1989 - Controversy of the Circles P.Fuller & J.Randles

Magazine Overview

This document is a scanned issue of a publication titled "CONTROVERSY OF THE CIRCLES: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE CROP CIRCLES MYSTERY," compiled by Paul Fuller & Jenny Randles on behalf of BUFORA (British UFO Research Association). The cover date is June 1989, and it serves as a sequel and companion to their 1986 publication "Mystery of the Circles."

Introduction

The introduction states that the book forms BUFORA's position statement on the crop circles phenomenon before the summer 1989 "season." It is presented as a complete new publication, significantly expanded from the earlier work to account for major developments. The aim is to provide readers with all the necessary information to form their own opinions. The authors acknowledge that events have moved rapidly since their 1986 publication, especially with Dr. Terence Meaden publishing his theory and the associates of Flying Saucer Review, Colin Andrews and Pat Delgado, presenting their interpretations. BUFORA's involvement began almost by accident, but their role as a responsible investigatory body led them to evaluate all aspects of the debate. They promise surprising conclusions.

The table of contents indicates that individual chapters are attributed to specific authors, who take responsibility for their content, though the publication is a joint effort with heavy editing and input from both Fuller and Randles. The authors hope the examination is sensible and rational, prompting readers to think.

Contents Breakdown

The table of contents lists ten chapters:

• Chapter 1: A social history of the circles by Jenny Randles (page 3)
• Chapter 2: The UFOlogist's paradigm by Paul Fuller (page 30)
• Chapter 3: The circles characteristics by Paul Fuller (page 40)
• Chapter 4: The 'Hoax' theory by Paul Fuller (page 50)
• Chapter 5: The 'UFO' theory by Jenny Randles (page 56)
• Chapter 6: The 'Vortex' theory by Paul Fuller (page 66)
• Chapter 7: The BUFORA TORRO survey by Paul Fuller (page 87)
• Chapter 8: The London debates by Jenny Randles (page 94)
• Chapter 9: Implications for UFOlogy by Jenny Randles (page 96)
• Chapter 10: Conclusions and commentaries by Various (page 101)

Acknowledgments, addresses, and references are on page 111.

Chapter 1: A Social History of the Circles Phenomenon (Pages 3-8)

This chapter, authored by Jenny Randles, begins by noting the emergence of mysterious crop circles in the English West Country since the summer of 1980. It poses questions about their cause: hoaxers, extraterrestrial invasion, or natural/scientific explanation.

Early Discoveries and Context:

The chapter emphasizes the importance of setting the circles within their social and historical context to dispel false impressions. It states that the 'circles' first gained public attention on August 13, 1980, with three reported in oat fields owned by farmer John Scull in Westbury, Wiltshire. This area is near the 'White Horse Hill' and the town of Warminster, which had a history of UFO sightings in the 1960s.

Investigation and Initial Theories:

Ian Mrzyglod and colleagues from PROBE (an embryonic West Country UFO group) investigated the discovery. Mrzyglod, later a director of BUFORA, approached the case with a desire for studious investigation, aware of the probability of a down-to-earth explanation. On August 16, 1980, Mrzyglod and Mike Seager visited Scull's field. They learned that the first circle had been found in May, but the farmer only paid attention when two more appeared in an adjacent field on July 21 and July 31, 1980. By the time UFOlogists inspected the site two weeks later, only the latter two remained as the original circle had been harvested.

Characteristics and Military Denial:

The circles were described as slightly differing in size, close to 60 feet in diameter, and near circular, though not perfect. Mr. Scull's initial thought was a hovering helicopter due to military activity in the area. However, the military categorically denied responsibility, and it was later deemed unlikely that helicopters could produce such formations.

Meteorological Explanation and Historical Precedents:

Interesting features of the larger circle included a small spur at the one o'clock position and an indented spur at four o'clock. Despite studies by Bristol University, no immediate explanation was found. However, PROBE established contact with meteorologist Dr. Terence Meaden, who began to share information, leading towards a weather-based solution. The chapter then backtracks to historical precedents. It mentions that the Westbury circles were not the beginning of the phenomenon. A news story in the magazine 'Now' adopted the theme "did a spaceship create the marks?", creating a focus for the phenomenon. The chapter draws a parallel to the 1947 'flying saucer' sightings over Washington State, which received the name 'flying saucer' and led to increased sightings. It asserts that strange things were always visible but lacked a label or focused promotion.

Earlier Documented Cases:

• The chapter provides examples of earlier documented cases:
• Evesham Journal, June 10, 1960: A report headed "Flying Saucer at Evenlode?" described farmer William Edwards discovering "two mysterious circles, one inside the other" on his farm in eastern Gloucestershire. John Llewellyn investigated this for a London group.
• Whippingham, Isle of Wight, July 10, 1967: A long trail of 'UFO landing marks' were discovered after a dark mass sighting. The damage was compared to that caused by a short-lived travelling whirlwind.
• North Staffordshire (July 1973) and Northumbria (July 1977): These cases are mentioned as other instances where whirlwinds were reported as 'UFOS'.

These cases, documented in the media and UFO literature, are presented as evidence that the phenomenon has occurred long before 1980 and suggest a common weather-based denominator.

Further Historical Evidence:

The chapter also discusses a family near Waverton, Cheshire, who reported circle formations almost every year since 1981. These were initially assumed to be the product of rural animal life. Additionally, Joe Lawrence at Earl Shilton, Leicestershire, reported circles as far back as 1940-41, which he attributed to foxes. These cases, particularly the double ring formation in Cheshire, are highlighted as significant because double rings later became associated with an "intelligent" progression of patterns, suggesting that a natural phenomenon was at work long before such theories gained traction.

Hoaxing and Natural Solutions:

The chapter argues that hoaxing is unlikely for the Gloucestershire case due to its remote location. It suggests that if these were unique reports, they might seem less significant, but the fact that they are not unique strengthens the case for a natural explanation. The authors contend that resorting to esoteric explanations like spaceships is unnecessary when simpler resolutions are suggested. They argue that the recent spate of circle activity is an artifact of the social climate and media reporting, though more complex quintuplet sets might have fewer historical precedents and could be candidates for hoaxing.

International Cases:

The chapter notes that circles have appeared outside England, with awareness of this dating back to at least 1983.

Aix-en-Provence Case (1977):

Perry Petrakis of the French UFO Journal 'Ovni Presence' wrote about an alleged UFO landing investigated by the group A. E. S. V. on May 20, 1977, in Aix-en-Provence, France. A circle was found in a cereal crop, and investigators were able to demonstrate that a meteorological explanation was the most likely answer. This case is presented as crucial evidence towards understanding the circles phenomenon, suggesting that media and self-professed experts have ignored these facts.

Ken Rogers and the 'UFO' Theory:

The chapter identifies Ken Rogers as an early proponent of the connection between circles and UFOs, particularly in the Warminster area. He saw the circles as 'landing marks' of giant UFOs and promoted this idea in the magazine 'Now'. When more circles appeared in 1981 near Winchester, Rogers again spread the word to the media.

Cheesefoot Head Circles (1981):

Three new circles were discovered in a line at Cheesefoot Head, near Winchester, Hampshire. This location is significant as it lies on a line between Westbury and Stonehenge, leading to speculation about ancient alien forces. The chapter notes that the circles' plan was similar to ancient sites like Stonehenge, fueling theories about UFOs or power sources creating these formations.

Investigation and Media Reaction:

While local media focused on UFO theories and proposed solutions like helicopters and vandals, serious investigation continued privately. Ian Mrzyglod published a letter in 'Probe Report' (March 1981) from a Mr. W. Chester who witnessed "very localised whirlwinds" in calm conditions that described a spiral pattern, speculating they might be responsible for the 1980 Westbury circles.

Dr. Meaden's Whirlwind Theory:

In June 1981, Dr. Meaden addressed the UFO community in 'Probe Report,' attempting to bring sanity to the subject. He had previously written in the 'Journal of Meteorology' suggesting an obscure species of whirlwind caused the Westbury circles. He clarified that he was discussing a new type of atmospheric vortex. He stated that hundreds of minor whirlwinds are seen annually, with diameters up to 20 meters (60 feet), fitting the proportions of the largest known circles.

BUFORA and PROBE's Stance:

BUFORA and PROBE accepted Dr. Meaden's scientific solution, recognizing the importance of a rational approach. BUFORA distributed 'Probe Report' to its members to ensure awareness of the ongoing research.

Cheesefoot Head Investigation (December 1981):

Ian Mrzyglod and Terence Meaden collaborated in 'Probe Report' to summarize the investigation of the 1981 Cheesefoot Head circles. They described Dr. Meaden's novel idea of a whirlwind operating under special geographical conditions. While locals thought weather was the cause, the geometrical formation of a large central circle with smaller satellites seemed too artificial to be caused by random wind. However, Dr. Meaden asserted that the formation was consistent with known dynamics of air movement and local terrain.

