1976 - & !979 UFO Investigation BUFORA Manual

Magazine Overview

This document is a revised edition of "UFO INVESTIGATION: A FIELD INVESTIGATOR'S HANDBOOK", published by the British UFO Research Association (BUFORA LTD.) in February 1979. The first edition was released in October 1976. The handbook serves as an instructional aid and reference for individuals conducting UFO investigations.

Publisher and Aims

The publication is attributed to the Research Department of BUFORA LTD., with research headquarters located at Newchapel Observatory, Newchapel, Stoke on Trent, Staffs. The stated aims of BUFORA LTD. are:

1. To encourage and promote unbiased scientific investigation into UFO phenomena.
2. To collect and disseminate evidence and data relating to UFO's.
3. To coordinate UFO research on a nationwide scale.
4. To cooperate with people and organisations engaged on similar research in all parts of the world.

Contents and Structure

The handbook is structured into several key sections, detailing the methodologies and considerations for UFO investigation:

Introduction and Acknowledgements

This section includes a foreword by G.G. Doel, MRCS, LRCP, DMRE, who served as President of B.U.F.O.R.A. until 1976.

General Approach to Investigation

This part covers public relations aspects, including common situations, personal aims of investigators, and local contacts. It also discusses sources of information on sightings, such as stimulus sources and press reports.

BUFORA's Investigation Network

• This section details the procedures within BUFORA's network, including:
• NIC (National Investigation Centre) as a clearing-house: Allocating unique case reference numbers and additional group reference numbers.
• Processing local reports: Informing NIC of local reports.
• Questionnaires: Choice and use of standard, additional, and special supplementary questionnaires, including Xerox witness questionnaires.
• Distribution: Handling of original and copied reports.
• Reports of High Strangeness and High Credibility: Distribution of evidence, completion of "Summary of Case" forms, evaluation by an Advisory Panel and Consultants, follow-up investigations, and final reports.
• Reports of Low Strangeness and Low Credibility: Use of short witness questionnaires and procedures for receipt.
• Investigation Classification System: A system for classifying investigations.
• General Recommendations and Comments: Suggestions for improving efficiency, communication, awareness, enthusiasm, and the quality of investigation.

Investigation Techniques - Witnesses

• This section focuses on interacting with witnesses:
• Initial Approach: First contact, understanding witness reactions and foibles, avoiding leading questions, and the careful use of tape recorders.
• Interviewing Witnesses: Emphasizing no fixed rules, the main purpose of the interview, the importance of speed, initial approach, arranging convenient times, having witnesses complete questionnaires first, re-living the event at the location, interviewing witnesses separately, special considerations for young female witnesses, informing witnesses of explanations, and maintaining courtesy.
• Secondary Sources of Information: Identifying major sources, seeking cooperation, using formal letters, liaising with the police, offering to give talks, and utilizing an address list.
• Interviewer's Investigation Field Kit A: Checking the kit and forms before departure, and a list of equipment.

Investigation Techniques - Field Investigation

• This part deals with on-site investigations:
• Investigation Field Kit B: (Details not provided in the table of contents).
• Investigation of Possible Landing Sites: Procedures include detailed site photography, measuring neutron radiation and radioactivity (using Geiger counters and scintillation spectrometers), constructing grids, sampling, core sampling, control samples, plaster casting, measuring ground resistance, testing for magnetic field exposure, studying the vicinity, and safety precautions.
• Constructing a Grid: (Details not provided).
• Elevation of Terrain Measurements: (Details not provided).
• Suspected UFO Landings - Possible Hazards: Considering chemical, physical, and biological hazards.

Photography

• This section covers photographic techniques for UFO investigations:
• Generally: Addressing the problem of fakes, the essence of UFO photography, choice of films, recording technical information, practicing filming at night, and using filters.
• Spectra: Information yield, description of diffraction gratings, problems with use, and calibration.
• Site Photography - Introduction: Objectives, permanent visual records, importance of technical data, recommended reading, glossary of terms, and recommended equipment.
• Site Photography - Method: Urgency, general shots, recording indentations or objects, data recording for each photograph, using tripods and cable releases, keeping the site tidy, using metric rulers, recording residual traces, and exploiting techniques like telephoto and filters.
• Close-Up Photography: Definition, compensating exposure, extension tubes and bellows, filters, supplementary lenses, and useful formulae.
• Filters: Purpose, general rules, filter factors, and specific filters (Yellow, Green, Blue, Orange, Red, Haze or UV, Polarising, Infra-red, U.V. absorbing), practical tips, and reference books.

Obtaining Accurate Numerical Data from Witnesses

• This section focuses on collecting precise data:
• General Procedure: The key data points to collect include date, time, duration, size, velocity, height and distance, bearings, and true course.
• Comments and Tables: Includes useful values, angular measurements, and cloud heights.

Misidentification and Evaluation

• This part addresses the challenges of identifying UFOs and evaluating reports:
• Introduction - The Considerations: Characteristics of participants, human error, and the "Golden Rule" of UFO investigation.
• Perception, Cognition and Reporting: Definition, eye-adaptation (light and color), frames of reference for size and speed, shape, physiological effects, illusionary effects, weather effects, neural stimulus, and the interviewer's attitude.
• Statistics: (Details not provided).
• Data: (Details not provided).
• Misidentified Phenomena: (Details not provided).
• Astronomical Phenomena: Covers the night sky, meteors, planets, the Moon, the Sun, stars, and other astronomical phenomena.
• Meteorological Phenomena: Includes the Earth's atmosphere, fog, mist, rain, mirages, various types of clouds (lenticular, opalescent, noctilucent), Aurora Borealis, Ignis fatuus (Will-o-the-Wisp), and lightning.
• Man-Made Objects: Balloons, aircraft, and artificial satellites.
• Other Misidentified Objects and Phenomena: Refers to appendix 11.

Writing Case Reports

• This final section covers the documentation of findings:
• Search for Explanations: Hypothesis and self-criticism.
• Case Report: Format and presentation, referencing, and source of report and information.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout the handbook is the emphasis on "unbiased scientific investigation." BUFORA LTD. advocates for a systematic, evidence-based approach to UFO research, aiming to collect and analyze data rigorously. The editorial stance promotes a methodical process, from initial witness contact and interviewing to detailed field investigation, photographic documentation, and careful evaluation of potential misidentifications. The handbook stresses the importance of accuracy, objectivity, and thoroughness in all aspects of UFO investigation.

This document is the first edition of the BUFORA INVESTIGATORS HANDBOOK, a comprehensive guide for UFO investigators, with a first revision dated February 1979. It is presented as a loose-leaf format to allow for future additions and revisions.

Foreword

The Foreword, written by Geoffrey G. Doel, President of BUFORA until 1976, states that the handbook is a response to the need for a comprehensive guide for BUFORA members investigating UFO phenomena. It aims to provide sufficient guidance for investigators to cover all relevant aspects of a case and to standardize methods throughout BUFORA. The publication is the result of many years of research by experienced BUFORA members.

Introduction and Acknowledgements

This section, written approximately ten years after BUFORA first published UFO Handbooks by Malcolm Bull, describes the current publication as a more ambitious attempt to assist field investigators. It highlights the need for a wide variety of knowledge and skills for successful UFO investigation, with a focus on teaching rather than solely experience. BUFORA is introducing a training program for prospective investigators, combining theoretical and practical aspects through correspondence and residential courses, based on this handbook. The handbook's loose-leaf format is intended to facilitate revisions. The editor acknowledges the contributions of numerous experienced UFO investigators and expresses thanks to the BUFORA Council for their assistance. Special appreciation is extended to the Aerial Phenomena Research Association Inc. (APRO) for permission to reprint sections on 'The Investigation of Landing Sites' and 'Photography Generally and Spectra', and to the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) for a checklist of site photographs.

Editorial Team

The editorial team includes Roger H. Stanway (Chairman, The British UFO Research Association) as Editor (1971-1976), Jenny Randles (Research Co-Ordinator, The British UFO Research Association) (1975-1977), and Steve Gamble as Assistant Editor for the First Revision 2/79.

1. General Approach to Investigation

1.A Public Relations

This section emphasizes the importance of public relations for UFO investigators. It suggests that in areas where UFO investigation is accepted, witness cooperation is easier to secure. However, in places with ignorance about the UFO problem, witnesses may go undetected due to poor publicity. Field investigators for BUFORA should aim to become known locally to encourage reporting. Investigators are advised to be efficient, systematic, and sympathetic, carrying authorization cards and literature to represent BUFORA responsibly. Establishing contact with local newspaper reporters, police, broadcasting personnel, airports, observatories, and science departments can facilitate assistance and referrals of sightings. Investigators should avoid prematurely labeling sightings as 'Flying Saucers' and should remind people that most sightings involve objects that are easily identified as satellites, aircraft, or planets.

1.B Sources of Information on Sightings

The primary sources for UFO investigations are identified as: (a) the news media (local and national press, TV, radio), (b) personal correspondence with members or known associates of UFO organizations, and (c) telephone calls directly to UFO organizations. The document notes that press cuttings are supplied to the National Investigations Co-ordinator (NIC), who then requests fuller reports from Regional Investigations Co-ordinators (RICs). However, it is advised that investigators should maintain contact with local press and other bodies to which sightings are reported, to act quickly even before official requests are received. The RIC and NIC should be notified of any investigation initiated independently.

2. BUFORA's Investigation Network

2.A Procedure

The NIC serves as the central clearing-house for all UFO reports, assigning a unique BUFORA case reference number. Individual investigators or groups may assign their own reference numbers. Any discovery of a UFO report should be promptly communicated to the appropriate RIC and the NIC, possibly using a "Sighting Notification Card." Based on advice from the NIC or RIC, the investigator decides whether a simple "UFO Sighting Account Form" (R.1) is sufficient or if a more detailed "UFO Sighting Report Form" (R.2) is required, which is completed in quadruplicate. For significant reports, especially from observant witnesses, a personal visit with the longer questionnaire is recommended. Special supplementary questionnaires are available in Appendix 3 for specific case types, including physical effects and landings (R.3), vehicle interference cases (R.4), occupants/humanoids (R.5), medical aspects (R.6 - not yet issued), and photographic cases (R.7).

All questionnaires, apart from the R.1 form, are produced in quadruplicate or should be xeroxed three times for distribution: an original and first copy to the NIC (for archives and working/evaluation), a second copy to the RIC (for monitoring and summarising), and a third copy retained by the investigator. The investigator is responsible for making three xerox copies of the R.1 form after it has been completed by the witness and returned.

2.B Reports of High-Strangeness and High-Credibility

After completing an investigation and securing evidence, the investigator retains one copy of the questionnaire, forwards one to the RIC, and sends the original plus another copy to the NIC. All supplementary data, such as tapes, samples, drawings, and maps, must accompany the original questionnaire. For these cases, the Investigator's "Report Summary" Form (Appendix 4) must also be completed, copied, and distributed. The NIC forwards the report and additional items to a BUFORA evaluator, who may consult Advisory Panels or consultants. If further action is warranted, the evaluator notifies the NIC, who then informs the investigator. If no further action is required, the evaluator's opinions are forwarded to the NIC, attached to the original report, and sent to Research H.Q. at Newchapel Observatory for filing. The evaluator's report is also forwarded to the journal editor for publication.

2.C Reports of Low-Strangeness and Low-Credibility

For these cases, only the simple R.1 form is required, which can be posted to the witness with a self-addressed envelope if circumstances warrant. Once returned, the form can be copied (3 xeroxes) and sent to the RIC and NIC, with the original going to Research H.Q.

2.D Investigation Classification System

Upon receipt, all reports should be classified using the system outlined in Appendix 9 to determine the appropriate procedure as per sections 2.A, 2.B, and 2.C.

2.E General Recommendations and Comments

Good liaison between groups, RICs, and investigators is crucial for the efficient functioning of the system. Investigators are recommended to make regular "phone-ins" to their respective group/RIC, notify them of any changes in circumstances (address, phone numbers, absences), and be aware of their RIC's location on the Regional map. Adherence to the investigation procedure system by all team members will increase efficiency, reduce duplication of effort, and save time. The unique BUFORA numbering system will facilitate easy reference across all departments. A greater awareness of national UFO activity among groups and investigators is expected to promote enthusiasm and ensure personal satisfaction. The outlined system is intended to yield better quality reports suitable for scientific and statistical analysis.

