due to its rarity.

Linguistic Analysis of Waitoreke

The author notes the limited phonetic repertoire of the Maori language and discusses how borrowed words are adapted. Since no plausible foreign word has been suggested for waitoreke, it is likely a Maori word or a neologism constructed on Maori grammatical patterns.

Roots of Waitoreke: The primary meaning of 'wai' is "water." Numerous Maori words derived from 'wai' relate to water creatures, bodies of water, or the properties of water. However, the connection to 't' followed by 'u' or 'o' is not always straightforward, with some terms relating to witchcraft or religion. Exceptions like 'waitomo' (caves) and 'waituhi' (pool of water, birthrites) are discussed.

The article also explores other potential meanings for 'wai,' including "memory," "recollection of words heard," and connections to the spirit world (wairua). The concept of 'waitokorau' as witchcraft and 'waitutu' as "dark in color" are also mentioned.

Alternate Interpretations: The word 'waitoreke' might derive from the pronoun 'wai' ("the one who..."). This could lead to meanings like "one forsaken" or "water-sinking." Other proposed etymologies include connections to 'wai-rangi' and 'wai-raki' ("foolish, one dried up, wrinkled, a monster, a mythical animal"), and 'wai-to-rehe' ("one of wrinkles").

The Roots of Kaureke: The term 'kaureke' is also examined, with possible meanings related to "swimming" or "ancestors." It is also linked to the tuatara (a lizard) or a monster. The author suggests 'kaureke' might mean "ancestor-wrinkled, wizened" or "water-wrinkled."

Conclusions

The author concludes that the roots of 'wai' encompass meanings beyond just "water," including spiritual and mythological concepts. The etymology of 'waitoreke' remains complex, with no simple solution. The author leans towards the interpretation that the name of a mythological creature was applied to an animal that was unfamiliar to both the Maori and Europeans.

The Case of the Pygmy Gorilla: A Cautionary Tale for Cryptozoology

This article by Colin P. Groves addresses the concept of a "pygmy gorilla," which originated from confusions and misunderstandings in the early 20th century. Groves asserts that the specimens used to define this concept were actually normal gorillas, with age-related changes in skulls being misinterpreted. One case involved a misreading of a name that led to an incorrect habitat assignment in eastern Zaire. Groves emphasizes the need to disentangle such confusions before pursuing well-founded cryptozoological research.

Groves explains that his research, based on analyzing 745 gorilla skulls, led him to conclude that all gorillas belong to a single species, *Gorilla gorilla*, with three well-defined subspecies. He dismisses the pygmy gorilla as a valid taxon, attributing its existence to flawed taxonomic practices and a lack of understanding of age-related variations in gorilla skulls.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue of Cryptozoology consistently focuses on the rigorous investigation of alleged unknown animals. The articles employ scientific methods, linguistic analysis, and historical research to either support or debunk the existence of cryptids. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, demanding evidence and logical reasoning while acknowledging the possibility of undiscovered species. The articles highlight the importance of distinguishing between genuine zoological mysteries and misinterpretations or folklore.

This issue of CRYPTOZOOLOGY, Volume 4, published in 1985 by the International Society of Cryptozoology, features articles on the taxonomic confusion surrounding the "pygmy gorilla" and an analysis of Sasquatch footprints, alongside a research report on estimating the probability of non-detection of low-density populations.

The Pygmy Gorilla: A Case of Taxonomic Confusion

The lead article, "Groves: Case of the Pygmy Gorilla," by Colin P. Groves, traces the complex and often erroneous history of the "pygmy gorilla" concept. Initially described in 1877 by E. Alix and A. Bouvier as *Gorilla mayéma*, based on a specimen from farther south than previously known gorillas, the species was characterized by smaller size and various skeletal differences. However, by 1885, Hartmann suggested the differences might be due to youth rather than species distinction. The confusion intensified in 1914 when Daniel Giraud Elliot, in his review of primates, applied the name *Gorilla mayéma* to a collection of three specimens and created a new genus, *Pseudogorilla*, believing the skulls were intermediate between gorillas and chimpanzees. Elliot's work was further complicated by the misinterpretation of specimens and the potential for taxonomic splitting by researchers like Paul Matschie.

