JTAP - Vol 1 No 3 - Jul Aug 1980 Final in Vol

Magazine Overview

Title: Journal of Transient Aerial Phenomena
Issue: Vol.1 No.3
Date: July-August 1980
Publisher: The Research Department of the British UFO Research Association (BUFORA LTD.)
Country: United Kingdom

Main Article: A Natural Theory of UFOs by Stuart Campbell

This issue's central article, "A Natural Theory of UFOs" by Stuart Campbell, proposes a radical reinterpretation of the UFO phenomenon. Campbell argues that UFOs are not necessarily extraterrestrial craft but are natural electromagnetic phenomena, possibly identical to or closely related to ball lightning.

UFO Shape and Objectivity

Campbell begins by examining the consistent discoid shape reported for UFOs since 1947. He dismisses psychological explanations, such as human imagination creating the shape based on early alien concepts, by pointing to the consistency of reports across diverse cultures and time periods. He notes that early visualizations of spacecraft (pre-1951) were typically rocket-shaped, while the 'flying saucer' concept emerged with sensational reports in 1947, coinciding with films like "The Day the Earth Stood Still." Campbell concludes that the discoid concept's prevalence indicates the reality of the objects, not their alien origin.

UFO Hypotheses and the Natural Theory

The article presents a flowchart (Figure 3) outlining a progressive sequence of hypotheses for UFOs, starting from false reports and moving towards more complex explanations. Campbell emphasizes that the simplest explanations (e.g., false reports, natural phenomena) should be considered before more complex ones (e.g., artificial craft, extraterrestrial origins). He stresses that a scientific theory must be capable of refutation through testable predictions.

He critiques hypotheses like UFOs coming from beyond the Solar System as unscientific due to their untestability. Conversely, the theory that UFOs are illusions is scientific, as tests can be devised to confirm or deny this. The core of Campbell's argument is that a natural phenomenon explanation is scientific if the phenomenon can be deduced with sufficient clarity to derive predictions.

UFO Shape Suggests a Natural Origin

Campbell explores whether nature exhibits discoid forms. He points to extraterrestrial examples like the 'Sombrero' galaxy (M104) and the rings of Saturn as evidence of discoid structures. He also references Sir Fred Hoyle's theory that the Solar System condensed from a disc of plasma. He suggests that rotating fluid masses under zero gravity naturally form discs, and this mechanism might apply to galactic and planetary discs.

However, he notes that a UFO in Earth's atmosphere, influenced by external gravity, cannot be a rotating liquid mass. He then turns to Jupiter's intensified magnetic field near its magnetic equator, which creates a discoid current sheath. This leads him to propose that the discoid shape of UFOs is a consequence of the inherent discoid form of rotating magnetic dipoles, which are fundamental to planets, stars, and galaxies.

The Formation of Natural Magnetic Dipoles

Campbell outlines a mechanism involving contracting and rotating air masses, leading to ionization. He suggests that negative ions in the atmosphere, particularly oxygen ions, are responsive to the Earth's magnetic field. As these ions contract with the air, the local magnetic field also contracts. This process, visualized in Figure 6, leads to a 'pinch' in the field, creating a singularity with dipolar characteristics. The resulting energy and radiation pressure expel air molecules, forming an evacuated cavity within an ionized shell.

This mechanism, illustrated in Figure 7, proposes an electromagnetic UFO structure based on a rotating magnetic dipole. The ionized shell creates the visible outline. Variations in field strength could explain different observed shapes, from small ball-like objects to larger discoids. He links this to ball lightning, suggesting it is a smaller manifestation of this phenomenon.

Characteristics of Natural UFOs

Campbell asserts that his natural electromagnetic theory can explain many characteristics of UFOs and ball lightning that are otherwise difficult to understand:

• Consistency and Universality: Explains why the phenomenon is reported worldwide and consistently as predominantly discoid throughout history.
• Movement: Objects with powerful electromotive force and little mass can move in ways impossible for objects with inertia, including hovering, drifting, rapid movement, and sudden manoeuvres influenced by magnetic fields.
• Sensitivity: UFOs are sensitive to man-made electromagnetic fields and metal objects.
• 'Falling Leaf Movement': Attributed to lightweight objects with large surface areas moving under magnetic influence.
• Fragmentation: Reports of UFOs breaking into parts are consistent with the natural theory, as ball lightning is known to fragment.

Appearance and Radiation

The phenomenon is described as essentially protean, capable of changing shape. The discontinuity of the plasma shell makes it appear opaque and reflective, like polished metal, often with a silvery lustre. At lower energy levels, it might appear translucent or transparent. The bubble-like appearance is compared to an air bubble in glass.

Electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, can be emitted. This radiation can occur at various energy levels, producing different colors. The theory suggests that neutral atoms can be excited into emission at particular wavelengths, with noble gases producing specific colors like red-orange (neon). Ionization of gases can produce brilliant white light, possibly tending towards blue. The spectrum of radiation can include infra-red, ultra-violet, microwaves, radio waves, and X-rays.

Sounds produced by UFOs are explained as natural resonance from the overall emission. The sounds might be at the lower limit of human hearing (down to 26Hz), and changes in pitch correspond to energy level variations. The 'beating of wings' sound could indicate a frequency near or below the lower threshold of hearing.

Polarization and Other Features

Light emitted in the presence of a strong magnetic field will be polarized. Witnesses wearing polarized sunglasses might detect this. Features like rings of lights and 'windows' are acknowledged as more difficult to explain but are hoped to be addressed as the theory develops.

Rejection of Alien and Paranormal Explanations

The natural theory explicitly rejects explanations involving aliens, humanoids, abductions, or time-lapse phenomena. Such reports are considered incompatible and likely the result of hallucination, wishful thinking, or fraud. The theory does not accept evidence for the existence of aliens or apparent suspensions of the laws of physics.

Testing the Natural Theory

Campbell asserts that his theory is scientific because it can produce testable predictions:

• Prevalence in Cold, Calm Weather: UFOs are predicted to be more prevalent in cold, calm weather, especially at the onset of such conditions. The incidence should be proportional to the rate of cooling.
• Seasonal Increase: Reports are expected to increase in autumn (Northern Hemisphere) and April-June (Southern Hemisphere) due to atmospheric cooling.
• Direction of Rotation: Rotation, if observed, should be counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, determined by the Coriolis Force.
• Geographic Distribution: UFO reports are predicted to be more frequent in rural areas and in regions with higher Earth magnetic field potential and higher thunderstorm activity. Figure 14 illustrates areas in Great Britain with high thunderstorm activity, suggesting potential UFO hotspots like Pevensey Bay and Great Yarmouth. Urban areas are considered less fruitful.
• Sunspot Activity: On a longer timescale, UFO incidence might be related to Sun-spot activity due to stimulation of the Earth's field by the solar wind.

Campbell invites readers to devise further tests, particularly for technically-minded individuals.

Editorial: Fashion or Facts?

In his editorial, Anthony Pace addresses a reader's letter questioning the completeness of a UFO investigation. Pace criticizes the tendency towards "fashionable" speculation in ufology, contrasting it with the pursuit of facts. He laments that some publications treat UFO phenomena alongside other paranormal subjects without scientific rigor.

Pace acknowledges the growing recognition of psychic phenomena and the significance of accounts of 'strange' substances and organisms falling from the sky, referencing John Armitage's "Atmospheric Phenomena Log" in the issue. He urges readers to contribute to understanding by collecting data through objective investigation and careful observation, emphasizing that this approach is more rewarding than following trends.

Contents and Organization Details

The issue lists the contents, including articles like "A Natural Theory of UFOs," "The Zeta Reticulans," "International Co-operation," and "Atmospheric Phenomena Log." It also provides extensive details about the Council and Administration of the British UFO Research Association (BUFORA), including contact information for various officers and branches. A list of BUFORA publications, such as books and leaflets, is also included, along with their prices.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the scientific investigation of UFO phenomena, with a strong emphasis on empirical evidence and logical deduction. The editorial stance is one of caution against unsubstantiated speculation and a call for rigorous, objective research, distinguishing between factual evidence and fashionable theories. The journal aims to promote unbiased scientific research into UFOs, collecting and disseminating data, and coordinating research efforts.

This issue of the Journal of Transient Aerial Phenomena, Vol.1, No.3, dated July/August 1980, features a prominent article on "The Zeta Reticulans," exploring theories about extraterrestrial beings and their physiology, heavily drawing from the Betty and Barney Hill abduction case. The magazine also includes articles on the application of statistical methods in UFO research and international cooperation among UFO organizations. The issue announces Lord Kings Norton as the new president of BUFORA.

