Cryptozoology - Vol 02 - 1983

Magazine Overview

This issue of CRYPTOZOOLOGY, Vol. 2, Winter 1983, published by the International Society of Cryptozoology, features an interdisciplinary journal focused on the study of unknown animals. The cover headline poses the question, "How Many Animal Species Remain to be Discovered?", setting the theme for the issue.

Articles

The issue opens with several articles exploring the vastness of the animal kingdom and the ongoing process of discovery and classification.

How Many Animal Species Remain to be Discovered?

Authored by Bernard Heuvelmans and translated by Paul H. LeBlond, this lead article addresses the challenge of counting undiscovered organisms. It suggests that studying the history of species discovery can shed light on their numerical importance and the rate of description. The article posits that while the discovery of entirely new phyla is rare, especially for land vertebrates, new species are regularly discovered, particularly among marine invertebrates and vertebrates. Cryptozoology, by its nature, focuses on unknown species of large to moderate size.

The Evidence for Wildman in Hubei Province, People's Republic of China

This article, by Frank E. Poirier, Hu Hongxing, and Chung-Min Chen, likely presents evidence or accounts related to the 'wildman' phenomenon in China.

The Mongolian Almas: A Historical Reevaluation of the Sighting by Baradiin

Michael Heaney reevaluates historical accounts of the Mongolian Almas, a cryptid.

Anatomy and Dermatoglyphics of Three Sasquatch Footprints

Grover S. Krantz analyzes the anatomical features and dermatoglyphics of Sasquatch footprints.

A Previously Unreported "Sea Serpent” Sighting in the South Atlantic

Paul H. LeBlond details a new report of a sea serpent sighting in the South Atlantic.

Vertical Flexure in Jurassic and Cretaceous Marine Crocodilians and Its Relevance to Modern “Sea Serpent” Reports

Eric Buffetaut explores the anatomical characteristics of ancient marine crocodilians and their potential connection to modern sea serpent reports.

Further Notes on the Role of Folklore in Hominology

John Colarusso provides additional insights into the significance of folklore in the study of hominids.

Research Reports

Attitudes of Biological Limnologists and Oceanographers Toward Supposed Unknown Animals in Loch Ness

James E. King and J. Richard Greenwell investigate the opinions of scientists regarding the existence of unknown animals in Loch Ness.

Field Reports

Results of the First Congolese Mokele-Mbembe Expedition

Marcellin Agnagna reports on the findings of an expedition searching for the Mokele-Mbembe in the Congo.

Further Investigations into the Biological and Cultural Affinities of the Ri

Roy Wagner, J. Richard Greenwell, Gale J. Raymond, and Kurt Von Nieda present further research on the biological and cultural aspects of the 'Ri'.

LCPI Work at Lake Champlain: 1983

Joseph W. Zarzynski details the work of the Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation (LCPI) in 1983.

Book Reviews

The issue includes several book reviews:

• *Les Bêtes Humaines d'Afrique* [The Human Beasts of Africa] by Bernard Heuvelmans, reviewed by Pascal Tassy.
• *Alien Animals* by Janet and Colin Bord, reviewed by Ronald M. Nowak.
• *A Geo-Bibliography of Anomalies: Primary Access to Observations of UFOs, Ghosts, and Other Mysterious Phenomena* compiled by George M. Eberhart, reviewed by Marcello Truzzi.
• *Incredible Life: A Handbook of Biological Mysteries* by William R. Corliss (comp.), reviewed by J. Richard Greenwell.
• *Topsell's Histories of Beasts* by Malcolm South (ed.), reviewed by David Heppell.
• *The Magic Zoo: The Natural History of Fabulous Animals* by Peter Costello, reviewed by M. Justin Wilkinson.

Comments and Responses

This section features contributions from David Heppell, Leigh M. Van Valen, Frank E. Poirier, John R. Sibert, James G. Mead, Ron Westrum, William R. Corliss, Roy P. Mackal, Maurice Burton, and Wayne Suttles, likely discussing various topics related to cryptozoology.

Classification of Animals and the Role of Cryptozoology

Bernard Heuvelmans' article, "How Many Animal Species Remain to be Discovered?", provides a detailed overview of animal classification. It traces the evolution of taxonomic systems from Carl von Linné's six categories to the modern system with numerous phyla and classes. The article emphasizes that while the discovery of new species is a routine matter, major reclassifications are rare but still necessary for completely unexpected life forms. Cryptozoology, as defined by Heuvelmans, focuses on the search for unknown animals that are highly visible and possess singular, striking traits, often of considerable size. It generally does not deal with minuscule specimens found in most phyla, but rather with potential discoveries within the sub-phylum Vertebrata, and occasionally with exceptionally large invertebrates.

The article highlights that most significant taxonomic revolutions in the 20th century have occurred in the classification of invertebrates, often from deep-sea exploration. Examples include the discovery of new types of coelenterates, molluscs (like *Vampyroteuthis infernalis*), and the creation of new classes or phyla such as Monoplacophora and Pogonophora. For vertebrates, discoveries have been less revolutionary in terms of classification, but new species and even families continue to be described, particularly for fish and some reptiles and mammals.

Heuvelmans discusses the challenges of classifying 'deviant' animals that do not fit neatly into existing categories and the historical need to create new groups. He also touches upon the concept of 'living fossils' and the ongoing debate between 'splitters' and 'lumpers' in taxonomy.

The article presents numerical estimates of species discovered over time, illustrating the growth in known species through various historical censuses and modern calculations. It suggests that less than a quarter of all living species may have been scientifically described, with some estimates suggesting tens of millions of arthropod species alone. The data shows a complex, sometimes erratic, trend in species discovery rates across different animal groups, influenced by factors like synonymy and taxonomic revisions.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout the issue is the continuous exploration and cataloging of the animal kingdom. The journal's stance appears to be one of rigorous scientific inquiry into unexplained phenomena and the potential for new discoveries, while maintaining a foundation in established zoological principles and classification systems. The emphasis on interdisciplinary approaches suggests a broad scope for the study of cryptozoology, encompassing biology, folklore, and historical accounts.

This issue of Cryptozoology (Vol. 2, 1983) features two main articles: 'HEUVELMANS: ANIMALS TO BE DISCOVERED' and 'THE EVIDENCE FOR WILDMAN IN HUBEI PROVINCE, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA'. The magazine is published by the International Society of Cryptozoology.

HEUVELMANS: ANIMALS TO BE DISCOVERED

This section presents graphs and tables illustrating the increase in the number of known animal species over time, as proposed by the author, Bernard Heuvelmans. Figure 3 shows the increase in known species in major animal groups, while Figure 4 focuses on vertebrates. Table 2 and Figure 5 detail the rate of discovery of new species in various animal groups and vertebrate classes during modern times.

The text discusses the numerical estimates taken from smoothed curves for the years 1850, 1900, 1950, and 2000. It analyzes the rate of increase by calculating the average number of species described per year in half-century intervals. The findings indicate that the number of animal species increased significantly in the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, with a projected increase for the second half of the 21st century. The average annual discovery rate was approximately 7,000 new species between 1850-1900 and 12,000 between 1900-1950, with insects contributing the majority. This rate is expected to continue at about 5,000 per year for 1950-2000.

