Cryptozoology - Vol 03 - 1984

Magazine Overview

Title: CRYPTOZOOLOGY
Issue: Vol. 3
Year: 1984
Publisher: International Society of Cryptozoology
Type: Interdisciplinary Journal

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 3 from 1984, serves as an interdisciplinary journal of the International Society of Cryptozoology. It features a comprehensive table of contents covering articles, research reports, field reports, and book reviews, all related to the study of unknown animals.

Articles

• "The Birth and Early History of Cryptozoology" by Bernard Heuvelmans: This foundational article traces the origins of cryptozoology, discussing how the exploration of the world around 1800 led to a focus on undiscovered species. It contrasts the open-mindedness of Renaissance naturalists with the skepticism that emerged in the 19th century, highlighting the shift from accepting descriptions of fabulous beasts to demanding scientific identification. Heuvelmans details the period from early tentative efforts in the 1800s to the naming of the discipline. He discusses the transition from 'cryptozoography' (description) to 'cryptozoology' (scientific classification), emphasizing the importance of methodology. Key figures like Georges Cuvier, Sir Richard Owen, and Rudolf Virchow are mentioned in the context of 19th-century scientific attitudes. The article also touches upon early proponents of skepticism and incredulity, contrasting them with true skepticism. It references scientific journals that published accounts of sea serpents and mentions early supporters like Sir Joseph Banks and Sir William Jackson Hooker.

• "The Search for Cougars in the Eastern United States" by Robert L. Downing: This article likely details efforts and evidence related to the search for cougar populations in the eastern United States.

• "'Seileag': The Unknown Animal(s) of Loch Shiel, Scotland" by Joseph W. Zarzynski: This piece focuses on the mystery surrounding the 'Seileag,' an unknown animal reported in Loch Shiel, Scotland.

• "The Orang-utan in England: An Explanation for the Use of Yahoo as a Name for the Australian Hairy Man" by Graham Joyner: This article explores the etymology and potential origins of the term 'Yahoo' as applied to the Australian Hairy Man, linking it to orang-utan discoveries in England.

Research Reports

• "Morphological Analysis of the Jiulong Mountain 'Manbear' (Wildman) Hand and Foot Specimens" by Zhou Guoxing: This report presents a scientific analysis of physical specimens attributed to a 'Manbear' or 'Wildman' from the Jiulong Mountain region.

Field Reports

• "Activities of the Academy of Applied Science Related to Investigations at Loch Ness, 1984" by Robert H. Rines, Harold E. Edgerton and Robert Needleman: This report details the scientific investigations conducted at Loch Ness in 1984 by the Academy of Applied Science, likely focusing on the search for the Loch Ness Monster.

• "A Field Investigation into the Relict Hominoid Situation in Tajikistan, U.S.S.R." by Dmitri Bayanov: This report covers an investigation into the possibility of relict hominoids in Tajikistan.

• "LCPI Work at Lake Champlain, 1984" by Joseph W. Zarzynski: This report details the activities of the Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation (LCPI) in 1984, including attempts to document Sasquatch and underwater video system testing.

• "An Attempt to Obtain a Specimen of Sasquatch through Prolonged Fieldwork" by Mark E. Keller: This article describes efforts to capture a Sasquatch specimen through extensive fieldwork.

• "Testing an Underwater Video System at Lake Champlain" by Richard D. Smith: This report focuses on the testing and application of an underwater video system in Lake Champlain.

Book Reviews

Several books are reviewed, offering insights into various cryptozoological subjects:

• "The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats" by Gerald L. Wood: Reviewed by F. G. Wood.
• "On the Track of the Mystery Animal: The Story of the Discovery of the Okapi" by Miriam Schlein: Reviewed by Wade C. Sherbrooke.
• "Loch Ness Monster" by Tim Dinsdale: Reviewed by Roy P. Mackal.
• "Monstres des Lacs du Québec: Mythes et Troublantes Réalités" [Monsters in Quebec Lakes: Myths and Troublesome Realities] by Michel Meurger and Claude Gagnon: Reviewed by Gerard Leduc.
• "Monsters Among Us" by Brad Steiger: Reviewed by Daniel Cohen.
• "The Encyclopedia of Monsters" by Daniel Cohen: Reviewed by J. Richard Greenwell.
• "The Bigfoot Casebook" by Janet and Colin Bord: Reviewed by Charles A. Reed.
• "A World-Shocking Theft" [in Chinese] by Zhou Guoxing: Reviewed by Paul H. LeBlond and Lichen Wang.

Comments and Responses

This section features contributions from numerous individuals, including Bernard Heuvelmans, Colin P. Groves, Peter F. Brussard, Janet Wright, Jack Lapseritis, Frank E. Poirier, Dmitri Bayanov, Michael Heaney, Michael J. Shields, Rene Dahinden, Grover S. Krantz, Ashley Montagu, Pascal Tassy, Glen J. Kuban, Marcellin Agnagna, Christine M. Janis, John R. Sibert, Richard Ellis, Kelvin M. Britton, Roy Wagner, J. Richard Greenwell, Jon-Erik Beckjord, Elizabeth C. Smith, and Ron Westrum. These contributions likely offer diverse perspectives and discussions on topics covered in the journal.

Editorial Board and Publication Information

The journal lists its editorial board members, including specialists in forensic anthropology, ichthyology, paleomammalogy, paleoanthropology, archaeology, vertebrate paleontology, and geomorphology. The publication is by the International Society of Cryptozoology, with J. Richard Greenwell serving as Editor. Reprints are available from Allen Press, Inc. The journal was published in April 1985, covering the year 1984.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the historical development and methodology of cryptozoology, the investigation of specific unknown animals (such as sea serpents, hominoids, and lake monsters), and the critical analysis of evidence and folklore. The editorial stance, as espoused by Bernard Heuvelmans, emphasizes a rigorous, scientific approach to cryptozoology, distinguishing it from mere speculation or sensationalism. There is a clear focus on the importance of fieldwork, careful analysis of evidence, and the historical context of discoveries. The journal promotes an interdisciplinary approach, drawing on various scientific fields to study unexplained phenomena.

Key Figures and Concepts

• Bernard Heuvelmans: Often referred to as the "father of cryptozoology," he coined the term and developed its methodology.
• Cryptozoography vs. Cryptozoology: The distinction between describing potential unknown animals (cryptozoography) and scientifically classifying them (cryptozoology) is a key concept.
• Skepticism: The journal advocates for a true skeptical approach, which involves thorough investigation rather than outright disbelief or blind acceptance.
• Methodology: The importance of a systematic and scientific methodology, inspired by figures like Ernst Florens Chladni, is highlighted.
• Historical Context: The journal places significant emphasis on the historical evolution of ideas about unknown animals and the scientific attitudes towards them.