The article highlights how the name *mayéma* was later incorrectly associated with the Manyema district in eastern Zaire, leading to searches for a "pygmy gorilla" in that region without success. Rothschild, in 1905, even suggested the species was a chimpanzee, misinterpreting the name *mayéma* as *manyema* and linking it to a district known for chimpanzees. Later, Rothschild changed his mind, associating "G. g. manyema" with the eastern lowland gorilla, *Gorilla gorilla graueri*. The "pygmy gorilla" concept is ultimately deemed a spurious creation, resulting from early taxonomists' failure to appreciate individual, age, and sex variation in natural populations.

Sole Pads and Dermatoglyphics of the Elk Wallow Footprints

Susan Cachel's article, "Sole Pads and Dermatoglyphics of the Elk Wallow Footprints," examines casts of Sasquatch footprints. Krantz's identification of these prints as hominid, based on an adducted hallux, is questioned. Cachel focuses on the apparent presence of a thick, flexible sole pad, estimating its thickness at 10-15 cm, significantly greater than that of modern humans or gorillas. This large sole pad is proposed as a mechanism for cushioning the foot and distributing the weight of a large bipedal animal, potentially allowing for a gait different from that of living hominids. The article discusses the composition of sole pads in living mammals, drawing analogies with gorillas and humans. It also explores the implications of body size on locomotion, suggesting that large bipeds might compensate for weight through gait patterns rather than gross skeletal differences. Dermatoglyphic evidence, while limited, is presented as a potential tool for reconstructing behavior and identifying individual animals or social groups.

Cachel concludes that the Elk Wallow prints likely belong to an unknown animal species, possibly a primate, but with a unique foot structure and locomotion unlike any known mammal, differentiating them from hominid prints.

Research Report: Estimating the Probability of Non-Detection of Low Density Populations

This research report by Guynn, Jr., Downing, and Askew presents a conceptual framework and method for estimating the probability of presence or absence of cryptic species. Using the binomial distribution, the method allows for the estimation of non-detection probabilities based on a known population density and a specified search effort. The report details the assumptions of the model, including constant probability of detection and independence of search efforts. Data from a study on marked white-tailed deer fawns are used to demonstrate the feasibility of the binomial distribution model. The authors calculate the probability of sighting a fawn and the probability of not detecting a specific fawn during a set number of search efforts. The report also explores the relationship between the number of required search efforts and specified levels of non-detection, providing a tool for researchers to determine the necessary search effort to achieve a desired level of confidence in concluding that a species is absent from an area.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is the critical examination of evidence and taxonomic interpretation within cryptozoology. The articles demonstrate a commitment to rigorous scientific methodology, questioning established conclusions and exploring alternative explanations. The editorial stance appears to favor a scientific approach that acknowledges the possibility of unknown species while demanding robust evidence and careful analysis, as seen in the debunking of the "pygmy gorilla" and the detailed examination of the Elk Wallow footprints. The research report further emphasizes the importance of statistical methods in cryptozoological research.

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 3, Number 4, published in 1985 by the International Society of Cryptozoology, features research reports on two distinct cryptozoological investigations: the identification of the 'Ri' in Papua New Guinea and ongoing fieldwork concerning 'Champ' in Lake Champlain.

Research Report 1: Identification of the Ri Through Further Fieldwork in New Ireland, Papua New Guinea

This report details an expedition conducted in February 1985 by the Ecosophical Research Association (ERA) in Papua New Guinea, specifically along the east coast of southern and central New Ireland Province. The primary objective was to investigate reports of an unidentified marine animal known locally as 'ri' (in Barok), 'ilkai' (in Susurunga), or 'pishmeri' (in New Guinea Pidgin). Previous fieldwork by Wagner et al. in 1982 and 1983 had yielded inconclusive results, though visual observations were consistent with native accounts and did not unambiguously match known marine mammals. The 1985 expedition, utilizing a chartered 65-foot vessel, the TSMV Reef Explorer, equipped with advanced navigation and diving gear, aimed to gather more definitive evidence.