The article highlights that the rate of discovery peaked in the first half of the 20th century for most animal phyla, with mollusks and brachiopods being an exception. The deceleration in discovery is noted across all phyla, particularly in recent times. For vertebrates, the rate of discovery slowed down at different rates for different classes. While the decline began in the last century for most, fishes and mammals showed slower rates of decrease. The rate for reptiles and amphibians is expected to slow gradually, while the discovery of new bird species is predicted to practically cease by 1985-1990.

The study acknowledges that its premises are controversial and the numerical conclusions may lack absolute accuracy, but aims to provide orders of magnitude for comparison. It suggests that cryptozoological research, by focusing on medium to large animals, could accelerate the discovery of species before they disappear due to habitat destruction.

THE EVIDENCE FOR WILDMAN IN HUBEI PROVINCE, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

This article, authored by Frank E. Poirier, Hu Hongxing, and Chung-min Chen, investigates reports of the 'Wildman' in Hubei Province, China. It discusses the distribution of reports, current research, morphological traits, and evidence such as footprints, nests, fecal remains, eyewitness accounts, and hair.

The introduction notes the striking similarities in reports of creatures like Sasquatch, Yeti, and Wildman across different cultures, suggesting possible reasons such as shared cultural fears or fascinations, diffusion of reports, or the reality of these creatures, though the latter is deemed least probable. The authors, from diverse academic backgrounds (biology, anthropology), approach the subject with a scientific methodology.

Wildman reports are concentrated in Szechwan, Kweichou, and Hubei Provinces. The Shen Nong Jia mountains in Hubei Province are a primary focus of investigation. A notable report from 1976 describes a 'strange, tail-less creature with reddish fur' seen near Chungshuya.

The article reviews historical mentions of Wildman-like creatures in Chinese texts dating back to the T'Ang Dynasty and earlier. It details scientific investigations, including a 1974 search and more extensive expeditions in 1977 and 1979-1980, which amassed data but did not yield direct sightings. Conferences were held in Wuhan in 1980 and 1982, with a Wildman Study Association founded in 1981, primarily comprising supporters of the Wildman's existence.

The So-Called "Monkey Babies"

The article addresses the phenomenon of 'monkey babies,' which are attributed to a genetic defect rather than a cross between humans and Wildman or an extinct primate like Ramapithecus. It explains that Ramapithecus is presumed extinct for millions of years, and the habitat of Shen Nong Jia is not suitable for it.

What Does the Wildman Look Like?

Reconstructions of the Wildman are based on approximately 300 eyewitness accounts, which show significant diversity. The creature is described as bipedal, with long hair, large canines, and a mixture of human, nonhuman, and primate traits. Descriptions include a height of around 2 meters, long legs, free hands, and a lack of tail. Nonhuman traits include not making tools, not using fire, and excessive prognathism. Primate traits include long hair, large canines, and vocalizations like smiling and chattering.

Analysis of the Evidence

• The article critically examines the evidence:
• Hair: Collected hair samples are generally considered to belong to a higher primate, with some matching the golden monkey.
• Footprints: Described as elongated and wider at the front, with some suggesting claws, which is a nonprimate trait. Two types of footprints are suggested: large, human-like, and smaller, ape-like.
• Nests and Fecal Remains: Nests made of bamboo are described as large and requiring great strength to construct. Fecal remains suggest a diet of roots and fruit skins, possibly from an omnivorous primate like the golden monkey. The value of this evidence is considered dubious due to vague conditions and contradictory reports.
• Eyewitness Reports: The veracity of eyewitness accounts is questioned due to the diversity of sources (officials, soldiers, natives) and the potential for misinterpretation, deception, or influence from publicity. The article notes that many researchers involved in collecting evidence are not well-trained in relevant scientific disciplines.

Several instances of misidentification are cited, including hunters mistaking rare golden monkeys for Wildman and local women mistaking bears for the creature. The hair of the golden monkey is noted to closely resemble descriptions of Wildman hair.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the investigation into the existence of unknown or cryptid animals, specifically the 'Wildman' in China. The magazine adopts a critical yet open-minded stance, presenting evidence and scientific analysis while acknowledging the controversies and the need for rigorous methodology. The editorial stance leans towards skepticism regarding definitive proof of the Wildman's existence, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing between genuine evidence and misidentification or folklore. The article on Heuvelmans' work reinforces the theme of scientific discovery and the ongoing process of cataloging life on Earth.

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 1, Issue 2, published in 1983 by the International Society of Cryptozoology, features articles on the Mongolian Almas and Sasquatch footprints. The cover headline focuses on the evidence for the Wildman, with a prominent article by Poirier et al. The issue also includes a detailed historical reevaluation of the Mongolian Almas sighting by Badzar Baradiin, authored by Michael Heaney, and an analysis of Sasquatch footprints by Grover S. Krantz.

The Evidence for Wildman (Poirier et al.)

The article by Poirier et al. addresses the unresolved riddle of the Chinese Wildman. It acknowledges that current scientific consensus finds the existence of such creatures highly unlikely, and the burden of proof lies with those who claim they exist. The survival of extinct primates like Gigantopithecus is considered improbable, and the possibility of human-primate mating is deemed practically impossible. The article explores why such reports persist, suggesting a human need to believe in mysteries, sentimentality, nostalgia, and the allure of unexplored, underpopulated areas. It also considers potential economic motivations, such as increased tourism to regions like Shen Nong Jia.

The authors conclude that there is not enough evidence to prove the existence of the Wildman. Scientific discretion suggests either rejecting the claims or withholding judgment until valid, verifiable evidence is produced. They emphasize that while the possibility of the Wildman's existence remains, it should not be assumed without strong proof.

The acknowledgments section notes funding from the National Geographic Society, the Explorers Club Exploration Fund, and The Ohio State University, facilitated by exchange programs with Hubei Province and the involvement of Ohio Governor James Rhodes and Hubei Governor Ningful Han.

The Mongolian Almas: A Historical Reevaluation of the Sighting by Baradiin (Michael Heaney)

Michael Heaney's article critically examines the historical accounts of the Mongolian Almas, a creature purported to inhabit Mongolia and Central Asia. The traditional narrative suggests that research began with Badzar Baradiin's sighting in 1906, leading Tsyben Zhamtsarano to conduct extensive studies. However, Heaney's research, including an examination of Zhamtsarano's archive in Leningrad, casts doubt on the accuracy and completeness of this account.

Heaney notes that the Almas is described as a hirsute, bipedal creature, more man-like than the Sasquatch or Yeti, differing primarily in its hairy body and lack of articulate speech and culture. Early Western attention to the Almas was brought by the USSR Academy of Sciences in the late 1950s, largely due to the efforts of Boris Porshnev and information from the Mongolian scholar Rinchen.