Specific Cases and Discoveries Discussed

• Sea Serpents: A long history of reports and scientific interest in sea serpents is detailed.
• Kraken: The legendary sea monster is discussed in relation to giant squids.
• Okapi: The discovery of the okapi is presented as a major success for the cryptozoological approach.
• Loch Ness Monster: Investigations by the Academy of Applied Science are reported.
• Sasquatch: Fieldwork and attempts to document Sasquatch in Lake Champlain are described.
• Orang-utan and Yahoo: The naming of the Australian Hairy Man is explored.
• Jiulong Mountain 'Manbear': Morphological analysis of specimens is presented.
• Relict Hominoids: Investigations in Tajikistan are covered.
• Unknown Animals: Various other potential unknown animals, including the 'Seileag' of Loch Shiel, are discussed.

Publication Details

The journal is published annually by the International Society of Cryptozoology. Single copies are priced at $15 for individuals and $21 for institutions. Manuscripts for publication should be sent to J. Richard Greenwell, Editor, P.O. Box 43070, Tucson, Arizona 85733, U.S.A. The journal is peer-reviewed. Reprints are available from Allen Press, Inc. The issue date is 1984, with publication in April 1985.

This issue of "CRYPTOZOOLOGY" (Volume 1, Issue 3, 1984) published by the International Society of Cryptozoology, focuses on the history of the field and a specific investigation into the presence of eastern cougars in the United States. The issue features articles by Bernard Heuvelmans, a pioneer in the field, and Robert L. Downing, detailing historical accounts of unknown animals and the scientific approach to cryptozoological research.

History of Cryptozoology

Bernard Heuvelmans' contribution traces the historical development of cryptozoology, highlighting numerous reports and investigations into unknown animals throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. He discusses early accounts of creatures like the "half elephant, half dragon" in Africa, the pygmy water elephant, the marsupial "cat" from Australia, and the mokele-mbembe. The article details how various scientists and naturalists, including Frank Finn, Albert Sherbourne Le Souef, Harry James Burrell, Wilhelm Bölsche, and Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey, engaged with these reports, often attempting to explain them through known species or evolutionary survivors.

Heuvelmans recounts his own journey into cryptozoology, influenced by works of fiction and a 1948 article on the possible survival of dinosaurs in Africa. He describes his extensive research, which led to the publication of "On the Track of Unknown Animals" and "In the Wake of the Sea-Serpents." It was during this period that Heuvelmans coined the term "cryptozoology" to define the new discipline focused on the science of hidden animals.

The article also touches upon the discovery of Neptune as an analogy for cryptozoological research, where theoretical deduction preceded empirical discovery. Heuvelmans emphasizes that true cryptozoological research involves collecting and analyzing local information and seeking concrete evidence, aiming to describe an animal scientifically before capture.

The Search for Cougars in the Eastern United States

Robert L. Downing's article focuses on the potential continued existence of the eastern cougar (Felis concolor couguar) in the eastern United States. The article begins by outlining the historical decline of the cougar population following European settlement, driven by hunting and habitat loss. Despite the species being listed as endangered, public reports of sightings persist.

Downing details the efforts of the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in studying cougar presence. The study involved extensive searches for signs of cougars, but yielded only one suspected track and one suspected scat. Hundreds of sightings, screams, and tracks were reported following publicity generated by the study, but only five cases had accompanying substantial evidence. Repeated searches in these areas did not confirm the presence of cougars, leading to the conclusion that the animals were likely transients or that the initial evidence was misinterpreted.

The article discusses the challenges in confirming cougar kills, noting that many reports lack preserved specimens. It also addresses the possibility of escaped captive animals being mistaken for wild cougars, a phenomenon that can be difficult to distinguish without detailed skull measurements or parasite studies.

Table 1 provides a comprehensive list of reported cougar kills in the eastern United States (north of Florida) since 1900, noting which reports were checked and found to be false or unconfirmed. The table includes numerous entries from states like Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Iowa, Tennessee, Kentucky, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Maine, often with details about the circumstances of the kill and the disposition of the specimen.

Downing highlights the difficulty in distinguishing between wild and captive cougars, citing instances where animals identified as cougars were later found to be house cats or African lions. The article concludes by discussing the implications of the "probability of non-detection" and the broader relevance of this project to other areas of cryptozoology.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue strongly advocates for a scientific and rigorous approach to cryptozoology, emphasizing the importance of evidence-based research, meticulous data collection, and the critical evaluation of reports. The articles by Heuvelmans and Downing reflect a commitment to defining the field and applying scientific methodology to investigate phenomena that lie outside conventional zoology. The focus on historical accounts alongside contemporary research underscores the ongoing quest to uncover and understand unknown animal species.

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 3, published in 1984, features two main articles: 'DOWNING: THE SEARCH FOR EASTERN COUGARS' by Graham Downing and '"SEILEAG": THE UNKNOWN ANIMAL(S) OF LOCH SHIEL, SCOTLAND' by Joseph W. Zarzyński. A third article, 'THE ORANG-UTAN IN ENGLAND: AN EXPLANATION FOR THE USE OF YAHOO AS A NAME FOR THE AUSTRALIAN HAIRY MAN' by Graham Joyner, is also included.

The Search for Eastern Cougars

Graham Downing details the extensive efforts to confirm the presence of self-sustaining populations of cougars (also known as mountain lions or panthers) in the eastern United States, north of Florida. He highlights the difficulties in obtaining indisputable evidence, noting that public agencies are unlikely to fund further searches without such proof. Downing discusses the challenges of track identification, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing cougar tracks from those of dogs, bobcats, and bears. He notes that many reported tracks are indistinct or misidentified. The article also touches upon other forms of evidence, such as covered deer kills and scat analysis, but concludes that these are often inconclusive.

Downing expresses skepticism about the reliability of eyewitness accounts, particularly when witnesses only get a fleeting glimpse of an animal, leading to misinterpretations. He assigns higher probability to cases where witnesses describe specific behaviors like tail flicking or where the initial identification was of a common animal that was later re-identified as a cougar. He also dismisses reports of cougar screams as unreliable, as many other animals can produce similar sounds.

The author mentions that while some states have used urine-scented plots to monitor predator populations, none have reported cougar tracks in these plots. He also notes that the use of catnip oil for attracting cougars has not been successful due to issues with sourcing and the effectiveness of synthetic products.

Downing concludes that despite years of effort, he has been unable to positively confirm breeding populations of eastern cougars. He doubts that public agencies will invest further in searches without concrete evidence. He suggests that the matter will likely remain unresolved until definitive kills, substantiated by evidence, convince biologists and conservation agencies of the cougar's wild existence in the eastern United States. He also considers the possibilities of subspecies persistence, migration, or illegal introductions.

"Seileag": The Unknown Animal(s) of Loch Shiel, Scotland

Joseph W. Zarzyński investigates the phenomenon of 'Seileag,' large, unidentified animals reported in Loch Shiel, Scotland. He notes that evidence for Seileag is scarce, possibly due to the remoteness of the lake, but suggests that sightings in Loch Shiel and similar animals in adjacent marine waters indicate a potential habitat for such creatures.