Further Monitoring and Public Reaction:

PROBE suggested monitoring the Cheesefoot Head and Westbury sites in 1982. Doubts were raised about the whirlwind theory, with questions about meteorological office records and occurrences outside 'UFO rich' areas. Ian Mrzyglod commented that other circles might exist but lacked local UFO mythology to make them newsworthy. He also addressed how wind could create precise patterns and why whirlwinds creating circles were not witnessed or photographed.

Photographic Evidence (1982):

'Probe Report' (March 1982) featured photographs taken by Roy Williamson on August 18, 1976, in Essex. These five sequential photographs showed a small whirlwind moving slowly and creating swirled damage on the ground in a harvested cereal field. The chapter suggests that if this occurred in an unharvested field, the damage might be more uniform. This evidence, along with two known circle sets in southern England, tied into the July-August 'whirlwind season.' The chapter notes that three major whirlwind events reported as UFOs occurred between July 3rd and 10th. A photograph from Woodside, Hertfordshire, taken on July 10, 1976, showed a near-stationary whirlwind that did not create much ground damage.

Summer 1982 Disappointment and New Discovery:

The summer of 1982 brought a disappointment with no new circles found or reported. However, fate intervened when a reader of 'The Unexplained' magazine reported a crop circle discovered on August 10, 1982, which was then reported to the magazine as a strange anomaly.

Cley Hill Case (August 1982):

This new site, below Cley Hill west of Warminster, was a simple, straightforward circle of about 50 feet diameter. It was remarkable for its location, a famous skywatching vantage point. Ian Mrzyglod visited on August 27 and found a second, larger circle in an adjacent field. The crop had been harvested, but the circle was still evident. Local farmers supported the whirlwind theory, having personally seen whirlwinds and smaller circles in their fields. Mrzyglod inspected a 15-foot diameter circle that showed evidence of less severe wind, creating a less perfect effect, concluding it was the result of a smaller, travelling whirlwind.

Probe Report's Conclusion (October 1982):

'Probe Report' concluded that BUFORA had accepted the whirlwind theory as the probable answer. They supported plans for continued site monitoring in 1983. The lack of UFO sightings or hoaxes reported in connection with the circles was noted as significant. The report optimistically suggested that "maybe at last an element of common sense has finally infiltrated (the subject)."

FSR - Flying Saucers Responsible?

This section introduces Pat Delgado, a retired design engineer who became involved in the circles mystery. He wrote for 'Flying Saucer Review,' reporting his discovery of the mystery on August 19, 1981. His speculative article (March 1982) described his visit to the Winchester site and his persuasion that "the rings could only have been made by something descending on to the field."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this section of the document is the investigation into the cause of crop circles, with a strong emphasis on debunking sensationalist UFO theories and promoting a rational, scientific explanation, primarily based on meteorological phenomena like whirlwinds. BUFORA and PROBE are presented as responsible investigative bodies advocating for evidence-based conclusions, contrasting with more excitable or sensationalist approaches found in some media and UFO circles. The document highlights the historical context of crop circle reports, suggesting they are not a new phenomenon and have likely natural origins predating modern UFOlogy. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of a grounded, scientific approach, urging readers to consider all evidence before jumping to extraordinary conclusions.

This issue of "Bufora", published by the National Investigations Committee, delves into the complex and often sensationalized phenomenon of crop circles during the 1980s. It critically examines the various theories proposed, the role of media in shaping public perception, and the efforts of researchers to find rational explanations.

The Early Years and Pat Delgado's Approach

The issue begins by detailing Pat Delgado's initial steps in investigating the crop circle phenomenon. Instead of pursuing scientific avenues like consulting meteorologists or analyzing samples, Delgado opted for immediate media engagement, contacting BBC and ITV to publicize the circles. This approach, the article suggests, contributed to a burgeoning "media mythology."

Delgado also claimed to have discovered other circle sets and speculated about UFOs being responsible, linking them to a past close encounter story. However, the article questions the validity of this connection due to a discrepancy in dates.

The 'Delgado Effect' and Media Hysteria

Delgado later developed his theory of the "Delgado Effect," a supposed new force of nature, which he demonstrated with a simple experiment involving plasticine, a needle, and a milk bottle top. The article questions whether this is a new phenomenon or a known one.

The summer of 1983, noted for its hot weather, saw a surge in crop circle reports. This period also coincided with a media "hysteria" that BUFORA, an organization focused on UFO research, sought to temper. Ian Mrzyglod, a proponent of sensible reviews, had published an article that was overshadowed by the "UFO-link" that FSR began to promote.

BUFORA's Stance and Meteorological Explanations

BUFORA, along with researchers like Dr. Meaden and Ian Mrzyglod, focused on finding a resolution to the phenomenon. Dr. Meaden, an expert in electronic engineering, described the human body's "radiating thermal field" and its connection to moving air, suggesting a potential link to the "Delgado Effect."

BUFORA's primary stance was to support a natural explanation, often attributing the circles to whirlwinds or tornadoes. They actively worked to provide responsible coverage and counter exaggerated myths, often clashing with publications like FSR, which seemed to favor UFO explanations.

The Role of Hoaxes and Media Manipulation

The issue highlights several instances of alleged hoaxes. In one significant case, Alan Shepherd and his son Francis admitted to faking a set of five circles at Westbury, a hoax supported by the Daily Mirror. This incident was intended to prove a point and was timed to coincide with media interest generated by the Express.

Media Coverage and Public Perception

The media's role in sensationalizing the crop circle phenomenon is a recurring theme. Newspapers like the Daily Express, Daily Star, and even more reputable publications like The Guardian and New Scientist are discussed in relation to their coverage. BUFORA often found itself in a position of correcting misinformation and providing a more grounded perspective.

Specific Incidents and Formations

The document details various specific crop circle formations and incidents:

• 1981: A formation at Cheesefoot Head with one large circle and a smaller satellite.
• 1983: Quintuplet patterns at Cheesefoot Head and Westbury, and a triangle formation noted by Pat Delgado.
• 1985: Six sets discovered, including a quintuplet at Alfriston, Sussex, where a "hazy mist" was observed.
• 1986: A ringed circle at Cheesefoot Head with a unique swirling pattern, and a second, smaller formation appearing in daylight. Two poorly outlined circles were also found in Alfriston.

Criticism and Skepticism

BUFORA faced criticism from some within the UFO community, who accused them of "selling out" by not supporting UFO explanations. Publications like FSR were particularly critical, often sarcastically dismissing BUFORA's findings and promoting more speculative theories.

The 'Planetary Poltergeist' and Other Theories

As the phenomenon continued, more esoteric theories emerged, such as Dr. Bernard Finch's suggestion of a "planetary poltergeist" force. The article also touches upon the media's tendency to link crop circles to UFOs, even when presented with more mundane explanations.

BUFORA's Efforts and Future Plans

Despite the challenges, BUFORA remained committed to its research and to providing a balanced perspective. They planned a booklet titled 'Mystery of the Circles' to summarize their findings and counter the prevailing UFO narrative. The organization aimed to use press launches and public debates to ensure responsible media coverage.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes throughout this issue are the persistent media sensationalism surrounding crop circles, the contrast between UFO-driven speculation and grounded meteorological explanations, and the ongoing efforts of organizations like BUFORA to maintain scientific integrity and public credibility. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of rational, evidence-based investigation, critical of unsubstantiated claims, and wary of the media's tendency to amplify sensationalism over substance. The article emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between genuine phenomena and hoaxes, and the need for researchers to speak out when hoaxes are identified to avoid discrediting the entire field.

Title: Bufora
Issue: Pages 21-28
Date: 1988
Publisher: National Investigations Committee

This section of Bufora, spanning pages 21 through 28, delves into the ongoing mystery of crop circles, primarily focusing on events and discussions from 1988. It details the efforts of organizations like BUFORA (British UFO Research Association) and individuals such as Pat Delgado, Colin Andrews, and Dr. Terence Meaden in investigating and interpreting these phenomena. The content highlights the differing perspectives on the cause of the circles, the media's role in reporting on them, and the scientific community's engagement with the subject.

BUFORA's Press Launch and Media Engagement

The issue begins by describing BUFORA's press launch in London for 'Mystery of the Circles' on July 13th, the same day a ringed circle appeared at Westbury, similar to one at Cheesefoot the previous weekend. The aim was to encourage responsible press stories and prevent sensationalism from tabloids. This strategy yielded further press coverage, including a lengthy interview with the author in The Guardian titled 'Ringing the changes,' which explored both weather-based and hoaxing interpretations.

Key Events and Discoveries in 1988

More crop circles were reported in 1988, with a notable incident being the September demarking at the Devil's Punchbowl with the words 'WEARENOTALONE.' A farmer, Lt Col Bruce, destroyed the evidence, but aerial photographs were preserved by Pat Delgado and his pilot friend 'Busty' Taylor. The summer of 1988 saw over 30 circle formations across 14 sites, including a unique double-ringed circle and quintuplet varieties at Cheesefoot Head.