The article delves into the details of Baradiin's supposed sighting in the Alashan desert in April 1906. Baradiin's diary, however, does not mention seeing an Almas, despite its comprehensiveness in recording other events. The pursuit of the creature, attributed to a companion named Shirab the Hoarse, is also questioned, as Shirab does not appear in Baradiin's narrative and seems to originate from a fictionalized account by Mikhail Rozenfel'd.

Heaney discusses the fate of Zhamtsarano and Baradiin, both of whom disappeared in the political purges of the late 1930s. Zhamtsarano's archive, though preserved, lacks key materials like maps and sketches of Almases. The article suggests that the narrative of Baradiin's sighting and its inspiration for Zhamtsarano's research may be based on shaky foundations, possibly an elaboration of vaguer tales of "wild people" in the desert.

Despite the doubts raised about the specific historical accounts, Heaney acknowledges that the shakiness of part of the research does not necessarily invalidate the entire edifice of Mongolian Almas research, as other evidence and testimonies exist.

Anatomy and Dermatoglyphics of Three Sasquatch Footprints (Grover S. Krantz)

Grover S. Krantz presents an analysis of three large, human-like footprints discovered in southeastern Washington State in June 1982. These casts, made by U.S. Forest Service personnel, preserve impressions of dermal ridges and sweat pores, which Krantz's dermatoglyphic study finds consistent with the friction skin of higher primates.

The foot size of 37.5 x 17 cm rules out any known primate, and the non-opposed first digit indicates a hominid. Physical circumstances suggest a body weight of 300 to 400 kg. Krantz asserts that all possible methods of faking this evidence have been considered and ruled out.

The article details the background of the discovery, including a sighting by patrolman Paul Freeman of an animal matching the description of a Sasquatch. Subsequent searches yielded numerous footprints, leading to the collection of 11 casts of four distinguishable types. Krantz focuses his analysis on three specific tracks from Elk Wallow, made by a second individual.

Krantz emphasizes that his study is not concerned with the truth or accuracy of Freeman's sighting or the full range of tracks, but rather with the morphology of the three Elk Wallow tracks. He concludes that the evidence is consistent with a large, unknown primate, likely a hominid, and that the evidence is unlikely to be faked.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently grapples with the challenges of cryptozoological research, particularly the need for rigorous, verifiable evidence to support extraordinary claims. Both the articles on the Mongolian Almas and Sasquatch highlight the skepticism faced by researchers in these fields. The editorial stance appears to favor a cautious, evidence-based approach, acknowledging the possibility of unknown creatures while demanding robust proof, as exemplified by the detailed analysis of footprints and the critical reevaluation of historical accounts. The recurring theme is the tension between compelling anecdotal evidence and the scientific requirement for objective validation.

This issue of CRYPTOZOOLOGY features an in-depth article titled "KRANTZ: SASQUATCH ANATOMY AND DERMATOGLYPHICS" by Krantz, focusing on the detailed analysis of plaster casts of Sasquatch footprints. The article delves into the anatomical characteristics of these prints, comparing them to known primate and animal anatomy, and discusses the implications for the existence of a large, unknown bipedal creature.

Analysis of Dermal Ridges and Sweat Pores

The article highlights the remarkable detail preserved in the plaster casts, which faithfully record dermal ridges and sweat pores, variations down to less than 0.1 mm. The prevailing soil type, wind-blown loess, is noted for its ability to capture such fine detail when damp and cool. The author conducted a personal test, casting his own thumbprint, which successfully replicated dermal ridges and sweat pores, demonstrating the feasibility of such detail transfer. This detail is significant because it is characteristic of primate friction skin, found on the soles of feet and palms, and not typically present in other mammals.

The dermal ridges observed in the casts exhibit variations like bifurcations, terminations, and short segments, consistent with human dermatoglyphics. The ridges are described as smoothly rounded, with rounded furrows between them. The spacing of these ridges is typical for higher primates and is generally consistent across different individuals, though larger individuals may have slightly wider spacing. The article notes that the ridge spacing is unlikely to be mimicked by artificial means like latex molds, as expansion would alter the spacing in a recognizable way.

Sweat pores, typically spaced about 0.5 mm apart and centered on the ridges, are also visible. These pores are generally lined up regularly along adjacent dermal ridges. The author addresses the possibility that air bubbles from casting might mimic sweat pores, but distinguishes them by their sharp edges and irregular spacing, unlike the more rounded and regularly patterned pores observed in the casts.

Gross Anatomy of the Footprints

The footprints are described as resembling human feet but considerably expanded. The primary individual under consideration left imprints 37 to 38 cm long, 10 cm wide at the heel, and 17 cm wide at the forefoot. These dimensions, particularly the breadth, are noted as exceeding what is typical for human feet, even for exceptionally large individuals. The author rules out human involvement based on stride length, slope climbing ability, and depth of impression, suggesting that even exceptionally large humans would be less adept at such movements.

A significant finding is the lack of a longitudinal arch in the foot, which is attributed to the creature's large size and the limitations of supporting structures relative to body weight. The ankle is suggested to be set farther forward than in humans, leading to a disproportionate weight distribution on the front of the foot. The sole pad is described as thick and flexible, capable of conforming to uneven surfaces, such as a large stone that was stepped on, leaving deep indentations.

The toes are noted as being unusually uniform in size, with the first digit only slightly larger than the others, and arranged nearly straight across the front of the foot, contrasting with the more tapered human foot. The absence of flexion creases on the toes is also highlighted as a peculiarity not seen in primate feet.

Weight and Stature Estimation

Estimates of the creature's weight vary, with one calculation suggesting 4,000 pounds based on a metal plate test. However, the author refines this estimate, considering the impact of striding versus gradual pressing. Based on the depth of imprints and the flexibility of the sole pad, a more reasonable estimate for the weight is placed between 800-1,000 lbs (approximately 400 kg). This weight, combined with the foot size, suggests a heavy-set build.

The stature is estimated to be around 2.4-2.5 meters (approximately 8 feet), based on the stride length and a typical human body-to-leg ratio. This stature, combined with the estimated weight, indicates a creature significantly larger and heavier than a typical human.

Ruling Out Other Animals and Hoaxes

The article systematically rules out other animals, including bears, based on the size, shape, and anatomical features of the tracks. Ape feet are also considered but do not match the observed characteristics, particularly the lack of opposable first digits and the specific toe arrangement.

The possibility of a human hoax is thoroughly examined. The author notes the difficulties a hoaxer would face, such as penetrating a closed U.S. Forest Service area without detection, managing a long stride, and accurately replicating the complex anatomical details of the footprints, including the dermal ridges and unique foot morphology. The author suggests that a hoaxer would need prior knowledge of specific, unpublished details about Sasquatch tracks.

Discussion and Implications

Experts who have examined the casts, including police fingerprint specialists, physical anthropologists, pathologists, and zoologists, generally agree that the imprints represent primate friction skin. However, opinions diverge on how this skin might have been transferred to the tracks. Some police experts are willing to state categorically that the prints represent a real, unknown animal. Critics, such as a mammalogist at the Smithsonian Institution, suggest the skin might have been transferred via silicone rubber casting.

