1976 - 2nd Conference Birmingham Various prominent researchers papers

Magazine Overview

This document comprises the proceedings of the Second National Research and Investigation Conference organized by the British UFO Research Association (BUFORA), held in Birmingham from November 5th to 7th, 1976. The conference aimed to foster scientific debate and investigation into ufology, with the premise that there is a genuine unknown phenomenon to study.

Conference Aims and Organization

The conference aimed to signal to the scientific community, media, and public that ufology is worthy of serious study, to provide a basis for developing research ideas, and to serve as a medium for communication among ufologists. BUFORA expressed gratitude to the UFO Studies Information Service (UFOSIS) for their assistance in local organization, and to conference organizers Roger Stanway, Jenny Randles, and Philip Rogers.

Speakers and Subjects

The papers presented were divided into two groups: those on Saturday and Sunday morning focused on UFO research methodology, and those on Sunday afternoon explored hypotheses for solving the UFO enigma.

Saturday Speakers:

• Peter Rogerson, a librarian and independent researcher, presented on INTCAT, an international project to catalogue and analyze Type 1 UFO records. He discussed the development of INTCAT, which is based on Vallee's Magonia Catalogue and contains approximately 4,200 entries.
• Jack Webber, a retired gentleman with experience in the Royal Observer Corps, discussed the methodology of extracting basic parametric data from sighting reports, illustrating how important information can be obtained through proper investigation.
• Bernard Delair, Secretary of the UK branch of CONTACT and editor of "Awareness," presented work on analyzing the temporal distribution of UFO reports and the possibilities for predicting UFO waves.
• Ted Bloecher, a founding member of Civilian Saucer Intelligence of New York and author of "Report on the UFO Wave of 1947," presented on "The Humanoids - An Analysis of UFO Occupant Cases."
• Dr. J. Allen Hynek, a renowned astrophysicist and consultant to the U.S. Air Force, presented a pre-recorded paper on the current state of UFO research. He established the Center for UFO Studies in 1974 and is the author of "The UFO Experience."

Sunday Speakers:

• Anthony Pace, BUFORA's research director, discussed the Vehicle Interference Project, an examination of UFO reports involving alleged interference with motive power units, particularly vehicles.
• Robert Digby, representing BUFORA's Photographic Analysis and Investigation Department (PAID), presented "They Shoot UFO's - Don't They?", examining problems in photographic analysis and illustrating with important cases, including movie-films.
• Tim O'Brien, a geologist and author, presented his "Unified Extra-Terrestrial Hypothesis" to explain the UFO phenomenon.
• Mark Stenhoff, a physicist specializing in Astrophysics and plasmoid phenomena, presented "A Projected Study of Fluid Vortex Rings and Plasma Phenomena as Explanatory Hypothesis for the UFO."
• Roy Dutton, an aeronautical engineer, presented "An Objective Analysis of the UFO Phenomenon," surveying nine years of research and proposing tentative suggestions about the nature of UFOs, including a theory of seasonably-variable earth-encounters.
• Ian Grant, a meteorologist and computer programmer, presented "The UFO Problem - Solved?", offering a step-by-step analysis of the phenomenon based on documented cases and tentative conclusions about UFOs' nature, actions, purpose, and future behavior.

INTCAT Details

Peter Rogerson's paper, "Lessons from INTCAT," provided a detailed description of the INTCAT card catalogue, which contains approximately 4,200 entries of Type 1 UFO experiences. Type 1 experiences are defined as observing an unconventional "machine" at low altitude, observing unusual "beings," or observing "objects" entering or leaving bodies of water in a controlled manner. Reports of unusual ground traces not associated with these are omitted. Planned projects include a master file of abstracts for publication and a coded computerized inventory for sorting and data exchange. Major contributors to INTCAT include individuals from the United States, Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Spain. Rogerson also noted that "new ufology" is less concerned with UFO experiences as evidence for anomalous phenomena "out there."

Membership Information

The British UFO Research Association (BUFORA) is an organization dedicated to the scientific investigation of UFO phenomena. Membership is open to individuals with a genuine, non-cultist interest in UFOs. BUFORA publishes a bimonthly journal, special papers, holds monthly meetings, and sponsors an annual conference. The organization is a non-profit making incorporated Research Association, limited by guarantee. Interested individuals can write for membership details to Mrs. A. Harcourt, and general correspondence should be addressed to Miss Betty Wood.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout the proceedings is the serious, scientific investigation of UFO phenomena. The conference and BUFORA's aims emphasize unbiased research, data collection, and communication. The editorial stance, as reflected in the papers, leans towards exploring various hypotheses, including extra-terrestrial origins, and analyzing reported phenomena through rigorous methodology, cataloguing, and photographic analysis. There is a clear distinction made between UFO reports and UFO experiences, with the latter being defined by the percipient's subjective feeling. The document also touches upon the challenges of distinguishing genuine phenomena from hoaxes and the potential for patterns within UFO reports themselves, suggesting that even noise might be meaningful.

This document, titled "THE ALPHABET OF UFO REPORTS," is a collection of papers presented at the BUFORA CONFERENCE in 1976. It delves into the nature of UFO experiences and the methodologies for their study and recording.

The Nature of UFO Experiences

The text begins by discussing the UFO experience as a phenomenon that can be studied in its own right. It suggests that the "UFO syndrome" encompasses experiences, reports, and records, where the concepts of hoax and reality can merge, with hoaxes sometimes representing a naive art form. The UFO experience itself is described as a departure from conscious reality into what could be termed an "autistic reality," where an outside observer might not share the experiencer's perception. Common descriptions include an unusual silence and a transformation of the scenery, such as disappearing traffic or dream-like journeys.

These subjective experiences are linked to phenomena like out-of-body sensations, bad dreams, and apparitions. Celia Green and Charles McCreery of the Psychological Unit at Cambridge University have collectively termed such experiences "metachronic experiences," where conscious reality is replaced by a hallucinatory environment. The document also references Charles Tart's concept of altered states of consciousness, Laurence Le Shan's concept of alternate realities, and Jung's depth psychology, as well as speculations in theoretical physics, social psychology, and philosophy.

A key question posed is whether UFO experiences represent real events, with the answer suggested to be dependent on the definition of "real."