The Zeta Reticulans

The main feature, "The Zeta Reticulans," compiled by Anthony Pace, delves into the famous Betty and Barney Hill UFO abduction case. The article provides a summary of the events of September 19, 1961, when the Hills encountered a strange star that led to their abduction. It details their experience of being taken aboard a UFO, subjected to examinations, and the subsequent memory loss and recovery through hypnosis. A significant part of this section is dedicated to the "Star Map" that Betty Hill drew under hypnosis, which allegedly indicated the home of the abductors. The article discusses Marjorie Fish's work in identifying potential stars corresponding to this map, tentatively identifying Zeta 2 Reticuli as the home star. It explores the characteristics of Zeta Reticuli, noting its similarity to our Sun and its classification as a Disk Population II star. The text also speculates on the potential planetary environment and the physiology of the Zeta Reticulans, drawing comparisons to human evolution and adaptations to different environments. Descriptions from both the Hill case and the earlier AVB case are analyzed, suggesting that the humanoids might be "Modified Humans" whose facial features have evolved due to changes in diet and environment, leading to features like slanted eyes, flat noses, and thin lips.

International Co-operation

Authored by S.J. Gamble, this section reports on a meeting held in London in April concerning international cooperation among UFO organizations. The meeting involved members from BUFORA (UK), SUFOI (Denmark), and Project URD (Sweden). Key discussions included the possibility of exchanging computerized case reports and the desirability of establishing an International UFO Data Standard (IUDS). The talks also covered investigator training, witness reliability, and cooperation with the scientific community. Data processing and the design of investigation questionnaires were also on the agenda, with an emphasis on creating standardized international questionnaires to facilitate information exchange.

Statistical Method and Transient Phenomena

Written by Peter Hill, this article emphasizes the importance of statistical analysis in UFO research. It argues that while collecting data is a first step, examining reports in groups based on attributes and characteristics is crucial for gaining knowledge. The article discusses the potential for statistical analysis to reveal new knowledge and improve understanding of elusive phenomena like UFOs and ball lightning. It highlights the need for reliable data and improved investigation techniques. The author cautions against confusing correlation with causation, using the example of storks and birth rates. Different types of averages (mean, median, mode) are explained, along with their appropriate uses and potential for misinterpretation. The article also touches upon measuring and counting parameters, data reliability, accuracy, and the presentation of statistical information through graphs and tables. It differentiates between prospective and retrospective studies and discusses sampling methods.

New President

This section announces that Lord Kings Norton has accepted the presidency of the British UFO Research Association (BUFORA). His background as an engineer and scientist, with extensive experience in aviation and scientific research, is highlighted. Leslie Bayer, Chairman of BUFORA, expresses pride in having Lord Kings Norton as president, noting his scientific and skeptical approach aligns with BUFORA's attitude.

Other Content

The issue also includes a brief comparison between the "Journal TAP" and the "BUFURA JOURNAL," refuting a claim that TAP is equivalent to 96 pages of the BUFORA Journal. References are provided for the articles, including scientific papers and previous issues of related journals.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the scientific investigation of UFO phenomena, the exploration of potential extraterrestrial origins and physiology, and the methodological approaches to studying these subjects. The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous, evidence-based inquiry, as suggested by the emphasis on statistical analysis and the skeptical yet open approach of the new BUFORA president. The magazine aims to bridge the gap between anecdotal reports and scientific understanding, encouraging international collaboration and the development of standardized research methods.

This issue of the Journal of Transient Aerial Phenomena, Vol.1, No.3, published in July/August 1980, focuses on the scientific investigation of unusual atmospheric phenomena. The issue features a continuation of an article on statistical methods in UFO research, alongside a detailed examination of various unexplained falls and substances.

Statistical Method and Transient Phenomena/continued

The article begins by discussing the limitations of non-random sampling in population studies, drawing a parallel to UFO research. It emphasizes the importance of using random sampling numbers to obtain representative data. The use of electronic calculators and computing facilities is highlighted as a time-saver, but the fundamental rule of ensuring data quality is stressed, as poor data will only lead to incorrect conclusions more quickly. The conclusion of this section underscores the need for correct statistical analysis, good data, common methods, and improved investigation to realize the full potential of UFO research.

Technology and Information

This section briefly touches upon the utility of electronic calculators and computing facilities in data analysis, reiterating that technology cannot compensate for deficient data.

Conclusions

The concluding remarks for the statistical analysis section emphasize that the correct application of statistical analysis is crucial for UFO research. It calls for good data, standardized methods, and careful investigation to improve the field.

References

A list of five references is provided, including articles from the Journal of Meteorology, a book on UFOs from behind the Iron Curtain, a conference report, and a textbook on medical statistics, along with tables of random times.

Atmospheric Phenomena Log

This section, authored by John Armitage, delves into recent examples of unusual substance falls, specifically 'Pwdre Ser' (also known as 'Star-Slime' or 'Star-Rot'), 'green-slime', and 'purple-blobs'. The column aims to provide scientific explanations rather than resorting to 'mysterious' interpretations.