The author concludes that the detailed anatomy of the tracks is inconsistent with known animals and extremely difficult to fake. The simplest resolution is that the footprints and descriptions of a giant, hairy, bipedal hominid refer to the same animal. The article suggests that the scientific community's reluctance to accept the evidence is partly due to the implications of missing such a significant species and the history of fakery in the field.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the detailed anatomical analysis of Sasquatch footprints, emphasizing the scientific rigor applied to distinguish them from known animals and potential hoaxes. The editorial stance supports the interpretation that the tracks provide substantial evidence for the existence of a large, unknown hominid, despite skepticism from some scientific circles. The article advocates for a serious consideration of the evidence, particularly the detailed dermatoglyphic and anatomical features of the casts.

Title: CRYPTOZOOLOGY
Issue: Vol. 2, No. 2
Date: 1983
Publisher: International Society of Cryptozoology
Country: Canada
Price: $10.00

This issue of Cryptozoology features several articles exploring evidence for unknown or relict creatures, with a focus on Sasquatch, sea serpents, and the role of folklore in cryptozoological research.

Sasquatch Anatomy and Dermatoglyphics

The lead article, by Grover S. Krantz, delves into the dermatoglyphic evidence from Sasquatch footprints. Krantz presents the opinions of several experts who examined casts and photographs of these prints.

Tatyana Gladkova, a dermatoglyphics expert from the USSR Institute of Anthropology, noted that the dermal ridges were arch-type and directed distally, with visible sweat pores. She concluded that if it were a fake, it would be a "brilliant fake" created by someone highly skilled in dermatoglyphics.

Mikhail Urisson and Vladimir Volkov-Dubrovin, also from the USSR Institute, agreed with Gladkova's assessment.

Henrietta Heet, from the USSR Academy of Sciences, agreed with Krantz's opinion on the footprints, noting that the dermal ridge structure was very much like that of humans, with larger openings for sweat pores due to the larger ridges. She also observed irregularities in the ridge lines that could be due to the unevenness of the soil or potential skin injuries, similar to irregularities found in human fingerprints.

Douglas M. Monsoor, a Certified Latent Print Examiner from Lakewood, Colorado, examined original casts and found the ridge structure consistent with human dermal ridges, exhibiting minute characteristics and patterns similar to those on a human foot. He believed the ridge structure was concurrent with the impression and not added later, stating that he could "conceive of no way in which it could have been done" if it were a hoax, and that it appeared to be casts of "original impressions of a primate foot—of a creature different from any of which I am aware."

Robert D. Olsen, Sr., a Criminalist from the Kansas Bureau of Investigation, also examined photographs and Silastic lifts. He concluded that the tracks were consistent with the impressions of an actual living primate foot, with ridges and pores matching real primate skin. He stated that a faker would need extraordinary knowledge of fingerprinting, dermatoglyphics, and gross anatomy, making the effort "beyond the realm of believability."

Edward Palma, a fingerprint examiner from Wyoming, examined latex lifts and cast copies. He opined that the casts represented footprints of a "living higher primate of an unknown species." He noted the foot was too wide for a human of its length and that the ridge patterns were detailed and consistent with real friction skin. He concluded that faking such prints would be "impossible."

Benny Kling, an instructor at the Law Enforcement Academy in Wyoming, also examined lifts and casts. He stated the tracks showed characteristics of a real higher primate footprint, with ridge details duplicating human feet. He noted that the prints indicated an unusual proportion of body weight fell on the front of the foot and that the arches were flat. Kling concluded that the prints could not be from a human or any known animal, and that a hoaxer could not have manufactured them due to their dermatoglyphic correctness and the difficulty of engraving.

A Previously Unreported "Sea Serpent" Sighting in the South Atlantic

Paul H. Leblond presents a previously unreported "sea serpent" sighting from Captain J. Koopman's memoirs. In 1906, while steaming from the Mediterranean to Montevideo, Captain Koopman observed an enormous beast, estimated at about 60 meters long, overtaking his ship off the coast of Brazil, approximately 40 sea miles offshore from Pernambuco.

Koopman described the creature as having a monstrous head and a number of enormous dorsal fins, moving with vertical undulations. He and the wheelman initially kept the sighting secret for fear of ridicule. Koopman later learned of a similar sighting reported by Meade-Waldo and Nicoll in the same year and area, which encouraged him to share his account.

Leblond notes that the sighting occurred near the location reported by Meade-Waldo and Nicoll in 1906. While Koopman's description is less detailed than that of the trained naturalists, it mentioned a "number of dorsal fins" rather than a single large fin. The similarity suggests the possibility of the same kind of animal being observed. The sighting is categorized as potentially belonging to Heuvelmans' "many finned" class.

Vertical Flexure in Jurassic and Cretaceous Marine Crocodilians and its Relevance to Modern "Sea Serpent" Reports

Eric Buffetaut discusses the significance of vertical body undulations in sea serpent reports. He notes that while living fishes, amphibians, and reptiles typically swim with horizontal undulations, mammals and birds use vertical flexure. However, Buffetaut presents research by Bernard Krebs on Jurassic marine crocodilians of the infraorder Thalattosuchia.

Krebs' studies on the vertebral structure of Teleosauridae and Metriorhynchidae revealed strongly tilted zygapophysial facets, which allowed for vertical flexure, similar to whales, while restricting lateral bending. This means that some extinct reptiles could move with vertical undulations. Buffetaut argues that this demonstrates that reports of vertical flexure do not necessarily prove that a "hidden animal" is a mammal.

While acknowledging that many features of "sea serpent" reports are not compatible with crocodilians (such as thermic physiology and body shape), Buffetaut suggests that a few reports of crocodile-like "sea monsters" from tropical areas might be based on surviving thalattosuchians. He concludes that the ability of these extinct reptiles to achieve vertical flexure through convergent evolution should make researchers cautious when using vertical undulations as evidence for the mammalian nature of a "sea serpent."

Further Notes on the Role of Folklore in Hominology

John Colarusso examines Dmitri Bayanov's assertion that folklore is a valuable source for information on relict hominoids. Colarusso agrees that folklore can be useful but stresses the need for careful analysis by multiple experts to distinguish factual elements from emotive or fantastical ones.

Colarusso contrasts two types of tales: fact-like and emotive. He uses an Ubykh tale about a hair-covered "wild man" attracted by campfires and a Bella Coola tale about a Sasquatch. The Ubykh tale, despite some fantastical elements, contains potentially factual details like the existence of hair-covered hominoids in the Caucasus, their attraction to fire or meat smells, and their announcement of approach by screaming.

In contrast, the Bella Coola tale describes encounters with a Sasquatch that exhibits cooperative behavior, an interest in clams, and tree-striking behavior (interpreted by Bayanov as a method for knocking down dead trees for larvae). However, the tale also includes emotive elements like the Sasquatch's fright and odd happenings such as a gun failing to fire, which could be attributed to fear or natural causes.