The Alphabet of UFO Reports: Methodology

J. Webber's presentation, "THE ALPHABET OF UFO REPORTS," focuses on the preliminary steps in the general study of recording UFO events. He likens learning to study UFO reports to learning a language, where the "alphabet" consists of the essential elements needed to communicate visual and mental impressions. The challenge is that most reports come from other people, making direct observation difficult.

When observing a UFO, the essential questions to answer are: When it happened, Where it happened, and How it happened. After recording these, ancillary information should be collected to understand What happened and Why. The presentation stresses that the first three interrogatives (When, Where, How) are of basic importance and merit significant attention, as they can help deduce further facts. The author notes that many sightings appear to be isolated incidents, and it's crucial to determine if this is real or due to imperfect recording methods.

Recording 'When'

Observers are urged to be specific and practical, noting the time of an incident as accurately as possible, checking their watch against a standard time signal (Radio or TIM), and recording any discrepancy. The adjusted time, the method of checking, and whether it's Greenwich or Summer time (G or S) should be noted. The 24-hour clock should be used, with dates beginning at midnight (00 hours) and ending 24 hours later.

Recording 'Where'

Published reports often provide vague topographical points. The most effective and concise description is the National Grid Reference. Ordnance Survey (OS) maps are overprinted with a grid system. The main lines are 100 Km apart, with squares identified by letters. The edges of the map show distances in Kms from the "Origin of the Grid" (a point in the Atlantic SW of the Isles of Scilly). 100 Km squares are subdivided into 10 Km and then 1 Km squares. For more precise location, these can be further subdivided by eye into 100-meter units. The process of reading a National Grid Reference (NGR) involves starting from the bottom left-hand corner, moving along to the grid line before the point, then climbing to the grid line below, noting the numbers. This is followed by estimating the tenths of a square eastwards and northwards to the point. The full Grid Reference, consisting of two letters and a six-figure number, is unique in the British Isles and can be used on OS and other maps using the 100 Km Grid.

Recording 'How'

The "How" aspect primarily depends on visual observation, best recorded via a running commentary on tape. Time checks should be included during observation, especially at the start, finish, and when changes in speed occur, at which point bearings should also be taken. This ideal scenario presupposes a prepared position and instruments for measuring bearings and elevations. A DIY instrument is mentioned that can record direction and height while in use, with time added verbally to the tape. While one person can manage this, two are preferable for collection and checking.

For those without specialized equipment, a watch, diary, and pen are essential. After an incident, a note of the standing position can be made. During daylight, positions in the sky can be related to skyline points, and angular heights measured with a pen or similar object. A return visit with instruments can then translate this data into degrees. At night, the skyline and stars can serve as a reference, with a pocket Star Guide being useful for identifying constellations and practicing by plotting satellite or aircraft courses.

Case Study: The Los Angeles Basin Sightings

The document transitions to a particular case study to illustrate the importance of the previously discussed methods: "The Los Angeles Basin Sightings," published in FSR Case Histories Supplement 15 in June 1973 and written by Ann Druffel. This case involved five sightings of the same objects from five different towns, each at least five miles apart.

Key points noted from the tabulation of these sightings include:

• The two northernmost places reported a slightly different direction of transit compared to the others.
• Two witnesses at La Canada were astronomy experts.
• The Los Angeles sighting passed "directly overhead" from West to East.
• Los Angeles and La Canada reported observed transit arcs of 45° to 50°.
• The estimated time taken to transit this arc was significantly different: 20 times longer at La Canada (5 minutes) than at Los Angeles (15 seconds).

Estimation of Height of Flight Path

A sketch map shows the relative ground positions of Los Angeles, Glendale, and La Canada. Using geometric calculations based on distances and angles, the document estimates the distance GC (between Glendale and La Canada) to be approximately 5 miles and CY (between Los Angeles and a point related to Glendale's parallel) to be 14 miles. A height triangle calculation estimates the altitude (AO) to be approximately 79.4 miles.

The earth's curvature is considered negligible for the observed path length at Los Angeles (68 miles). Based on an estimated transit time of 15 seconds, the speed is calculated to be approximately 16,320 mph. If the La Canada time (5 minutes) is considered more accurate, the speed would be around 816 mph.

Further analysis of the linear distance between pairs of lights suggests a separation of about 10 miles, raising a question about whether such a separation is plausible for lights on the same object.

References

The document concludes with an extensive list of references, including books and journal articles related to UFOs, consciousness, psychology, and physics. Notable authors and publications cited include Jacques Vallee's "Passport to Magonia," MUFOB bulletins, UFO-INFO Journal, works by Celia Green, Charles McCreery, Charles Tart, Laurence Le Shan, and Jerome Clark.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this document are the subjective nature of UFO experiences, the challenges in distinguishing between hoax and reality, and the critical importance of systematic and accurate recording of UFO sightings. The editorial stance appears to advocate for a rigorous, scientific approach to ufology, emphasizing detailed data collection and analysis as fundamental to understanding the phenomenon. The document promotes the use of precise locational data (National Grid Reference) and timekeeping, alongside observational details, to build a reliable database for future study. The case study serves to underscore the practical application of these methodological principles.

Title: THE PREDICTION OF UFO "WAVES"
Author: J B Delair
Content Type: Article/Analysis
Date: Implied late 1970s based on data up to 1974/5 and projections.

This document presents an in-depth analysis of UFO activity patterns, focusing on the concept of periodic "waves" of sightings and the potential for their prediction. The author, J B Delair, argues that understanding these cyclical patterns is crucial for effective UFO research, particularly for organizing successful skywatches.

Grid Reference System (Addendum)

The document begins with an addendum that explains the utility of a Grid Reference system, particularly on larger scale maps (1/50,000 and larger). It details how a pair of dividers can be used to read references to 10 metres, requiring 8 figures instead of the usual 6. More significantly, it highlights that given two or more Grid References, one can determine bearings and distances between points without rulers, protractors, or even a map, using trigonometric formulas (tan Xº = ΔN/ΔE for bearings and √(ΔN² + ΔE²) for distance). It further elaborates that with two sighting points and their bearings or the object's bearing from them, one can find the Ground Zero (GZ) of an object, its bearing, and distance from any Grid Ref. If the angular elevation is known, height can be determined, and with angular size, linear size can be calculated. Additionally, two bearings taken from one spot with a time lapse allow for speed calculation.