Appendices

The document mentions several appendices containing forms and lists, including: Appendix 1(A) (list of RICs), Appendix 2 (system diagram), Appendix 2B ("Sighting Notification Card"), Appendix 3 (supplementary questionnaires for specific case types), Appendix 4 (Investigator's "Report Summary" Form), Appendix 5 (Evaluation Form and system outline), and Appendix 9 (Investigation Classification System).

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the professionalization and standardization of UFO investigation. BUFORA aims to elevate the study of UFO phenomena through rigorous procedures, comprehensive training, and efficient data management. The editorial stance is one of scientific inquiry, emphasizing systematic investigation, objective reporting, and the importance of distinguishing between credible sightings and misidentifications. There is a clear commitment to building a robust network of investigators and a centralized system for processing and evaluating reports.

This document, titled 'INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES', appears to be a section from a handbook or manual, likely related to UFO investigation, possibly published by BUFORA. It is divided into several key sections focusing on the methodology and practical aspects of investigating UFO sightings and potential landing sites.

Investigation Techniques

Initial Approach to Witnesses (3.A)

This section details how investigators should interact with witnesses. It emphasizes politeness, respect, and accepting any refusal to cooperate. Investigators are advised that witness harassment is possible and that a serious attitude can encourage assistance. Refusals might indicate a hoax or mental instability, requiring further investigation only if other information is available. Standard report forms may deter some witnesses, so information should be noted as it is given. Allowance must be made for witnesses' potential inability to accurately record or communicate details, including estimations of time and distance. Investigators are cautioned against putting words into witnesses' mouths or making sketches on their behalf, and if such devices are used, all alternatives should be presented for the witness to choose from. The use of mechanical or electronic aids like tape recorders should be limited and require consent, with the best technique being to gain confidence through friendly conversation and empathy.

Interviewing Witnesses (3.B)

This section provides guidelines for conducting interviews. It states there are no strict rules, as each witness and sighting is unique, but general principles apply. The main purpose is to ascertain the truth of the event. Speed is important, as memories can distort; if a full interview isn't possible within 24 hours, the witness should be asked to write down details. The initial approach is crucial, especially if the witness has already been treated with indifference or ridicule by authorities or has received literature from fringe groups. Investigators must establish that they are prepared to listen and will make scientifically based inquiries, aiming to find a normal explanation. Arranging a mutually convenient time is advised. Witnesses should ideally complete the report form independently before discussing it with the investigator. Difficult or conflicting points should be discussed, ensuring the witness's account is unambiguous. Visiting the location with the witness to 're-live' the event is recommended, as is visiting it alone later. If multiple witnesses exist, they should be interviewed separately initially, then allowed to discuss variations to reveal further detail. For young female witnesses, a male investigator should ideally be accompanied by his wife or a female investigator, and vice-versa for young male witnesses, to boost confidence. Snap evaluations should be avoided; all information should be gathered before proposing an explanation. Explanations should generally not be revealed to the witness unless it's a 'LITS type of sighting' or if no explanation can be found. Investigators should reassure unnerved witnesses and avoid expounding personal theories. Courtesy and thanking witnesses for their time are essential, along with leaving contact information.

Secondary Sources of Information (3.C)

This section advises investigators to compile a comprehensive list of local representatives from various establishments and organizations for specialist advice. These include the Police, Weather Centres, Royal Observer Corps, Army, Royal Airforce, Royal Navy, Universities (Meteorological, Astronomical, Physics departments), Astronomical Societies, Observatories, Newspaper/news agencies, Local radio/TV, and Airports/Air Traffic Control Centres. It is noted that military personnel may be bound by the Official Secrets Act. Approaching these organizations requires appropriate manners and obtaining necessary permissions. Formal written requests are recommended for initial information, followed by interview requests. BUFORA hopes to establish a liaison program with the Police nationally. Offering an illustrated talk on UFO investigation work can be helpful in making local contacts. Lists of national organizations are available in Appendix 17. It is crucial to ensure that spokespersons from authoritative organizations are competent to make statements, and written confirmation is preferred over conversation.

Interviewer's Investigation Field Kit A (3.D)

This kit is for general use, especially for cases reported to BUFORA involving unidentified aerial events. It is considered an essential aid to objective investigation. Items include: Investigator's card and authorization (from BUFORA), a tape recorder (optional but recommended), a tape measure, questionnaires, colouring materials (crayons, sketch pad, pencil), and a UFO shapes chart (to be used later in the investigation). A Munsell Rock Colour Chart and Ishihara Colour Blindness Cards are also recommended for objective descriptions. Other items include a Field Investigators handbook, maps, a hand torch, a planisphere, comparison discs/coins for size determination, a clinometer, and a compass. The editor seeks assistance in preparing an Identikit of UFO shapes/colours or a pre-recorded tape of sounds.

Investigation Field Kit B (4.A)

This kit is specifically for cases where a UFO is reported to have left residual traces at ground level, even if not initially described by the witness. It includes: a large magnifying glass, scissors, a penknife, a brush for sampling, a hammer for rock sampling, sealed containers (bottles, plastic bags, airtight containers for air/gas samples), grid materials (tent pegs, twine, stakes, mallet), plaster casting material, a thermos flask, a spirit level with tilt indicator, tweezers/forceps, a large plastic sheet, a Geiger counter and scintillation spectrometer, and a pocket spectroscope. Additional items include a magnetometer, thermometer, 50-meter linen tape, still camera with attachments, cine camera, wooden blocks for testing ground resistance, and core samplers.

Investigation of Possible Landing Sites (4.B)

This section emphasizes special attention to possible landing sites. Investigators should take detailed photographs showing ground markings, plant damage, or holes before other on-site investigations destroy evidence. Close-up views with familiar objects for size comparison are recommended. If neutron radiation is suspected, tests should be made within hours. Measurements of radioactivity are valuable, especially if made with a theory in mind, distinguishing between residue emission and the object itself being a source. A simple Geiger survey meter is effective for Beta emitting residue, while gamma or neutron radiation may require a scintillation spectrometer. A grid system should be set up on the site for systematic recording. Samples taken should be identified by grid square and location, using appropriate containers and noting orientation. If soil alteration is deep, core samples should be taken. Control samples of unaltered soil are necessary for comparison. Depressions or imprints should be preserved with plaster of Paris.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the importance of a systematic, scientific, and objective approach to UFO investigation. The editorial stance promotes thoroughness, careful documentation, and a non-judgmental attitude towards witnesses. There is a clear emphasis on gathering factual evidence, seeking rational explanations, and utilizing appropriate tools and techniques. The document advocates for professionalism and diligence in the field of UFO research.

This document is a section from the "UFO INVESTIGATOR'S HANDBOOK," published by BUFORA. It provides detailed procedural guidance for field investigators involved in the study of suspected UFO landing sites and related phenomena. The content focuses on practical methods for data collection, hazard assessment, and documentation.

Field Investigation Procedures

Determining Ground Resistance and Magnetic Fields Section 4.B(11) details methods for determining the resistance of the ground to applied forces. Investigators are advised to push a rod of known cross-section into the ground with a measured force or use blocks to approximate the depth of a depression caused by applied weight. The investigator's weight and a plaster cast of the depression should be documented. Section 4.B(12) suggests checking metallic objects in the vicinity for high magnetic field exposure using the Hooven technique, which involves observing a compass needle's orientation on the object's surface and comparing it to an identical object elsewhere. It references pages 100-108 of the Condon Report for details on this technique and advises contacting BUFORA Research Headquarters. The orientation of tested objects must always be recorded.

Identifying and Collecting Evidence Investigators are instructed to look for high-tension wires, swamps, unusual industrial installations, and foreign substances like "angel hair" (spider webs) or strange plastics and metals (4.B(13)). If witnesses have secured any ejected material, efforts should be made to obtain it for laboratory analysis. Burned plants should also be collected for analysis. Section 4.B(14) provides guidelines for handling unknown materials, recommending the use of tweezers, forceps, or rubber gloves, and sealing materials in sterile containers like "fruit jars" for refrigerated storage.

Site Measurement Techniques

#### Constructing a Grid (4.C)
This section details how to construct a grid over a suspected landing site using tent stakes, string, and a compass. The process involves securing a north-south line (A-B), establishing perpendicular lines (C-D) using arcs and string, and then driving stakes at 50 cm intervals to create a grid encompassing the landing marks. Figure 1 illustrates this method.

#### Elevation Measurements (4.D)
For landings on slopes or irregular ground, it is important to record relative elevations. If a split-image transit is unavailable, a string, stake, chalk line, spirit level, compass, and ruler can be used. Figure 2 depicts a method where a string is tied to a high stake (A), held taut and level at another point (B) using a spirit level (C), allowing measurements (D, E, F) of features relative to the string.

Suspected UFO Landings - Possible Hazards (4.E) Investigators may encounter chemical, physical, and biological hazards. Chemical hazards include substances that cause burns or blisters, or fine particles absorbed through the skin or inhaled. While many substances may be neutralized by the earth, fine powders pose a risk. Precautions include wearing rubber gloves, a face mask, and goggles (4.E(1)). Physical hazards relate to ionizing radiation, though the likelihood of high levels from a UFO is considered low. A Geiger counter and dosimeter are recommended for detection and measurement, with precautions to distinguish background noise from unusual substances (4.E(2)). Biological hazards involve potential bacterial or virus infections if the craft's atmosphere was open. Complete protection with gloves, mask, goggles, and boots is advised, along with sterilization of samples and equipment. Decontamination procedures when removing protective gear are crucial, and an assistant is recommended for this process (4.E(3)).

Photography

General Photography (5.A) Photographs are crucial but can be faked. A reliable investigator with technically good photos could provide phenomenal information. Speed and efficiency are key. A 35 mm single-lens reflex camera is recommended, with wide-angle (28-35 mm) and telephoto (approx. 200 mm) lenses. For low light, fast 50 mm lenses (f. 1.2) are useful, though fast films make this less critical. Black and white film (Ilford HP5, Kodak Tri-X, Kodak 2475 Recording film) is preferred for sensitivity and detail. All technical data should be recorded. Practice with low-flying planes and signs is suggested to improve skills. Using polarizing filters is also recommended, taking shots with and without the filter (5.A(1-6)).

Spectra (5.B) A spectrograph of UFO light can reveal composition, temperature, density, and magnetic fields. An ordinary camera with a transmission diffraction grating can capture spectra. The grating breaks light into rainbows. Problems can arise with telephoto lenses and large blobs of light. Calibration of equipment is necessary for proper analysis (5.B(1-4)).

Site Photography - Introduction (5.C) This section guides the use of equipment and techniques for photographing sites to precede and supplement thorough investigations, providing a lasting visual record of the site, geography, and any transient traces (5.C(1-2)). Technical data must accompany films sent to BUFORA for processing. Recommended reading on photography is provided, along with a glossary of terms (5.C(3-5)). Recommended equipment includes a camera with interchangeable lenses, close-up lenses, flashgun, tape measure, tripod, spirit level, exposure meter, filters, and specific film types (5.C(6)).

Site Photography - Method (5.D) Photography should commence upon arrival, exercising extreme caution not to disturb anything until photographed. Shots should cover the general site from various directions, including from the witness's position if applicable. Filters can enhance detail. General shots should be from the highest practicable point. Indentations or objects should be marked with ranging poles (painted white and black sections, 15 cm each). Technical data must be recorded on photographic record cards. Cameras should be tripod-mounted and levelled. General photographs of operations can help refine techniques. A photograph of the grid, if used, is helpful. The site must be tidy, but evidence must not be disturbed. A scale (metric ruler) must be included in every photograph. Residual traces should be photographed in situ before removal. Photographic techniques should be used to bring out maximum detail, possibly using telephoto lenses to exclude unnecessary details and filters for contrast. Taking more photographs is better than too few. Section 5.D(11) references Appendix 14, which contains a checklist of site photographs prepared by Ted Phillips of MUFON.