Colarusso emphasizes that folklore is expressive, not assertive, and that its figures often reflect feelings and fears rather than direct representations of reality. He argues that for hominology, tales lacking mystical or numinous features are more likely to yield useful data. He concludes that while folklore can provide clues, it must be analyzed critically by linguists, folklorists, cultural anthropologists, and primatologists to extract reliable information about relict hominoids.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently explores the boundaries of known zoology and the evidence for creatures that defy conventional classification. The articles demonstrate a critical approach to evidence, whether it be physical traces like footprints, eyewitness accounts of marine phenomena, or traditional folklore. The editorial stance appears to favor rigorous scientific scrutiny and interdisciplinary analysis when investigating cryptozoological claims, advocating for caution against premature conclusions and highlighting the potential for misinterpretation of data.

Themes: Cryptozoology, Sasquatch, Sea Serpents, Folklore, Paleontology, Dermatoglyphics, Animal Behavior.
Tags: Sasquatch, Bigfoot, relict hominoid, dermatoglyphics, footprints, sea serpent, marine reptile, thalattosuchia, folklore, Ubykh, Bella Coola, cryptozoology, animal behavior, paleontology.

This issue of Cryptozoology, Volume 2, published in 1983 by the International Society of Cryptozoology, features research reports and field reports on various unknown animals. The cover highlights research on the attitudes of scientists towards supposed unknown animals in Loch Ness and Northwest America, alongside field reports from expeditions.

Research Reports: Attitudes of Biological Limnologists and Oceanographers Toward Supposed Unknown Animals in Loch Ness

This article by James E. King and J. Richard Greenwell presents findings from a survey of 300 Ph.D.-level scientists in North America, including 100 biological limnologists and oceanographers. The survey investigated their attitudes towards "Nessie" (Loch Ness Monster) and "Sasquatch" (Bigfoot).

• Key findings include:
• Nessie: Almost 39% of biological limnologists and oceanographers accepted Nessie as a real animal "still unknown to science." About 65% believed the subject should be studied by scientists, but only 23% supported government funding for such research.
• Sasquatch: Only 12.5% accepted Sasquatch, with over 78% attributing reports to imagination, hoaxes, and myths.
• Reasons for Rejection: The primary reasons for rejecting Nessie and Sasquatch were the lack of fossil evidence and specimens (or parts of them). For Nessie, 48.4% cited lack of specimens, while for Sasquatch, 84.4% cited lack of bones.
• Impact on Science: A discovery of Nessie was predicted to have a "slight impact" on science by 54.8% of respondents, while only 22% believed Sasquatch would have a similar impact.
• Literature Awareness: A majority (77%) of respondents had read scientific literature on Nessie, compared to only 22% for Sasquatch. About a quarter were aware of Roy Mackal's book on Nessie, and less than a quarter were aware of John Napier's book on Sasquatch.

The authors conclude that there is less skepticism about Nessie than Sasquatch, although both are doubted. They suggest that Nessie reports are often based on misidentifications, imagination, hoaxes, and myths, but scientists are willing to support investigation if government funds are not involved.

Field Reports: Results of the First Congolese Mokele-Mbembe Expedition

This report by Marcellin Agnagna details an expedition to the Likouala region of the Republic of the Congo in April-May 1983, aimed at investigating reports of the Mokele-Mbembe, an animal described as similar to sauropod dinosaurs.

• Key aspects of the expedition:
• Team: The expedition included biologists, zootechnicians, engineers, and representatives from various ministries.
• Journey: The team traveled from Brazzaville to Epena, then by dugout down the Likouala River, eventually reaching Lake Telle, a reported habitat of Mokele-Mbembe.
• Observations: While observing Lake Telle, the author and two villagers reported seeing a strange animal with a wide back, long neck, and small head, estimated to be about 5 meters visible above the waterline. The animal was observed for 20 minutes. The author attempted to film it but inadvertently started filming with the lens cap on.
• Evidence: Indications of a large animal were uncovered at Bolelo pool. At Djeke, unidentified footprints were found. A local hunter reported seeing a long-necked animal eating vegetation in the water on three separate occasions.
• Local Accounts: Villagers provided accounts of encounters, including an event in May 1980 near Mokongo where a large animal caused destruction, and an incident near Edzama where a large animal appeared when a girl's dugout was stuck.
• Fauna: The Likouala region is rich in wildlife, including buffalo, forest elephants, gorillas, and various bird and reptile species. The lake itself is shallow with dark water and a muddy bottom.
• Conclusion: The expedition was considered highly successful, with the animal observed at Lake Telle and supporting evidence from local accounts. The author believes the Mokele-Mbembe could be a surviving sauropod dinosaur.

Field Reports: Further Investigations into the Biological and Cultural Affinities of the Ri

This report by Roy Wagner, J. Richard Greenwell, Gale J. Raymond, and Kurt Von Neda describes fieldwork conducted in New Ireland, Papua New Guinea, in June-July 1983, to investigate reports of an aquatic animal called the "Ri" by the Barok natives.

• Key aspects of the investigation:
• The Ri: Described as a marine animal with a fish-like lower trunk and flukes, but a human-like upper trunk and head, approximately human-sized. It is distinguished from the dugong.
• Expedition Objectives: 1) Conduct interviews with natives for details on Ri behavior and ecology. 2) Locate physical remains of the Ri. 3) Attempt to observe, film, or photograph the animal, or capture a live specimen.
• Methodology: Interviews were conducted in villages, including Korapun and Nokon. Attempts were made to investigate reefs and rivers where the Ri was reportedly seen.
• Interviews and Accounts: Villagers provided accounts of Ri sightings and interactions. One account described a "Ri killing" in the mid-1970s, though there was dispute over whether the animal was a Ri or a dugong. A "doctorboi" described the animal as having a human-like upper torso and arms fused to the body, with flippers instead of feet.
• Challenges: The expedition faced difficulties, including inclement weather, rough seas, and a local funeral which necessitated a postponement of overt activities. Obtaining accurate information was challenging due to local reticence.
• Nokon Sighting: The team proceeded to Nokon, where villagers referred to the animal as "Ilkai." They described it similarly to the Ri, with a human-like upper torso and head, peculiar mouth, fused arms with flippers, and fused legs terminating in flippers.
• Conclusion: The expedition gathered significant information, but further investigation is needed. The authors suggest the Ri might be a marine mammal unknown to science.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of Cryptozoology consistently focuses on the exploration of unknown animals and the scientific investigation of anecdotal evidence. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded inquiry, encouraging scientific study of cryptozoological phenomena while acknowledging the need for rigorous evidence. The articles highlight the challenges and methodologies involved in field research for elusive creatures, contrasting scientific skepticism with the persistence of eyewitness accounts and local folklore. The publication promotes the idea that cryptozoology is a legitimate area of scientific pursuit, deserving of further investigation and funding, even if current evidence is limited.

Title: CRYPTOZOOLOGY
Issue: 2
Volume: 2
Date: 1983
Publisher: International Society of Cryptozoology
Country: USA
Language: English
ISSN: 0735-8204

This issue of Cryptozoology features two main field reports: one on the Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation (LCPI) in 1983 and another detailing observations of an unknown marine animal in New Ireland.