A table of "LOS ANGELES BASIN SIGHTINGS 3.4.73" is included, listing times, places, directions, bearings, distances, and other observational details for several sightings in 1973. Accompanying sketch maps illustrate basic geometric principles for calculating height and distance based on observed angles.

THE PREDICTION OF UFO "WAVES"

Introduction to UFO Waves

The article posits that UFO activity occurs periodically in "waves." Pioneer ufologists in the early 1950s began systematically collecting and chronologically arranging UFO reports, which revealed these cyclical patterns. The Condon Committee, however, found the prediction of where and when these waves would occur to be virtually impossible. Recognition of these waves often only occurred long after they had passed, with hindsight being key, as illustrated by the 1947 UFO wave, whose magnitude was not fully understood until 1967 through Ted Bloecher's research. The author notes that the uneven and erratic nature of UFO report accumulation, dependent on media and organizational exchange, contributes to the delayed recognition of these waves, which is deemed an "unsatisfactory state of affairs."

Skywatches and Wave Prediction

The author criticizes the common practice of staging skywatches without regard for known UFO activity patterns. He cites an example of a skywatch on July 5-6, 1975, which was likely doomed to failure because it was held during the wrong month, resulting in no UFOs being sighted. Delair labels this "PREDICTION 2" and estimates that most skywatches are staged on the wrong dates, leading to wasted effort, finance, and disillusionment among potential UFO spotters. Ideally, skywatches should coincide with periods when UFO waves are reasonably expected to occur, which would significantly increase the likelihood of sightings. Achieving this requires a reliable method of forecasting when and where future UFO waves will likely take place. While the current ability to predict these waves is minimal, the author suggests that indications are emerging that could lead to a workable forecasting method.

Data Sources and Methodology

The emerging indications for prediction stem from statistical comparisons between UFOCAT and WUFOC, two major UFO report collections. UFOCAT is a computerized catalogue of over 85,000 chronologically listed reports compiled by Dr. David Saunders of the Centre for UFO Studies in Chicago. WUFOC is the World UFO Catalogue, containing over 43,000 reports. These collections, though incomplete and overlapping, are assembled by the Data Research division of Contact (UK) in Oxford and are considered to represent a comprehensive cross-section of UFO activity.

UFO Activity Profile and Cycles

The analysis divides the overall UFO record into two sections: the MODERN era (commencing January 1, 1947) and the HISTORICAL era (ending December 31, 1946). The MODERN era, with its larger number of reports, is used to generate a UFO activity profile (Fig. 1, page 7). This profile shows a series of peaks and troughs, corresponding to UFO waves. Peaks are identified in 1947, 1950, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1962, 1964, 1965/6, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973/4, and potentially 1974/5.

Upon deeper examination, two patterns emerge: an approximate 10-year cycle (TYPE A waves) represented by peaks in 1947, 1957, and 1967, and a 6-year cycle (TYPE B waves) with peaks in 1950, 1952, 1954, and 1956, followed by another in 1962, 1964, 1965/6, and 1968. The peaks of 1972, 1973/4, and 1974/5 are suggested to be part of a subsequent 6-year cycle expected to conclude around 1978. Notably, the 10-year and 6-year cycles appear to be out-of-phase.

TYPE A and TYPE B Waves

For convenience, the 10-year cycle peaks are termed "TYPE A waves," and the 6-year cycle peaks are "TYPE B waves." While the exact periodicity of TYPE B waves is uncertain, the paper focuses on the more readily identifiable TYPE A waves. It is significant that the largest concentrations of recorded UFO landings and "ufonaut" cases have tended to occur during TYPE B waves (e.g., 1952, 1954, 1964, 1968, 1973, 1974/5), not TYPE A waves.

PREDICTION 3: Historical UFO Activity (Pre-1947)

"PREDICTION 3" examines the approximate 10-year cycle for TYPE A waves by analyzing UFO activity predating 1947, as depicted in Figure 2 (page 8), which plots data back to AD 1700. Despite the generally unsatisfactory quality of records from 1700 to 1946, they suggest a series of recurrent peaks separated by intervals of ten to eleven years. The author suggests that the near-perfect periodicity of post-1947 TYPE A waves might be due to more detailed knowledge, and that pre-1947 records, if as detailed, might also show closer to 10-year intervals. Specific peak timings are noted: the 1947 wave peaked in early July, the 1957 wave in November, and the 1967 wave in spring (America) and autumn (Europe).

Correlation with Sunspots (Fig. 3)

Figure 3 (page 10) presents a comparison of UFO activity with sunspot cycles from 1850 onwards. The top graph shows sunspot activity and UFO sightings from 1850 to 1910. The middle graph shows sunspot activity from 1910 to 1975. The bottom graph details UFO activity from 1910 to 1975, with projected peaks for 1977/8, 1987/8, and 1997/8. While the visual correlation is not immediately striking, the analysis of cycles suggests a potential underlying relationship or shared influencing factors.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The central theme of this document is the cyclical nature of UFO activity and the potential for predicting these "waves." The author advocates for a more scientific and data-driven approach to ufology, emphasizing statistical analysis and historical record-keeping. The editorial stance is critical of haphazard research methods, particularly regarding skywatches, and promotes the idea that by understanding and predicting these cycles, researchers can significantly improve the effectiveness of their investigations. The document underscores the importance of comprehensive data collection and analysis, drawing on major UFO databases and historical records to support its conclusions.

This issue of UFO DATA Magazine, Volume 3, Issue 10, dated August 1976, focuses on the cyclical nature of UFO phenomena and detailed accounts of 'Close Encounters of the Third Kind.' The cover prominently features the headline "CLOSE ENCOUNTERS OF THE THIRD KIND" by Ted Bloecher.

Prediction 3: 10-Year UFO Cycle

The article posits an approximate 10-year cycle for 'TYPE A' UFO waves, traceable in the known UFO record back to AD 1700. Based on this, future TYPE A waves are predicted for 1977 (or 1978), 1987 (or 1988), and 1997 (or 1993), depending on whether 10 or 11-year intervals are considered.