Debates on the Cause of Crop Circles

Pat Delgado suggested that UFOs or an unknown force field could be responsible, admitting 1987 had been a 'bumper year.' Local press entertained various theories, from collapsing archaeological sites to remote-controlled model aircraft used by hoaxers. Rex Dutta, an UFO enthusiast, alleged that the government had erected 'Secret electronic towers' to monitor the rings, which he believed were proof of alien communication. The Ministry of Defence denied this, and the structures were identified as drilling rigs.

BUFORA's Research Approach and Collaboration

BUFORA's main activity in 1987-88 involved coordinating a jointly funded research project with TORRO (the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation) to study the frequency and occurrence of crop circles. This project aimed to provide invaluable information on the phenomenon's nature, extent, and the attitudes of local farmers, moving beyond sensational media speculation.

Criticisms and Counter-Theories

Editor Gordon Creighton of 'Bufora' was critical of those supporting weather-based solutions, including Paul Fuller, Dr. Meaden, and others. The publication aimed to document evidence and allow readers to judge BUFORA's stance, suggesting that FSR (possibly referring to a rival organization) focused on 'unknown intelligence' rather than discussing evidence like vortex-created circles.

Dr. Meaden and TORRO developed a theory based on their eight years of research, which BUFORA decided to present in a new booklet as a companion to Meaden's scientific thesis. This period also saw increased media attention, sometimes described as 'Star Wars,' due to the polarized views of different groups.

Professor Archie Roy of Glasgow University described the rings as a 'tremendously intriguing mystery.'

Media Coverage and Expert Opinions

BUFORA had a close liaison with Dr. Terence Meaden since 1980, initially leaning towards a meteorological solution. However, they aimed to demonstrate that UFOlogists were not solely gullible and would exhaust conventional scientific possibilities. The issue highlights Dr. Meaden's decision to address a meteorology conference in Oxford in June 1988, presenting his 'whirlwinds' theory, which was covered by The Observer.

A significant circle discovery in Leicestershire in July 1988, initially reported as 'UFO' rings, was investigated by Clive Potter and Ernie Still for BUFORA. While BUFORA tried to downplay the UFO theory, Pat Delgado and Colin Andrews arrived on the scene, claiming to have recorded high radiation levels and 'high energy fields,' asserting it was 'no hoax.'

Rivalries and Scientific Debate

The Leicester Mercury reported on 'squabbles' between experts, with Dr. Meaden criticizing fellow investigators for believing circles were formed by UFOs and calling their explanations 'fantasy.' Colin Andrews reacted strongly, calling the whirlwind theory 'simplistic' and suggesting the circles were intelligently locating themselves. He also alluded to 'chilling facts' not yet released.

The media continued to explore these debates, with The Winchester Gazette & Extra reporting on the disagreement between Meaden and Delgado/Andrews. The latter groups expressed disgust at Meaden's adamant stance on whirlwinds, finding the meteorological office's reaction to his theory amusing.

Notable Features and Investigations

A lengthy article in the Sunday Observer by Andrew Stephen explored the crop circle phenomenon, interviewing Professor Archie Roy and Colin Andrews. Stephen noted Andrews' claims about circles locating near ancient sites and military establishments, and his contributions to 'Flying Saucer Review.' Stephen also met Terence Meaden, who clarified his long-standing vortex theory, contrasting it with Andrews' more recent involvement.

BUFORA's Stance and Future Outlook

BUFORA stated its commitment to presenting facts and allowing readers to judge, contrasting its approach with groups that might select data to support their case. The publication emphasizes its long involvement in the mystery, predating many other researchers.

Further Developments and Theories

In late 1988, BBC television's 'Country File' aired a documentary on circles, featuring interviews with Andrews and Meaden, who maintained their differing views. The issue also mentions a vortex-creating circle witnessed by Melvyn Bell, described as a 'swirl of debris.' Ken Rogers, formerly of the British UFO Society, claimed circles were spacecraft landing sites, a theory that Paul Fuller attempted to counter.

In 1988, thirteen circles appeared near Silbury Hill, attracting the attention of Ralph Noyes, a retired Under Secretary from the Ministry of Defence interested in novel energy phenomena.

The Ozone Layer Hypothesis

By March 1989, a new theory emerged, reported in the Sunday Express, linking crop circles to the hole in the Earth's ozone layer. Colin Andrews was invited to Tokyo to address an international conference, but his research team's grant application was rejected. The theory suggested that unprecedented atmospheric conditions caused by the ozone crisis were responsible for the baffling phenomenon. Andrews later qualified this as a 'possible connection,' stating that shifts in Earth's electro-magnetic conditions might be responsible.

The publication concludes by noting the ongoing nature of the controversy and BUFORA's commitment to watching and commenting with interest, advocating for rationality and a scientific answer while defending common sense.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

Recurring themes include the persistent debate between meteorological and UFO-based explanations for crop circles, the role of media in shaping public perception, and the internal dynamics and rivalries within the UFOlogy community. BUFORA's editorial stance is one of cautious investigation, emphasizing evidence-based reasoning, a desire for scientific credibility, and a critical approach to sensationalism. They advocate for a balanced presentation of facts and a rejection of unsubstantiated claims, positioning themselves as a rational voice in a complex and often polarized field.

This issue of 'Bufora', published by the National Investigations Committee, delves into the critical approach required for studying anomalous phenomena, with a particular focus on UFOs and the phenomenon of cornfield circles. The publication advocates for a rigorous, evidence-based methodology, emphasizing skepticism and the scientific method as essential tools for advancing the field of UFOlogy.

The UFOlogist's Paradigm and Skepticism

The document begins by defining the role of a UFOlogist as one who objectively records and evaluates phenomena to improve scientific knowledge. It stresses that the UFOlogist's Paradigm should not assume exotic explanations but rather entertain the possibility of inexplicable phenomena. A core argument is that a skeptical and questioning approach actually strengthens the claim for the existence of unrecognised phenomena within UFO data. This approach helps to prevent the presentation of questionable data to scientists, which could lead to the dismissal of all collected data and damage the credibility of UFOlogy. Skeptical UFOlogists aim to ensure that disguised Identified Flying Objects (IFOs) and dubious cases are filtered out, allowing genuine anomalies to be more confidently identified. This contrasts with debunkers, who reject anomalies outright, whereas skeptical UFOlogists seek explanations while remaining open to the possibility of novel phenomena.

The publication criticizes the tendency within some UFO circles to promote sensational and dubious cases, which it argues has led to the dismissal of UFOlogy by the scientific establishment. Examples are given of past instances where sensational claims, such as UFO bases at Stack Rocks or contactees' accounts of moon visits, have damaged the movement's credibility. The document warns against the continued promotion of myth-makers within UFOlogy.

The Cornfield Circles Phenomenon

The issue then turns to the phenomenon of cornfield circles, urging that explanations should first be sought from known, well-understood phenomena before resorting to unproven concepts like UFOs or 'Ley Lines'. The author questions the validity of attributing circles to 'intelligently controlled' UFOs without concrete, falsifiable evidence. The methodology proposed involves matching characteristics of the anomaly (circles) with characteristics of known phenomena. The document suggests that the theory of plate tectonics, or continental drift, serves as a good example of how an anomaly (coincidence in continental shapes) was explained by matching geological and biological features, demonstrating the scientific method.

The Hoax Theory and Alternative Explanations

The possibility that cornfield circles are hoaxes is presented as a primary consideration. The report indicates that later sections will present evidence for proven hoaxes and suggests that if some circles can be replicated by hoaxing, then all could potentially be hoaxes. The criteria for accepting an alternative theory, such as the Vortex Theory, requires it to successfully account for a higher proportion of the circles' characteristics than the hoax theory. The document acknowledges that some UFOlogists publicly claim UFOs create circles, citing eyewitness accounts, but insists that such claims require proof beyond reasonable doubt.

Criteria for Proving UFO Causation

Specific criteria are laid out for proving that 'intelligently controlled' UFOs are creating cornfield circles. These include demonstrating that all sampled circles are genuine (not hoaxed), that associated UFO reports are bona fide and have been properly investigated, and that a significant proportion of circles occurred simultaneously with UFO sightings at the same location. The report cautions against assuming a causal relationship based on mere temporal or spatial proximity, noting that military establishments might use such phenomena to cover up the testing of restricted equipment like Remotely Piloted Vehicles.

BUFORA's Principles and Investigation Methodology

The publication outlines the principles adopted by BUFORA (British UFO Research Association) during field investigations. These principles include the premise that most UFO sightings (90-95%) are identifiable in mundane terms and are likely to be reduced to IFO status. Investigators are encouraged to establish contacts with relevant scientific bodies (airports, weather centers, astronomical bodies) to gather data that could support or detract from mundane solutions. A 'Code of Practice' is mentioned, emphasizing that no unsupported statements should be made publicly before thorough analysis and follow-up by independent experts.