Zarzynski describes Loch Shiel as Scotland's fifth largest loch, located in a secluded region. He recounts his visits to the area and his efforts to investigate local sightings. The loch is 17 miles long and varies in width and depth. Its weather is typically wet, discouraging visitors.

The article details the remoteness of Loch Shiel, surrounded by rugged mountainous terrain, and its sparse population, contributing to its isolation. Access is primarily via road to Glenfinnan and Acharacle, with limited public transport options.

Zarzynski compiles a list of known reports of Seileag, drawing heavily from the notes of Dom Cyril Dieckhoff from 1933-34 and recent cataloging by Tearlach MacFarlane. Early reports include a sighting of a three-humped animal in 1874, and multiple sightings of three-humped creatures in 1905, 1911, 1925, and 1926, some observed with telescopes. One sighting in 1926 described an animal larger than a mail steamer, with a long neck, broad head, and seven 'sails.' More recent sightings include one in the 1950s and another in July 1979.

In addition to sightings within Loch Shiel, the article reviews 'sea serpent' literature revealing similar animals in Scotland's coastal waters near Loch Shiel. These include sightings of a dark, grey animal with a hump in 1932, another creature near Arisaig, and a 'sea serpent' off Rhum around 1900. A 1965 sighting off Ardnamurchan is also mentioned.

Zarzynski raises the question of whether Seileag is restricted to Loch Shiel or is mobile, utilizing the short stretch of the River Shiel connecting to the sea. He suggests that Loch Shiel and its adjacent waters could serve as a cryptozoological field laboratory. He concludes by referencing Tearlach MacFarlane's belief that 'a survivor or two' might still inhabit the loch.

The Orang-utan and the Yahoo

Graham Joyner explores the origin of the name 'Yahoo' used to describe the Australian hairy man. He challenges the common assumption that 'Yahoo' is an aboriginal word, suggesting instead that it originated from early English descriptions of the orang-utan.

Joyner points to the earliest known description of the Yahoo in 1842, which described it as a hideous, ape-like monster. He notes that the name Yahoo was also used in Swift's "Gulliver's Travels," but dismisses this as mere coincidence. He proposes that the term 'Yahoo' was applied to the adult orang-utan when it was first exhibited in England in the early 19th century. Evidence for this includes exhibition notices from Lincoln and Boston around 1810-1820 that refer to 'Great Yahoo' or 'large Yohoes' in the context of traveling menageries displaying exotic animals.

An adult orang-utan captured in Borneo around 1780 and sent to Europe is cited as the first tangible evidence of a man-sized ape. Descriptions of this 'large Orang Outang' appeared in The Philosophical Magazine in 1798. Joyner suggests that terms like 'Great Yahoo' were used to distinguish the size and novelty of the animal.

He argues that the popular use of 'Yahoo' in England at that time was consistent with its later appearance in Australian literature. The attribution of the word to Australian aborigines may simply indicate their assimilation of the term. Joyner concludes that descriptions of the Australian Yahoo are heavily influenced by earlier English perceptions of the orang-utan and other 'wild men,' and that the name was likely applied to an alien form, possibly an unknown animal or the orang-utan itself.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Cryptozoology demonstrates a consistent focus on the investigation of cryptids, particularly large, elusive mammals and aquatic creatures. The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous scientific inquiry, emphasizing the need for verifiable evidence and critical analysis of eyewitness accounts and physical traces. The articles highlight the challenges inherent in cryptozoological research, including the difficulty of distinguishing between known and unknown species, the unreliability of anecdotal evidence, and the need for systematic field investigation. The journal promotes the idea that even well-known animals, like the Eastern Cougar, can be incredibly difficult to prove the existence of in certain environments, lending credence to the study of more obscure cryptids. The publication also engages with historical accounts and etymological investigations to shed light on the origins of creature folklore.

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 3, Issue 3, published in 1984 by the International Society of Cryptozoology, features several research reports and field investigations related to cryptids and unknown animals. The primary focus is on the analysis of a "Manbear" specimen from China and updates on investigations at Loch Ness and in Tajikistan.

Morphological Analysis of the Jiulong Mountain "Manbear" (Wildman) Hand and Foot Specimens

This article by Zhou Guoxing of the Beijing Natural History Museum details the study of hand and foot specimens from an animal killed in Jiulong Mountain, China, in 1957. The specimen, initially referred to as a "Manbear" or "Wildman," was subjected to morphological analysis and comparative measurements with Chinese macaque monkeys. Witnesses described the animal as having a human-like face and flat mouth, with hands and feet resembling a bear's but with nails instead of claws. It was reported to walk quadrupedally and have black hair. The stomach contained bamboo shoots and grass, indicating a vegetarian diet.

The X-ray examination of the specimens revealed fused epiphyses, indicating an adult, possibly a young adult. The bones of the wrist showed large gaps, allowing for spreading of the palm and ground support. The thumb's movement was limited, and knuckle-walking was excluded. Radiographic proportions of the phalanges, metatarsals, and tarsals differed significantly from humans, suggesting a primary function of the feet for locomotion and grasping, and hands for grasping and supporting the body.

Comparisons with known macaques, particularly the stump-tailed monkey, revealed similarities. The article concludes that the Jiulong Mountain "Manbear" most closely resembles a large stump-tailed monkey, possibly an undescribed species or subspecies. It is suggested that this finding does not resolve the mystery of the taller, bipedal Chinese Wildman.

Field Reports: Loch Ness and Tajikistan

Activities of the Academy of Applied Science Related to Investigations at Loch Ness, 1984

This report by Robert H. Rines, Harold E. Edgerton, and Robert Needleman of the Academy of Applied Science details their 1984 fieldwork at Loch Ness. The primary objective was to test an improved elapsed-time, upwardly pointed Edgerton 16mm camera technique during daylight hours. Tests were conducted in the Charles River and then at Urquhart Bay, Loch Ness. The camera system, designed to float submerged without surface ropes, used type 2484 film with elapsed time periods of 5 to 15 seconds. Monitoring was conducted up to 7:00 p.m. at a depth of about 25 feet. Despite successful monitoring, no significant target shadows or photographic/electronic evidence of unknown animals were recorded. The authors remain optimistic about the technique's potential for future monitoring and plan to incorporate an "active" mode in addition to the current "passive" mode for future investigations.

A Field Investigation into the Relict Hominoid Situation in Tajikistan, U.S.S.R.

This report by Dmitri Bayanov of the Darwin Museum describes his field investigation in Tajikistan from August 27 to September 22, 1982. The purpose was to gather firsthand information on the "relict hominoid" situation in the Soviet Union. Tajikistan, a mountainous republic in Soviet Central Asia, has a history of hominoid research linked to Professor Boris Porshnev and accounts from individuals like General M. S. Topilsky and prospector B. M. Zdorik.