LCPI Work at Lake Champlain, 1983

This report by Joseph W. Zarzynski details the 1983 fieldwork conducted by the Lake Champlain Phenomena Investigation (LCPI) aimed at identifying the unknown animals in Lake Champlain, commonly known as "Champ." The fieldwork involved 29 days of camera, sonar, and scuba monitoring sessions. The primary objectives were to maintain periodic field operations, document sightings, and encourage legislative protection and scientific inquiry into the existence of these animals.

Introduction and Methodology

The LCPI's work in 1983 continued previous efforts, focusing on surface surveillance with binoculars and cameras, underwater surveys using sonar and scuba monitoring, and documenting sightings. The report notes that evidence for "Champ" dates back to French explorer Samuel de Champlain's 1609 expedition, with Indian mythology also reinforcing the existence of large underwater serpents. The LCPI's 1983 fieldwork included monitoring with various cameras, including 35 mm, super 8 mm movie, and long-range television cameras, as well as binoculars. Five days were dedicated to using a modified Raytheon DE725C sonar unit, deployed via scuba diving. Lake surface surveillance was conducted at numerous locations around Lake Champlain, and vessel surveillance was done from an inflatable boat. Specific dates for these operations are listed, spanning from January to September 1983.

Results and Sightings

While the 1983 field operations did not yield visual surface sightings of unidentified animals, nor did sonar and scuba sessions produce possible "Champ" targets or physical remains, the LCPI did collect a number of new reported "Champ" sightings, most occurring in 1983. As of the writing of the report, 22 sightings from 1983 had been catalogued, with four more awaiting documentation. A total of 198 sightings of "Champ" had been collected by the LCPI to date. The report provides a summary of 22 recorded sightings from 1983, detailing the date, witnesses, location, and description of the alleged sightings. These descriptions often mention humps, heads, necks, and varying lengths, with some reports suggesting the presence of multiple animals.

Future Plans

The LCPI intends to continue its field operations at Lake Champlain, employing similar strategies. Hopes are to attract professional organizations to donate equipment and services, pursue historical research, conduct public education, and advocate for the "Champ resolution" in Vermont, New York, and Quebec. Future research will also focus on studying the possible food sources of "Champ" to better understand its behavior, using a more empirical approach with sonar, scuba, and photography to aid in search procedures and identification.

Field Reports: New Ireland Sightings

This section details investigations into an unknown marine animal in New Ireland, referred to locally as the "Ilkai" or "Ri." The report describes a month-long expedition involving visits to villages and direct visual contact with the animal.

Methodology and Observations

The expedition aimed to gather information from aboriginal peoples and establish direct visual contact. Villagers believed the "Ilkai" had human affinities and was seen daily at dawn and dusk. On July 5, 1983, Raymond observed an unidentified animal in shallow water near Nokon Bay, described as light brown, without a dorsal fin, head, or tail. Fish were seen to jump from the water, seemingly avoiding capture. This observation lasted about 20 minutes. Later, Wagner and Greenwell also observed the animal, which they described as dark and slender, surfacing with a sharp roll approximately every 10 minutes. Its tail, with definite mammalian flukes, hovered above the surface. Attempts to photograph the animal were difficult due to its speed and brief surfacings.

Attempts at Capture and Identification

An attempt was made to capture the animal using a net in Nokon Bay, but this was unsuccessful. The report discusses the possibility of the animal being a dugong, but dismisses this due to its rapid movement, prolonged submergence, and extreme vertical flexure, which differed from typical dugong behavior. Other possibilities, such as finless cetaceans like the right whale dolphin and finless porpoise, were also considered and largely ruled out based on morphology, behavior, and known ranges. Marine mammalogists consulted were unable to identify the animal seen and photographed.

Cultural Context and Future Research

The report highlights the casual attitude of the local villagers towards the "Ilkai," noting that they observed it during routine activities without necessarily informing the research team. A test involving villagers identifying dolphins as "Ilkai" confirmed they could distinguish between the two. The expedition failed to locate physical remains but succeeded in gaining information and making photographic records. The authors conclude that the animal observed and photographed at Nokon was not a dugong and that, based on current knowledge, it remains unidentified, leaving open the possibility that it is a new species. Future plans include continued research and potentially a new expedition with improved equipment.

Book Reviews

This section includes reviews of three books:

Les Bêtes Humaines d'Afrique [The Human Beasts of Africa] by Bernard Heuvelmans

This lengthy book is reviewed by Pascal Tassy. It explores African great apes and Homo sapiens, detailing the history of relations between humans and apes, and Western interactions with African peoples. The review highlights the book's zoological and anthropological history, its references to early sightings and descriptions of African apes, and its discussion of debated topics like the survival of Neanderthal Man and the occurrence of australopithecines. Tassy notes the book's provocative elements and its exhaustive documentation of African folklore from a cryptozoological perspective.

Alien Animals by Janet and Colin Bord

Reviewed by Ronald M. Nowak, this book compiles reports of animals not scientifically described, as well as known animals exhibiting unusual behavior. The authors suggest that these creatures might be manifestations of a single phenomenon linked to psychic activity, hidden energy sources, or UFOs. The book covers five groups of creatures: reptiles, birds, dogs, cats, and hominoids, with a focus on British Isles reports. Nowak finds the book generally interesting, well-organized, and well-researched, covering folklore and modern reports up to the late 1970s.

A Geo-Bibliography of Anomalies: Primary Access to Observations of UFOs, Ghosts, and Other Mysterious Phenomena by George M. Eberhart (Comp.)

This massive compendium is reviewed as a valuable resource for cryptozoologists, surveying over 22,100 alleged anomalous events across North America, organized by geographic location. The reviewer notes its potential to transform unsystematic collections of phenomena into a serious data base. Eberhart's goal was to provide a detailed index-bibliography for scientific and historical anomalies. The arrangement by location is highlighted as a key feature, allowing users to find anomalies in their own geographical areas. The review points out the difficulty in obtaining the cited sources and suggests improvements for future editions, such as a publication source index and a more comprehensive subject index.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the investigation of unknown animals, both aquatic and terrestrial, and the challenges of documenting and identifying them. The articles emphasize the importance of field research, witness testimony, and the application of scientific methods, even when dealing with phenomena that defy conventional explanation. The cryptozoological perspective suggests an openness to possibilities beyond established zoological classifications, while also maintaining a critical approach to evidence and methodology. The book reviews further broaden the scope of cryptozoological inquiry, touching upon hominids, lake monsters, and other anomalous phenomena.

The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous investigation and documentation of anomalous animal reports, encouraging scientific inquiry while acknowledging the difficulties and uncertainties involved. There is a clear effort to present detailed accounts of expeditions, sightings, and research, alongside critical analysis and discussion of potential explanations.

This issue of CRYPTOZOOLOGY (Volume 1, Issue 2, 1983) features a collection of book reviews and a 'Comments and Responses' section. The publication is from the International Society of Cryptozoology, with an ISSN of 0739-7079.