The Vortex Theory and Scientific Acceptance

The document discusses the Vortex Theory as a potential meteorological explanation for cornfield circles, acknowledging that it may initially seem 'ridiculous'. It argues that meteorologists should be given the opportunity to debate this theory responsibly, as dismissing it prematurely could be detrimental to UFOlogy's image if the theory is later proven scientifically valid. The authors express concern that UFOlogists might ridicule such research, missing a potential breakthrough in understanding anomalous phenomena.

Evidence for the UFO Theory

Regarding the evidence for the UFO theory concerning cornfield circles, the report states that it is 'sadly lacking'. It reiterates that after decades of failure, UFOlogists should avoid alleging exotic causes for these phenomena. The field of UFOlogy is described as an embryonic science, with participants having duties and responsibilities to advance knowledge and promote data responsibly. The document concludes by emphasizing that UFOlogists must be realistic, treat mundane explanations with respect, and allow theories to be evaluated by qualified individuals in an open-minded manner.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the importance of scientific rigor, skepticism, and evidence-based investigation in the study of anomalous phenomena. The editorial stance strongly advocates for a mature and responsible approach to UFOlogy, prioritizing credible explanations and cautioning against sensationalism and premature conclusions. The document champions the scientific method as the primary tool for understanding phenomena like cornfield circles, while acknowledging the need for open-mindedness towards potentially novel scientific explanations.

This document, published by the National Investigations Committee and associated with BUFORA, delves into the characteristics and potential causes of crop circles. It systematically debunks common explanations and examines the physical evidence left in the fields.

Analysis of Crop Circle Characteristics

Exclusion of Helicopter Downwash

The document begins by asserting that helicopter downwash cannot be the cause of crop circles. This is based on the radial spread of downwash, which cannot create the abrupt termination of effects seen in circles. This conclusion was supported by Lt Col Edgecombe of the Aviation Standards Branch and later verified by a BBC TV 'Country File' experiment in October 1988, where a Wessex Helicopter failed to replicate the effects.

The Swirl Pattern

A key characteristic is the distinctive swirl pattern, which emanates from a spiral centre, usually offset from the geometrical centre of the affected zone. The stems are laid in a radial pattern, suggesting a rotating mechanism. This is reinforced by stems being heaped against the outer circumference and occasional small tangential spurts into the surrounding crop. Some formations display two spiral centres or a 'starburst effect' restricted to the outer circumference.

Direction of Spin

Contrary to some reports, there is no strong bias towards a particular spin direction. Data from 1987 and 1988 indicates a slight majority for clockwise swirls (45.2% and 62% respectively), but anti-clockwise swirls are also prevalent (55% and 38%). In complex formations, outer satellite circles can spin in either direction, regardless of the parent circle. Some formations exhibit contra-rotations within the same circle or ring, with outer rings always contra-rotating with each other and the central circle.

Banding and Layering

Inspection reveals that groups of stems are compressed into identifiable 'ribs' or 'whirls', a characteristic that the authors claim cannot be convincingly recreated by hoaxing methods. Further examination shows crops laid down in distinctive layers, often pointing in highly divergent directions, with maximum divergence angles nearing 160 degrees. This layering is presented as a primary argument against the hoax theory, as no active researcher has been able to reproduce it.

Lack of Damage to the Crop and Surrounding Area

Surprisingly, there is normally little or no damage to the affected crop, with stems simply being sharply kinked just above the ground. The heads and stems are usually intact. While a few instances of snapped stems have been reported, this is attributed to visitors trampling on well-publicised sites. Extensive experimentation has demonstrated that mechanical depression methods always damage the crop in a recognisable way. Crucially, the surrounding crop is totally unaffected, with no indication of human interference like footprints.

Types of Crop and Location

While most circles are found in mature cereals like wheat and barley, virtually any arable crop can record the phenomenon, provided the stems are pliable. Dr Meaden's collection includes circles in wheat, barley, rye, oats, oilseed rape, mustard, runner beans, soya beans, grass, spinach, tobacco, sugarbeet, maize, rice, sand, dirt, and snow. Circles in long grass are quickly dispersed by wind. The implication is that a mechanism exists which normally goes unnoticed, but is recorded by pliable vegetation.

Characteristics of Circle Geometry

Shape: A common misperception is that circles are perfectly spherical. In reality, most formations display eccentricity, approximating ellipsoids with a shortest to longest diameter ratio of approximately 0.9. This characteristic is presented as ruling out simple pole and chain hoaxing methods, which would automatically produce a perfectly circular zone.

Size: Circles range from mini circles of about a metre in diameter to large formations over 20 metres, with the largest measuring up to 45 metres. The sheer size argues against them being simple hoaxes.

Variety of Formation Types: Researchers have identified nearly 20 different formation types, with new ones being discovered annually. This suggests a complex causal mechanism, possibly involving several similar causes rather than a single one.

Differences Between Components: Identifiable differences exist in the dimensions of individual circles within a formation, and their positioning is not always precise.

Time of Discovery: Many formations appear during the night, as they are typically discovered early in the morning by landowners. While this characteristic could suggest hoaxing, it does not necessarily imply all circles are hoaxes, as daylight circles are known.

Characteristics of Circle Locations

Topographical Location: Clusters of circles have appeared in specific sites in Southern England, notably Cheesefoot Head in Hampshire and Westbury White Horse near Bratton in Wiltshire. These locations are often tourist attractions with good views and nearby amenities. The document notes that these sites have long-established traditions and ancient names, which might suggest unusual occurrences have taken place there historically. The proximity to media centres is also highlighted as a factor in their publicity.

International Distribution: Similar circles have been reported from at least 12 countries, including the USA, Canada, Brazil, Australia, Japan, and Italy. While some of these may be 'UFO Nests' (shallow depressions), superficial comparisons suggest the phenomenon is widespread.

The Hoax Theory

The document addresses the persistent possibility of hoaxing, acknowledging that proven hoaxes have occurred and contributed to the impression that all circles are hoaxes. Specific examples are detailed:

• Wiltshire Times expose (August 1983): Alan and Francis Sheppard confessed to creating a hoaxed quintuplet formation, contracted by the Daily Mirror to hoax a circle next to a genuine formation.
• Chris Hutchins' confession (1986): A former Daily Mirror reporter admitted his involvement in the Westbury hoax, justifying it as "just a joke".
• Alfriston quintuplet (July 1984): A formation appeared near Dennis Healey's home, with the Daily Mail proclaiming a "giant spacecraft" responsible. BUFORA investigator Philip Taylor pointed out the coincidence with a similarly named location associated with mystery.
• John Dodds (August 1986): A freelance journalist contacted BUFORA, claiming to be writing a serious article. Subsequently, someone approached the Petersfield Post claiming photographic proof of hoaxing, leading to a demonstration at Froxfield.

The "Wessex Corridor" Myth

The document argues that the concept of a "Wessex Corridor" is an artificial construct. It attributes this to three factors:

1. The high concentration of arable crops in Southern England.
2. A high concentration of researchers focusing on the Wessex area, potentially overlooking other locations.
3. The close proximity of the national press (based in London) to the well-publicised Wessex locations.

The lack of media attention given to a 1988 Leicestershire formation, despite local interest, is cited as an example of this bias. The authors suggest that the "Wessex Corridor" serves to create a myth of intelligence behind the phenomenon, driven by vested interests in promoting a certain mythology.

Earliest Reported Circles

Research by Colin Andrews and Pat Delgado suggests anecdotal accounts of circle formations dating back to the 1940s in the UK. Meaden mentions accounts from Kent (1918) and Aberystwyth, Wales (1936). The authors posit that if circles are created by a natural process, identical accounts should be discoverable over many centuries and across nations, and the apparent absence of such reports requires detailed consideration.

Reporting of Circles

According to a BUFORA/TORRO Sample Survey, only about 10% of circle formations are reported, and an even lower proportion receive media publicity. Landowners are often reluctant to report circles due to fear of invasion by researchers and media, which can cause further damage. This makes evaluation difficult, as the media tends to focus on sensational or spectacular formations at well-known sites.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes revolve around the physical characteristics of crop circles, the scientific investigation of their formation, and the critical examination of explanations, particularly the debunking of hoax theories and the "Wessex Corridor" myth. The publication's stance is one of critical inquiry, favouring explanations grounded in observable evidence and challenging sensationalist interpretations. There is a clear emphasis on presenting data and analysis to support the argument against simple hoaxing and for a more complex, possibly natural, causal mechanism.

This issue of Bufora, published by the National Investigations Committee, delves into the complex phenomenon of crop circles, focusing heavily on distinguishing between genuine formations and deliberate hoaxes. It critically examines various claims of hoaxing and alleged UFO connections, presenting a detailed analysis of evidence and investigative procedures.