Prediction 4: Correlation with Sunspot Cycles

The determination of a 10-year UFO cycle from reports alone is deemed insufficient without corroboration. The author explores a connection with natural astrophysical/geophysical backgrounds, finding the solar sunspot cycle to be a promising line of evidence. The sunspot cycle, averaging 11.1 years but fluctuating between 9.7 and 14 years, shows a remarkable periodicity that, when graphed back to AD 1700, provides a profile comparable to the pre-1947 UFO activity profile. The periodicity of sunspot maxima astonishingly coincides with that of TYPE A UFO waves. The paper suggests that while not implying a common cause, the consistent recurrence of both phenomena over 250 years indicates a real connection and confirms the reality of recurrent TYPE A UFO waves. It recommends further detailed work on this coincidence and proposes using sunspot cycles to help predict future TYPE A UFO waves.

Prediction 5: UFO Waves and Skywatch Planning

This section asserts that UFO waves have been occurring for centuries, with two apparently separate cycles identified: a 10-year cycle for TYPE A waves and a 6-year cycle for TYPE B waves. It notes that many skywatches are poorly planned, occurring when no UFO waves are active. The article advocates for the use of UFO wave periodicity information in planning skywatches, particularly for TYPE A waves. It reiterates the prediction of TYPE A waves in 1977-78, 1987-88, and 1997-98, strongly recommending coordinated skywatches from summer 1977 onwards, as TYPE A waves generally occur between June and December. The author emphasizes that while the center of the next TYPE A wave might be in a foreign locality, efforts should be made to deploy as many observers as possible in Britain to coordinate viewing and reporting activities, suggesting the possibilities are strong and the results could be exciting.

Close Encounters of the Third Kind by Ted Bloecher

This section, authored by Ted Bloecher, focuses on reports of humanoid entities seen in association with UFOs, termed 'Close Encounters of the Third Kind' (CE III). The abstract outlines the paper's scope: describing CE III reports, citing case examples from a year prior, clarifying terminology, organizing basic entity types, discussing recurrent features of appearance and behavior (including activities, communication, abductions, physical effects), and reviewing associations with witnesses, geographical distribution, and wave peaks. It also suggests a classification for entity association with UFOs and a method for rating CE III reports, mentioning the Humanoid Study Group and the Humanoid Catalogue.

The paper notes that unusual events involving humanoid beings occurred in North America during autumn 1975. These experiences, described as bizarre and of uncertain meaning, are presented as potential new empirical evidence of events with far-reaching significance, possibly visitations of alien civilizations or manifestations of the human psyche. The number of CE III reports has escalated.

Case Examples:

• Alabama Incident: In early November 1975, a woman and her daughter driving near the Coosa River in Birmingham, Alabama, reported seeing two enormous figures (at least eight feet tall) wearing ankle-high silvery shoes and close-fitting, dull silver clothing. The figures wore helmets, and one held an arm over its head. The witnesses were startled and drove away without stopping.
• Alberta, Canada Incident: On October 14 at 5:30 am, near Peers, Alberta, a young woman saw an object in the road with two 'men' standing on top, each holding a rod or staff. They wore helmets and their faces were not visible. Upon returning to the site later, nothing was found.
• Wisconsin Incident: On the evening of November 10, an elderly couple in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, encountered a strange 'man' at their door wearing a narrow-brimmed hat and a brown face with vertical grey lines. He held a five-foot white rod. When he did not respond, the couple saw at least four other similar beings on the lawn and in the street, moving with long, slow jumps, described as 'like the astronauts on the moon.' They appeared deformed, with claw-like hands and bowed legs.
• Maine Incident: On October 27 at 2:30 am, two youths near Poland Springs, Maine, lost control of their car and saw a large cylindrical object rise over a field. Strange events occurred, including fog. Later, under an impulse, they returned and saw the object again. Upon returning home, they had lost time. Under hypnotic regression, one youth recalled being taken aboard the craft, confronted by a four-and-a-half-foot being, telepathically communicated with, undressed, physically examined, and had blood samples taken. He was returned to the car, with his companion unaware of his absence. The youth was told they would see him again, and he and his family subsequently reported seeing UFOs on numerous occasions.
• Arizona Incident (Travis Walton): On November 5, about 6:30 am, seven forestry workers near Heber, Arizona, observed a UFO. Travis Walton jumped out of the truck and ran toward the object. A beam of light struck him, and he fell. The others fled in panic but returned to find neither Walton nor the object. Walton returned five days later.

References and Also Consulted

The issue includes a list of references and 'Also Consulted' materials, primarily concerning UFO studies (Condon, Bloecher, Cree, Kuiper, Menzel) and solar activity and sunspots (Bray & Loughhead, Gribbin, King, Waldmeier, Wood).

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes are the cyclical nature of UFO phenomena, the potential correlation between UFO waves and solar sunspot cycles, and the detailed investigation of humanoid encounters ('Close Encounters of the Third Kind'). The editorial stance appears to be one of serious inquiry into these phenomena, advocating for scientific approaches like statistical analysis (cycle prediction) and detailed case study investigation, while acknowledging the controversial and sometimes inexplicable nature of the subject matter. There is a clear call for more organized and coordinated observation efforts by ufologists.

This issue of "UFO Report" from 1977, Volume 1, Number 1, is dedicated to exploring "The Humanoid Reports," focusing on Close Encounters of the Third Kind (CE III).

The Humanoid Phenomenon

The issue begins by detailing a specific case involving a witness named Walton, who described being inside a UFO surrounded by five-foot beings with large, wide-set eyes. He recounted being placed on a table, striking out at the beings, and then encountering a normal human in a blue coverall. This account emerged from subsequent hypnotic sessions.

The article notes that this particular case is highly controversial but represents a sampling of CE III reports. Dr. Hynek is quoted as saying, "We have too many sightings, not too few . . . We are, frankly, embarrassed by our riches." Dr. David Saunders of the University of Chicago has amassed close to 90,000 case entries in his computerized UFO catalogue, UFOCat, suggesting the need for researchers to examine specific aspects of the phenomenon in microcosm. Ted Phillips, for instance, focuses on Close Encounters of the Second Kind (cases with ground traces and physical effects), while Fred Merritt confines his research to CE II reports involving leg-marks.