The expedition focused on visual and video evidence, eschewing capture attempts. They traveled from Port Moresby to Milne Bay and then to the Trobriand Islands, where no 'merfolk' stories were encountered. Upon reaching Cape St. George and later Nokon Bay, observations of the animal, initially appearing as flukes of a small whale, began. These observations, made from February 10th to 15th, revealed a rolling back, sometimes with a head visible, and flukes displaying spectacular sweeping motions. The animal's tail was described as brown, lighter at the edge. Underwater observations by Captain Kerry Piesch described a greenish-gray animal approximately 5 to 5½ feet long, with a distinct head, no discernible neck, short paddle-shaped forelimbs (without distinct hands), and a streamlined body ending in a tail. The animal resembled a dugong and moved with graceful undulations. Photographic attempts were made, with some success using video equipment.

A local native, Tom Omar, identified the animal as 'Ilkai' and described it as a combination of a human female head and torso with a fish-like tail. The expedition members also noted that the natives of Nokon traditionally do not harm the dugongs.

A significant event occurred on February 15th when villagers pulled a large animal onto the beach, identified as an adult female dugong. Internal inspection revealed a fatal wound from a high-powered rifle. The animal's stomach and mouth contained the same plant found in the feeding area. This discovery, coupled with the visual and photographic evidence, led the expedition to conclude that the 'Ri'/'Ilkai' is unequivocally the Indo-Pacific dugong (Dugong dugon).

The expedition learned new facts about dugong behavior, including longer submergence times (around 10 minutes) compared to previous literature (around 1 minute), and extreme vertical flexure observed during dives, possibly related to deeper water feeding. They also noted that the local population's tales of hunting and selling 'Ri' meat might be a way to circumvent laws protecting the endangered dugong.

The researchers expressed satisfaction in solving the 'Ri'/'Ilkai' cryptozoological problem and hoped their work would enhance the acceptance of cryptozoology as a scientific pursuit.

Research Report 2: LCPI Work at Lake Champlain, 1985

This report details the 1985 fieldwork conducted by the Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation (LCPI) and Wind & Whalebone Media Productions, focusing on the ongoing investigation into the cryptid known as 'Champ'. This season's research was a continuation of previous efforts, aiming to gather more data on the large, unknown animals reported in Lake Champlain.

The 31 days of LCPI fieldwork involved several key activities: daylight surface surveillance using cameras and binoculars; night-sight scope for nocturnal surveillance; underwater search using sonar (Raytheon DE725C) and scuba monitoring; documentation and analysis of Champ sightings; encouraging public reporting of sightings; and assisting other groups with Champ-related projects. The fieldwork was primarily executed by Mary Patram Meaney and Joseph W. Zarzynski, with assistance from several other individuals.

Methods included daytime and nocturnal surface surveillance, sonar deployment from a boat, scuba monitoring, underwater photography, and a search for reported 'skeleton remains of a whale'. Sonar soundings were conducted in various locations on Lake Champlain, and hydrophone recordings were made. The research methodology focused on the 'drowned valley' habitat and employed probes in sectors deemed likely for contact.

Wind & Whalebone's fieldwork consisted of 24 days on site, with 12 days spent on water. Their specific intents included employing a chart recording sonar, cross-referencing sonar data with navigational charts, deploying an underwater video system, and making hydrophone recordings. They also aimed to gather data for ichthyologists and limnologists, and to collect information on unrecorded Champ sightings.

During the 1985 season, LCPI's sonar equipment functioned well, recording bottom features and contours, including the deepest section of the Champlain central trough. Consistent fish activity was frequently noted. Larger mid-water echoes were recorded on three occasions, which warranted further investigation. However, no visual sightings of large, unidentified lake animals were made by the expedition. Intriguing sonar targets were analyzed and determined to be fish.

Despite the lack of direct sightings by the expedition, information on 14 Champ sightings reported during 1985 was obtained and transmitted to LCPI. These sightings are listed chronologically in the report, with details on location, date, description, and estimated size. Examples include a 15-20 foot long object resembling a telephone pole, a 30-foot long creature with humps, and a snakelike animal with a head held high.