Hoaxing and Media Sensationalism

The publication begins by detailing several instances of crop circle hoaxing. It describes a demonstration by John Dodds, who, with accomplices, created a circular formation using a pole and chain, boasting about their ability to fool the public and the media. The article notes the lack of a true swirl pattern and layering in such hoaxes. It also recounts claims by farmhands from Cornwall who admitted to creating a formation by shuffling and rolling in the wheat, motivated by hearing about existing rings. The message "WEARENOTALONE" carved into wheat at Cheesefoot Head is also presented as a clear hoax. The role of the media in sensationalizing these events for profit is highlighted, with a BBC documentary showing the Andover Young Farmers Team demonstrating a hoaxing technique.

Another hoax discussed involves "The Fun Balloon Experimental Company," whose leader, Robin Vernon-Sprake, claimed to create circles using hot air balloons. However, the article dismisses this claim as a spoof, citing its impracticality and the sheer number of circles appearing globally over many years.

Distinguishing Hoaxed from Genuine Circles

Bufora outlines ten key characteristics that differentiate hoaxed circles from genuine ones. These include:

1. Layering and Banding: Hoaxed circles typically lack these features.
2. Crop Damage: Hoaxed circles often show broken crops, damaged heads, and broken stems, whereas genuine phenomena lay the crop flat without critical damage.
3. Spiral Pattern: Hoaxed circles frequently fail to display a well-developed spiral pattern.
4. Rotation: The 1986 Cheesefoot Head No 2 formation displayed clockwise rotation, a characteristic not seen in other known formations.
5. Appearance Time: Hoaxed circles usually appear in daylight, while genuine circles normally appear overnight.
6. Publicity: Hoaxed circles attract significant publicity, contrasting with the largely unreported nature of genuine formations.
7. Method: Hoaxed circles are often created by pole and chain, resulting in perfect circles, while 'real' circles are typically elliptical.
8. Center Hole: Hoaxed circles may have a suspicious pivot hole, absent in genuine formations.
9. Track Marks: Hoaxed circles often show suspicious track marks and footprints, while genuine formations, especially those appearing in wet conditions or predating tramlines, lack such evidence.

The article emphasizes that attempts to replicate genuine formations have failed, suggesting that the methods used for hoaxes cannot produce the complex features observed in real circles.

UFO Theories and Debunking

The issue then addresses the 'UFO theory' of crop circle formation, defining it as speculation linking crop patterns to intelligently controlled, non-human craft. While acknowledging that some phenomena might be genuinely anomalous, BUFORA (and by extension, this publication) prefers to avoid endorsing the concept of 'UFOs' creating the circles, fearing misunderstanding and sensationalism.

The publication scrutinizes claims made by researchers like Pat Delgado and Colin Andrews, who have sought 'unknown forces' and 'unknown intelligences' near circle sites. It criticizes the tendency to jump to 'alien' conclusions without rigorous investigation.

Several specific cases are analyzed to debunk UFO links:

• Mrs Joyce Bowles Sighting: A reported 'abduction' near Winchester in 1976, linked by FSR to later circles, is dismissed as spurious.
• Over Wallop Sighting (August 7, 1985): A woman reported seeing a central light with satellite lights. BUFORA suggests this was likely the planet Venus, especially given the timing and witness conditions.
• Winchester Sighting (July 6, 1985): A couple reported seeing a hovering UFO. Astronomical analysis strongly suggests this was the planet Jupiter, noting that such bright appearances can create a 'wheel spokes' illusion.

The article criticizes organizations like FSR for not thoroughly investigating these sightings to rule out conventional explanations, thereby perpetuating the myth of UFO involvement.

• Cheesefoot Head Sighting (July 4, 1986): An anonymous farm-hand reported seeing diffuse white lights. While circles were found nearby the next day, the connection is deemed tenuous.
• Winchester Extra Report (August 20, 1987): A 58-year-old man reported seeing a 'giant grey spaceship-like' object land in a cornfield in 1980. The article points out inconsistencies in the witness's account, the timing (years before circles appeared in that area), and the lack of evidence. It suggests the sighting was likely Jupiter, especially given the description of 'portholes' and the 'wheel spokes' illusion.

Paul Fuller's investigation into the Winchester Extra case revealed further contradictions and a lack of corroborating evidence, including the inability to see the claimed landing spot from the witness's location.

Conclusion and Editorial Stance

The publication concludes that while many crop circles are demonstrably hoaxes, the possibility of a genuine phenomenon remains. It stresses the importance of scientific rigor in investigations, differentiating between rational UFO possibilities and more speculative 'spaceship' ideas. The article argues that the media and some researchers often fail to make this distinction, leading to a conflation of all UFO-related discussions with sensationalist claims. The overall stance is one of critical analysis, prioritizing evidence-based conclusions over speculation, and highlighting the need for careful investigation to separate fact from fiction in the crop circle mystery.

This issue of "Bufora" (Volume 33, Issue 61-70, dated June 1988) from the National Investigations Committee focuses on the "Vortex Theory of Circle Formation," exploring the potential meteorological explanations for crop circles and related UFO phenomena. The publication critically examines eyewitness accounts and the work of various researchers and organizations.

Analysis of UFO and Crop Circle Cases

The issue begins by discussing a case involving alleged 'saucer' sightings and crop circles, noting that BUFORA considers the evidence to be of "very low quality." It then delves into a "tragic incident" from October 22, 1987, involving a British Harrier jump-jet that flew for over 400 miles on autopilot with its pilot missing, eventually crashing into the ocean. The pilot's body was found later, and the inquest concluded an ejector seat fault. Colin Andrews, however, felt the incident was connected to UFOs and noted its proximity to a site where crop circles had appeared the previous summer. The article questions this connection, suggesting it might be "ESP, intuition or wishful thinking."

Another significant case discussed is the spectacular multiple crop circle formations that appeared near Silbury Hill in July 1988. The article points out two critical facts that UFO supporters must consider: first, high-tension power lines crossed over one set of circles, suggesting a physical object could not have descended without affecting them; and second, the local electricity board reported no effects, questioning the possibility of a magnetic field causing the circles. The possibility of a hoax is also raised, with the discovery of numerous small footprints, some under flattened wheat, suggesting an attempt to mask tracks.

Mary Freeman reported a UFO sighting on July 13, 1988, near Silbury Hill, describing a golden/white glow and a tubular column of light. While she felt 'honoured,' the article suggests this could be explained by powerful ground searchlights trained skywards, a common occurrence in areas with military activity. The timing of the UFO sighting, occurring at least 24 hours before the circles formed, is highlighted as a crucial point, leading to speculation about energy build-up in the ground.

The publication also examines a sighting from September 6, 1980, involving a young man and his girlfriend on a motorcycle who saw three brilliant white lights that exploded silently and flared into incredible intensity. While PROBE investigated this as a potential UFO connection, the article suggests it could be flares used in a military exercise.

The Vortex Theory of Circle Formation

Chapter 6, "The Vortex Theory of Circle Formation," details the work of Dr. Terence Meaden and his collaboration with the Tornado & Storm Research Organisation (TORRO). Since 1986, BUFORA has exchanged information with TORRO, which holds extensive data on meteorological phenomena. Dr. Meaden has visited over 400 circles and bases his research on strict scientific methods.

What are Vortices?

• Natural atmospheric vortices are described as phenomena that transport air and distribute heat energy. Two types are distinguished:
• (A) Major Whirlwinds: These typify bad weather conditions, originating in cumulonimbus clouds, and can extend to ground level as funnel clouds, causing significant damage. They are infrequent in the British Isles.
• (B) Minor Whirlwinds: These occur in fair-weather conditions, originating at ground level from rising thermals, and are set spinning by wind shears or micro-fronts. They are normally invisible unless they pick up debris or water vapour.

The article notes that vortices can be accompanied by unusual luminous aerial phenomena, known as "tornado lights," and can cause significant damage, including lifting heavy objects and leaving burn marks.

The Evidence for the Vortex Theory of Circle Formation

Dr. Meaden's theory proposes that cornfield circles are created by a species of plasma vortex with properties similar to ball lightning. These vortices are triggered by airflow around topographical features, creating "producing trailing vortices" on their leeslopes, explaining why many circles appear at hillslope sites like Cheesefoot and Westbury. The theory suggests that the outer rings of formations are caused by an "ionized race track" and that complex formations involve congregations of ions at nodal points.

Unusual Characteristics of Atmospheric Vortices

The publication cites William R. Corlis's "Tornados, Dark Days, Anomalous Precipitation and Related Weather Phenomena" to highlight anomalies associated with vortices, including their ability to suck up rivers, pick up humans, deplume birds, kill livestock, and appear suddenly with an explosive retort. It also mentions "tornado lights" and unusual optical and acoustic phenomena.