Close-Up Photography (5.E) Close-up photography involves photographing objects closer than the camera's nearest focusing position, typically using extension tubes or bellows. This reduces the depth of field. An exposure increase is required, varying with the separation distance between the lens and body, following the Inverse Square Law for light intensity.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance The handbook emphasizes a systematic, scientific approach to UFO investigation. It stresses the importance of meticulous data collection, careful handling of evidence, and thorough documentation. The tone is instructional and practical, aiming to equip investigators with the knowledge and tools to conduct reliable investigations. There is a clear emphasis on safety, particularly concerning potential hazards at landing sites. The inclusion of references to the Condon Report and MUFON indicates an effort to integrate with established UFO research practices and resources. The detailed photographic guidance highlights the value placed on visual evidence in UFO research.

This issue of the UFO Data Manual, identified as Volume E, Issue 5, published in 1975 by The Flying Saucer Review from the United Kingdom, delves into technical aspects of photography relevant to UFO investigation and the critical process of collecting accurate numerical data from witnesses.

Close-Up Photography Techniques

The manual begins by detailing methods for close-up photography, focusing on extension tubes and supplementary lenses. Section 5.E(3) explains that extension tubes are typically sold in sets of three and, when used together, can show the object at its actual size on the negative. A 50mm lens with a 100mm extension would require a 4x exposure correction, equivalent to increasing exposure by two stops. Using tubes singly or in combination requires modifying exposure, with specific corrections noted for thin (1/4 stop), middle (1/2 stop), and thickest (1 stop) tubes. The additive principle applies to combined tubes, and similarly to bellows units, which often have a scale for exposure correction.

Section 5.E(4) reminds readers that any filters used must also have their exposure factors added to the correction. Section 5.E(5) introduces supplementary lenses as an alternative to tubes or bellows. These lenses, described as thin meniscus lenses similar to spectacle lenses (either positive or negative), are positioned in front of the camera lens. They have the advantage of not requiring exposure correction as no light is lost. The focal length of these lenses is expressed in dioptres, where the reciprocal of the focal length in metres gives the dioptre value (e.g., a +1 dioptre lens has a 1-meter focal length). Combined focal lengths are calculated by adding positive values and subtracting negative ones. A +2 lens focuses at 1/2 meter, and a +10 lens at 10cm or 4 inches. While advantageous, the cost of good quality supplementary lenses can be high, making extension tubes or bellows a better proposition for less frequent use.

Section 5.E(6) presents formulae for exposure correction, defining V as lens-to-film distance, f as focal length of the lens, and M as magnification on the negative. The formulae provided are V²/f² and (M+1)² which represent the amount by which exposure must be multiplied.

Photographic Filters

The second major section, 5.F, focuses on photographic filters. Section 5.F(1) highlights how filters can enhance detail recorded by film and camera, enabling the capture of details invisible to the naked eye, such as with infra-red and ultra-violet illumination.

Section 5.F(2) explains the general rule for using filters with panchromatic (B/W) film: a filter will lighten its own color and darken its opposite color on the print. A diagram illustrates the color wheel, identifying primary colors (Red, Green, Blue) and complementary/secondary colors (Yellow, Magenta, Cyan). The complementary colors are opposite each other (e.g., Blue is opposite Yellow). A table shows how different filters affect various colors, with deeper colors having a more pronounced effect. The text notes that these are contrast filters and their effect depends on their depth.

Section 5.F(3) defines the 'Filter Factor' as the multiplier for exposure correction due to a filter's light-absorbing properties. Examples are given: a 2x filter requires a 1-stop increase, a 3x filter a 1.5-stop increase, and a 4x filter a 2-stop increase. The value also depends on the illumination color.

The manual then lists and describes various filters:

• Yellow Filter (5.F(4)): Darkens blue skies, making white clouds stand out.
• Green Filter (5.F(5)): Reduces magenta light, darkening those areas. Useful for lightening vegetation against a rusty, sandy background.
• Blue Filter (5.F(6)): Absorbs yellows and accentuates blues, useful for subjects in poor lighting.
• Orange Filter (5.F(7)): Lightens orange and yellow strata among dark browns or greens.
• Red Filter (5.F(8)): Increases contrast and shape in landscapes by reducing atmospheric blue light scatter, thus reducing haze.
• Haze or U.V. Filter (5.F(9)): Reduces overall blueness in distant color photographs caused by UV scatter, useful at high altitudes and can protect the lens.
• Polarising Filter (5.F(10)): Reduces reflections on non-metallic surfaces (glass, water) and can darken blue skies. It is most effective at a 30-degree angle to the reflecting surface and is usually supplied in a rotatable mount.
• Infra-red (I.R.) Filter (5.F(11)): Used with IR-sensitive film, it passes only IR radiation, which is less affected by mist and haze, rendering scenes invisible to the operator visible to the camera. A focus change is required as IR radiation focuses further away than visible light.
• U.V. Absorbing Filter (5.F(12)): Used in photographing subjects that fluoresce under UV radiation, it cuts out reflected UV light that would otherwise swamp the feeble visible emitted light.
• 5.F(13) reiterates that stronger filter colors yield greater effects but require greater exposure correction. It also cautions that in low-light conditions, using wide apertures or slow shutter speeds with filters can degrade photographs due to lack of depth of field or camera shake, recommending tripods and cable releases.
• 5.F(14) suggests "The Kodak Range of Light Filters" as a useful reference book.

Obtaining Accurate Numerical Data from Witnesses

Section 6.A outlines the General Procedure for Investigators, emphasizing the need for accurate numerical data from any sighting for proper analysis. Key statistics required include time, duration, size, distance, height, velocity, bearings, and true course. Errors in estimates can lead to significant calculation errors, and reliable estimates often require at least two observers at separate locations with precisely known observation times and distances.

Section 6.B details The Key Data:

• Date (6.B(1)): Must be recorded unambiguously (e.g., Monday 8 Dec 1975) to avoid confusion, especially with US date formats.
• Time (6.B(2)): Should be stated as accurately as possible (hours, minutes, seconds), using the 24-hour clock and specifying G.M.T. or B.S.T. Witness watches should be checked.
• Duration (6.B(3)): Often estimated incorrectly by untrained observers. A simulation method, where the witness points to the imagined UFO while being timed, is recommended for greater accuracy. Minimum and maximum values should be obtained.
• Size (6.B(4)): While difficult for UFOs due to their varied reported sizes, apparent size can be related to a known object at a stated distance. Examples illustrate how an object's apparent size relates to its distance, using a half-penny held at arm's length as a reference. The calculation depends on ratios. The text notes potential errors from the comparison object, arm length, visual memory, and viewing conditions. Using a standard string of a specific length (e.g., 60 cm or 2 ft) can eliminate arm length error. Overall error can exceed 100% for inexperienced witnesses. Calculating size using three-dimensional trigonometry with multiple observers stating apparent size, bearing, and angular elevation is possible, but the calculation itself may require expert assistance. Investigators should be wary of angular size estimates from untrained observers, noting the moon subtends only 1/2 degree.
• Velocity (6.B(5)): Defined as total distance traveled divided by time taken. Estimates based on a single witness report provide only a minimum reliable value, with the maximum or true speed potentially being much higher. A diagram illustrates the difficulty in obtaining accurate speed values, showing various routes (s, t, u, p, q, y) from a starting point to an endpoint. The minimum speed is along the shortest route. The text suggests that angular velocity (degrees per unit of time) is a simpler procedure, providing an example of calculating angular velocity from a 90-degree traversal over 8 seconds.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is the importance of precise, objective data collection and technical understanding in UFO investigation. The manual adopts a methodical, scientific approach, providing detailed instructions and formulae for investigators. It emphasizes minimizing subjective errors and maximizing the reliability of reported information, particularly in photographic techniques and witness testimonies regarding physical characteristics of sightings. The editorial stance is one of rigorous analysis and data-driven inquiry.

This document appears to be a section from a manual or guide focused on the technical aspects of observing and reporting phenomena, particularly in the context of unidentified flying objects (UFOs). It covers methods for calculating height and distance, understanding observer perception, and evaluating reports.

Height and Distance Calculations (6.B(6))

This section details trigonometric methods for determining the height and distance of an object. For a single observer, if the object passes through a cloud of known height ('c'), the distance ('d') can be found using the formula `d = c cosec e`, where 'e' is the angle of elevation of the object. The document notes that many witnesses may require assistance in estimating angles of elevation.

When two observers provide simultaneous measurements, the calculation of height ('h') or distance ('d' from observer A, 'r' from observer B) is simplified with a diagram. The observers are at points A and B, with 'h' being the height of the object above ground. Angles of elevation 'e' (seen by A) and 'f' (seen by B) are important. The distance between observers, AB, must be calculated or measured. Angles ABC and BAC are derived from bearings. The sine rule is then applied: `BC/sin BAC = AC/sin ABC = AB/sin ACB`, where ACB = 180° - (ABC + BAC). This allows for the calculation of BC and AC. Subsequently, `h/BC = tan f` and `h/AC = tan e`, leading to `h = BC tan f` or `h = AC tan e`. Distances 'd' and 'r' can be found using `d = AC sec c` and `r = BC sec f` (note: 'c' here seems to be a typo and likely refers to an angle, possibly ACB or a related angle, but is not explicitly defined in relation to 'd'). The manual acknowledges that finding angles ABC and BAC depends on knowing bearings, which will be explained later. It also states that detailed trigonometrical analysis and earth curvature are not accounted for, which could lead to errors with small angles and large distances.

Bearings (6.B(7))

This section defines bearings as the direction of an object from an observer. It describes two forms: Protractor Bearings (measured in degrees clockwise from North, e.g., East is 090°) and Quadrant Bearings (measured in degrees East or West of the North or South line, e.g., N45° E). The document strongly recommends Protractor Bearings, stating that errors are easily made with Quadrant Bearings. Investigators are advised to allow for magnetic deviation from true north, as quoted on Ordnance Survey Maps.

True Courses (6.B(8))

Estimating the true course of a moving object is presented as difficult due to visual illusions caused by cloud movement, vehicle motion, or even stars. The observer may perceive relative motion and draw incorrect inferences about the object's actual path. An example given is assuming a ship is moving in the opposite direction to its smoke. Calculating true course requires familiarity with relative velocity calculations and complete data.

General Procedure Comments (6.C)

Investigators are advised to:
1. Obtain as many measurements as possible using objective comparisons (tapes, coins, standard objects at stated distances).
2. Not assume a single object comparison is sufficient; use multiple comparisons to check for inconsistencies.

A note advises against openly contradicting witnesses with conflicting estimates, suggesting instead to gather more data to help evaluation.

Tables (6.D)

Table A provides useful conversion values between inches, feet, miles, and centimeters, meters, kilometers, and also includes speed conversions (miles per hour, meters per second). It lists the speed of sound in air as 738 mph or 330 m.p.sec.

Table B lists some angular measurements, showing common objects (Moon/Sun, Halfpenny, Penny, Twopence, Tennis ball) and the angle they subtend at the eye when held at specific distances (e.g., 60 cm). It also provides a 'y/d' value, likely related to the tangent of the angle or a similar trigonometric ratio.

Table C provides cloud heights, categorizing them into Low Cloud (up to 2 Km / 6,500 ft), Middle Clouds (2-6 Km / 6,500-20,000 ft), and High Clouds (6-15 Km / 20,000-50,000 ft).

Misidentification and Evaluation (7.A - 7.B)

This section focuses on the critical process of evaluating UFO reports by considering potential misidentification and misinterpretation.

Introduction - The Considerations (7.A)

Evaluating a UFO report involves analyzing the circumstances, the physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics of the witnesses, and the phenomena of the natural environment and man-made devices. The core challenge is understanding human error and the subjective nature of observation. A key aspect is recognizing that natural phenomena and man-made objects can be misinterpreted as UFOs.

The process aims to determine the degree of subjective or objective misinterpretation contributing to the report. The sequence is described as: UFO Event -> UFO Sighting (by witness) -> UFO Account (witness's description) -> UFO Report (final document). The Event can be a real unknown, a natural phenomenon, or a man-made object, or entirely subjective. The Sighting is subjective and prone to perception/interpretation errors. The Account is influenced by memory, imagination, and experience. The Report, especially if filtered through media like newspapers, can be significantly altered from the original facts. The golden rule is to never accept the UFO report at face value.