Close-range encounters are highlighted as having the greatest data-yield potential. The research delves into CE III reports, particularly those involving humanoid entities, which have been associated with unidentified objects since the early days of UFO reports. Early examples from 1947 are cited, predating the widespread "flying saucer" reports, and even earlier, the "airship" wave of 1896-1897 included reports of "aeronauts."

CE III reports are described as an "embarrassment of riches," and the 1960s saw a dramatic increase in such experiences, compelling researchers to re-examine humanoid reports.

Analysis of CE III Reports

CE III reports are considered a significant subset for study because the chance of mis-identification is reduced. These are close-range encounters with detailed objects that often leave traces or produce physical effects. They can be explained as hoaxes, temporary delusions/hallucinations, or as real experiences reported honestly by the witness. The data-yield potential of CE III reports is higher than for vague UFO cases. If the phenomena are real and under intelligent control, the "intelligences" controlling them should be scrutinized.

Well-documented CE III reports often describe credible witnesses detailing humanoid figures with recurrent patterns. These include helmets, rod-like implements, abductions, and memory loss. Careful examination of these reports and witnesses can significantly clarify the UFO enigma, requiring thoroughness, objectivity, and skepticism.

Terminology Clarification

The issue addresses the confusion in terminology surrounding humanoid reports. Terms like "occupants," "little men," "aliens," "humanoids," "extraterrestrials," "operators," "beings," and "UFOnauts" are used. The article clarifies that not all "occupants" are in the object, "little men" are not always little or men, and "humanoids" are not always human-like. The origin of "extraterrestrials" is uncertain, and "UFOnauts" may not be operators. Some entities are described as robot-like or holograms, not necessarily living organisms. The term "entity" is proposed as a useful generic term, with "humanoid" being practical for most reports.

"Contact" and "contactee report" are also discussed. A close encounter may or may not involve actual "contact" (physical interaction or communication). A "contactee" makes a "contact" report, but the term "contactee report" is often associated with a specific genre involving repeated "contacts" with extraterrestrials, exemplified by George Adamski.

"Abduction" and "abduction report" are straightforward. However, abduction cases share similarities with older contactee claims (being taken aboard an object), but recent abductees are unwilling participants in traumatic experiences, unlike the spiritually uplifting experiences of older contactees. Many abduction cases remain unpublicized.

Recurrent Characteristics of CE III

While comprehensive computerized studies of all CE III reports are lacking, several extensive studies using limited data exist. Jacques Vallee studied close-range reports (Type I cases), and Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos studied Type I cases on the Iberian Peninsula. The only known study of recurrent features of humanoid reports in French is by Jader U Pereira. The observed characteristics of UFO entities are summarized into three categories: appearance, behavior, and physical effects.

Appearance

Entity appearance varies in size from under a foot to over ten feet. Three main categories are "dwarfs" (3-4.5 ft), "normals" (standard height), and "giants" (7 ft+). Vallee noted behavioral characteristics seemed to correlate with height. Dwarfs often appear in pairs, wear shiny outfits, and have large eyes. "Normals" resemble humans more closely but may have wide-set eyes, rudimentary noses/ears, and slit-like mouths, often in colored coveralls. "Giants" are described as ugly, sometimes with only one eye. Jader Pereira has refined these classifications into 12 basic types.

A curious feature is the apparent absence of distinctive facial features despite close proximity. Hands are often reported as normal, but some cases report three or four digits, or claws, or even two-digit, claw-like appendages.

Unique entities are reported occasionally, such as those at Branch Hill, Ohio, and Kelly, Kentucky. "Robot-like" entities have been described, with the Cisco Grove, California, case being a classic example.

Behavior

Entity behavior is difficult to define and can be perplexing, absurd, or manic. It's possible witness perception differs from reality. Many encounters have a "staged" quality. Encounters fall into intentional and unintentional categories. "Discover and escape" scenarios, like the one at Socorro, New Mexico, involve entities seemingly caught off guard by a witness's approach.

Activities

Distinctive activities include "sample gathering" (picking up stones, plants, soil), as seen in a CE III case in North Bergen, New Jersey. "Repair operations" on vehicles have also been reported, such as in New Berlin, New York.

Attitudes of the Entities

Entity attitudes toward witnesses are inconsistent. Some are oblivious, while others purposefully approach the witness for direct interaction. These interactions can be passive (e.g., "discovery and escape") or active (e.g., "direct confrontation"). Abduction cases are examples of active interaction.

Other Distinctive Features of Behavior

Disappearing entities and the ability to fly or float are common. The "disappearing" entity was observed in France in 1954, where the UFO also vanished. Floating is a method of egress/entrance. The Kelly, Kentucky, encounters and a case in Hartford City, Indiana, involved floating entities. "Flying men" reports from Washington in 1948 and "flying humanoids" from Venezuela in 1967 are also mentioned. These accounts, despite lingering incredulity, are considered alongside other unusual behaviors in CE III cases.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes revolve around the classification and analysis of CE III encounters, the detailed descriptions of humanoid entities, their varied behaviors and activities, and the distinction between historical "contactee" experiences and modern "abduction" cases. The editorial stance emphasizes the need for rigorous, objective, and skeptical investigation of witness testimony to understand the UFO enigma. The publication appears to lean towards accepting the reality of these phenomena while advocating for scientific scrutiny.

This document appears to be a section from a publication focusing on UFO research, specifically detailing aspects of Close Encounters of the Third Kind (CE III) reports. It delves into the characteristics of these encounters, methods of analysis, and the organization of collected data.

Association with Vehicles

The text highlights the consistent interest in reports involving vehicles, noting that a significant number of early and CE II/III cases feature interactions with cars and trucks. Electrical failures in vehicle motors and lights, which resolve upon the UFO's departure, are frequently reported. A study by David Webb in 1973 documented 70 'wave' reports, of which 25 involved vehicles, indicating that over a third of these cases had a vehicle association. Electromagnetic effects were noted in ten of these vehicle-related cases.