The Eye Witness Accounts of Vortices Creating Circles

• The issue presents five alleged "eye witness accounts" of vortices creating circles or being associated with nearby formations:
• A report from "The Unexplained" (April 1983) describes a loud roaring sound and the discovery of two newly formed circles in a barley field, accompanied by local confirmation of a "fearsome whirlwind."
• A near-identical twin sighting occurred on July 3, 1977, in Northumbria, where a family reported an oval-shaped black "cloud" rising from trees, followed by a blast of hurricane-force wind. This was termed a "U.F.O. encounter" in some popular books but is suggested by meteorologists to be a swarm of tiny insects seen with a small vortex.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the critical examination of UFO and crop circle phenomena, the exploration of meteorological explanations (specifically the vortex theory), and the questioning of evidence presented by various UFO research groups. The editorial stance appears to be one of skepticism towards unsubstantiated claims and a strong advocacy for scientific rigor and critical analysis, particularly in distinguishing between genuine phenomena and misinterpretations or hoaxes. The publication emphasizes the need to consider natural explanations before resorting to extraterrestrial hypotheses and highlights the potential for meteorological phenomena to account for many reported anomalies.

This issue of Bufora, published by the National Investigations Committee, delves into the Vortex Theory as a potential explanation for the formation of crop circles. The publication, dated March 1985 for Volume 10, Issue 97, presents a detailed analysis of eyewitness accounts and meteorological phenomena that support this theory.

The Vortex Theory and Eyewitness Accounts

The core of the issue is the examination of various eyewitness reports. One notable account is from Melvyn Bell of Wiltshire, who in the summer of 1983 observed a whirlwind flatten wheat into a 10-12 meter diameter circle at dusk. The short duration of this event is highlighted as significant, suggesting that such phenomena might be rare to witness.

Another significant case is reported by Roy Lucas of Yatesbury, Wiltshire, on June 16, 1988. While in a tractor cab, he witnessed a large puff of white 'smoke' or water vapour rapidly spinning and rising to about 15 feet, forming a circle in winter wheat. He described the phenomenon as appearing and disappearing swiftly, likening it to a smoke-filled balloon bursting. Lucas later discovered two single circles in a barley field nearby, and the issue notes that a total of 10 circles appeared in that location before June 29, 1988, some lying in a zone influenced by a nearby obstacle that could provoke turbulence.

Terence Meaden, a key figure in this research, is cited extensively. He believes that these observations represent the lower ends of spinning columnar vortices made visible by condensed water droplets. The visible height of these 'fog-clouds' corresponds to the depth of nearly-saturated air.

Further accounts include Arthur Shuttlewood's report from August 29, 1980, describing grass laying itself flat in a clockwise spiral, accompanied by a humming sound. A case from Mr. Barnes, likely on July 3, 1982, describes a 'wave' moving through cereal crops at approximately fifty miles an hour, which then formed a circle 75 feet in radius in about four seconds. The rapid formation is again noted as an explanation for why witnesses are rarely present.

Capes recounts witnessing a large revolving ring of sand in the Egyptian desert, less than a foot high, which stopped and revolved rapidly around a circle of about 12-foot diameter before moving slowly and dying down.

Similarities with Natural Vortices

The publication draws strong parallels between crop circle characteristics and those of natural vortices like dust devils and waterspouts.

Spiral Patterns: Vortices over water or dusty deserts create spiral patterns on the surface due to the need for a constant air supply at their base. These patterns are seen to mimic those found in crop circles, suggesting a non-accidental connection.

Stationary Vortices: The ability of some vortices to remain stationary, possibly due to low wind or topographical obstructions, is discussed. Examples include a vortex in North Dakota and one observed at Carron Reservoir, Scotland. The Egyptian desert account by Capes also describes a stationary vortex.

Precisely Defined Vortex Funnel: Close-up photographs of vortices reveal a precisely defined funnel at the center. This characteristic is suggested to be capable of creating defined circles when in contact with crops at ground level. The issue notes that some eyewitness accounts describe phenomena that affected only very small geographical areas, consistent with localized vortex events.

Sheath Effects: Waterspouts can exhibit concentric outer sheaths, which rotate in sequence (e.g., clockwise, anti-clockwise). These sheaths are noted to mirror the positioning and dimensions of outer rings found in some crop circles, including contra-rotation. The theory posits that these are 'ionized race-tracks' where charged particles are induced by the vortex's electromagnetic charge.

Clustering Effect: The tendency for circles to cluster around features known to induce vortex formation (e.g., hillslope sites like Cheesefoot Head) is presented as strong evidence for a vortex mechanism.

Lack of Damage: The Vortex Theory successfully accounts for the lack of damage to affected crops, suggesting that air pressure is the primary force, unlike other mechanical forces that cause damage.

Associated UFO Reports: The publication acknowledges UFO reports that coincide with vortex phenomena, suggesting that some self-illuminating vortex tubes could be interpreted as the cause, rather than 'intelligent' phenomena. It advocates for scientific explanations over more exotic ones.

The Scientific Method and Conclusion

The issue emphasizes that Meaden's Vortex Theory relies on the scientific method, matching observed characteristics of vortices with those of crop circles. It rejects explanations based on the ozone layer hole or hypothetical 'intelligently controlled' UFOs as naive and unnecessary. The theory is presented as the most realistic concept to date, accounting for the international distribution and historical reports of circles. It predicts that circles will appear wherever pliable crops are nearing maturity, as they are suited to being deformed by the sudden descent of an air column without damage.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the strong advocacy for a meteorological explanation for crop circles, specifically the Vortex Theory. The publication challenges conventional UFOlogist perspectives, urging them to consider scientific, evidence-based hypotheses before resorting to more speculative or 'exotic' solutions. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of Meaden's theory, viewing it as the most plausible and scientifically testable explanation currently available, supported by a growing body of evidence and eyewitness testimony.

This issue of Bufora, published by the National Investigations Committee, delves into the phenomenon of crop circles, primarily focusing on meteorological explanations, particularly Dr. Meaden's "vortex theory," and contrasting it with UFO and hoax theories. The publication appears to be a detailed report or analysis, likely from the late 1980s given the dates mentioned.

The Vortex Theory and its Criticisms

The article begins by addressing the idea that "intelligence" is creating crop circles, dismissing it in favor of more grounded explanations. It argues that the remarkable similarity of formations to predictable patterns produced by atmospheric vortices and electro-magnetic fields supports a natural cause. The authors contend that any perceived intelligent pattern is more likely to be human-created than extraterrestrial.

The "scientifically testable vortex theory" is presented as the primary candidate, deemed superior to theories involving "intelligent" UFOs due to the latter's reliance on weak and inconsistent evidence. The document acknowledges that the concept of atmospheric vortices descending to create "cornfield circles" is novel and not yet widely accepted by established scientists. However, it notes that Dr. Meaden's hypothesis stems from recognized features of atmospheric vortices and is being researched within scientific boundaries. The authors advocate for allowing Dr. Meaden time to present his accumulating evidence, rather than dismissing the theory outright.

Several criticisms of the vortex theory are discussed:

• Dismissal of the theory based on perceived anomalies: Some researchers dismiss the vortex theory because certain features of the phenomenon do not immediately fit the model. The authors argue this is irresponsible, as scientific models take time to develop and account for all aspects of an anomaly.
• Lack of historical mythology: Unlike many natural phenomena that acquire folklore (e.g., "fairy rings"), Ralph Noyes' survey of authoritative folklore material failed to identify any ancient traditions resembling crop circles. This absence is seen as a problem for promoting a meteorological explanation, prompting the BUFORA/TORRO survey.
• Sudden arrival of the phenomenon: The relatively recent appearance of numerous crop circles, particularly in Southern England from the early 1980s onwards, makes a natural explanation difficult for some observers to accept. The article suggests this is linked to increased media attention and the rise of the UFO myth.

Factors Influencing Reported Formations

The publication explores several reasons for the perceived increase in crop circle reports, particularly in Britain:

• Increased Searching: Researchers and organizations like the Tornado & Storm Research Organisation (TORRO) have intensified their searches, leading to a higher number of logged formations. For instance, only 30 circles were known in 1985, but 75 were inspected in 1987, and 110 logged the following summer.
• Reporting Bias: The media's focus on more complex formations (like quintuplets) may create a reporting bias, making them seem more prevalent than simpler, older formations (like singles).
• Historical Apathy: Before the UFOlogists and media sensationalized the phenomenon, similar circles may have been dismissed as natural occurrences (e.g., caused by foxes or weather) and thus went unreported.
• Changes in Agricultural Practices: The surface area devoted to arable crops, particularly cereals, has increased significantly since 1950. If transient vortices require mature arable crops to record their presence, changes in crop area could affect formation numbers. The document notes a 20% rise in cereal crop area since 1950.
• Crop Vulnerability: Differences in crop types, stem strength, growing season length, and the use of fertilizers and pesticides may affect a crop's ability to record vortex damage. For example, winter barley, which has tripled in area since 1950, might be more vulnerable.
• Topsoil and Chalk Deposits: Crop circles in Wessex often appear on thin topsoils overlying pervious chalk deposits, which drain precipitation quickly. This may influence how well Wessex cereal crops record vortex damage compared to those in other regions.
• Intensive Farming: British farming methods are among the most intensive globally, with larger farm and field sizes potentially leading to larger areas of arable crop exposed to stratified air, making them more prone to recording formations.