Perception, Cognition and Reporting (7.B)

This part, based on a University of Colorado study, aims to enlighten rather than instruct. It explains that a Sighting Report stems from an Event that transmits energy (light, heat, sound) to the observer. This energy is processed by the brain, leading to an interpretation of what happened, including characteristics like size, shape, color, sound, altitude, and distance. This interpretation is then subjected to cognition, where the observer decides what they saw. If an object cannot be identified, it is, by definition, a UFO for that observer.

• Factors Affecting Observation:
• Light Adaptation: Eye sensitivity varies. A bright light appears less intense to a light-adapted eye than a dark-adapted one. Objects invisible to a light-adapted eye are visible to a dark-adapted one (e.g., entering a dark cinema).
• Color Perception: Color interpretation depends on the background and light adaptation. A grey paper might appear reddish against green or yellowish against blue, and brighter against a dark background.
• Size, Speed, Altitude, Distance: Accurate estimates require a frame of reference. Without one, estimates rely on inference and the retinal image size. A small, nearby object can produce the same retinal image as a large, distant one. Similarly, speed perception can be misleading. Altitude perception is ambiguous, especially for moving objects; an object moving away might appear to gain altitude as it shrinks, and an approaching object might also appear to gain altitude if it's on a direct path overhead. Changes in apparent size can be interpreted as changes in distance (approach/recede).
• Shape: The perceived shape of an object is affected by its orientation to the observer. A disc can appear as a sphere, cigar, or ellipse.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes revolve around the scientific and methodological approach to analyzing unexplained aerial phenomena. The editorial stance emphasizes a critical, evidence-based evaluation, highlighting the fallibility of human perception and the importance of rigorous measurement and trigonometric calculations. It advocates for a systematic process that accounts for potential misidentifications and subjective biases, rather than accepting reports at face value. The document promotes a cautious and analytical approach to UFO investigation.

Title: Flying Saucer Review
Issue: 1
Volume: 20
Date: 1974
Publisher: Flying Saucer Review Publications
Country: United Kingdom
Price: £0.25
ISSN: 0016-090X

This issue of Flying Saucer Review, titled 'The Problem of the Witness,' delves into the complexities of UFO sightings by examining the observer's role and the myriad factors that can influence perception and reporting. It emphasizes the need for rigorous investigation, distinguishing between genuine unexplained phenomena and misidentifications.

The Witness and Perception

The issue begins by detailing physiological and psychological effects that can impact a witness's perception. Section 7.B(6) introduces 'Autokinesis,' where a stationary object appears to move due to staring, and its opposite, 'Autostasis,' where a moving object appears stationary. Section 7.B(7) discusses 'Illusionary effects,' using the example of lines appearing to be different lengths when they are equal, and likens this to the moon appearing larger on the horizon. Weather conditions and atmospheric impediments like rain, fog, dust, and heat haze are highlighted in 7.B(8) as factors that can affect the quality of the retinal image, potentially causing mirages and ghost images.

These factors are described as additive, creating a neural stimulus that is then subject to the observer's interpretation (7.B(9)). This interpretation is decisive in whether a report is made. The text stresses the importance of the investigator's approach in 7.B(10), advising against being overly credulous or hypercritical. Leading questions, such as asking about extraterrestrial origins or suggesting the object was a weather balloon, are deemed out of context and inappropriate during an interview. The investigator's task is research and analysis, not to elicit theories from the witness. It is crucial to remain open-minded and focus on establishing what the witness actually observed, considering factors that could affect observation, rather than the witness's or investigator's own theories.

Statistics and Data Collection

Section 7.C, 'STATISTICS,' presents findings from official and unofficial sources, indicating that the vast majority of alleged UFO reports are explainable in normal terms. It suggests that no more than 10% of sightings remain unexplained, and this percentage could be even lower due to insufficient data in many reports. Statistics also graphically illustrate how natural phenomena and man-made objects contribute to the identification of reports.

Section 7.D, 'DATA,' underscores the paramount importance of collecting essential and accurate data, including date, time, location, duration, direction, elevation, and weather details. Without this information, a true evaluation of a report is impossible. Precise data, especially date and time, is necessary for cross-referencing with almanacs to eliminate astronomical explanations. Weather data is also vital, as conditions conducive to observing certain phenomena (like a bolide in clear skies) differ from those associated with others (like lightning balls in stormy conditions).

Misidentified Phenomena

Section 7.E, 'MISIDENTIFIED PHENOMENA,' introduces a list of natural and man-made objects that commonly give rise to UFO reports. The information provided aims to equip investigators to identify these phenomena and rule them out as explanations.

Astronomical Phenomena (7.F)

• The Night Sky (7.F(1)): A lack of elementary astronomy knowledge can make the night sky mysterious, leading to many UFO reports during darkness. Investigators are advised to use star maps and astronomy booklets.
• Meteoric Phenomena (7.F(2)): This category includes meteors, fireballs, bolides, and meteorites. Billions of meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere daily, burning up due to friction. Brighter meteors can leave luminous trains, and their colors vary. More spectacular fireballs can be visible over large areas, sometimes appearing globe-shaped with fiery tails. Two notable examples are cited: a fireball crossing Great Britain on April 25, 1969, which led to UFO reports and deposited meteorites, and a blue/green bolide on June 6, 1976, also resulting in numerous UFO reports.
• Planets (7.F(3)): Planets like Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are often visible and can be mistaken for UFOs, especially Venus, which has sometimes been reported as a 'fiery cross' due to prolonged observation and refraction effects. Indicators of a planetary sighting include prolonged observation, slow movement, and observation over successive nights. Autokinesis can also make stationary planets appear to move. Checking bearings and elevations against an almanac can help identify planets.
• The Moon (7.F(4)): The moon, particularly when low on the horizon and appearing dull and orangy, or when partially obscured by clouds, can be mistaken for a UFO. Moon-dogs, caused by ice crystal refraction, can also create misinterpreted phenomena.
• The Sun (7.F(5)): Similar to the moon, the sun can be accompanied by bright, rainbow-colored halos and 'sun-dogs,' which may be mistaken for UFOs. Sub-suns are also mentioned as small patches of light that can be observed against clouds.
• The Stars (7.F(6)): Bright stars and constellations viewed through moving clouds can create the impression of movement, further complicated by autokinesis.
• Other Astronomical Phenomena (7.F(7)): Less common phenomena like Gegenschein (a faint patch of light) and Luminous Sky (a faint glow covering the sky) are also noted as potential sources of misidentification.

Meteorological Phenomena (7.G)

• The Earth's Atmosphere (7.G(1)): The atmosphere's composition and the meteorological phenomena within it are crucial considerations for UFO investigations.
• Fog, Mist and Rain (7.G(2)): These can distort or obscure lights, creating halos or making them invisible. Fog and mist can also act as screens for shadows, such as the Brocken Spectre. Rainfall, being a cloud of particles, can have similar effects.
• Mirages (7.G(3)): Optical illusions caused by the refraction of light rays through layers of air with different temperatures and densities.
• Opalescent Clouds (7.G(6)): Clouds forming at high altitudes (around 16 miles) that refract light, creating colorful edges, which could be mistaken for UFOs.
• Noctilucent Clouds (7.G(7)): Clouds at very high altitudes (over 50 miles) that reflect sunlight after sunset, appearing luminous against the night sky and potentially mistaken for UFOs.
• Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights) (7.G(8)): While less likely to be confused by informed observers, auroral displays can be a source of confusion for the uninformed.
• Ignis Fatuus or Will-o'-the-Wisp (7.G(9)): Luminous globes seen floating above swamps, caused by the ignition of methane and phosphine from decaying organic matter, are identified as a source of some UFO reports.
• Lightning and Other Natural Electrical Phenomena (7.G(10)): This includes ground discharges (thunderbolts) and cloud discharges (sheet lightning). Ball lightning is described in detail: usually spherical, 10-20 cm in diameter, with various colors, sounds (humming, crackling), and sometimes an odor. It can move with or independently of the wind at about 2 m/s, with a tortuous path, and can last from seconds to minutes. St. Elmo's fire, a luminous point discharge from masts or wings, is also mentioned. Investigators are warned that these phenomena can be dangerous.

Man-Made Objects (7.H)

• Balloons (7.H(1)): Divided into two subsections:
• (a) Balloons for amusement: Includes toy balloons and those released in competitions.
• (b) Balloons for research: More sophisticated devices, often with metallic sheets for radar detection. As they ascend, gas expansion inflates them, and their fabric may appear draped. Brightly colored balloons are used for visual tracking and wind studies. Returning found balloons may yield a fee. Stationary or slow-moving balloons, or those reflecting sunlight, can be mistaken for UFOs. Their movement is governed by wind, appearing as smooth drifts, possibly motionless.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is the critical importance of the human observer and the potential for misidentification. The magazine advocates for a scientific and methodical approach to UFO investigations, emphasizing data collection, understanding natural and man-made phenomena, and maintaining objectivity. The editorial stance is one of critical inquiry, aiming to demystify UFO reports by identifying plausible explanations rooted in known science and psychology, while implicitly acknowledging that a small percentage may remain truly unexplained. The focus is on educating the investigator to accurately assess sightings and avoid jumping to unwarranted conclusions.

This issue of Flying Saucer Review, Volume 20, Number 5, dated September-October 1974, is titled 'The UFO Investigator's Handbook'. It aims to equip investigators with the knowledge to distinguish between genuine unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and misidentified conventional aircraft, satellites, and natural phenomena. The magazine provides detailed guidance on the characteristics and behaviors of these potential sources of misidentification, along with advice on conducting investigations and writing case reports.

Identifying Conventional Aircraft

The handbook emphasizes that a comprehensive aircraft recognition guide is not necessary for UFO investigators. Instead, it focuses on general principles of conventional aircraft behavior. These include not flying at speeds exceeding twice the speed of sound, avoiding rapid changes in speed or direction, maintaining a consistent shape (apart from altitude or orientation changes), reflecting light, usually producing noise, and generally staying at higher altitudes unless landing. Specific aircraft lighting systems (red port wing, green starboard wing, white tail light) are also detailed. The text warns that certain conditions, such as flying through broken cloud, city lights reflecting on the underside, illuminated windows, or viewing an aircraft along its wings, can lead to misidentification. Specialized aircraft, like those used for research or carrying searchlights, and prototype designs like delta-wing or flying wing aircraft, are also noted as potential sources of confusion.

A map of air corridors over the British Isles is presented to help investigators determine if a sighting occurred within a known flight path. Aircraft typically fly at heights ranging from ground level to approximately 30,000 feet within these lanes, which extend about six miles on either side of the broken lines.

Distinguishing Artificial Satellites

The issue explains that artificial satellites, including spent rocket stages and space debris, are a common source of UFO reports. These objects are not visible in daylight but can be seen at night as moving star-like objects. While detailed observation requires optical instruments, casual observers might note their brightness (comparable to planets like Skylab and Salyut), twinkling, potential halo effect through clouds, and their characteristic curved trajectory across the sky. Non-orbiting objects, in contrast, follow straight flight paths. The text also mentions that re-entries of satellites and debris into the atmosphere can create spectacular, fireball-like displays that might be mistaken for UFOs.

Other Misidentified Objects and Phenomena

Beyond aircraft and satellites, the handbook lists several other phenomena that can contribute to UFO statistics. These include birds (especially when seen at night or in formation), kites (which can produce humming sounds), wind-blown debris, comets (misty patches of light, sometimes with a nucleus and tail), experimental rocket launches, flares, fireworks, reflections, searchlights, radar anomalies, photographic flaws, and hoaxes. The Condon Report is referenced for further analysis of these topics.