LCPI plans to continue its field operations and research, including work on the 1919-21 report of a skeleton of a whale or unknown animal in Lake Champlain. They are also working towards the adoption of a 'Champ Resolution' by the Vermont Senate, which calls for Champ's protection and encourages scientific inquiry and public reporting.

Discussion

The 'Discussion' section emphasizes the importance of determining the probability of observing conclusive sign when searching for cryptic animals. It highlights that insufficient effort can lead to erroneous conclusions and that statistically significant results require rigorous, scientific, quantified search efforts with known probabilities of error. The Downing (1984) cougar study is cited as an example where the need to measure detection probability was recognized, but the project was closed before completion. The author recommends using a range of detection probabilities (p values) to assess the adequacy of searching effort.

Field Reports

This section contains brief updates and reports from various researchers. One report details the use of a chart recording sonar in Lake Champlain, noting the recording of bottom features and fish activity, but no definitive Champ contacts. Another report discusses the examination of the McGeoch/Temple sighting at Scotch Bonnet, which involved directing a boat based on eyewitness accounts, yielding significant results but hampered by conditions. A report on the Ri/Ilkai investigation from the perspective of Wind & Whalebone Media Productions reiterates the identification as Dugong dugon and discusses dugong behavior and conservation concerns.

Future Plans

LCPI intends to continue its field operations and research at Lake Champlain, focusing on strategies similar to previous years. They also aim to complete work on the 1919-21 report of a skeleton in the lake and are advocating for the adoption of the 'Champ Resolution' by the Vermont Senate to ensure Champ's protection and encourage further scientific inquiry.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the rigorous application of scientific methodology to cryptozoological research, the importance of probability and statistical analysis in field studies, and the detailed documentation of fieldwork and sightings. The editorial stance appears to favor methodical, evidence-based investigations over anecdotal accounts, as demonstrated by the detailed analysis of the Ri/Ilkai case and the structured approach to the Champ investigation. The journal promotes cryptozoology as a valid scientific pursuit.

This issue of CRYPTOZOOLOGY, volume 4, issue 83, published in 1985 by the International Society of Cryptozoology, focuses on "FIELD REPORTS" and "BOOK REVIEWS." The cover features a graph illustrating an animal's course based on sonar data, with the main title "CRYPTOZOOLOGY" prominently displayed.

Field Reports: Scotch Bonnet Sonar Study

The issue details a sonar study conducted at Scotch Bonnet on July 13, 1985, using a boat under power. The sonar chart (Fig. 2) recorded an animal's path from a deep lake channel, up a slope to a plateau, and over a submerged rock outcropping. The animal was observed surfacing and swimming south in shallow water (10-20 feet deep). Eyewitnesses described the swimming speed as a "very fast human walking or medium jogging pace." The tentative hypothesis is that the animal was chasing fish over the submerged ledge. The report notes the limitations in precisely measuring the animal's speed due to surface conditions and personnel limitations, suggesting future use of electronic distance measurement (EDM) instruments. The sonar records from three sessions are described as clearly showing the animal's course. The report also touches on the animal's method of detecting the bottom's rise and mentions a side-to-side underwater movement possibly related to predation. Future plans include extending research with a new video camera and upgrading sonar and topographical survey equipment.

Book Reviews

The "BOOK REVIEWS" section covers several titles related to cryptozoology and unexplained phenomena:

Cat Country: The Quest for the British Big Cat by Di Francis

This review is highly critical of Di Francis' book, arguing that it fails to prove the existence of a large puma-like cat in Britain. The reviewer, a professed cryptozoologist, labels the book as "carelessly slung-together sacrifice to commercial journalism" lacking scientific argument and relying on "journalese." While acknowledging the book provides a catalog of eyewitness accounts, the review points out a lack of complementary analysis for discrepancies and contradictions between sightings. The reviewer suggests that many sightings could be explained by the comeback of the native wildcat or feral domestic-wildcat crosses, and criticizes the author for not discussing this possibility. The photographs of pawprints are also deemed unconvincing.