The BUFORA/TORRO Survey

In late 1986, Jenny Randles and colleagues became concerned about hoaxing and the lack of accurate data. This led to the BUFORA/TORRO Survey, aimed at evaluating the phenomenon. Key objectives included:

• Determining if evolving formation types reflected true changes or reporting bias.
• Estimating the annual number of formations and their types.
• Assessing media reporting proportions.
• Investigating landowners' beliefs about the cause.

The survey noted the emergence of more complex patterns like triplets (1981), quintuplets (1985), and ringed circles (1986), coinciding with increased media interest. This led to the hypothesis that older, simpler circles might be natural, while complex ones could be media-inspired hoaxes. The discovery that known hoaxed circles (Westbury 1983, Alfriston 1985) were complex geometrical patterns supported this.

To test for pre-1981 complex formations, a search was conducted in local newspapers. The implication was that if such formations existed, landowners themselves would be the primary source of information. This led to a quantitative survey in 1987.

Survey Methodology

The survey aimed to find verifiable accounts of complex circles before 1981, estimate the average number of cereal acres per formation, gauge farmer reporting habits, and assess their beliefs. A random sample of cereal farms in Hampshire was used for the Main Survey, with a complementary Sub Survey in surrounding counties. Questionnaires were sent to 381 farms, with 134 returned. After excluding non-cereal farmers, 90 valid responses were obtained (60 Main Survey, 30 Sub Survey).

Survey Results

• Frequency of Occurrence: The 60 Main Survey respondents reported only four circle formations over six years, suggesting about 1% of cereal farms experience them annually. However, due to larger farm sizes in the survey, more meaningful estimates were derived: one circle formation per 24,600 hectares per year, or one per 246 square kilometers. This indicates the rarity of the phenomenon. If a meteorological explanation is proven, the estimate would be one formation per 34,850 hectares annually, with approximately 100 formations and 410 causal mechanisms in England and Wales.
• Farmer's Beliefs: Farmers were asked to agree or disagree with explanations: Hoaxing, The Weather, and UFOs. Only 31% of farmers responded, with Sub Survey respondents more likely to express an opinion. Farmers were more willing to express opinions on Hoaxing (41%) and The Weather (31%) than on UFOs (20%). Statistically, farmers were more likely to agree with Hoaxing and The Weather than UFOs. In Hampshire, farmers generally favored Hoaxing and Weather over UFOs. Among the 11 farmers who reported circles on their land, Hoaxing gained the most credibility, with 6 agreeing and none disagreeing.

Specific Anomalies and Explanations

Linear Spurs

Dr. Meaden's theory attempts to explain linear spurs by proposing that charged particles cluster into 'parcels' due to centrifugal force, forming 'Kapitsa nodal sites' blown out by geostrophic wind as the vortex mechanism breaks down. However, data is scarce, and other possibilities include a novel meteorological explanation or "touching up" by hoaxers. Two formations with large linear spurs were noted: one at Childrey (1986) and another at Pepperbox Hill (1987). In both cases, the spur was aligned with the general wind direction. The Childrey spur had a small hole, possibly made by an animal. Interestingly, the Childrey farmer believed UFOs created the circles, while the Pepperbox Hill farmer claimed to have chased hoaxers away, factors deemed unusual and potentially correlative.

Complexity of Circles

A major difficulty for a meteorological solution is the extraordinary complexity of the patterns. Dr. Meaden has had to modify his theory to account for new circle types, which some skeptics view as a weakness. The appearance of logic, order, and pattern in the circles is acknowledged as a problem, though it's suggested this could be a consequence of reporting sociology. The question of why highly complex patterns, if occurring for years, were not reported until recently is raised. The rise of television, radio, and the "UFO Myth" may have turned circles into a mystery, whereas previously they might have been local news items. The authors suggest extensive historical searches of local newspapers might reveal answers.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the critical examination of explanations for crop circles, with a strong leaning towards meteorological and agricultural factors over extraterrestrial or purely hoax-based theories. The publication advocates for rigorous, objective survey techniques and scientific evaluation of hypotheses. The editorial stance appears to be one of cautious skepticism towards sensational claims, favoring evidence-based analysis and acknowledging the complexity of the phenomenon. There's a clear effort to debunk the more outlandish UFO-related theories by presenting alternative, scientifically plausible explanations and highlighting the role of human factors like reporting bias and agricultural changes.

Title: Bufora
Issue: National Investigations Committee
Date: 1987

This issue of Bufora, a publication by the National Investigations Committee, focuses on the ongoing research and debates surrounding crop circles and their potential connection to UFO phenomena. It highlights the organization's commitment to informing the public and exploring scientific explanations.

Crop Circle Research and Survey Conclusions

The publication details the findings of a survey conducted among cereal farmers regarding crop circles. It notes that while few alternative explanations were offered by landowners, suggestions ranged from natural causes like helicopters and bird damage to more speculative ideas like quasi-religious hoaxes and gravitational forces. Crucially, the survey found no consensus and indicated that the phenomenon was of little interest to many landowners, with little credence given to UFO involvement. A significant finding was that a large number of circle formations go unreported, suggesting that the estimated hundred formations appearing annually in England and Wales might be an underestimate. The survey also identified new formation types, indicating that knowledge of the phenomenon is still incomplete and evolving.

Dr. Terence Meaden's research into wind vortices is presented as a potential explanation for crop circles, with his theories and visual evidence of multiple funnel tornadoes persuading some delegates. The BUFORA/TORRO survey is described as an important step in demonstrating how UFO research groups can collaborate with scientific institutes to produce responsible, scientific data. The survey concluded that while it tested a 'natural' theory, it failed to produce evidence of UFOs creating the circles. Instead, evidence supported hoaxes and rare meteorological phenomena as potential causes. The survey estimates imply many formations go unreported, and new types may yet be discovered, with natural phenomena being a strong contender.

The London Debates

BUFORA has organized public seminars to discuss the circles phenomenon. The issue details two such seminars held at the London Business School. The second seminar on June 6, 1987, featured a presentation by Paul Fuller and Dr. Terence Meaden on their joint research, including aerial video footage. However, the first seminar on July 14, 1986, held in conjunction with the publication of 'Mystery of the Circles,' was of greater public significance. Despite efforts to invite journalists, most media outlets did not participate, leaving the event to be attended by a few reporters and approximately 100 members of the public and serious researchers. During this seminar, an audience poll was conducted where participants proposed explanations. While a handful favored any hypothesis, some commented that UFOs might be involved due to the symmetry and complexity of the patterns.

Paul Fuller presented the characteristics of crop circles with visual illustrations, including photographs from Chris Wood. Various theories were discussed, with many being quickly ruled out. Chris Wood shared his photographic analysis, suggesting UFOs, force fields, wind effects, hoaxes, and ceremonial worship as possibilities. Pat Delgado described experiments in hoaxing circles and discussed energy fields. Dr. Meaden summarized his research on wind vortices. The author presented the cautious attitude of the London Weather Centre, acknowledging that wind could create circular marks but favoring hoaxes for more complex patterns. Weather maps for the Cheesefoot Head area were provided. A subsequent vote showed that approximately 42% of attendees still believed UFOs were involved, while Dr. Meaden's weather-based theory and the hoax theory each received about 33% of the vote. BUFORA's position, supporting both hoaxes and wind vortices, was seen as fair.

Implications of the Vortex Theory for UFology

The publication explores the implications of Dr. Meaden's vortex theory for the field of UFOlogy, suggesting that if correct, it could offer a novel scientific phenomenon with important consequences. Three cases, reported to UFOlogists as UFOs, are presented as illustrations, with the author having direct involvement in each.

Case One: Autumn 1947, Tibet

This case involves a witness named Dawn, who experienced a strange sensation of being touched, followed by her husband falling as if struck by a hammer. The vehicles vibrated, and a 'grey floating mass' was observed. Physiological effects, including an 'itchy, bright red rash,' nausea, and headaches, were experienced by those closest to the object. The author suggests this could be interpreted as a vortex attracting the vehicle, with ionization potentially causing the severe effects. Dawn's altered state of consciousness, termed the 'Oz Factor,' is also discussed.

Case Two: 9 March 1977, Nelson, Lancashire

This case, a famous 'car stop' incident, occurred during a period of numerous UFO sightings in the Pennine Hills. Witnesses reported a 'circular red light' and a 'red glow.' At 03.10 GMT, two textile workers observed a light descending from the cloud above Pendle Hill. The object, described as a horizontal cigar with thousands of lights, hovered near their car, causing the headlights to dim and the engine to cut out. Mechanical effects, including the engine restarting after the object departed, are detailed. The author links this to Dr. Meaden's vortex theory, suggesting that ionization could affect vehicles and that the area has a history of strange phenomena. Researchers Granville Oldroyd and David Clarke are mentioned for a similar case from 1914.