Writing Case Reports

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to the process of writing UFO case reports. It advises investigators to always start with the most conventional hypothesis and resist concluding that an event is inexplicable or otherworldly. A skeptical yet open-minded approach is recommended, emphasizing thorough investigation of both the report and the witnesses. Investigators are encouraged to be self-critical, follow all leads, and explore all possibilities. The structure of a case report is outlined, including details on the sighting's origin, sources, witnesses (names, ages, occupations, background), circumstances of the sighting (weather, time, date), and the investigator's own process and findings. Reports should be on A4 paper, copied in triplicate, and include relevant materials like photographs, maps, and sketches.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is the importance of rigorous investigation and the avoidance of premature conclusions. The editorial stance is one of methodical skepticism, advocating for the elimination of all mundane explanations before considering extraordinary ones. The handbook serves as a practical guide for investigators, underscoring that many UFO reports stem from misidentification of known objects and phenomena. The emphasis is on systematic analysis, detailed reporting, and a grounded approach to understanding aerial sightings.

This document is a section of the BUFORA (British UFO Research Association) Handbook, specifically detailing investigation procedures, reporting requirements, and associated forms. It appears to be a technical manual for investigators within the organization, with a revision date of 2/79, suggesting a publication around 1979.

Investigation Procedures and Case Reporting

The handbook outlines a systematic approach to investigating UFO sightings. Key sections include:

• 8.B(6) Discrepancies: Investigators are instructed to comment on discrepancies in witness reports and detail the steps taken to resolve them.
• 8.B(7) Authority Statements: Statements from authorities such as police and observatories should be included, with full details reserved for an appendix. Copies of letters to or from authorities should be kept on file, but included with the report only if of major importance.
• 8.B(8) Investigator's Report Summary: This form must be completed and included in the case report.
• 8.B(9) Conclusions: Case reports should conclude with a review of the investigation and likely explanations. If an obvious explanation is found, the case can be closed. If multiple explanations exist, their pros and cons should be detailed. The handbook emphasizes that the term "UFO" is not an acceptable analytical description; the Extra Terrestrial Hypothesis (ETH) will only be accepted with incontrovertible evidence of an alien craft. Controversial explanations require sufficient evidence.
• 8.B(10) Recommendations: Investigators must make a recommendation to BUFORA's evaluator regarding whether the case should be closed or kept open, and under what conditions.
• 8.B(11) Acknowledgements: Substantial assistance from persons or authorities, and enclosed materials, should be acknowledged in a footnote.

Appendices and Forms

The document includes several appendices that provide supporting materials and forms for investigators:

• Appendix 1: Addresses of Regional Investigation Co-ordinators: Lists contact details for the National Investigation Co-ordinator, Larry Dale, and mentions that a full list of Regional Investigation Co-ordinators (RICs) will be available later. Norman Oliver is also listed for urgent cases.
• Appendix 2(a): Investigations Procedure Systems: A flowchart illustrating the process from a UFO sighting to research files, statistical analysis, and publication. It shows the role of the National Investigations Co-ordinator, Advisors, and Consultants.
• Appendix 2(b): Sighting Notification Cards: Provides a template for a Sighting Notification Card to rapidly inform BUFORA of a sighting. It details essential information like date, time, location, and unusual features.
• Form R.1: UFO SIGHTING ACCOUNT FORM: A form for witnesses to provide an account of their sighting, including a drawing and answers to specific questions. It collects personal details of the witness and asks about their willingness to have their name published.
• Form R.2: UFO SIGHTING REPORT FORM: This form is for official investigators to document sightings after recording and simulation. It includes detailed sections for location, date, time, duration, object description (shape, color, sound, brightness), environmental conditions, and effects on people, animals, or equipment.
• Appendix 3C: BUFORA Supplementary Questionnaire Checklist - Physical or Physiological Effects: A detailed questionnaire for witnesses to report any physical or physiological effects experienced, such as changes in temperature, pressure, loss of consciousness, disorientation, smells, sounds, or skin sensations.

Key Concepts and Terminology

• BUFORA: British UFO Research Association.
• RIC: Regional Investigation Co-ordinator.
• NIC: National Investigation Co-ordinator.
• ETH: Extra Terrestrial Hypothesis.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The document reflects a rigorous and scientific approach to UFO investigation. The emphasis is on detailed documentation, objective analysis, and evidence-based conclusions. BUFORA appears to be cautious about accepting extraordinary claims without substantial proof, as evidenced by the strict criteria for accepting the ETH. The organization aims to standardize its investigation process through the use of specific forms and procedures, ensuring consistency and thoroughness in data collection and analysis.

This document is a collection of supplementary questionnaires and forms from the British UFO Research Association (BUFORA), likely dating from around 1979 based on the 'REV 2/79' notation on one of the forms. It is not a magazine issue in the traditional sense but rather a set of data collection tools for UFO/UAP investigations.

Section B: Effects on Animals, Plants, Ground or Objects

This section outlines questions to be asked of witnesses regarding any temporary or permanent effects observed on the environment surrounding a sighting. It prompts for descriptions of effects, their duration (before, during, after the sighting), details of any marks or residues left (including dimensions and sketches), sampling procedures for affected and non-affected areas, magnetic field readings, temperatures, radioactivity readings, and site photographs. It also includes a check to ensure all procedures recommended in the BUFORA Field Investigation Handbook have been followed.

Section C: Effects on Equipment Nearby

This section focuses on the impact of a sighting on nearby equipment. It asks for the specification of the equipment, any measurements made with it, and a description of its normal operating mode and any variations observed, including changes in voltage or current.

Appendix 3D: BUFORA Supplementary Questionnaire Checklist - Effects on Vehicles

This detailed questionnaire is designed to gather comprehensive information about vehicles potentially affected by or involved in a UFO sighting. It covers:

• Driver and Vehicle Details: Name of driver and owner, vehicle make, year, model, color, and body type (metal, fibreglass, other).
• Dashboard Instruments: Listing of all instruments and warning lights, and specific readings before, during, and after the sighting, including checks for the instrument panel and headlamp warning light during night sightings.
• Operational Details: Gear changes, estimated vehicle speed if speedometer was not checked, driving conditions, and handling state for ten minutes prior to and up to the sighting.
• Malfunctions: Specific questions about malfunctions of the engine, lights, instruments, and other mechanisms, at each stage of the sighting.
• Engine and Systems: Type of engine (petrol, diesel, electric, other), cooling method (water/air), petrol grade, petrol pump type (electrical/mechanical), ignition system (standard coil, electronic), speedometer and tachometer type (electrical/mechanical), and condition of the heater and boost fan.
• Maintenance and Battery: Details of any recent maintenance, battery condition (before, during, after), and number of miles driven since the last driving test.
• Other Effects: Description of any effects on metal objects in the vehicle or on the person, changes in air temperature or pressure felt by the witness, damage to wiring, previous electrical or mechanical modifications, and malfunction of the voltage-current regulator.
• Post-Sighting Checks: Information on who checked the vehicle after the sighting and the results of the examination.

Appendix 3E: BUFORA Supplementary Questionnaire Checklist - Occupants or Entities Reported

This questionnaire focuses on reports of non-human occupants or entities. It asks for:

• Description: Number of beings, their movements, and any distinguishing factors from human beings, robots, or animals.
• Witness Interaction: Whether entities were aware of the witness, details of any communications (mode, direction, lip/head/body movement), and any perceived influence on the witness's thoughts or language.
• Evidence: Description of any written or marked documents involved, and requests for sketches.
• Witness Background: Details of any previous contact with similar entities, any psychic or extrasensory abilities possessed by the witness, and instructions given to the witness.
• Witness State: Description of the witness's mental, emotional, and physical state before, during, and after the incident.
• Purpose: The witness's belief about the purpose of the entities.

Appendix 3G: British UFO Research Association - Photographic Investigations Questionnaire

This form is for documenting photographic evidence related to UFO sightings. It is divided into:

• Camera Data: Make, model, age/condition, lens diameter, focal length, shutter speeds, f-stop range, focusing method, zoom, cine frame rate, drive type, and viewing mode.
• Film Data: Type, manufacturer, color/B/W, ASA rating, longevity date, process, processor, and film size.
• Still Details: Frame number, f-stop, shutter, focal length, filters, distance, direction, and elevation for still photographs.
• Cine Details: Scene number, f-stop, FPS, focal length, filters, distance, direction, and elevation for cine footage.
• Camera Accessories/Methods Used: Tripod, hand-held, panning, zooming, filter type/color, density, and make.
• Basic Data: Number of photos/footage (stills, cine, negs), number of UFOs photographed, availability to BUFORA, and copyright status.
• Location Data: Location of sighting, whether from a vehicle, moving, car, plane, ship, etc., and time of day (daylight, night, evening).
• Usage Rights: Permissions for using the photographs.
• Certificate of Photographic Materials: A section for an authorized investigator to certify receipt of photographic materials for analysis, evaluation, or copying by BUFORA, with a disclaimer regarding responsibility for loss or damage.

Appendix 3(h): Aerial Sighting Report

This is a confidential information form for reporting aerial sightings. It includes fields for:

• Confidentiality Statement: Emphasizing that personal information will be kept confidential for research purposes only.
• Return Information: Address for returning the completed form to Dr. Richard F. Haines in Los Altos, California.
• Details of the Anomalous Phenomenon: A primary section for witnesses to describe what they saw, including space for sketches of the object and its apparent motion relative to the aircraft or background.
• Object Movement: Questions about whether the object moved relative to the aircraft window or stable background details, with instructions for sketching the motion.
• Object Observation: Questions about how the object was first noticed and how it disappeared, including various modes of appearance and disappearance.
• Object Details: Prompts for distinguishable details (edges, portholes, markings, atmospheric effects), and descriptions of atmospheric effects.
• Cockpit Events: Inquiries about unusual occurrences in the cockpit before, during, or after the sighting.
• Visibility: Questions about what made the object visible (reflected light or self-emission) and the position of the sun/moon.
• Physiological Sensations: A checklist for any experienced physiological sensations during the sighting (eye strain, tingling, pain, heat, odor, taste, sounds) and any non-normal sensations within 24 hours after the sighting.
• Witness Belief: A question asking for the witness's opinion on what the object was, with supporting facts.
• Previous Sightings: A question about whether the witness had previously seen anything thought to be an unidentified flying object.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout these documents is the systematic and detailed collection of data related to UFO/UAP phenomena. The BUFORA organization appears to have a rigorous approach to investigation, aiming to gather as much objective information as possible from witnesses. The questionnaires are designed to cover a wide range of potential evidence, from physical effects on the environment and equipment to detailed eyewitness testimony about the objects themselves, their occupants, and any associated phenomena. The emphasis on detailed descriptions, measurements, and sketches suggests a scientific or quasi-scientific methodology. The inclusion of a specific form for aerial sightings, with detailed instructions for sketching and describing motion, highlights the importance placed on observational data, particularly from aviation contexts. The confidentiality clause in the Aerial Sighting Report indicates a concern for witness privacy and the sensitive nature of the subject matter. Overall, the documents reflect a structured and thorough effort to document and analyze UFO/UAP reports.

This document, titled 'UFO APPEARANCE RECOGNITION AND IDENTIFICATION TEST PROCEDURE (Copyright-1976)', authored by Richard F. Haines, Ph.D., is presented as Appendix 3 (j). It details a systematic method for collecting and categorizing information about the appearance of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) from eyewitness accounts. The procedure is designed to aid in correlating sighting details, understanding variations in perceived shapes, and facilitating computerization for statistical analysis.

Introduction

The introduction highlights two primary reasons for the procedure: first, to categorize UFO shapes and details for correlation with other sighting data, which may help in understanding the phenomenon; and second, to learn more about the true nature of UFOs by establishing potential relationships between shape and identity. It notes that laboratory research suggests recalling details like outline shape is easier than recalling them from memory, and that this method builds upon previous suggestions for shape recognition.