The Loch Ness Mystery Solved by Ronald Binns

This review examines Ronald Binns' book, which takes an uncompromising stance against the existence of the Loch Ness Monster after fifty years of controversy. Binns, a former believer, argues that despite extensive research, less evidence results. The review highlights Binns' examination of the history of the loch and the legend, questioning the suddenness of the phenomenon and the reliability of early accounts. Binns is noted for meticulously researching and debunking references, including those to Saint Columba. The review points out Binns' dismissal of various pieces of evidence, including the Dinsdale film and underwater research, and criticizes his attack on other researchers, suggesting a lack of technical knowledge and practical research in the latter half of the book.

Mysteries: Encounters With the Unexplained by John Blashford-Snell

This book is described as a "fascinating compendium" of the author's explorations worldwide, written in a lively, personal style. While not all topics are cryptozoological, two chapters specifically address Loch Ness and Loch Morar, detailing Blashers' involvement with Tim Dinsdale and Adrian Shine in sonar and blimp expeditions. The review notes that while a large subsurface target was tracked, it was not visible from above. The book also covers other topics such as archaeological work, explorations of volcanoes, and encounters with "mystery animals" like the "artrellia" (a large monitor lizard) in Papua New Guinea. The reviewer notes that the book does not deal with unknown animals but is of interest to cryptozoology enthusiasts.

Monsters: A Guide to Information on Unaccounted-for Creatures by George M. Eberhart

This massive bibliography is described as a "Fortean zoology" resource, covering a wide range of unexplained creatures and phenomena, including Bigfoot, lake monsters, giant snakes, and "phantom" panthers. The reviewer notes that the book focuses on spectacular and potentially embarrassing anomalies for science, excluding less exciting topics like giant bacteria. Eberhart's work is praised as an "embryonic data base" and a "valuable preliminary infrastructure" for cryptozoology. The book contains over 4,450 numbered references, primarily from English-language publications, and includes author and source indexes. The reviewer acknowledges the difficulty in acquiring some of the cited sources and points out the credibility issue associated with sources based on newspapers, folklore, and travelers' tales.

Wildmen. Yeti, Sasquatch and the Neanderthal Enigma by Myra Shackley

This review is highly critical of Shackley's book, which proposes that unknown primate-like animals like the Yeti and Almas are surviving Neanderthals. The reviewer finds Shackley's approach to be unscholarly, with major flaws in her paleoanthropological and archaeological interpretations. The review disputes Shackley's arguments for Neanderthal survival, questioning the evidence for sympatry, the significance of overlapping reported areas, and the interpretation of Mousterian tools. The reviewer also challenges Shackley's anatomical comparisons between Almas and Neanderthals and points out inaccuracies in her statements about Neanderthal locomotion and skeletal conditions. The review concludes that Shackley's work does not persuade open-minded individuals of the existence of an unknown animal type.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the investigation of unexplained phenomena, particularly lake monsters and large unknown animals, through scientific methods like sonar and historical research. There is a clear distinction drawn between rigorous scientific inquiry and more speculative or anecdotal approaches, with book reviews often highlighting this divide. The editorial stance appears to favor critical analysis and evidence-based conclusions, as seen in the critiques of the "Cat Country" and "Wildmen" books. The magazine also showcases the ongoing efforts and future plans for cryptozoological research, emphasizing the need for improved equipment and methodologies.

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 4, published in 1985 by the International Society of Cryptozoology, features a substantial "Comments and Responses" section. The magazine focuses on various aspects of cryptozoological research and debate, with contributions from anthropologists, biologists, and other specialists.

Article Summaries and Key Points

Neanderthals and the Almas Susan Cachel reviews a book that claims Neanderthals are the same as the Almas, a creature reportedly living in isolated regions. Cachel finds the claim highly controversial, particularly regarding the Almas' lack of speech efficiency, tool use, and fire control, which contrasts sharply with Neanderthal evidence. She questions the book's reliance on a "mythological Neanderthal reconstruction" and notes that modern paleoanthropologists do not recognize the myth of Neanderthals as shambling, stupid, and bestial.