Book Reviews

Incredible Life: A Handbook of Biological Mysteries

Reviewed by Marcello Truzzi, this book by William R. Corliss (The Sourcebook Project, 1981) is an enormous compilation of over 1,000 pages of published reports on biological curiosities, primarily in English. The book is part of a series of 'anomaly compilations' from the Anomaly Data Research Center, including titles on geological enigmas, astronomical anomalies, ancient artifacts, mental phenomena, and natural phenomena. 'Incredible Life' is divided into twelve chapters, each with sections on morphological phenomena, unusual physical abilities, behavior, biochemical anomalies, anomalous distribution, and unrecognized species. The latter two sections directly address cryptozoology, though the word is not used. The book contains 309 anomaly headings and nearly 800 articles/abstracts. Examples of headings include 'Caudal Appendage in Man,' 'Reports of Human Luminosity,' 'Mammal Behavior and Astronomy,' 'Fish With Unusual Appendages,' 'Unexplained Mass Deaths,' and 'Animals in Rocks.'

While praised for its comprehensiveness, the review notes issues such as the lack of a definition for 'anomaly' and questionable criteria for article selection. Some articles, though scientifically valid in their own fields, are deemed not to deal with anomalies. The author's stated criteria for selection were information contradicting current biological theories or raising personal questions. The book is considered successful in posing challenges to establishment science and stimulating controversy.

Topsell's Histories of Beasts

Reviewed by J. Richard Greenwell, this is an abridgement by Malcolm South (Nelson-Hall, 1981) of Edward Topsell's original 'Historie of Foure-footed Beastes' (1607) and 'Historie of Serpents' (1608). These works are significant as they represent the end of a series of encyclopedic zoological compilations in English, drawing heavily on Conrad Gessner. Topsell's work aimed to record all available knowledge of the animal kingdom, including physical appearance, nature, and economic uses. The review highlights the historical context of bestiaries and the shift from Christian symbolism to traveler's tales. South's abridgement, while bringing more of Topsell's work to attention, is criticized for significant omissions, reducing 130 general headings to 18 and excising many animals. The review also notes that South has taken liberties with the text, paraphrasing and modernizing spelling, which detracts from the original style. The typeface and illustration placement in South's edition are also critiqued compared to 'The Elizabethan Zoo' abridgement by Muriel St. Clare Byrne.

The Magic Zoo: The Natural History of Fabulous Animals

Reviewed by M. Justin Wilkinson, this book by Peter Costello (St. Martin's Press, 1979) examines the possible real-world origins of twenty fabulous beasts, including the unicorn, dragon, mermaid, phoenix, griffin, and manticora. The book is divided into three parts: 'Animals and Man,' 'Man and Animals,' and 'Modern Monsters.' Part Two, the main body, covers twenty chapters on specific creatures, often culled from medieval bestiaries. Costello aims to discover feasible explanations for these creatures, drawing from real-world phenomena, and also explores the history of these animals in Western thought. The review praises the book's readability, extensive references, and illustrations. However, the reviewer expresses a desire for more orientational overview, questioning the selection criteria for monsters and noting that some 'modern' monsters like Nessie and the Yeti are given short shrift. The reviewer also felt that some alternative arguments were left unexplored.

Comments and Responses

This section features critiques and responses regarding articles published in 'Cryptozoology'.

PARATAXA AND HYPOTHETICAL CONCEPTS-THEIR IRRELEVANCE TO CRYPTOZOOLOGY

This comment by David Heppell addresses an article by Bernard Heuvelmans on 'What Is Cryptozoology?'. Heppell argues that Heuvelmans misunderstands the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) regarding taxa, parataxa, and species. Heppell clarifies that parataxa were proposed for classifying fragments of fossil animals and that the concept is irrelevant to cryptozoology, which deals with putative extant animals. Heppell explains that trace fossils (ichnotaxa) are now treated as taxa under the ICZN, not as 'work of an animal,' and that names for such entities do not compete with names for whole animals. Heppell also refutes Heuvelmans' claim that a type specimen is required for legitimizing an animal species, stating that the Code does not mandate this, though it is desirable. Heppell criticizes Heuvelmans' interpretation of the Code regarding names established solely for the 'work of an animal' and the concept of hypothetical concepts, arguing that evidence such as reports, photographs, and tracks can form the basis for scientific names.

CRYPTOZOOLOGY, PALEONTOLOGY, AND EVIDENCE

This comment by Leigh M. Van Valen discusses the definition and scope of cryptozoology. Van Valen notes the ambiguity of the term 'cryptozoology' itself, contrasting it with the ecological term 'cryptozoa.' He acknowledges similarities between cryptozoology and paleontology but highlights differences, particularly concerning the necessity of undescribed extinct versus extant animals. Van Valen agrees on the usefulness of parataxa in some cases but not for scientifically undiscovered organisms. He suggests that the focus on large animals in cryptozoology is unusual from a paleontological and ecological perspective, given that most animals are small. He proposes that cryptozoology could be redefined as the study of the basis of animals of folklore, emphasizing the need for better evidence for important, surprising, or motive-conflicting phenomena.

GOLDEN MONKEYS, MACAQUES, AND WILDMAN

This comment by Leigh M. Van Valen responds to an article by Zhou on Wildman reports in the People's Republic of China. Van Valen notes that while Zhou reviewed evidence for Wildman's existence, his own research in Hubei Province in 1982, involving interviews and a hair sample, was not convincing. He mentions that the group supporting Wildman's existence consisted mainly of non-scientists, while skeptics were largely scientists. A 1980 conference in Wuhan reportedly failed to resolve the debate. Van Valen also comments on a specific point from Zhou's article regarding Wildman eating humans, stating that he heard nothing to that effect during his research.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the compilation and review of information on biological anomalies and historical zoological accounts. The 'Comments and Responses' section highlights a critical engagement with scientific nomenclature and the definition of cryptozoology, suggesting a rigorous approach to evidence and classification. The editorial stance appears to favor critical analysis and a clear distinction between scientific evidence and folklore, while acknowledging the value of investigating unexplained phenomena.

This issue of Cryptozoology (Volume 1, pages 158-171, dated 1983) is a collection of comments and responses to previously published articles, focusing on various cryptozoological phenomena and the study of anomalies. The content includes discussions on the 'Wildman' of China, mermaid-like creatures in Papua New Guinea, and the influence of media on public perception of cryptozoological subjects like the Loch Ness Monster.

Comments and Responses

The 'Wildman' of China

Frank E. Poirier, a physical anthropologist from The Ohio State University, comments on reports of the 'Wildman' in Hubei, China, as presented by 'Zhou'. Poirier notes that hair samples obtained were identified as belonging to the golden monkey (*Rhinopithecus roxellanae roxellanae*), with coloring overlapping that of macaques. He also discusses Zhou's mention of a higher incidence of genetic deformities and albinism in the Shennongjia area, concurring that individuals described as 'monkey children' exhibit genetic abnormalities. Poirier points out the lack of uniformity in eyewitness accounts of the 'Wildman', suggesting that too many different phenomena might be labeled as such, contradicting claims of consistent reporting of morphological aspects. He also touches upon reports of bipedalism and footprint casts, cautioning about potential inadequacies in their collection and analysis. Poirier expresses doubt about a direct evolutionary relationship between 'Wildman' and *Gigantopithecus* or *Ramapithecus*, suggesting that disputed phylogenies might be used to support the existence of mysterious creatures. He agrees that the nature of the 'Wildman' is not yet known, and that many sightings may indeed be of monkeys, leaning towards the golden monkey as a likely candidate for some reports.