Physical Effects

Beyond electrical failures in vehicles and homes, CE II and CE III reports describe physical effects experienced by witnesses. These can include dizziness, light-headedness, or a 'prickly' sensation when near a UFO. In some instances, witnesses have been completely immobilized, possibly by beams of light from the entity or the UFO itself. Animals also react to UFO proximity. The document notes that effects can occur after the encounter, with some cases leading to severe psychological problems, citing the Betty and Barney Hill abduction in 1961 as an example. Physical traces like ground traces, residues, and scorched vegetation at landing sites are also mentioned.

Communication

Comprehensible communication between UFO entities and witnesses is identified as a significant feature of CE III reports. The analysis of these 'messages,' regardless of their content, is considered crucial for understanding the phenomenon. Communication can be verbal, telepathic, or gestural. Verbal communication is typically in the witness's native language, though sometimes jumbled. Some messages have bizarre, nonsensical content, such as a report from Venezuela in 1967 where a percipient was told the 'earth was cracking' and 'they' were here to save humanity. A case in France in 1954 involved a UFO entity disputing the witness's statements about location and time, suggesting that entities may sometimes lie. The document stresses the importance of viewing such messages with skepticism and understanding the witness's background.

CE III Reports and Wave Patterns

CE III reports are noted to correlate with other close encounter cases and tend to follow wave patterns in terms of yearly and geographical distribution. Early UFO waves in 1947, 1950, and 1952 saw increases in CE III reports. A massive increase in CE III incidents was reported in 1954, coinciding with UFO waves in Europe and South America. Another wave of reports in 1957, though smaller, also saw an increase. Large-scale reports reappeared in the mid-1960s, concurrent with UFO waves from 1965 to 1968. The year 1967 produced more CE III reports than 1954, distributed throughout the year with peaks in the US and South America. The most massive wave-peaks occurred in 1954 and the fall of 1973.

Association of Entities with Objects

The document proposes a classification method for analyzing the relationship between UFO entities and the objects that purportedly carry them. It acknowledges that the sources of entities may vary, including ghostly manifestations, folklore beings, or even Bigfoot-like creatures. The classification system, ranging from Type A to Type G, aims to make more meaningful distinctions:

• Type A: Entity observed inside the object (true occupant).
• Type B: Entity observed entering or exiting the object ('egressed' occupant).
• Type C: Entity seen in the immediate vicinity of an object, but not entering or leaving (implicit association).
• Type D: Entity observed independent of an object, but with UFO activity in the area (circumstantial association).
• Type E: Entity observed independent of an object, with no record of UFO activity (negative association).
• Type F: Neither entity nor UFO seen, but communication is experienced (psychic, voices, messages).
• Type G: 'On-board' experience or abduction, involving 'other intelligences'.

Rating and Credibility

The credibility of CE III reports depends on the witness's character and reliability, as well as the investigator's objectivity and thoroughness. The document suggests that these experiences may transcend familiar reality, necessitating a thorough understanding of the reporting person and competent investigation. Complete documentation is essential, but many older reports are incomplete notes or newspaper clippings. A method for sorting through data to find the most useful and reliable cases is needed, acknowledging potential researcher biases. An objective consensus on which cases warrant priority is sought.

A 0 to 9 scale is proposed for rating reports, with 0 for hoaxes/mistakes and 9 for the strongest evidence. A score of 5 might be assigned if a report is considered 50-50 genuine, modified as more information becomes available. Suspected hoaxes or unreliable testimony could be rated 1 or 2, while genuine but elusive cases might be 3 or 4. Cases with complete information could be sixes or sevens, and multiple-witness reports might receive an extra point. The investigator's knowledge is also a factor. Ratings are considered temporary and subject to reassessment. The researcher ultimately chooses an average score to identify the best sample for study, perhaps considering cases of 5 or higher.

The Humanoid Study Group and Humanoid Catalogue

The Humanoid Study Group (HSG), co-chaired by David Webb, is a loosely organized group of participants associated with MUFON and the Center for UFO Studies. They rely on members of these organizations for first-hand information on CE III reports. The HSG case files originated from the author's personal collection of humanoid reports over many years. With cooperation from other researchers and international contacts, the HSG files have more than doubled recently.

The primary effort has been collecting CE III reports. Data acquisition is the first step, followed by data reduction and organization. Researchers need access to logically prepared information. With assistance from Dr. David Saunders and Richard Bonenfant, the HSG material is being organized into a computer-retrievable form. Meaningful analysis can only occur after this step.

The Humanoid Catalogue (HumCat) is a chronological listing of all HSG files from 1896 to the present. A preliminary listing, with the help of Lex Mebane, includes nearly 1300 reports for a 70-year period. Approximately half of these are from North America (US and Canada), with Brazil and France having the next highest numbers. Gaps exist in foreign CE III reports, but new overseas contacts are being established.

Statistical Breakdown

A statistical breakdown of humanoid reports by year and region (North America, South America, Europe, Afro-Asia, S.W. Pacific) is provided for the period 1897 to 1976. The data shows fluctuations in report numbers over the years, with significant peaks in certain periods, such as 1954 and 1973. The breakdown includes counts for various countries within these regions.

Notes

The 'Notes' section provides a list of references and sources cited throughout the document, including books, letters, newspaper articles, and publications from organizations like MUFON and CUFOS. These references indicate the research basis for the information presented.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this document are the detailed analysis of Close Encounters of the Third Kind (CE III) reports, the classification and credibility assessment of such reports, and the systematic collection and organization of data. The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous, evidence-based research, emphasizing the need for skepticism, thorough investigation, and objective analysis of UFO phenomena. There is a clear effort to move beyond anecdotal accounts towards a more structured and scientific approach to understanding these complex encounters.

This document appears to be a collection of notes and a research paper from a UFO-related publication, likely "Flying Saucer Review," given the references to its issues and articles. The content focuses on cataloging UFO sightings and, more specifically, on the phenomenon of "vehicle interference" caused by UFOs. The primary article, "The Vehicle Interference Effect" by Anthony R Pace, details the findings of a BUFORA (British UFO Research Association) project.