Case Three: 28 November 1980, Todmorden, West Yorkshire

This case is described as an 'ultimate' UFO event, a close encounter of the fourth kind or alien abduction. Police officer Alan Godfrey reported a spinning object spanning the road, glowing fluorescently with inset lights. The object caused his car's radio and VHF sets to fail. A 'time lapse' of ten minutes was estimated, during which Godfrey underwent hypnotic regression. Under hypnosis, he recalled getting out of the car, being 'floated' into a room, and undergoing a medical examination by a robed figure named 'Yosef' and tiny metallic robots. The author suggests that Dr. Meaden's plasma vortex might explain the object encountered, with the subsequent abduction memories potentially arising from hypnotic regression and prior exposure to UFO literature. The case is considered significant due to the witness's honesty, the object's physical attributes, and the bizarre on-board memories.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the investigation of crop circles, the exploration of alternative explanations beyond UFOs, and the application of scientific theories, particularly Dr. Meaden's plasma vortex theory, to UFO sightings. BUFORA's editorial stance is one of unbiased and objective investigation, aiming to present responsible new data and foster collaboration between UFO research groups and scientific institutes. The publication emphasizes the importance of critical analysis and the potential for natural phenomena to explain events previously attributed to extraterrestrial activity. The issue concludes by suggesting that if the vortex theory proves true, it could revolutionize the field of UFOlogy.

This document is Chapter 10: Conclusions from 'Bufora', published by the National Investigations Committee. It focuses on the crop circle phenomenon, presenting it as a significant anomaly that has caused controversy within the UFO movement. The issue date is June 1989.

Main Conclusions on Crop Circles

The primary conclusion presented is that the cornfield circles are the most intriguing anomaly encountered by ufologists in the past decade. The report strongly supports Dr. Meaden's interpretation that the majority of circles are created by his vortex mechanisms, while acknowledging that some are created by hoaxers. The authors dismiss the idea that these formations are the product of non-human intelligence, stating it is unnecessary to associate them with more exotic explanations.

The report highlights that the clustering of circles in the 'Wessex Corridor' and the increasing complexity of formations are likely accidents of reporting. It also notes that similar circles are reported globally, suggesting a rare, natural phenomenon that has long avoided public recognition. Recent trends in agricultural factors are believed to have affected conditions, enabling vortices to leave geometrical ground traces in arable crops.

Debate on Explanations

The document features contributions from various researchers and experts, showcasing a range of perspectives on the crop circle phenomenon:

• Paul Fuller expresses disappointment with modern ufology's tendency to cling to old beliefs and dismiss scientific explanations. He supports Dr. Meaden's interpretation, emphasizing the need for a rational approach and the likelihood of mundane explanations.
• Jenny Randles notes the difficulty in accepting meteorological explanations for the precise and complex patterns, but acknowledges the need for rigorous investigation. She believes BUFORA has acted like a scientific research unit.
• Dr. John Snow (Associate Professor of Meteorology) finds hoaxing an unlikely explanation given the scale and period of observations. He supports the hypothesis that circles are produced by vortex phenomena resulting from flow over terrain features, though he notes that simple circular patterns are expected from known flow fields and that crop canopy properties might be important.
• Dr. Paul Mason (Meteorological Office) is cautious, suggesting that while localized tornadoes or vortices from steep hills might create rough circles, he doubts that winds can produce the exact 'ring' and highly ordered patterns seen. He believes the circles are not of meteorological origin due to their complexity and regularity.
• Ralph Noyes finds the phenomenon beautiful and puzzling, encouraging continued publication of facts. He highlights two main difficulties with the 'meteorological hypothesis': the clustering in Wessex and the increasing elaboration of patterns, suggesting these might be accidents of reporting but noting the long period of observation without correction.
• Jerome Clark expresses uncertainty, stating he doesn't know what to make of the phenomenon but respects BUFORA's views. He notes the controversy and the lack of a definitive explanation.
• Keith Basterfield mentions that similar markings have not appeared in Australia with the same frequency, and where they have, no definite natural explanation has been found. He suggests that unless multiple witness reports connect UFOs and circles, a meteorological hypothesis like Meaden's should be considered.
• Bill Chalker views the vortex theory as a good model but acknowledges it is not proven. He describes the controversies as a classic example of UFO myth-making from poor evidence, emphasizing that physical evidence must be extraordinary to suggest an exotic stimulus.
• Hilary Evans believes the circles are a scientific mystery, not necessarily requiring explanations beyond atmospheric forces. She suggests that anomalous features might be more apparent than real and that studying responses to the phenomenon can offer insights into public attitudes.
• Paul Devereux assumes the air vortex theory is correct, seeing it as nature's ability to produce precision effects. He is against explanations involving leys or earth energy.
• John Rimmer finds it difficult to believe that meteorological phenomena can produce such precise markings, preferring the theory to UFOs or ley energies. He is baffled by the complexity and regularity, suggesting hoaxes or a long-term conceptual-art project as possibilities, but remains open-minded.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes are the debate between natural (meteorological/vortex) explanations and hoaxes, the rejection of extraterrestrial intelligence, and the scientific rigor applied by BUFORA. The editorial stance, as presented in the conclusions, strongly favors Dr. Meaden's vortex theory, supported by evidence of natural phenomena and dismissing more exotic explanations. There is a clear emphasis on rational investigation and scientific assessment of facts over speculation or preconceived notions.

This document, identified by the title 'Bufora' and associated with the 'National Investigations Committee', appears to be pages 111-112 of a publication. It focuses on UFO research and crop circle investigations, with a specific emphasis on a survey conducted in Oadby, Leicestershire.

Acknowledgments

The authors express gratitude to numerous individuals and organizations for their assistance in preparing the report. Special mentions include Ian Mrzyglod and the PROBE team, local BUFORA UFO teams, William Corliss and the Ordnance Survey, Colin Andrews, Pat Delgado, the FSR team, eyewitnesses, farm workers, landowners, Lt. Col. Edgecombe, photographer Chris Wood, and researchers who shared their views. A particular thank you is extended to Dr. Terence Meaden.

Publications Cited

The document lists several cited publications relevant to UFO research, including:

• FSR Publications, Snodland, Kent
• J. of Meteorology, 54 Frome Road, Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts
• Northern UFO News, 37 Heathbank Road, Stockport, Cheshire
• Ovni Presence, Boite Postale 324, Aix Cedex, 13611, France
• Probe Report (Out of print, photocopies available via BUFORA)
• The Unexplained, Orbis Publications, 20/22 Bedfordbury, London WC2N 4BT

Additionally, books of interest are mentioned:

• 'The Circles Effect and its Mysteries' by Terence Meaden (via Journal of Meteorology, 1989)
• Various works by William Corliss and Michael Persinger

Addresses

Contact information is provided for correspondence, with a request for a Self-Addressed Envelope (SAE) for replies:

• Paul Fuller, 3 Selborne Court, Tavistock Close, Romsey, Hants S051 7TY
• Dr. Terence Meaden, 54 Frome Road, Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts BA15 1LD
• Jenny Randles, 37 Heathbank Road, Stockport, Cheshire SK3 OUP

About BUFORA

BUFORA (British UFO Research Association) was established in 1962 with the objective of recording, investigating, and researching reported incidents of unidentified atmospheric phenomena within Britain. This particular report was compiled by BUFORA's national investigations committee, coordinated locally by Paul Fuller (Hampshire) and nationally by Jenny Randles ('Director of Investigations'). Both Fuller and Randles are also directors of the BUFORA Limited national council. BUFORA organizes monthly lectures and debates in London, as well as regional events, sponsors conferences, and maintains an extensive archive, library, and case report database. Membership is available to willing volunteers, subject to approval, and information can be obtained by sending an SAE for 'BUFORA INFO' via Jenny Randles.

Key Incident: Oadby Crop Circle Survey

The main focus of the visual content is a detailed diagram of a crop circle formation surveyed on July 9, 1988, in Oadby, Leicestershire. The OS Ref is SK 636015. The formation is described as 'Ringed single with outer satellites' and is noted as a new type discovered in a more northerly location for the first time in the summer of 1988. The survey team included Clive Potter, Ernie Still, Rita Goold, and Ray Shaw. The diagram provides precise measurements of the various rings and their distances, with cross-hatching indicating flattened wheat. A public footpath is also indicated as being 2 yards away.

Copyright and Printing Information

This report is copyright BUFORA Ltd (1939) [Note: The year 1939 seems like a potential OCR error, given the survey date of 1988]. Permission for reproduction is granted upon request. The document was printed by Enjay Reprographics, 17 Langbank Avenue, Rise Park, Nottingham NGS 5BV.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The document strongly reflects a commitment to the systematic investigation and documentation of UFO phenomena and related anomalies, such as crop circles. BUFORA's stated aim is to record and research these incidents, suggesting a scientific or quasi-scientific approach. The detailed survey of the Oadby crop circle, including precise measurements and team member attributions, highlights a dedication to data collection. The acknowledgment of numerous contributors and cited publications indicates an effort to build upon existing research and collaborate within the UFO community. The editorial stance appears to be one of serious inquiry and information dissemination, encouraging membership and providing resources for further study.