Bayanov visited three regions, including Sary-Khosor and the Karatag gorge. He consulted local researchers and encountered evidence of bears, which he noted share similar weight and diet with supposed hominoids. He interviewed locals, including a Forest Service worker and a village council chairman, who shared accounts of "gul" sightings. One notable account involved a shepherd who reported a large black "gul" frightening his sheep. Another involved a Forest Service patrolman, Gafar Jabirov, who claimed to have seen and fired at a wildman in the Karatag gorge. Bayanov also investigated a purported sighting by expedition members at Lake Pairon, where a female hominoid was reportedly seen.

Bayanov concludes that the specimens from Jiulong Mountain were likely a large stump-tailed monkey, possibly the animal known as "Huan" in ancient Chinese literature, and that their population may be small or extinct. He also notes reports of smaller "Wildman" sightings in other parts of China and suggests these might be misidentifications of large monkeys. The investigation in Tajikistan aimed to gather evidence for these relict hominoids, with some local accounts and expert opinions supporting their existence.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the investigation of unknown or cryptid animals, the rigorous scientific analysis of physical evidence (such as the "Manbear" specimens), and the collection of anecdotal evidence through field research. The journal appears to maintain a scientific approach, seeking to identify and understand these phenomena, whether they are misidentified known species, new species, or legendary creatures. The editorial stance supports detailed research and the reporting of findings, even when conclusive evidence is lacking, as seen in the Loch Ness and Tajikistan reports. The issue highlights the challenges in cryptozoology, including the difficulty of obtaining definitive proof and the need for comparative analysis with known species.

This issue of "Cryptozoology" (Volume 3, 1984) features a collection of field reports and book reviews related to the study of unknown or supposedly extinct animals. The primary focus is on fieldwork conducted in 1984, with significant articles on hominoid sightings in Tajikistan, investigations into the 'Champ' phenomenon at Lake Champlain, and an attempt to find Sasquatch in the Pacific Northwest.

Field Reports

Hominoid Sightings in Tajikistan

The first report details fieldwork in Tajikistan concerning alleged "wildmen" or hominoids. The author discusses encounters and observations in the Gissar mountains and near the Siama River. Forest Service rules prohibit employees from spending the night alone in the mountains due to fear of these creatures. Local journalists consider wildmen a fact, but doubt official involvement in solving the problem. The creatures are believed to migrate to southern Tajikistan in winter to avoid snow. The area is described as an ecologically fitting habitat with abundant food resources for omnivores. Anthropogenic pressure is minimal due to the mountainous terrain. The author concludes that relict hominoids likely exist, possessing a "superanimal" status due to their large brains and free hands, contributing to their elusiveness. Future plans include refining expedition members and seeking scientific community engagement and funding for year-round fieldwork.

LCPI Work at Lake Champlain, 1984

This section details the Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation's (LCPI) 1984 fieldwork, which involved 17 days of on-site surveillance. The objectives included daylight surface surveillance, documentation of sightings, encouraging public participation in reporting and photography, and testing a night-sight scope. Fieldwork was conducted by M. Pat Meaney and Joseph W. Zarzynski, with assistance from others. Surveillance methods included cameras, binoculars, and a night-sight scope. Despite no visual sightings by LCPI members and no targets found by scuba or sonar sessions, 11 new sightings of 'Champ' were cataloged for 1984, bringing the total to 235. Brief summaries of these sightings are provided, including descriptions of observed features like heads, necks, humps, and colors, with some resembling plesiosaurs. Future plans involve continuing long-term field operations and encouraging legislative support for 'Champ' research.

An Attempt to Obtain a Specimen of Sasquatch Through Prolonged Fieldwork

Mark E. Keller describes his fieldwork in the U.S. Pacific Northwest between May and September 1984, aimed at obtaining a Sasquatch specimen via rifle. The location was kept confidential due to potential legal implications and public hostility. The author financed the endeavor personally, driven by a conviction that Sasquatch represents a real zoological problem. The fieldwork involved a 10-hour hike into a valley, but near-starvation forced an early evacuation. During the retreat, three supposed Sasquatch tracks were found, the best being 12 inches long and approximately 24 hours old. Later fieldwork involved a base camp, near-freezing temperatures, and a limited diet. A .338 Winchester magnum rifle was carried for potential use. Bears were encountered, including one attack. A single 13-inch Sasquatch track was found in a boggy area. The most exciting find occurred on June 23, with a series of four bipedal tracks, approximately 13 inches long and estimated to weigh 500 lbs, suggesting the animal fled the area upon hearing the researchers. The author was arrested upon return to Eureka, California, for possession of an infrared sniper scope, but charges were later dropped. Future plans include another expedition in 1985, contingent on funding.

Testing an Underwater Video System at Lake Champlain

Richard D. Smith reports on the field testing of an integrated underwater video system in August 1984 at Lake Champlain, aimed at obtaining video images of large, unidentified aquatic animals. The system was deployed from a small boat, with tests focusing on vertical and horizontal inspection modes, the use of a fish lure, and concentrating on submerged lake basin features. Wind & Whalebone Media Productions conducted 14 days on site, with 4 days of actual field tests. The system included a Hydro Products TC-125 underwater camera with a supplemental light, a monitor, and a portable video recorder. Operations were based near Essex, New York. Testing involved trawling the camera at various depths and locations, sometimes with an eel lure. While the camera system performed well, no evidence of large, unidentified lake animals was recorded, nor were there any sightings by those working on the field tests. The eel lure was adequate but requires refinement. Future plans include returning to Lake Champlain with refined equipment and expanding liaisons with professional scientists.

Book Reviews

The Guinness Book of Animal Facts & Feats by Gerald L. Wood

F. G. Wood reviews Gerald L. Wood's "The Guinness Book of Animal Facts & Feats," a comprehensive work detailing animal extremes. The book is divided into 14 sections, covering various animal classes and prehistoric animals. It includes detailed information on notable specimens, geographic ranges, and behaviors. The review highlights entries of interest to cryptozoologists, such as "sea serpents" (basking sharks) and giant squids. The reviewer praises Wood's meticulous documentation and extensive bibliography, recommending the book as a unique reference work.

On the Track of the Mystery Animal: The Story of the Discovery of the Okapi by Miriam Schlein

Wade C. Sherbrooke reviews Miriam Schlein's children's book about the discovery of the okapi. The book, though not using the term "cryptozoology," follows a detective story format, detailing Sir Harry Johnston's persistent efforts. It covers Johnston's initial inspirations, his investigation of pygmy reports, his encounters with evidence like striped skin and two-toed tracks, and the eventual classification of the okapi within the giraffe family. The review emphasizes the importance of specimens in resolving cryptozoological problems and the determination of researchers.

Loch Ness Monster by Tim Dinsdale

This entry notes that Tim Dinsdale's "Loch Ness Monster" was first published in 1961 and has had several revised editions. No further details are provided in this excerpt.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of "Cryptozoology" consistently emphasizes rigorous fieldwork, data collection, and the pursuit of scientific evidence, even when dealing with subjects often relegated to folklore or speculation. The articles highlight the challenges of obtaining definitive proof for phenomena like hominoids and lake monsters, while advocating for continued research and methodical investigation. The book reviews also underscore the importance of accurate documentation and scientific classification in understanding the natural world, including its more mysterious aspects. The editorial stance appears to be one of cautious inquiry, valuing empirical evidence and systematic study over sensationalism.