Notes Section

The initial pages consist of numbered notes, referencing various books, articles, and reports related to UFO phenomena. These include:

• (10) Hamilton, Charles: Cites newspaper articles from July 1947 detailing sightings in Worcester, Massachusetts, and Tacoma, Washington, involving "occupied" objects and "little people." It also mentions a Houston Post report of a "sociable saucerite" and a "little man" with a basketball-sized head.
• (11) Jacobs, David M., Clark, Jerome, and Coleman, Loren, Keel, John: References several books on "Airship" reports and UFOs, including "The UFO Controversy in America," "The Unidentified," and "UFOs Operation Trojan Horse."
• (12) Fowler, Raymond E.: Mentions the "Field Investigator's Manual" published by MUFON.
• (13) Vallee, Jacques: References "Passport to Magonia."
• (14) Ballester Olmos, Vincente-Juan: Cites "A Catalogue of 200 Type I UFO Events in Spain and Portugal."
• (15) Pereira, Jader U.: Refers to "Les 'Extra-Terrestres'."
• (16) Vallee, Jacques: Cites an article in "Flying Saucer Review" on entities associated with Type I sightings.
• (17) Pereira, Jader U.: Further reference to "Op. cit."
• (18) Stanford, Ray: Mentions a book "Socorro 'Saucer' in a Pentagon Pantry" about the NICAP investigation.
• (19) Investigation by the author: Notes an upcoming report on an incident involving Budd Hopkins and Gerard Stoehrer.
• (20) Bloecher, Ted: Cites an article in "Flying Saucer Review" on UFO landing and repair.
• (21) Vallee, Jacques: Further reference to "Passport to Magonia."
• (22) Investigation of a case: Mentions an unpublished report by Isabel Davis and Bud Ledwith, revised and expanded for future publication by the Center for UFO Studies (CUFOS).
• (23) Worley, Don: References a special report and article on "UFOs, Occupants, and Artifacts in Eastern Indiana."
• (24) Webb, David: Cites "Year of the Humanoids."
• (25) Letter to NICAP: A letter from Vladimir Scheffer regarding Venezuelan newspaper reports.
• (26) Vallee, Jacques: Further reference to "Op. cit."
• (27) Ibid.: Indicates a repeated reference.
• (28) The Mutual UFO Network (MUFON): Provides contact information for MUFON, listing Walter H. Andrus, Jr. as Director.
• (29) The Center for UFO Studies (CUFOS): Provides contact information for CUFOS, listing Dr. J. Allen Hynek as Director.

The Vehicle Interference Effect by Anthony R Pace

This paper presents an insight into BUFORA's current project investigating the effects of UFO encounters on motor vehicles. The study is based on a sample of approximately 400 cases from around the world.

The Carl Farlow Case (November 6, 1967)

The paper highlights the case of Carl Beverley Farlow, a lorry driver in the UK, as a significant example of UFO vehicle interference. On November 6, 1967, while driving his Leyland Super Comet diesel lorry, his headlights dimmed and went out, and the engine malfunctioned. He observed a large, egg-shaped object, described as magenta with a whitish bottom, hovering over the road. The object emitted a humming sound and a strong, pungent odor. The UFO moved off, and Farlow then noticed a cream-colored Jaguar that had stopped by the roadside. The UFO had apparently passed between the two vehicles.

Following the encounter, the police were called. The telephone kiosk light near the incident also failed, and the vet's torch wouldn't work. The scrub land and hedge where the UFO hovered appeared blackened, and the road surface had a shiny appearance, suggesting it had been melted. Investigations at the scene later revealed measurements being taken with a theodolite and geiger counter. Approximately 200 feet of the road were later resurfaced.

Farlow's lorry was taken for repair, and it was found that its entire electrical system, including the dynamo, starter motor, regulator, ammeter, light bulbs, and batteries, was virtually useless, resulting in a significant repair bill.

The significance of the Farlow case lies in the fact that two vehicles, one diesel and one petrol, were affected simultaneously, though with differing results (the diesel engine continued running while the Jaguar stalled). This provides a clue to the mechanisms behind UFO effects on vehicles.

BUFORA's Project and Case Categorization

The BUFORA Research Department adopted this project as a continuation of an independent study. The aim is to produce a basic catalogue of summarized cases involving motor vehicles, aircraft, trains, boats, and fixed engines affected by UFOs.

• The project report is planned to include sections on:
• Foreword
• Introduction
• Catalogue of Case Summaries
• Case Studies (e.g., Carl Farlow)
• Statistics
• Comments from BUFORA project team
• Resume, Conclusions, and Recommendations
• Appendices (including a Motor Vehicle Questionnaire and work of other researchers)

Thousands of cases exist where UFOs have been witnessed from vehicles. These are categorized as follows:

1. Observation only: Occupants observe a UFO at a distance with no apparent interest or effects.
2. Interest without effects: The UFO follows, leads, or paces the vehicle, but no effects are recorded.
3. Effects without E-M: Circumstances as in 1 or 2, but with physiological effects on occupants (burns, weightlessness, paralysis) or physical effects on the vehicle (involuntary movement, scorching, damage).
4. E-M Effects: Similar to category 3, with or without physiological/physical effects, but where the vehicle's engine, lights, or radio are affected (so-called "E-M" effects).

The preliminary project focuses on categories 3 and 4. A future report may include categories 1 and 2. The study aims to understand why no effects are recorded when UFOs are in close proximity.

Preliminary Sample Findings (400 Cases)

• Engine Malfunctions: 250 reports described engine malfunctions, mostly temporary. In some cases, engines restarted on their own after the UFO departed. More severe cases involved blown fuses, burnt wiring, and dead batteries.
• Light Malfunctions: 125 cases reported vehicle light malfunctions, usually temporary.
• Physiological Effects: Approximately 25% of cases showed physiological effects, with or without engine malfunction. These included:
• Changes in ear pressure
• Hair standing on end, static electricity
• Weakness, immobility, paralysis
• Temperature increases (waves of heat)
• Painful pricklings and tinglings
• Fainting or loss of consciousness
• Feeling of vacuum
• Cooling effects
• Sunburn effects
• Other Physical Effects:
• Watches slowing or stopping
• Vibration of metal objects
• Radioactive traces on cars
• Bending of headlight beams
• Temporary color change in vehicle paintwork
• Car body heating or becoming transparent
• Involuntary movements of vehicles (rocking, being thrown, lifted, transported).
• Humanoids: Featured in about 60 of the 400 cases studied.