Sasquatch Footprints and Dermatoglyphics Robert J. Meier comments on Grover Krantz's work on Sasquatch footprints. Meier proposes a "scientifically sound middle course," opting for no decision on authenticity due to lack of substantive evidence. He analyzes Krantz's arguments based on dermatoglyphic and anatomical features, specifically ridge breadth and spacing, and the co-occurrence of rare conditions like polydactyly and epidermal dysplasia. While acknowledging the interesting features, Meier finds it unlikely that all these conditions would manifest in a single individual and suggests it is premature to postulate a newly discovered primate.

The History of Cryptozoology Roy P. Mackal praises Bernard Heuvelmans' article "The Birth and Early History of Cryptozoology," calling it an invaluable "crash course." Mackal highlights the article's comprehensive historical information, its balanced perspective on popular and scientific contributions, and its international scope. He agrees with Heuvelmans that indigenous people's knowledge should be respected and notes that the success rate in cryptozoology is comparable to mainstream scientific research.

Eastern Cougars: Verifiability of Presence This section includes a comment by Rainer H. Brocke and Fred G. VanDyke on Robert L. Downing's article about eastern cougars. Brocke and VanDyke suggest that Downing's intensive surveys, while failing to confirm self-sustaining populations, have substantial value in refuting their existence in the areas censused. They differentiate between transient and resident cougars, proposing that transients are hard to track. Downing responds, disagreeing with the term "exhaustive surveys" and clarifying the limitations of his fieldwork, particularly regarding tracking conditions.

The Yahoo and the Australian Wild Man Michel Raynal comments on the name "Yahoo" for the Australian hairy man, suggesting it might be derived from African folklore and the memory of gorillas, citing an instance in the Bahamas. John Becker, a linguist, argues that while the term's popular use for degraded humans is clear, an aboriginal derivation for the Australian context cannot be discounted and warrants further linguistic investigation. Dmitri Bayanov discusses the Australian wild man (Yowie), arguing against the hypothesis that it is a type of wombat and strongly supporting the idea of a relict hominid. He presents historical descriptions and argues that the similarity of reports worldwide necessitates treating them seriously. Bayanov also addresses the zoogeographical problem of how hominoids could have reached Australia, suggesting swimming as a possibility and inviting further discussion.

New Macaque Hypothesis Supported and Refuted Frank E. Poirier comments on Zhou's article suggesting a new macaque species or subspecies might explain 'Wildman' reports in China. Poirier supports this, referencing local reports of a "Bear Monkey" with characteristics similar to a large macaque. In contrast, Michael K. Diamond responds, arguing that the evidence presented does not necessitate a new taxon and that the specimens can be assigned to known species like Macaca thibetana, questioning the diagnostic value of nail flatness.

Mokele-Mbembe and Habitat Destruction J. Richard Greenwell addresses arguments about Mokele-Mbembe and habitat destruction. He refutes the idea that large herbivores would cause noticeable habitat destruction in the Likouala swamp-forest, citing the dense vegetation, low population density, and the fact that elephants, present in the area, do not cause such visible destruction. Greenwell concludes that the region could harbor unknown creatures without Western science being aware, but this does not confirm their existence.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue highlights the ongoing debates and methodologies within cryptozoology. Recurring themes include the challenges of verifying sightings and evidence, the importance of historical accounts and indigenous knowledge, and the application of scientific disciplines like anthropology and zoology to cryptozoological phenomena. The "Comments and Responses" format underscores the journal's commitment to fostering critical discussion and the exchange of ideas among researchers, even when there is disagreement on interpretations or conclusions. The editorial stance appears to be one of encouraging rigorous scientific inquiry and open debate, while maintaining a cautious approach to unverified claims.

This document is a listing of the leadership and membership information for the International Society of Cryptozoology (ISC). It details the society's officers, board of directors, honorary members, benefactors, and corporate sponsors. The publication is presented as the "International Society of Cryptozoology" with information on its quarterly newsletter and annual publication, "Cryptozoology."