This issue of "Cryptozoology" (Vol. 3, 1984) features a "Comments and Responses" section, including book reviews and discussions on various aspects of the field. The journal is published by the International Society of Cryptozoology.

Book Reviews

"Loch Ness Monster" by Tim Dinsdale (Reviewed by Roy P. Mackal)

Roy P. Mackal reviews the fourth edition of Tim Dinsdale's book on the Loch Ness Monster. He notes that the book represents Dinsdale's personal view and experience as a Loch Ness Monster investigator. Mackal observes that the book has been updated but not significantly increased in length, with some early material deleted. He finds Dinsdale's personal comments and the evolution of his viewpoint rewarding. Dinsdale maintains his identification of the alleged animals as plesiosaurs. The book reduces the discussion of the possible nature of Loch Ness animals and eliminates tangential material on other "monsters." An appendix has been added. The first seven chapters cover Dinsdale's involvement, while chapter eight reviews interesting cases. Chapter nine reviews activities between 1960 and 1972, and chapter ten briefly discusses identification. Appendices A, B, and C cover later sonar results, the Academy of Applied Science sonar system, and the Shiels photographs and Smith film, respectively. Appendix D reevaluates classic "monster" photographs and discusses Loch Morar sightings. Dinsdale is writing a sequel titled "Loch Ness and the Water Unicorn." Mackal states the fourth edition is better in some respects and worse in others, calling it "required reading" but "far from comprehensive." He criticizes the book's totally positive bias, noting the omission of discussion on frauds, hoaxes, and mistaken identities. The deletion of the index is deemed "almost, if not quite, unforgivable" for serious students. Positively, many sketches and drawings have been redone professionally, and Mackal found the "hands on," personal style of the author engaging.

"Monstres des Lacs du Québec: Mythes et Troublantes Réalités" by Michel Meurger and Claude Gagnon (Reviewed by Gerard Leduc)

Gerard Leduc reviews this book, stating it contains too much myth and not enough reality. He emphasizes that cryptozoology progresses through careful, systematic, and objective observations. The book provides a look at many reports of unexplained sightings of "lake monsters" in Quebec, Canada, noting numerous testimonies of large, unknown animals. Leduc finds the approach of considering watershed networks useful. He acknowledges the presence of well-documented sightings in Quebec, supporting the existence of large, unknown aquatic animals, based on both contemporary Anglo eyewitnesses and informative Amerindian accounts. He believes "Myths and legends are the memory of people." However, Leduc criticizes the book's poor organization, repetition, and inclusion of irrelevant topics like archaeology. He identifies major weaknesses as numerous errors, incorrect assumptions, unsubstantiated feelings, and a lack of facts. The discussion of "paranormal vision" is also seen as confusing. Leduc concludes that cryptozoology requires collaboration and a scientific approach, and the book's uncertainties do more harm than good.

"Monsters Among Us" by Brad Steiger (Reviewed by Daniel Cohen)

Daniel Cohen reviews Brad Steiger's book, characterizing it as a collection of scary stories rather than a book of cryptozoology or folklore. Steiger himself states the book aims to provide chills and tingles. Cohen notes that the book offers little that would genuinely scare an adult reader, with some portions being gruesome but primarily standing out due to the book's overall blandness. Readers familiar with cryptozoology will find little new. Cohen criticizes Steiger's lack of consistent sourcing. The chapters on "Giant Reptiles, Sea Monsters and Lake Longnecks" and "The Abominable Snowman and Wildman Around the World" are deemed the worst, with attempts at "scientific truth" being self-defeating. The "expert" most cited is Ivan T. Sanderson. Steiger is considered better when discussing vampires and werewolves, where he entertains rather than pretends scientific rigor. Cohen questions the inclusion of Elisabeth Bathory, phantom hitchhikers, Burke, and Hare, suggesting they belong in other categories. He concludes that "Monsters Among Us" is an average "gee whiz" book, recommending original sources like Sanderson, Summers, and Keel for those interested.

"The Encyclopedia of Monsters" by Daniel Cohen (Reviewed by J. Richard Greenwell)

J. Richard Greenwell reviews Daniel Cohen's encyclopedia, noting that it provides 103 descriptive capsules on monsters and supposed animals. He points out that only 59% are directly or indirectly cryptozoological. Greenwell discusses the problem of defining "monster" and notes that Cohen acknowledges expanding the definition. Cohen's personal instinct and lifelong interest guided the selection. The sections on sea and lake monsters, Yeti, Bigfoot, and Wildman are considered straightforward and historically accurate. Greenwell highlights Cohen's negative stance on the Iceman, contrasting it with Bernard Heuvelmans and Ivan T. Sanderson. He criticizes Cohen for omitting discussion of frauds and hoaxes, leading to a potentially misleading impression. Despite shortcomings, Greenwell finds the book generally well-researched, well-written, and enjoyable, with a good sense of humor. He particularly praises the chapter on folklore creatures, especially werewolves and vampires.

"The Bigfoot Casebook" by Janet and Colin Bord (Reviewed by Charles A. Reed)

Charles A. Reed reviews "The Bigfoot Casebook," noting that pages 151-230 provide a chronological catalog of over a thousand Sasquatch sightings from 1818-1980. The book includes essential data for each entry and features longer descriptions of the most interesting sightings, omitting some well-known tales. Reed emphasizes that the book focuses solely on sightings, with other aspects like footprints omitted unless directly associated with them. He notes the Bords' willingness to consider paranormal explanations. Reed finds the book a welcome addition for those seeking information on American Sasquatches.

"A World-Shocking Theft" by Zhou Guoxing (Reviewed by Charles A. Reed)

Charles A. Reed briefly mentions this Chinese popular science book, noting it contains essays on anthropological subjects, including the disappearance of Peking Man fossils during World War II.

Comments and Responses

Comments on "Cryptozoology: What It Really Is" (Response to Heppell and Van Valen)

Bernard Heuvelmans responds to critiques regarding his article "What Is Cryptozoology?" He acknowledges not being fully familiar with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature but defends his use of scientific names for unrecorded species, including "Dinanthropoides nivalis" for the Himalayan Yeti and names for "sea serpents." He expresses gratitude for the precise information provided by Heppell.

"But How Many Large, Terrestrial Animal Species Remain to Be Discovered?" (Comment on Heuvelmans by Colin P. Groves)

Colin P. Groves comments on Bernard Heuvelmans' assertion that new animal species are still being discovered. Groves refines the question to focus on large, terrestrial animals. He lists six such mammals discovered in the last decade: *Catagonus wagneri*, *Cercopithecus salongo*, *Potorous longipes*, *Moschus fuscus*, *Petrogale persephone*, and *Muntiacus atherodes*. Groves suggests that future discoveries will likely be "relatively unexciting" and the product of taxonomic study rather than exploration. He also notes that many of these discoveries were made by examining existing museum specimens.