The Seven-Step Procedure

The core of the document outlines a seven-step process for witnesses:

1. "Draw the UFO": Witnesses are asked to draw the UFO from memory on a clean piece of paper, without prompting. After completion, they must add their name (or initials), date of sighting, time of sighting (including time zone), location of sighting, date of drawing, and an arrow indicating the upward direction relative to gravity.
2. "Draw Three Simple Shapes": Witnesses then draw a circle, a square, and an equilateral triangle on a second piece of paper, along with their name/initials and an orientation arrow. These serve as basic reference shapes.
3. "Recognize and Match UFO Outline Shape": Witnesses are presented with various drawings of symmetric UFO shapes (Figure 2) and asymmetric UFO shapes (Figure 3). They are asked to select one or a combination of shapes that best represent the UFO they saw. The selection involves matching top surface, mid-section, and bottom surface shapes. Codes are assigned based on these selections (e.g., T12, M1B1).
4. Recognize UFO Details: This step involves identifying specific details of the UFO.
5. Determine Width/Height Ratio: The ratio of the object's width to its height is determined.
6. Assign Final Code: Based on the previous steps, a final code is assigned to the UFO's appearance.
7. Final Accuracy Verification: The final step ensures the accuracy of the collected information.

Handling Specific Cases

Indistinct or Hazy Outlines: A special 'H' code (H1, H2, H3) is used to describe the degree of indistinctness, ranging from slightly indistinct (like the moon through thin ice) to very indistinct (like a distant light through dense fog). This code is omitted if the UFO appears sharp.

Asymmetric UFO Shapes: For objects that do not appear symmetrical, witnesses are shown shapes in Figure 3. They select the most similar shape and provide details about linear dimensions (height 'h', length 'l') and side designations (convex 'CV', concave 'CC'). A viewing angle (X) is also estimated, with X90 for directly below and X0 for directly from the side.

Shapes Not Found in Figures: If a remembered shape is not present in the provided figures, witnesses are urged to describe it in terms of similarities and differences to the available shapes. This information should be recorded, preferably on tape.

Changing Shapes: If a UFO is reported to change shape continuously, the procedure suggests asking the witness to select shapes from Figure 2 at different points in time or space. These selections are marked on a line representing time intervals, with the duration between marks recorded.

Supporting Information and Figures

The document includes detailed diagrams (Figures 1, 2, and 3) illustrating the seven steps, symmetric UFO shapes, and asymmetric UFO shapes. Figure 2 is presented in three parts (a, b, c) covering rows 1-8, 9-16, and 17-24 respectively. Figure 3 details various asymmetric shapes (V1-V28), including notes on rigid vs. flexible shapes, groupings of dots, end shapes, and specific descriptions for certain categories like 'point source too small to see shape' (V23) or 'star-like shape' (V21).

Acknowledgements and Copyright

The author expresses gratitude to Jim McCampbell, Ray Fowler, and Troy Challenger for their comments and to Peri Cline for her work in cataloguing drawings. The document is copyrighted 1976, with revisions noted as REV. 2/79.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the critical importance of systematic, detailed data collection in UFO research, particularly concerning visual observations. The editorial stance is one of scientific rigor, emphasizing the need for standardized procedures to overcome the challenges of memory recall and subjective interpretation. The document advocates for a structured approach to gather reliable observational data, which can then be analyzed statistically to potentially unlock the mysteries of the UFO phenomenon. There is a clear emphasis on the visual aspect of UFO sightings as a primary data point.

This document, likely an issue of a publication focused on UFO investigation, presents a detailed methodology for field investigators to systematically collect and codify information about UFO sightings. The core of the document is a step-by-step guide on how to interview witnesses and record their observations, with a strong emphasis on using a standardized coding system.

Step-by-Step Investigation Procedure

Step 4: "Recognize UFO Details"

This step advises investigators to ask witnesses to examine various UFO detail drawings (Figure 4) and select those similar to what they perceived. It stresses the importance of using generic or symbolic codes for details rather than potentially misleading common terms (e.g., 'antenna', 'dome'). This approach aims to maintain objectivity and reduce psychological biases in the witness's perception. The document explains how to use code letters and numbers to specify details and their quantities, such as 'A4' for one horizontally oriented oval detail or 'A4(3)' for three. It also introduces codes like 'Al' for regular geometric arrangements and 'T4' for random arrangements of apertures or luminous sources. If a witness cannot find a similar detail in the provided figures, the investigator should record a verbal description using the 'P13' code.

Step 5: "Determine the Width to Height Ratio of the UFO's Outline"

This step focuses on quantifying the UFO's outline shape by determining its width-to-height ratio (R). The witness is asked to make independent sketches to establish this ratio, and protuberances are to be excluded unless they are clearly part of the main body. The investigator is instructed to measure and calculate R, and also to perform a second measurement on the original sketch for comparison. The difference between these two R values is considered a potentially valuable piece of information.

Step 6: "Assign the Final Shape/Detail Code"

This step highlights the importance of accurate symbolic coding for UFO outlines and details to facilitate later categorization and computerization of data. The document states that this coding procedure has been developed for flexibility and future expansion, aiming to make a large amount of data available for analysis when used by multiple investigators.

Coding System and Figures

Figure 4 (Parts a and b): UFO Details

• These figures provide a comprehensive catalog of UFO shapes and details, categorized into:
• Domes or Symmetrical Protrusions (D): D1 through D15, illustrating various dome-like or protruding features.
• Attached Protrusions (P): P1 through P13, covering linear, curved, or other types of attached features, including a code for details not shown.
• Apertures or Surface Sources (A): A1 through A10, depicting various openings or light sources on the UFO's surface.
• Surface Texture (T): T1 through T5, illustrating different textures or patterns on the UFO's surface.

Additional symbols are provided for details like 'Self Luminous' (SL), 'Transparent' (TRI), 'Movement Seen Inside' (M), and changes in size, shape, or brightness.

Figure 5: Basic Layout Format for the Code

• This figure illustrates the structure of the UFO code, which includes sections for:
• Outline Sharpness: (R)
• Outline Shape: Top, Middle, Bottom (separated by semicolons)
• Details: Top, Middle, Bottom (T; M; B; codes, separated by semicolons, with multiple codes separated by commas)
• Gravitational Orientation (O): An angle representing the UFO's orientation relative to the horizontal.
• Viewing Angle (X): The angle from which the UFO was viewed.

The document explains that triple diagonal slashes (///) separate the main sections, and semicolons separate codes within sections. Brackets are used to indicate the number of similar details, and symbols like '>', '=', or '<' can specify relative sizes. The gravitational orientation (O) should be estimated to within five degrees, with 0 degrees for parallel to the ground and 90 degrees for banked up. The viewing angle (X) should also be estimated accurately.

Step 7: "Final Verification of Code Accuracy"

This is described as the most crucial step, requiring investigator experience. It involves cross-checking the final code against:
1. The witness's original sketch.
2. The UFO outline shape recognized by the witness (from Figures 2 or 3).
3. The symbolic codes for the details (from Figure 4).
4. The calculated width-to-height ratio (R) from both the original sketch and later drawings.

Discrepancies must be clarified. The document notes that the 'H' code for hazy outlines might not be apparent in the sketch. The value of R from Step 5 should always be recorded in the final code, regardless of discrepancies.

Field Investigator Training

This section emphasizes that the reliability of the procedure depends on the user's faithful adherence to each step. A self-teaching procedure is offered, where the reader assumes Step 1 is complete and follows Steps 2 through 7 to determine the correct code, comparing it with examples provided in Figure 6. These examples, assigned by independent judges, include coded UFO shapes and details for four different sightings.

Case Examples (Figure 6)

Figure 6 presents four UFO sightings with their corresponding codes:
1. Sighting Date: 1/16/50, Location: Trinidade Isle, Brazil: Described as drawn by an artist from a photo. The code includes details like H1, T3, M2, B3, and orientation/viewing angles.
2. Sighting Date: 1/12/75, Location: Stonehenge Apartment, New York: Drawn by an eyewitness. The code includes B13, TP12(NO), MA1(9)-SL, and viewing angle X0.
3. Sighting Date: 6/1/69, Location: Bucharest, Rumania: Involves a red point and an emerald green light. Drawn by an eyewitness (engineer). The code includes V2, TDU-D12(SL), BDU-D12(SL), and viewing angle X0.
4. Sighting Date: 7/4/75, Location: null: Drawn by an eyewitness. The code includes T14, B12, TD7, MA1(4)(SL), and viewing angle X10.

Hypothetical UFO Drawing (Figure 7)

Figure 7 shows a hypothetical UFO drawing by witness Joanne Doe, dated February 12, 1970, near Madison, Wisconsin. It depicts a disc-shaped object with three globes on the bottom, a dark circle in the center, and a red beam. The notes explain that such drawings should be coded based on the outline as drawn, without mental rotation. The correct code for this drawing is provided: `//V1-CV;3.06//TD2(1), A1(11)-(SL);MA7(1)-(NO)>D3(3),P13(1)-(B)//8;X25`.

Appendices

• Appendix 3 (k): Topographical Supplement (Checklist): This is a checklist for investigators to document the geographical features present in the vicinity of a UFO sighting. It includes categories like motorways, canals, airfields, rivers, power stations, and various types of buildings and natural features, with space for details and age of alterations.
• Appendix 4: Report Summary: This form is designed for summarizing UFO investigation reports. It includes sections for principal investigators, witness details (including their opinions, interests, and reactions), weather reports, air traffic reports, other details considered, and concluding remarks with reasons for the report's validity.

References Cited

• The document cites two references:
• Shepard, R.N., "Some psychologically oriented techniques for the scientific investigation of unidentified aerial phenomena."
• Valley, G.E., "Some considerations affecting the interpretation of reports of unidentified flying objects."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the establishment of a rigorous, scientific methodology for UFO investigation. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of objective data collection, systematic analysis, and the use of standardized procedures and coding systems to move beyond anecdotal accounts and toward a more reliable understanding of UFO phenomena. The document promotes a cautious approach, advising against premature assumptions and encouraging the use of neutral, descriptive language. The emphasis on investigator training and cross-verification underscores a commitment to accuracy and reliability in UFO research.

This document comprises several appendices related to the British UFO Research Association (BUFORA) and its procedures for investigating and evaluating UFO sightings. It includes the 'UFO Sighting Report Form' (R1), the 'BUFORA Evaluation Procedure', and notes on how to use the report forms. The content is primarily procedural and instructional, aimed at investigators.

BUFORA Evaluation Procedure

BUFORA employs a two-tiered system for report evaluation: ADVISERS and CONSULTANTS. Advisers are BUFORA members with scientific qualifications and experience, grouped into specialized PANELS:

• TRACES: Co-ordinated by Mr. S. J. Gamble, this panel deals with environmental disturbance or physical residue, employing chemists, physicists, geologists, biologists, and botanists.
• ATMOSPHERICS: Co-ordinated by Mr. A. R. Pace, this panel handles cases involving atmospheric effects, employing astronomers, meteorologists, and atmospheric physicists.
• HUMAN ASPECTS: Co-ordinated by Mr. T. Whitaker, this panel focuses on witness reactions and alleged contact experiences, employing psychologists, psychiatrists, and other human aspect specialists.
• ELECTRONICS AND MECHANICS: Co-ordinated by Mr. B. Hartley, this panel investigates cases involving effects on electrical equipment, employing engineers and electronics experts.
• PHOTOGRAPHIC: Co-ordinated by Mr. R.S. Digby, this panel includes photographers and optical experts. The Traces and Photographic panels function together as the Physical Data Section.

BUFORA also has an Advisers Panel for statistical analysis, co-ordinated by Mr. P. Hill.

Consultants are scientifically experienced individuals, not necessarily BUFORA members, co-ordinated by BUFORA'S EVALUATIONS Co-ordinator, Mr. C. A. E. O'Brien. BUFORA actively seeks eminent scientists to act as consultants.

General Procedure

The entire system is managed by the National Investigations Co-ordinator (N.I.C.). Investigators must immediately inform the N.I.C. of cases requiring an Adviser's involvement and also inform the R.I.C. Reports classified as Classes 1 and 2 are automatically forwarded by the N.I.C. to the most relevant Advisers Panel for examination by a qualified member. The panel co-ordinator then forwards a report to the N.I.C. The N.I.C. may then decide to send the report to another Advisers Panel or to BUFORA Consultants if the case is of sufficient significance. Evaluation reports are sent to the R.I.C. involved, and the original report with evaluations goes to the Research Department, whose director makes the final decision on closing a case. The N.I.C. ensures all evaluation reports are secured before submitting to the Research Department. Class 3 and 4 reports may be subject to evaluation at the N.I.C.'s discretion.