'Pwdre Ser' (also called 'Star-Slime' or Star-Rot')

The term 'Pwdre Ser' refers to jelly-like masses found on the ground, sometimes reported to have fallen from the sky. While older literature equates these finds with meteorite falls, the author finds this unlikely due to the consistency of the material. Two recent cases are discussed:

• Case 1: Cambridge (U.K.) Friday 23rd June 1978: A white, gloy-like substance with a cellular texture, resembling a marshmallow, fell during a rainstorm. The main mass was about the size of a dessert plate. It did not disintegrate upon landing but had completely disintegrated by the following morning. No samples were taken, and the event was reported later to a local television weatherman.
• Case 2: Hemel Hempstead Herts. Sunday Feb 3rd, 1980: Lumps of a colourless gel, approximating 'Pwdre Ser', were found on a lawn. A sample was analyzed by Mr T.J.Turvey, who identified plant debris, various freshwater algae, roundworms, ciliated protozoans, desmids, diatoms, bacteria, and a segmented worm. Mr Turvey tentatively concluded the gel might be of amphibian origin, possibly regurgitated by a predator. This case is noted for having samples taken and analyzed.

The author contrasts the two cases, suggesting the Cambridge material might have been a stable foam due to its slow gliding descent, unlike the typical 'Pwdre Ser' which is a slime or gel. The Cambridge fall occurred during a rain and thunderstorm, with reports of funnel clouds and tornadoes in other parts of Britain on the same day.

'Green Slime' on Washington D.C.

A fall of 'green-slime' on Washington D.C. on September 5th/6th, 1978, is reported to have caused damage to plants, adversely affected animals, and soiled vehicles. It was described as soluble in water and alcohol, thickening over time and turning from green to black.

'Purple Blobs' in Texas (August 11th 1979)

This event involved three purple blobs, described as being the size of an old box telephone, observed in Frisco, Dallas, Texas. One blob 'just faded away'. The substance was purple, looked like smooth whipped cream, was warm to touch, absorbed water, resembled frozen gelatin, and was apparently caustic, containing fragments of lead. NASA took a sample and concluded it was not extraterrestrial, with Dr Douglas Blanchard of NASA's Geochemistry Branch stating it was a false alarm and likely related to wastes from battery reprocessing.

#### Conclusions on Atmospheric Phenomena

The columnist concludes that 'Pwdre Ser' and similar phenomena are complex and often multi-cause. He cautions against adopting 'mysterious' or 'extraterrestrial' interpretations due to the uncommon nature of these events, which are 'low probability events'. He asserts that all phenomena can be scientifically explained and quantified with sufficient data, and that retreating into 'mysterious' interpretations is counter-productive.

Letters

This section contains correspondence from readers:

• Manfred Cassirer comments on the BUFORA Journal, finding it too light-hearted and criticizing advertisements. He suggests that journals should be solely published by societies and that Proceedings should focus on full-length studies and theoretical material. He also questions the classification of planets and stars as 'transient aerial' phenomena and humanoids as 'aerial'.
• D. Clarke requests a copy of Vol.1, No.1 of the Journal of Transient Aerial Phenomena (TAP) to complete his collection, having joined the society recently.
• Paul Wilson praises the high standard of work in JTAP, noting its academic nature and congratulating the publication on doubling the output of serious UFO research publications in the country, alongside WFOS.

Error

Allan Hendry of the Center for UFO Studies points out an error in the Center's Bulletin, reproduced in TAP, where two captions under duration graphs in an article by Hynek were transposed. He clarifies that the grey area in figure 3 represents the Air Force's 'unspecified' values for IFOs and UFOs, while the solid line represents UFOs and the dashed line represents IFOs.

BUFORA JOURNAL Back Issues

An advertisement offers back issues of BUFORA Journal for sale, with special prices for members, and also mentions the availability of rare LUFORO and BUFOA publications for serious collectors.

UFO NEWSCLIPPING SERVICE

An advertisement promotes a monthly 20-page UFO Newsclipping Service providing UFO reports from around the world, encouraging readers to subscribe for information.

Second London International UFO Congress

A notice announces the Second London International UFO Congress, to be held in Central London on May 24th-25th, 1981, coinciding with the Spring Bank Holiday.

Acknowledgements

The editor acknowledges correspondence from readers, expressing regret for any unanswered letters due to journal pressures and deadlines.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is the rigorous application of scientific methodology and statistical analysis to the study of UFOs and related atmospheric phenomena. The editorial stance, particularly in John Armitage's column, strongly advocates for evidence-based explanations and cautions against premature conclusions that attribute unexplained events to 'mysterious' or extraterrestrial causes. The journal positions itself as a platform for serious, academic research in the field, emphasizing the importance of data quality and methodical investigation.