Response to Groves (by Bernard Heuvelmans)

Bernard Heuvelmans responds to Colin P. Groves' comment, arguing that Groves and others are "grossly misinformed" about the scope of cryptozoology. He states that cryptozoology is concerned with both aquatic and terrestrial animals, not just large terrestrial ones, and that his forthcoming "Checklist of Unknown Animals Cryptozoology Is Concerned With" will clarify this. Heuvelmans provides statistics from his analysis of over 18,000 references, indicating between 82 and 95 unknown species or subspecies, with 24-35 aquatic and 48-60 terrestrial forms. He details the types of aquatic animals (mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, mollusks) and terrestrial animals (mammals, primates, etc.). Heuvelmans also disputes George Gaylord Simpson's assertion that the search is largely for primates and criticizes Simpson's article for errors.

Further Discussion on New Species Discoveries (by Colin P. Groves)

Colin P. Groves further discusses the discovery of new large terrestrial mammals, listing Okapia johnstoni, Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, Tragelaphus buxtoni, Bubalus quarlesi, Pan paniscus, Bos sauveli, Pseudois schaeferi, and Catagonus wagneri as examples discovered since the beginning of the 20th century. He also lists new bulky aquatic species. Groves notes that the rate of discovery of large animals is decreasing but slowly. He suggests that the cryptozoologist needs to exercise caution and consider that rarely seen, known species might be mistaken for unknown ones. He raises conservation concerns, questioning which habitats are undisturbed enough to shelter large, distinctive species and if their eventual discovery might precede their extinction.

Response to Groves (by Bernard Heuvelmans)

Bernard Heuvelmans reiterates his position that cryptozoology is concerned with both aquatic and terrestrial animals, not just large terrestrial ones. He criticizes the misinformed views of some zoologists and cryptozoologists regarding the field's scope. Heuvelmans provides statistics from his extensive analysis, detailing the number of aquatic and terrestrial species of interest to cryptozoology. He disputes the idea that the search is primarily for primates and criticizes George Gaylord Simpson's article for inaccuracies.

Further Discussion on New Species Discoveries (by Colin P. Groves)

Colin P. Groves continues his discussion on the discovery of new large terrestrial mammals, listing several species discovered since the early 20th century, including Okapia johnstoni, Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, Tragelaphus buxtoni, Bubalus quarlesi, Pan paniscus, Bos sauveli, Pseudois schaeferi, and Catagonus wagneri. He also lists new aquatic species. Groves observes a decreasing rate of discovery for large animals. He advises caution for cryptozoologists, suggesting that known, rarely seen species might be mistaken for unknown ones. He also raises conservation issues, questioning the suitability of undisturbed habitats for large, distinctive species and the potential for their extinction shortly after discovery.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the definition and scope of cryptozoology, the methodology for investigating unknown animals, and the critical evaluation of evidence presented in books and reports. There is a clear emphasis on the need for scientific rigor, careful documentation, and a distinction between folklore and verifiable phenomena. The editorial stance, as reflected in the "Comments and Responses" section, encourages debate and critical analysis within the field, while also defending the legitimacy of cryptozoological research against skepticism from mainstream science.

This issue of *Cryptozoology*, Volume 2, published in 1984, features a series of comments and responses from various researchers, engaging in critical discussions on topics ranging from statistical methods in taxonomy to the evidence for cryptids like Sasquatch and Mokele-Mbembe.

Comments and Responses

On Data Selection and Analysis (Comment on Heuvelmans, Cryptozoology, Vol. 2: 1-24)

Peter F. Brussard and Janet Wright of Cornell University offer a critique of Bernard Heuvelmans' article concerning the discovery of new species. While agreeing that many species remain to be discovered, they question Heuvelmans' methods. They point out that Heuvelmans' own estimates for species numbers are not documented and that the 1928 data includes subspecies, making it incomparable. Applying statistical models (linear, exponential, and polynomial) to Heuvelmans' data, Brussard and Wright found significant increasing trends in most taxonomic groups, suggesting a positive outlook for cryptozoology, contrary to Heuvelmans' conclusions. They also note a lack of citations for "upsetting discoveries" and factual errors, such as the dating of the Devonian period and the classification of the giant panda. They conclude that the scientific soundness of Heuvelmans' paper is questionable and that cryptozoology should adhere to rigorous standards.

Fashion and Novelty—Not to Be Confused With Truth (Response to Brussard and Wright)

Bernard Heuvelmans responds to Brussard and Wright, defending his methods. He states that his sources were mentioned and his method was a graphic treatment of data. He reiterates that the 1928 column was noted as incomparable. Heuvelmans defends his use of old-fashioned methods for obtaining orders of magnitude and making comparisons. He questions Brussard and Wright's lack of detail in presenting their results. Heuvelmans asserts that his conclusions are not in direct contrast to theirs, as he also believes many species remain to be discovered. He defends his lack of citations by assuming his audience is well-informed and reluctant to double the number of references. He dismisses their claims of factual errors, particularly regarding the giant panda and the Devonian period, arguing that classifications can be controversial and geological dates are subject to change.

Golden Monkey Versus Wildman: A Questionable Comparison (Comment on Poirier et al., Cryptozoology, Vol. 2: 25-39)

Jack Lapseritis critiques an article by Poirier and colleagues that proposed the golden monkey as an explanation for Wildman sightings. Lapseritis finds the comparison questionable due to a lack of explicit anatomical details of the monkey and the disparity between the 300 reported Wildman sightings and only two incidents of mistaken identity. He notes that the body dimensions of the golden monkey are not provided, weakening the comparison. Lapseritis highlights that the golden monkey is quadrupedal with a tail, unlike the reported bipedal, tailless Wildman with large footprints. He also points out that Poirier uses himself as a comparison to a Wildman, which he deems a poor basis for generalization. Lapseritis also addresses a contradiction regarding the size of Gigantopithecus, citing different estimates from Poirier's own book and other sources.

A Golden Clarification (Response to Lapseritis)

Frank E. Poirier responds to Lapseritis, clarifying their position. They acknowledge Lapseritis' points but emphasize that their intention was to note how some supposed Wildman reports might have been misconstrued, not to claim that all reports are of the same phenomenon. They reiterate that the golden monkey is much smaller and arboreal, and under normal conditions, could not be mistaken for a Wildman. However, they suggest that the ranges of the two might overlap. Poirier confirms that the hair sample they obtained unmistakably belonged to a golden monkey, and that this is still their view. He clarifies that they did not imply that children's and adults' cognition are similar, but rather that unusual beings can generate reports of strange creatures. Regarding Gigantopithecus, Poirier acknowledges that estimates vary and that some claims might be inflated, but maintains that the case for the Wildman's existence is poorly made.

Reevaluation in Doubt (Comment on Heaney, Cryptozoology, Vol. 2: 40-52)

Dmitri Bayanov comments on Michael Heaney's archival research regarding the Almas. Bayanov finds Heaney's work meticulous but believes it leads to a dead end concerning Baradiin's sighting. He questions the reliance on archival absence as evidence and highlights that many eyewitness accounts are based on oral testimony recorded long after the event. Bayanov stresses the importance of numerous independent reports, citing Porshnev's theory of probability.