Society Purpose and Policy

The International Society of Cryptozoology is dedicated to serving as a central hub for the investigation, analysis, publication, and discussion of subjects concerning animals of unusual form, size, or occurrence in time or space. It also aims to foster public discussion, provide education, and relay reliable information to relevant authorities. Crucially, the Society maintains a neutral stance on the actual existence of these supposed animals and does not officially endorse any particular opinions expressed by its members, nor does it take a position on the authenticity of cryptozoological evidence or events.

Officers

• The current officers are listed as:
• President: Bernard Heuvelmans, Verlhiac, Saint-Chamassy, Le Bugue 24260, France
• Vice President: Roy P. Mackal, Young Bldg. 307, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A.
• Secretary: J. Richard Greenwell, P.O. Box 43070, Tucson, Arizona 85733, U.S.A.

Board of Directors

• The Board of Directors comprises a diverse group of international experts:
• Dmitri Bayanov, Darwin Museum, Moscow 119 435, U.S.S.R.
• Eric Buffetaut, Laboratory of Vertebrate and Human Paleontology, University of Paris VI, Paris 75230, France
• Joseph F. Gennaro, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, U.S.A.
• Philippe Janvier, Institute of Paleontology, National Museum of Natural History, Paris 75005, France
• Grover S. Krantz, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, U.S.A.
• Paul H. LeBlond, Department of Oceanography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1W5, Canada
• Nikolai Spassov, Department of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
• Phillip V. Tobias, Department of Anatomy, University of the Witwatersrand, Medical School, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
• Leigh M. Van Valen, Department of Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A.
• Forrest G. Wood, Biosciences Department, Naval Ocean Systems Center, U.S. Department of the Navy, San Diego, California 92152, U.S.A.
• Zhou Guoxing, Beijing Natural History Museum, Beijing 100050, China
• George R. Zug, Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, U.S.A.

Membership and Subscriptions

Inquiries regarding membership and subscriptions should be directed to the ISC Secretariat at P.O. Box 43070, Tucson, Arizona 85733, U.S.A. The annual membership fee for individuals is US$25, with sustaining members able to contribute any amount above this. Membership includes the "The ISC Newsletter," published quarterly (Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter), and "Cryptozoology," published annually. Couples can opt for a joint membership for US$30, receiving one set of publications. Institutional subscriptions for libraries, zoological parks, or corporations are available for US$35 per year. There are no additional fees for memberships or institutional subscriptions outside of the U.S.A.

• Payment options are provided for various regions:
• Canada: Checks in Canadian dollars are accepted, with the exact exchange rate at the time of payment required.
• Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East: Payments can be made in US$ to the ISC Secretariat for Europe at 25 chemin de Trembley, 1197 Prangins, Switzerland.
• United Kingdom (or elsewhere): Payments can be made in £ sterling to the Secretariat for Europe. Memberships in £ sterling are £20 for individuals and £25 for joint memberships; institutional subscriptions are £30.

All payments via check, bank draft, or money order, regardless of currency (US$, Canadian $, or sterling), should be made payable to the International Society of Cryptozoology.

Honorary Members

• The Society recognizes the following individuals as Honorary Members:
• André Capart (Belgium)
• Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer (South Africa)
• David James (United Kingdom)
• Marie-Jeanne Koffmann (Soviet Union)
• Ingo Krumbiegel (Federal German Republic)
• Theodore Monod (France)
• John R. Napier (United Kingdom)
• Sir Peter Scott (United Kingdom)

Benefactors

• Benefactors of the Society include:
• Robert C. Dorion (Guatemala)
• Michael T. Martin (U.S.A.)
• Gale J. Raymond (U.S.A.)
• Kurt Von Nieda (U.S.A.)
• Ned Winn (Switzerland)
• Bette and Joe Wolfskill (U.S.A.)

Corporate Sponsors

This section is listed but has no specific sponsors named in the document.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The primary theme of this document is the formal establishment and operational details of the International Society of Cryptozoology. It emphasizes the society's commitment to the scientific investigation and discussion of cryptozoological subjects while maintaining a strict policy of neutrality regarding the existence of the phenomena studied. The editorial stance is one of open inquiry and information dissemination, encouraging participation from a global community of researchers and enthusiasts. The document clearly delineates the society's structure, membership benefits, and financial policies, positioning it as a serious academic and public forum for the field.