Adviser and Consultant Roles

Advisers are expected to:
1. Report on possible explanations for the sighting based on their experience.
2. Recommend whether further investigation is needed and comment on deficiencies.
They may also assist in specific projects by the Research Department.

Consultants are requested to perform the same duties as Advisers but also to recommend cases suitable for scientific publication and suggest how this might be done.

UFO Sighting Report Forms (Appendix 5(c) and Appendix 6)

Appendix 5(c) presents a 'REPORT ANALYSIS CARD' with numerous fields for recording data related to a sighting, including date, time, location, witness details, sighting type, evaluation, and various characteristics of the object and effects. It uses a numerical coding system for data entry.

Appendix 6 provides 'NOTES ON HOW TO USE THE REPORT FORMS'. It explains the purpose of the R.1 (Sighting Account Form) and R.2 (co-operative completion) forms. Key instructions for investigators include:

• Completing the top portion of the R.1 form with reference numbers and investigator names.
• Ensuring witnesses read through their statements for completeness.
• Clarifying ambiguous drawings and understanding the relative sizes of objects.
• Identifying witness qualifications and interests that might enhance observational skills (e.g., amateur astronomy, meteorology).
• Checking for agreement between DAY and DATE.
• Taking special care with bearings and elevations, visiting the location if necessary.
• Noting any small, potentially important details.
• Visiting further witnesses independently, even if related.
• Making neighbourhood enquiries and checking with local police, newspapers, and airports for additional reports.
• Determining if supplementary forms (R.3 Physical/Physiological effects, R.4 Vehicle effects, R.5 Occupants/Entities, R.7 Photographic) are required.

Investigators Report Summary Form (Appendix 6 / Cont)

This form (Appendix 4) is designed for a full check on possible explanations, with the understanding that most sightings have conventional explanations. Investigators must check that the report is complete, including all supplementary forms. Section B requires careful attention to each witness's emotional responses and attempts to explain observations. Reconstruction exercises are commented upon in Appendix 7, emphasizing factual reporting and avoiding guesswork.

Section C requires a standardized report on meteorological conditions (wind speeds, cloud cover, temperature, visibility) from local meteorological offices or airports. Section D relates to weather balloon release times, and Section E pertains to night sightings, with assistance available from astronomical societies for meteors, satellites, and planetary positions. Investigators are reminded to comment on other possible explanations and to add answers to Section F on a separate sheet. The final report should be checked for completeness against Appendix 8.

Sample Sighting Account (Form R1)

A completed R1 form by Arthur Smith, dated October 6, 1976, describes a sighting on a Monday night. While driving home, he saw a bright, vivid blue light in the sky that appeared stationary before accelerating very fast and vanishing. During the event, Mr. Jones' car headlights briefly went out. Arthur Smith described the object as possibly oval with a hump on top, but noted the brightness made certainty difficult. The next day, a neighbour mentioned seeing a 'funny aircraft'. Arthur Smith's qualifications include book-keeping and exams, and he does not object to his name being published.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The document consistently emphasizes a rigorous, systematic approach to UFO investigation, prioritizing evidence, detailed reporting, and the elimination of conventional explanations. The editorial stance appears to be one of scientific inquiry, encouraging detailed data collection and analysis through structured procedures and expert evaluation. The emphasis on checking for known phenomena and the statement that 'chances are nine to one against any sighting being truly unknown' suggest a skeptical yet open-minded approach.

This document appears to be a section of a publication, likely a journal or newsletter from BUFORA (British UFO Research Association), focusing on UFO investigation methodologies and case reports. It includes a detailed questionnaire filled out by a witness, and several appendices outlining investigation procedures, classification systems, and statistical data.

Witness Sighting Report (Section B)

The primary content of interest is a filled-out questionnaire detailing a UFO sighting. The witness, located in Anytown, Blankshire, reported seeing an object on Tuesday, October 5th, 1976, at approximately 6:00 PM. The time was noted by the bus schedule, which arrived at five minutes to six. The sighting lasted for approximately one minute, but not more than two minutes.

The witness was at 'School Lane' when the sighting occurred. The object was described as 'oval with bump on top' and 'Blue' in colour, with no sound detected. Its brightness was compared to a 'Brilliant Star', and it was described as sharply defined. The main features that made the witness feel the object was not natural or man-made were its 'Acceleration, colour and shape'.

The object was observed to disappear 'Over roof tops'. The witness did not take photographs or make measurements. No unusual effects were noticed on people, animals, plants, or equipment. Another witness, possibly Mrs. Brown from next door at 310, who is about 45 years old, also saw the object.

Local conditions were noted as 'Clear Sky', 'Cool' temperature, 'None' wind, 'Dry' precipitation, and 'Stars' visible astronomically.

Diagrams are included for the witness to indicate the object's altitude and direction. The witness placed 'A' on the curved line in diagram (i) to show the altitude when first noticed and 'B' when last noticed. Similarly, 'A' was placed on the outside edge of the compass in diagram (ii) to indicate the direction of first observation, and 'B' for the last observation.

Appendix 7: Reconstruction Exercises With Witnesses

This appendix provides guidance on how investigators should conduct interviews and reconstruct sightings with witnesses. Key points include:

• Re-enactment: It is crucial to have witnesses re-enact the sighting at the actual location to accurately record parameters like distance, elevation, and height.
• Mediums: If a sighting occurs through a medium (e.g., window glass, windscreen), these should be checked for aberrations that might distort the object's appearance.
• Colour Blindness: A simple test for colour blindness might be useful if colour is a significant factor in the sighting.
• Discretion: Reconstruction exercises should be used judiciously, particularly when there's suspicion of gross error in estimates of size, time, or distance.
• Size Estimation: Estimating angular size is difficult. Investigators are advised to use coins held at arm's length as a reference and to compare the object's apparent size to known objects like lampshades or the moon.
• Time Estimation: Witnesses often overestimate time. A simple check involves asking them to signal when a certain period (e.g., one minute) has passed, or asking about the duration of specific memorable parts of the event.
• Distraction: If the witness was distracted, their time estimation might be inaccurate. The investigator should note the actual time elapsed.
• Distance Estimation: Estimating distance can be challenging, especially without reference points. Investigators can gauge a witness's ability by asking them to estimate the distance to a specific point on the return journey and then measuring it accurately.
• Eyesight: The quality of a witness's eyesight can be checked by asking them to read a car number plate at the limit of visibility.
• General Guide: These tests are general guides, and the investigator must carefully consider the witness's overall performance during the interview.

Appendix 8: Case Report Contents Checklist

This appendix outlines the essential components of a comprehensive UFO case report:

1. Source of report (newspapers, publications).
2. Witness details (including photographs).
3. Maps of the site/locality.
4. Witness sketches of the site or UFO(s).
5. Completed questionnaires and unedited witness reports.
6. Photographs taken by witnesses (including technical data).
7. Independent analysis of photographs.
8. Investigator's photographs of the site.
9. Investigator's sketches of the site.
10. Transcripts of interviews (including tape whereabouts).
11. Independent reports from other authorities.
12. Weather data.
13. Astronomical data.
14. References to other relevant cases or data.
15. Cinematograph film details.
16. Medical or psychiatric reports on witnesses.
17. Investigation Report Summary.

Appendix 9: Investigation Classification System

This system is designed to assess the urgency and nature of UFO reports. It classifies reports based on:

• Category (Number of Qualified or Trained Observers):
• A: 1 or more official observers (pilot, professional astronomer).
• B: 1 or more experienced observers (police, trained UFO students).
• C: No experienced observers (most reporters fall here).
• Class (Class of Observation):
• 1: Permanent record (physical traces, photos, instrument measurements).
• 2: Temporary physical/physiological effects, occupants, vehicle interference, EM effects.
• 3: Object seen nearby with unusual features, no local effects.
• 4: Distant object or point of light, shape not clearly distinguishable.
• Group (Total number of Witnesses):
• a: 2 or more independent witnesses at different locations.
• b: 2 or more witnesses at one location.
• c: 1 witness only.

A weighting system is provided to assign points to each category, class, and group. Reports scoring between 5 and 10 points are considered higher priority. The system aims to streamline procedures and prioritize investigations, especially for Class 1 and 2 reports.

Examples of classification for known reports are given: Lakenheath (Ala), ATV film case (Ala), Villas Boas kidnapping (C1c), Milakovic (C2b).

The classification system was devised by Mr. Charles Lockwood, BUFORA's Research Projects Officer.

Appendix 10: Sighting Report Statistics

This appendix presents statistical data on UFO sightings from three sources in the United Kingdom:

• Ministry of Defence (MOD): 1959-1972, 2,077 total reports, 211 (10.1%) unidentified.
• BUFORA: 1949-1969, 1,372 total reports, 145 (10.5%) unidentified.
• Northern UFO Network (NUFON): 1972-1975, 350 total reports, 33 (9.4%) unidentified.

The consistency in the percentage of unidentified cases is noted as noteworthy. A 'UFO Ice-berg' graphic illustrates that the 'unknown' portion is a small part of the total reports, with the submerged part representing common misidentifications.

A graph compares the total number of sightings reported to the MOD and BUFORA between 1959 and 1969, showing a marked consistency and a dramatic increase in 1967, partly due to an increase in misidentified objects in the sky.

A table provides a year-by-year breakdown of UFO reports from 1949 to 1969, categorized by type (Satellites and Debris, Balloons, Celestial Objects, Meteorological and Natural Phenomena, Aircraft, Misc., Insufficient Data, UFOs) and total for each year, based on the files of the British UFO Research Association.

References

References are provided for specific cases mentioned, including publications from 'Flying Saucer Review' and a BUFORA publication.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this document are the systematic investigation of UFO sightings, the importance of witness testimony and accurate data collection, and the statistical analysis of UFO reports. The editorial stance, as evidenced by the detailed appendices and classification systems, is one of rigorous, methodical, and scientific inquiry into UFO phenomena. There is a clear emphasis on establishing reliable procedures for data gathering and analysis to distinguish between genuine unexplained phenomena and misidentifications or errors in observation.

This document, identified as "APPENDIX 11" through "APPENDIX 16" within a publication titled "UFO Reports" (Issue 11), provides a comprehensive resource for understanding and investigating UFO phenomena. It is primarily a compilation of checklists, glossaries, and theoretical frameworks rather than a narrative magazine issue.

Appendix 11: Checklist of Possible Identifications

This section, prepared by Professor Donald Menzel and appearing in "UFO's A Scientific Debate" (edited by Drs. Carl Sagan and Thornton Page, published by Cornell University Press), lists principal types of natural or man-made phenomena that commonly cause UFO reports. The checklist is divided into:

• A. Material objects:
• 1. Upper atmosphere: meteors, rocket firings, sky-hook-balloons, satellite re-entry, ionosphere experiments.
• 2. Lower atmosphere: planes, reflection of sun, running lights, landing lights, clouds, blimps, advertising, illuminated objects, birds migrating, flocks, individual luminous objects, weather balloons, luminous objects, non-luminous objects, clusters, contrails, bubbles, sewage disposal, soap bubbles, military test craft, military experiments, magnesium flares.
• 3. Very low atmosphere: paper and other debris, leaves, insects, swarms, moths, feathers, parachutes, kites, spider webs, luminous objects (electrical discharge), seeds, milkweed etc., fireworks.
• 4. On or near ground: dust devils, transformers, insulators, water tanks, power lines, elevated street lights, reflections from windows, lightning rods, TV antennas, automobile headlights, beacon lights, tumbleweeds, domed roofs, radar antennas, fires, cigarettes tossed away, weather vanes, lakes and ponds, lighthouses, icebergs, radio astronomy antennas, insect swarms, oil refineries.
• B. Immaterial objects:
• 1. Upper atmosphere: auroral phenomena, noctilucent clouds.
• 2. Lower atmosphere: reflections of searchlights, St. Elmo's fire, parhelia, sundogs, parselene, moondogs, reflections from fog and mist, haloes, pilot's halo, ghost of the Brocken, lightning, streak, chain, sheet, plasma phenomena, ball lightning, mirages, superior, inferior.
• C. Astronomical: planets, artificial satellites, moon, comets, stars, sun, meteors.
• D. Physiological: after-images, sun, moon, autokinesis, eye defects, astigmatism, myopia (squinting), failure to wear glasses, reflection from glasses, entoptic phenomena, retinal defects, vitreous humour, reflections from bright sources, electric lights, street lights, flashlights, matches (smoker lighting pipe), falling leaf effect, stars unsteady, stars changing places, autostasis (irregular movement).
• E. Psychological: hallucination.
• F. Combinations and Special Effects
• G. Photographic Records: development defects, internal camera reflections.
• H. Radar: anomalous refraction, ghost images, birds, multiple reflections, scattering, angels, insects.
• I. Hoaxes

Professor Menzel advises investigators to ask witnesses two key questions: "What natural phenomenon did your sighting most closely resemble?" and "Why do you feel that UFO was not this phenomenon?"