Poirier emphasizes that investigating reports of the 'Wildman' and similar phenomena (like the Yeti and Sasquatch) falls within the domain of science. He finds the similarity of reports from different world regions impressive and questions the explanation that such similarity is merely due to the dissemination of information.

'Ri-ality: A Mermaid in the Hand?'

John R. Sibert, a Canadian marine biologist, comments on Roy Wagner's report about mermaid-like creatures off a remote island in Papua New Guinea, known locally as 'Ri'. Sibert frames the discussion around two questions: the objective reality of the phenomenon and what witnesses believe they have seen. He notes that Wagner's narrative describes an animal resembling a 'mermaid' that is reportedly well-known to local inhabitants but remains elusive when detailed observation is attempted. Despite the elusiveness, reports suggest the animal is substantial, with details about its flesh, fat color, axial skeleton, and even its cry of pain being known. Sibert finds it difficult to reconcile the objective reality of 'Ri' flesh with the creature's elusiveness.

Sibert, a cultural anthropologist, touches upon the New Irelanders' beliefs that 'Ri' are transmuted forms of first people or embodied spirits of an extinct clan. He acknowledges that different groups may hold different beliefs about the 'Ri'. However, he cautions against interpreting anecdotes that impinge on the Melanesian spirit world, given their recent Stone Age cultural environment where spirits had tangible reality. He draws a parallel to the lack of modern Irish cryptozoologists searching for leprechauns.

As a zoologist, Sibert speculates on the possible zoological interpretations of the 'Ri'. Based on Wagner's information, the 'Ri' have bloody flesh, yellow fat, breathe air, vocalize, have a humanoid upper torso with long dark hair, humanoid genitals, and mammalian breasts. Sibert suggests it is a mammal, possibly a cetacean due to whistles and lack of pectoral appendages, or a sirenian or otter-like creature due to the humanoid face and hair. He notes the local familiarity with dugongs and porpoises, suggesting the 'Ri' could be an unusual marine mammal. Sibert expresses hope that a 1983 expedition to New Ireland provided further evidence.

James G. Mead, a marine mammalogist, also comments on Wagner's article. Mead finds the article interesting but relies entirely on second-hand information. He states that Wagner's own sighting of a 'large, dark body swimming horizontally' was too distant to be confident it wasn't a dugong or large fish. Mead argues that Wagner needs to provide more evidence to convince readers that the 'Ri' is not a native tale based on the dugong. He notes that the natives distinguish the dugong (*bo narası*) from the 'Ri', but suggests that evidence of natives recognizing dugong or porpoise photographs, or having separate myths for the dugong, would bolster Wagner's case.

'Nessie Statistics' and Media Influence

Roy P. Mackal, Scientific Director of the now defunct Loch Ness Phenomena Investigation Bureau, comments on Bauer's article regarding 'Nessie Statistics'. Mackal finds Bauer's comparison of Nessie's public image to mermaids or unicorns too strong. He notes that Bauer's findings are interesting but lack statistical analysis, making comparisons difficult, especially when comparing percentages of different sample sizes. Mackal points out that only 3% of 97 'strong or utter belief' articles were labeled 'totally erroneous presentations', compared to 16% of 58 articles in the 'strong and utter disbelief' category, highlighting the need for statistical analysis.

Maurice Burton, a mammalogist and former Deputy Keeper at the British Museum, comments on Bauer's article, agreeing that the press has lost interest in Nessie, with the subject kept alive by books. He also agrees that people believe in Nessie as a solid-flesh entity due to a wish to believe, even without solid evidence. Burton recounts an incident where someone stated they would continue to believe in the Loch Ness Monster despite a convincing case against it, simply because they wished to.

Ron Westrum, a sociologist, also comments on Bauer's article, discussing distortions of tone, time, and place in press coverage of anomalous events. He references Walter Lippmann's 'Public Opinion' and argues that newspaper coverage of the Loch Ness Monster distorts scientific community opinion by presenting it more negatively than it actually is. Westrum explains that reporters prioritize newsworthy and credible content, often using stereotypes of monsters and observers. He notes that the time saved by relying on these stereotypes is crucial for reporters. The negative tone is attributed to the need for routine production, with humorous tones providing an 'angle'. Westrum suggests that finding scientific authorities is difficult and time-consuming, leading reporters to rely on less expert opinions or the press's own established narratives, creating a 'solipsism of the newspaper office'. He also discusses distortions of time and space, noting that while summer sightings are more frequent, the press coverage doesn't necessarily reflect this accurately, and that media coverage can create a 'wave' of anomaly reports that doesn't correspond to actual increases in sightings.

William R. Corliss, a compiler of reference works on anomalies, comments on Bauer's article, agreeing that newspaper science writers mold public attitudes. He includes popular science magazines and TV documentaries in this critique, describing them as presenting a 'sanitized picture' of science. Corliss argues that writers and scientists avoid appearing 'too far out' to maintain credibility and funding. He contends that scientists are funded by institutions that avoid tackling anomalies due to concerns about public image. Corliss concludes that progress in solving scientific anomalies will primarily come from individuals not accountable to the public or image-dependent institutions.

Hominology: A Realistic Response to a Realist

Dmitri Bayanov calls for a dialogue between 'realists' and 'folklorists' in the study of phenomena like Sasquatch. Wayne Suttles, a cultural anthropologist, responds by suggesting that Bayanov may be conflating philosophical positions with academic training. Suttles distinguishes between 'realists' who believe reports have a basis in reality and 'folklorists' who see them as expressions of human imagination. He argues that most people are not extremists and that the distinction is one of degree. Suttles also questions Bayanov's distinction between 'realists' and 'folklorists' based on academic training, suggesting that a folklorist can be a realist and vice versa. He agrees that hypotheses should be welcomed from any quarter and proposes formulating questions answerable by different disciplines. Suttles uses the example of hypothetical hominoid/hominid sexual attraction to Homo sapiens to illustrate how different disciplines can approach a question.

General Society Information

The issue also includes information about the International Society of Cryptozoology, its officers, board of directors, purpose, and membership details. It lists honorary members and provides instructions to contributors for submitting manuscripts to the journal 'Cryptozoology'. A book review is mentioned for 'Mammal Species of the World', a taxonomic and geographic reference.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the nature of evidence in cryptozoology, the challenges of distinguishing between eyewitness accounts, cultural beliefs, and objective reality. There is a strong emphasis on the role of the media in shaping public perception and the scientific community's engagement with anomalous phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, encouraging scientific investigation while acknowledging the complexities of interpreting anecdotal evidence and cultural narratives. The journal promotes a dialogue between different disciplines and perspectives, advocating for a rigorous yet open-minded approach to cryptozoological studies.