Corroboration Lacking (Response to Bayanov)

Michael Heaney responds to Bayanov, stating that while he does not accuse Baradiin of lying, he emphasizes the need for corroboration of information, especially in cryptozoology where fiction can become fact. He argues that studying the transmission of information is as important as the data itself.

Living Animal or Faked Ridges? (Comment on Krantz, Cryptozoology, Vol. 2: 53-81)

Grover S. Krantz discusses Sasquatch footprints with dermal ridges, suggesting they could confirm the Sasquatch as an unknown primate. He notes that the evidence has been publicized and that the ridges are consistent with a primate's foot. However, he acknowledges that the authenticity of the tracks themselves and the circumstances of their discovery are subject to doubt.

Whose Dermal Ridges? (Comment on Krantz, Cryptozoology, Vol. 2: 53-81)

Rene Dahinden raises doubts about the authenticity of the Walla Walla Sasquatch footprints. He points out that the tracks appeared abruptly and disappeared without explanation, and that the stride and pressure were unnaturally uniform. He also notes that the tracks were free of forest litter, suggesting they were made by a human using a fake foot. Dahinden suggests that Joel Hardin, one of the investigators, joked about the tracks being fake. He questions Krantz's focus on dermal ridges while seemingly ignoring the circumstantial evidence.

Et Tu, Rene? (Response to Dahinden)

Grover S. Krantz responds to Dahinden, stating that his paper focused on the anatomy of the footprints, assuming the circumstances of discovery were clear. He acknowledges that the authenticity of the tracks has bothered some people. Krantz argues that his analysis is relevant only if the tracks are authentic, and that proving authenticity in terms of discovery, location, and impression is not possible. He suggests that the scientific community is resistant to evidence of Sasquatch tracks, and that the dermal ridges, if authentic, have profound implications.

On Sasquatch Footprints (Comment on Krantz, Cryptozoology, Vol. 2: 53-81)

Ashley Montagu comments on Krantz's findings, expressing doubt about the existence of a 2.5 m tall manlike creature, as it would be mechanically unstable. He suggests reading articles on "Giants" and biomechanics of size. Montagu also notes that the dermal ridges were examined by dermatoglyphics experts who commented on skin damage and irregularities, and that the ridges were developed and worn consistently with habitual barefoot walking.

On Giant Men (Response to Montagu)

Grover S. Krantz responds to Montagu, emphasizing that the footprints were destroyed by casting. He expresses frustration that the dermatoglyphic evidence is dismissed. Krantz agrees that a 2.5 m tall human body would have mechanical issues, but argues that a Sasquatch of that size would be a non-human primate, not a man in a fur suit. He suggests that the size itself argues for considerable differences from human anatomy.

The Congolese Mokele-Mbembe Report: Its Scientific Content (Comment on Agnagna, Cryptozoology, Vol. 2: 103-12)

Pascale Tassy critiques Agnagna's Field Report of the Mokele-Mbembe expedition, specifically the detail about filming with the lens cap on. Tassy argues that this detail is impossible and casts doubt on the entire report, emphasizing the need for scientific rigor in cryptozoology.

Response by the Editor

The Editor apologizes for the error in Agnagna's Field Report, attributing it to a translation ambiguity and incorrect verbal information. The Editor takes full responsibility for the error, stating that it does not involve Agnagna or cast doubt on his report. A clarification was made in an interview published in *The ISC Newsletter*.

Mokele-Mbembe or Turtle? (Comments on Agnagna, Cryptozoology, Vol. 2: 103-12)

This comment expresses openness to the possibility of living sauropods in the Congo but remains undecided about Mokele-Mbembe. It stresses the importance of exploring alternate explanations for evidence, including other known animals or less-fantastic phenomena, and notes that Agnagna did not explicitly state he saw a sauropod.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical evaluation of evidence in cryptozoology, the importance of rigorous methodology, and the debate over the authenticity of various cryptid reports. The journal's stance, as indicated by the inclusion of these critical comments and responses, is to promote serious scientific inquiry into marginal subjects, demanding high standards of proof and analysis while remaining open to the possibility of undiscovered species.

This issue of CRYPTOZOOLOGY (Vol. 2, Winter 1983) focuses on ongoing debates and investigations into cryptids, primarily the Mokele-Mbembe and the 'Ri' creature. It features a collection of comments and responses from various experts in zoology, biology, anthropology, and cryptozoology, examining evidence, proposing hypotheses, and critiquing previous reports.

Mokele-Mbembe Debate

The issue opens with a critical examination of the 1983 Lake Telle sighting of Mokele-Mbembe, initially identified by expedition members as a sauropod. The author questions the certainty of this identification, citing the short duration of the event, the considerable distance, the limited view of the animal (only back, neck, and head visible), and the difficulty in judging size due to the creature being submerged in water. Psychological factors like preconceptions and heightened emotions are also noted as potential influences on eyewitness accounts.

Alternative explanations are proposed, most notably a large turtle, whose shell could account for the 'wide back' feature and whose head and neck might resemble a sauropod from a distance. The hypothesis is strengthened by reports of frequent sightings of an enormous turtle in Lake Telle. The author finds the turtle hypothesis more plausible than the sauropod one, especially considering the lake's depth (2-3 meters), which would make it difficult for a 5-meter sauropod to exist without causing significant disturbances.

Glen J. Kuban, in a comment, expresses curiosity about certain details in a sketch of the creature, such as the white face, and questions why local hunters who claim to have seen the creature are not provided with cameras to document their sightings. He suggests that providing locals with cameras could be a less expensive way to gather evidence than a full expedition.

Marcellin Agnagna responds to Kuban, asserting that the animal he saw could not have been a turtle or a snake. He provides several reasons: the depth of the lake in the sighting area (over 6 meters in places), evidence of a large herbivore having reached high vegetation from the water, the proportion of the neck to the body, and the creature's ability to surface with its neck extended. He dismisses the turtle hypothesis due to the neck proportion and surfacing behavior, and the snake hypothesis due to the animal's ability to elevate itself a meter or more above the water.

A commentary titled "The Sauropod Hypothesis: An Evaluation of the Congolese Report on Mokele-Mbembe" by an unnamed author presents colleagues' reactions, including suggestions of a hoax for tourist trade or biological impossibility for dinosaurs to survive for 65 million years. The author acknowledges the difficulty of obtaining photographic evidence in the field but defends the possibility of a surviving dinosaur, particularly in the Congo's relatively undisturbed equatorial forests. The discussion then delves into the physiological requirements of sauropods, contrasting ectothermic ('cold-blooded') and endothermic ('warm-blooded') metabolisms. It is suggested that ectothermic sauropods, with lower vegetation requirements, might be more sustainable in small, localized populations than endothermic ones, which would require extensive home ranges and cause visible habitat damage.