Appendix 12: Major Meteor Showers

This appendix provides a table detailing major meteor showers observable from the U.K. It includes the shower name, date of maximum, normal limits, hourly rate at maximum, and a description. Notable showers include Quadrantids, April Lyrids, Eta Aquarids, Delta Aquarids, Alpha Capricornids, Perseids, Orionids, Taurids, Cepheids, Leonids, and Geminids. The table explains that each shower is named after a constellation and provides details on peak activity and characteristics like color and fireball frequency. It also defines the Zenithal Hourly Rate (ZHR).

Appendix 13: Glossary of Some Photographic Terms

This section defines various photographic terms relevant to documenting evidence. Key terms include:

• Aperture: The opening in a lens, varied by a diaphragm.
• Depth of field: The distance range in focus.
• Depth of focus: The distance the lens can move without losing focus.
• Dioptre: A measure of lens power, reciprocal of focal length in meters.
• Emulsion: Light-sensitive material on film.
• Emulsion (film) Speed: Film sensitivity.
• Exposure: Product of light intensity and time.
• Exposing Time: Length of time the shutter is open.
• Filter: Material altering light composition.
• F/number: Ratio of aperture size to focal length.
• Focal length: Lens size, related to magnification.
• Infra-red: Invisible radiation outside the visible spectrum.
• Latitude: Range of over/under exposure for acceptable results.
• Panchromatic (pan): Sensitive to a wide range of light.
• Processing: Film development and treatment.
• Stop: Aperture of the camera lens.
• Filter Factor: Exposure increase needed for a filter.

Appendix 14: Checklist of Site Photographs

This checklist, prepared by Mr Ted Phillips of the Mutual UFO Network, Inc. (MUFON), outlines essential photographs to take at a UFO sighting site. It includes:

• Wide-angle shots (north-south, east-west, entire site area).
• Panoramic photographs from the center.
• Close-ups of any tree or plant damage, unusual marks, or burns, with a ruler for scale.
• Close-ups of imprints, with a ruler.
• Views from the witness's observation point and towards it from the site center.
• Aerial views (if possible).
• Photographs of witnesses.

Notes suggest the ideal time for photography is 10.00-14.00 GMT, as early/late light can distort details. Investigators are also advised to make detailed sketches and drawings.

Appendix 15: UFO Hypotheses

This appendix lists various hypotheses concerning UFO sightings:

1. Mis-identifications of known natural or man-made objects.
2. Man-made devices known only to inventors.
3. Hoaxes or fabrications.
4. Uncommon natural events not yet scientifically explained.
5. Mental projections or received by the witness.
6. Devices from alien advanced technologies (originating within or beyond our Universe).
7. Intelligent processes beyond our space-time continuum.

BUFORA (British UFO Research Association) assumes most reports fall into category 1, with a small percentage in categories 2-5, and a few percent consistent with hypotheses 6 or 7. BUFORA welcomes constructive articles and research proposals across all categories.

Appendix 16: Recommended Reference Books

This section provides a list of recommended books categorized under "GENERAL," "ASTRONOMY," and "PSYCHOLOGY." Titles include "Whitakers' Almanac," "Dictionary of Science and Technology," "Letts Science Diary," "Observer Books," "Hamlyn All-colour Paperbacks," "Time-Life Books," "Teach Yourself Books," "Physical and Mathematical Tables," "Times 'The Night Sky'," "Daily Telegraph 'Chart of the Northern Hemisphere'," "The Senses," and "Eye and Brain." Each entry includes author, publisher, edition, and comments on its usefulness, with "Eye and Brain" being particularly recommended for investigators due to its chapter on illusions.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout these appendices is the systematic investigation and categorization of UFO phenomena. The publication emphasizes the importance of identifying mundane explanations for sightings before considering more exotic hypotheses. The inclusion of glossaries, checklists, and recommended reading suggests a commitment to rigorous, evidence-based research within the field of UFOlogy. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded inquiry, encouraging detailed observation, accurate documentation, and the exploration of a wide range of potential explanations, from the conventional to the speculative.

This document appears to be an appendix from a larger publication, likely a magazine or journal, focusing on UFOs and related phenomena. It is divided into several sections, including "APPENDIX 16 / Cont" which lists and reviews books on Ufology, Paraphysics, and Psychology, and "APPENDIX 17" which provides an address list of national sources of secondary information. "APPENDIX 19" details general information about BUFORA (British UFO Research Association).

Book Reviews (Appendix 16) The core of the document consists of a detailed listing and commentary on various books. The entries are organized by title, author, publisher, and edition, with specific comments on the content and relevance of each book.

Psychology and Paraphysics

• 13 Sense and Nonsense in Psychology by Prof. L.H.J. Eysenck (Pelican/Penguin, 1958) is noted for its interesting chapters on Hypnosis, Lie Detectors, Telepathy, Clairvoyance, and personality conditioning.
• 14 The Complete Illustrated Book of Psychic Sciences by W.B. and L.R. Gibson (Souvenir Press, 1966) is recommended as a useful reference.
• 15 The Occult by Colin Wilson (Hodder & Stoughton, 1968) is described as a meticulous reference work.
• 16 Notes for Investigators on Spontaneous cases by S.P.R. (Society for Psychical Research, London, 1968) is deemed useful.
• 17 Superminds by Prof. John Taylor (Abacus, 1975) is highlighted for its research into the "Geller" phenomenon and its illustration of scientific methods applied to paraphysical phenomena.

Natural Phenomena and Ufology

• 18 The Invisible College by Dr. Jacques Vallee and E.P. Dutton & Co (1975) is an excellent review of the overlap between paraphysics and ufology.
• 19 UFO's Identified by Philip J Klass (Random House, 1968) presents the theory that UFOs are freak natural phenomena, possibly plasma and ball lightning.
• 20 The Taming of the Thunderbolts by Dr. Maxwell Cade and Delphine Davis (Abelard Schuman, 1969) is strongly recommended as a detailed study of ball lightning.
• 21 The World of Flying Saucers by Prof. Donald Menzel and Lyle G. Boyd (Double day, 1963) is presented as an important work for a balanced view, though the authors attempt to explain all UFO reports.
• 22 Scientific Study of UFO's - Special Topics by Dr. E.Condon and the University of Colorado Projects (Bantam, 1st 1969) is an essential reference work, with specific chapters on photographic evidence, physical evidence, and optical/radar analysis recommended. Other chapters covering perception, psychological aspects, mirages, radar, balloons, atmospheric electricity, and instrumentation are also noted.
• 23 UFO's - A Scientific Debate by Drs. Carl Sagan and Thornton Page (Cornell University Press, 1972) is expensive but important, with chapters on UFOs and the Modern Myth (Prof. Donal Menzel), motion pictures of UFOs (Dr. R. Baker), sociological perspectives (Prof. R. Hall), abilities and limitations of witnesses (Prof. F. Drake), and the nature of scientific evidence (Prof. P. Morrison) highlighted as instructive.
• 24 The UFO Experience - a scientific enquiry by Prof.J.Allen Hynek (Corgi, 1974) is essential reading, particularly sections on classification of reports, the S.P. diagram, review of scientific methods used by the Condon Project, and recommendations for future research.
• 25 The Humanoids edited by Charles Bowen (Neville Spearman, 1966) is a unique report on occupant cases and is considered essential reading.
• 26 Physical Traces Catalogue by Ted Philips (Centre for UFO Studies, USA, 1975) is a unique catalogue and study of worldwide physical traces reports.
• 27 UFO's and related subjects. An annotated bibliography by Lynn E Catoe (Library of Congress, 1968) is an excellent bibliography to important publications and documents.
• 28 UFO's Yes! by Dr. David Saunders and Roger Harkins (Signet, 1968) should be read in conjunction with "Scientific Study of UFO's".
• 29 The UFO Evidence by NICAP (Washington, NICAP) is a very good summary of characteristics with examples.
• 30 Flying Saucers - the startling evidence of the invasion from outer space by Coral E Lorenzen (Signet, 1966) is noted for its sensational title but the contents, particularly Chapter 9 on physical evidence (Ubatuba, Brazil), are illuminating.
• 31 Unidentified Flying Objects by Robert Chapman (Mayflower, 1970) is a good account of major UFO cases in Great Britain.
• 32 Anatomy of a Phenomenon by Dr. Jacques Vallee (Neville Spearman, 1966) has helpful chapters 4 and 5.
• 33 Challenge to Science by Jacques and Janine Vallee (Neville Spearman, 1967) features a novel Chapter 10 and appendices, with a very good bibliography.
• 34 The Edge of Reality by Prof.J.Allen Hynek and Dr. Jacques Vallee (Henry Regnery, 1975) is noted as a collaboration between two influential scientific proponents.

National Sources of Information (Appendix 17) This section provides a comprehensive list of addresses and telephone numbers for various national organizations that could serve as sources of secondary information. These include:

• Ministry of Defence
• Meteorological Office
• Aerofilms Limited
• House of Commons
• Prime Minister's office
• RAF Air Traffic Control HQ
• London Airport
• Manchester Airport
• Birmingham Airport
• Cardiff Airport
• Edinburgh Airport
• Glasgow Airport
• Royal Aircraft Establishment
• Royal Observatory (Herstmonceux and Blackford Hill)
• Royal Radar Estab.
• Royal Observer Corps.
• Soviet Embassy
• USA Consulate
• USAF Upper Heyford
• Fylingdales
• Jodrell Bank
• British Museum
• Police Scotland Yard
• BBC TV Centre
• BBC Radio
• ITV Granada
• Press Association

BUFORA General Information (Appendix 19) This section details the British UFO Research Association (BUFORA), an organization dedicated to unbiased scientific investigation of UFOs. It is open to membership from anyone with an open-minded attitude.

• Activities: BUFORA publishes a bi-monthly journal, special research reports, and papers. It also holds regular lecture programs and an annual weekend conference.
• Membership: As of November 1st, 1976, membership cost £5 per annum. Miss Pam Kennedy is the Membership Secretary.
• Areas of Assistance: BUFORA relies on its members for practical assistance in several areas:
• Investigation: Members can become investigators through a regional investigation system and training program. Interested parties are encouraged to apply to the National Investigations Co-ordinator.
• Research: BUFORA has a research department with sub-departments like Photographic Analysis and Investigation. Suggestions for projects or offers of assistance are welcomed by the Research Projects Officer.
• Administration: Assistance is needed for administrative tasks, including translation of foreign articles. Contact the Secretary for general matters and the Journal Editor for publications.

• Contact Information: The document provides contact details for various roles within BUFORA as of 28th February 1979, including the Secretary (Miss Betty Wood), National Investigation Co-ordinator (Mr. L. Dale), Research Director (Mr. Anthony Pace), Research Projects (Mr. Charles Lockwood), Northern Regional Liaison (Mr. B. Hartley), and Journal Editor (Mr. Norman Oliver).

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance The recurring theme throughout these appendices is the systematic study and cataloging of UFO phenomena, with an emphasis on scientific investigation and evidence. There is a clear effort to provide resources for researchers, including bibliographies, lists of organizations, and details of research groups like BUFORA. The editorial stance appears to be one of encouraging open-minded yet rigorous scientific inquiry into UFOs, differentiating between parapsychological phenomena and natural explanations, and providing a balanced view of the available evidence and theories.

The provided scan is entirely blank and contains no discernible text or images. Therefore, no information can be extracted to populate the JSON fields.