Christine M. Janis, a paleomammalogist, concludes that while the possibility of a surviving sauropod in the Congo cannot be entirely dismissed, it is not highly probable. She notes that while the region has been relatively undisturbed since the Cretaceous, the lack of fossil records makes definitive conclusions difficult. She acknowledges that if anywhere on Earth could harbor surviving sauropods, the Congo would be a likely candidate.

The 'Ri' Creature Investigation

The issue also features a series of comments and responses regarding the 'Ri' or 'Ilkai', a creature reported in New Ireland that resembles a mermaid. Roy Wagner and colleagues' report is discussed, which concluded that the Ri were not dugongs based on observations of their behavior, including longer dive times than dugongs and a sharper hump when surfacing.

John R. Sibert, a marine biologist, finds it difficult to share Wagner's conclusion, suggesting that the natural history of sirenians, including dugongs, is not fully known and their behavior might vary. He posits that the perceived shape of the hump could depend on the viewing angle and that fish scattering is a common reaction to any swift-moving large shape. He believes dugongs remain a plausible candidate.

Richard Ellis, an author on cetaceans, proposes the finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) as a possible identity for the Ri. He notes that its diving behavior is consistent with some observations, though the reported 10-minute dive times are longer than typical for finless porpoises. He also points out that the Ri's behavior, such as rolling and throwing flukes, is consistent with small porpoises. However, he acknowledges that descriptions of 'long dark head hair' and 'mammalian breasts' are not explained by this hypothesis.

Kelvin M. Britton, a marine biologist, suggests the beluga or white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) as a potential candidate for the Ri. He notes that while color, size, and distribution might seem incompatible, a white whale calf could match some features. He highlights the beluga's typical 5-15 minute dive times, its vocal nature ('sea canary'), and its protruding mouth and forehead melon, which could contribute to a mermaid-like appearance. He suggests that the Ri and the beluga mystery might be interconnected.

Roy Wagner responds to these comments, emphasizing the importance of accurate communication and questioning the credentials of some commentators. He argues that the word 'ri' is not common throughout New Ireland and that Beckjord's conclusions are based on preconceived notions rather than objective evaluation. Wagner reiterates that while the dugong is a viable hypothesis, their own observations of the Ri were of a small cetacean.

Jon-Erik Beckjord, director of Project Bigfoot, provides his own observations from a trip to New Ireland. He found that most villagers identified the 'Ri' as a dugong, not a mermaid-like creature. He encountered no physical evidence and found that many natives claimed to have captured dugongs, not Ri. He suggests that some sightings might be of sleeping dugongs or manatees, which rise slowly to breathe.

Semantics and Folklore

Roy Wagner further discusses the 'Ri' investigation, highlighting the semantic and cultural aspects of interpreting folklore. He argues that the Ri might be a product of cultural semantics, where appellations are given to things not clearly seen. He contrasts this with the idea of an 'aquatic ape', which he finds biologically unlikely given the evolutionary history of primates.

Wagner also comments on the media's role in cryptozoology, noting that while the explosion of information has increased public awareness, it has also led to a prioritization of presentation over content. He argues that newspapers are justified in being suspicious of and selective in reporting cryptozoological items, as a sighting needs to be true to be credible.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the challenges of cryptozoological investigation, the critical evaluation of evidence, the interplay between folklore and zoology, and the importance of scientific rigor. The magazine presents a platform for diverse viewpoints, encouraging detailed analysis and debate rather than outright acceptance or rejection of hypotheses. The editorial stance appears to favor a cautious, evidence-based approach, acknowledging the limitations of current knowledge and the need for further research.

This issue of "Cryptozoology" (Volume 1, Winter) from the International Society of Cryptozoology delves into the complex relationship between journalism and the reporting of anomalies, alongside a significant book review and details about the society itself.

Journalism and Anomalies

The issue features a response from Elizabeth C. Smith, a former reporter, to an earlier comment, defending the press's handling of anomalies. She argues that while journalists may sometimes print "semi-accurate" or "off-the-cuff" remarks, their professional duty is to report facts, and that eyewitness reports, while intriguing, can be "useless nonevidence" without tangible proof. Smith suggests that a clear sighting of a creature like Nessie would undoubtedly sway both scientists and journalists.

Ron Westrum responds to Smith, largely agreeing but offering a different perspective on the value of eyewitness reports. He highlights how historical scientific breakthroughs, such as Chladni's identification of meteorites, were based on numerous "useless" reports. Westrum contends that reporters are not passive recorders but are expected to use judgment, and that distortions, like those seen on "60 Minutes," stem from a misuse of judgment. He recounts an experience where a reporter allegedly used his "semi-accurate" remarks, ignoring his prepared talk, which he felt was a misrepresentation driven by the desire for a sensational "Bigfoot Follies" angle. Westrum notes that reporters often face pressure to produce "vivid copy" and that editors' expectations shape the narrative.

Book Review: Quaternary Extinctions

The issue includes a review of "Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution," edited by Paul S. Martin and Richard G. Klein. This book is described as a major work addressing the extinction controversy, presenting arguments for both climatic change and the "overkill" hypothesis. It features contributions from 45 international experts and includes extensive data, analyses, maps, charts, and tables. The review praises the book as an "indispensable and almost encyclopaedic reference text" on Pleistocene and Holocene faunas, chronologies, environments, and extinctions, representing a significant advancement in the field of palaeobiology.

International Society of Cryptozoology Information

The issue provides details about the International Society of Cryptozoology (ISC), including its officers and Board of Directors. Bernard Heuvelmans is listed as President, Roy P. Mackal as Vice President, and J. Richard Greenwell as Secretary-Treasurer. The Board of Directors comprises international experts from various institutions, including museums and universities.

The Society's purpose is to serve as a focal point for the investigation, analysis, publication, and discussion of matters related to animals of unexpected form or size, or unexpected occurrence. It aims to provide reliable information and serve as a forum for public discussion and education, while explicitly stating that it takes no position on the existence of supposed animals or the authenticity of evidence.

Information on membership and subscriptions is provided, detailing annual fees for individuals, couples, and institutions, along with options for international payments. A list of Honorary Members and Benefactors is also included.

Instructions to Contributors

Detailed guidelines are provided for authors wishing to submit manuscripts to "Cryptozoology." These cover general requirements such as double-spacing and preferred spelling style, as well as specific instructions for "Articles," "Research Reports," "Field Reports," "Book Reviews," and "Comments and Responses." Requirements include abstract length, manuscript length, submission format, and referencing styles. The journal welcomes topical discussions, literature reviews, and fieldwork reports, emphasizing the need for relevant descriptions or interpretations related to cryptozoological matters.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical examination of evidence, particularly eyewitness testimony versus scientific rigor, and the role of journalism in reporting unusual phenomena. The editorial stance, as conveyed through the society's policy, is one of open investigation and discussion without taking a definitive stance on the existence of cryptozoological subjects. The society aims to be a credible source of information and a platform for scholarly exchange within the field.