Strange Object Sighted in Alaska

A brief mention is made of a detailed feature article in the Juneau, Alaska DAILY EMPIRE (January 4, 1969) about sightings near Hawk Inlet on December 15-16, 1968. Ken Marlowe reported seeing a "pure white light," ball-shaped, about 20 feet in diameter with two glowing globes, near Hawk Inlet.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the systematic investigation and cataloging of UFO phenomena, particularly focusing on the physical and electromagnetic effects UFOs have on terrestrial technology, specifically vehicles. The editorial stance appears to be one of serious inquiry and data collection, aiming to understand the nature of these phenomena through rigorous research and cross-referencing of existing studies and reports. The publication seems to serve as a platform for disseminating findings from organizations like BUFORA, MUFON, and CUFOS, and for referencing key researchers in the field.

This document is an excerpt from the APRO Bulletin, specifically covering content from the May-June 1969 issue and a subsequent July-August 1969 issue, along with a presentation from November 1976. The primary focus is on a UFO sighting in Alaska and a detailed discussion on the methodology for analyzing UFO photographic evidence.

Alaskan Sighting: Hawk Inlet, December 1968

The bulletin reports on two related sightings that occurred on December 15th and 16th, 1968, near Hawk Inlet, Alaska. Ken Marlowe, owner of the cargo boat 'Teel', and his associate Ralph Kern, were involved in both incidents.

On the afternoon of December 15th, at 3:30 pm, Marlowe and Kern observed a "pure white light" object, described as ball-shaped and approximately 20 feet in diameter, with two brightly glowing 4-foot diameter globes above it, while at Hawk Inlet. Initially, Marlowe dismissed it as a reflection, but soon realized it was a distinct object. The object was seen hovering within a few yards of the dock.

Later that evening, around 6 pm on December 16th, as Marlowe and Kern were docking the 'Teel' at the cannery during a snowstorm, they saw the same mysterious light again. This time, the object was moving slowly from about half a mile away towards the cannery. Marlowe contacted the marine radio operator in Juneau, and the object was directly above the 'Teel's' mast, estimated at about 70 feet above the deck (the mast itself being 40 feet tall). Both men were apprehensive as the object made no sound.

During the sighting on the 16th, approximately five minutes after Marlowe connected with the marine operator, the boat's power went dead, and the radio connection was cut off. Marlowe initially attributed the continued light to the object itself, but upon checking, found all power was off. He then went to the cannery to make another call, noting the object's light was bright enough to illuminate the building's interior from about 200 feet away. Finding no other means of communication, Marlowe went outside and stopped an auxiliary diesel power generator that was "just barely running." As he reached to turn it off, the object moved away, and the diesel engine immediately began to function normally. The object disappeared from sight about 15 minutes later. After the object left, the boat's batteries remained dead, but power was restored with an auxiliary gasoline engine, and Marlowe found no mechanical issues with the boat's engine.

This sighting is highlighted as being of particular interest because a diesel engine was affected, a phenomenon not previously reported in relation to UFOs.

Subsequent Analysis and Commentary

The July-August 1969 issue of the APRO Bulletin provided further commentary on the Alaskan sighting. Dr. Harder, APRO's Research Director, noted the item and offered an explanation for the diesel engine interference. He suggested that if the engine was connected to a generator and the generator's output was short-circuited, it would create a heavy load on the engine, slowing it down. He proposed that the resistance from the short-circuit could be calculated from the engine's speed and the generator's power and voltage, allowing for a calculation of the "shorting resistance."

Analysis of UFO Photographs and Films as Evidence

In November 1976, Robert Digby presented a talk titled "THE ANALYSIS OF UFO PHOTOGRAPHS AND FILMS AS EVIDENCE" at the Second National Research and Investigations Conference in Birmingham, England. Originally titled "THEY SHOOT UFO'S DON'T THEY?", the talk addressed the challenges of evaluating photographic and film evidence of UFOs.

Digby represented a group under the BUFORA umbrella dedicated to analyzing and investigating photographic cases. He emphasized the variability in individual reactions and interpretations of visual stimuli, noting that accounts of the same event can differ.

He outlined a five-step approach for selecting and analyzing UFO photographic cases:

1. Subjective Evaluation: Assessing factors like focus, clarity, sharpness, and contrast, and how they combine with testimony to create credibility. Determining if the case offers high probability evidence for unusual phenomena.
2. Rational Explanations: Investigating whether known phenomena (astronomical, meteorological, optical, photographic effects) can explain the observation, or if it's a case of mistaken interpretation.
3. Is It a Fake?: Examining the case for signs of tampering, checking the availability of negatives or original prints, and verifying if negatives represent a continuous sequence. It also involves checking if focus, sharpness, and other characteristics align with the alleged sighting and if light and shadows are internally consistent.
4. Is There Consistency?: Verifying if the photography is consistent with witness testimony, particularly regarding lighting, time, and direction of sighting, and if time intervals between photographs match the testimony.
5. Confirmation of Consistency: Looking for peculiar characteristics that suggest tests, such as the object's position relative to landscape features, consistency of contrast and focus with distance, and estimating flight paths from sequences of positions and angular sizes.

Digby noted that the Colorado study of UFO photographic evidence failed to provide conclusive evidence for the existence of flying saucers, but also did not establish that they do not exist.

He summarized that while photographic evidence is considered "hard" data, it's not infallible, as cameras don't lie but photographers can. Digby stressed that credibility is paramount, especially given the dubious nature of many cases. He stated that while most cases examined are hoaxes or readily explainable, about 10% are first priority and warrant exhaustive investigation. However, few cases provide high probability evidence for the existence of UFOs, which is the ultimate goal.

Digby also briefly touched upon the definition of a UFO, accepting J. Allen Hynek's definition from "The UFO Experience": a reported perception of an object or light whose appearance, trajectory, and behavior do not suggest a logical, conventional explanation and remain unidentified after close scrutiny by capable individuals. He also posited that UFO manifestations are likely the result of physical causes described by natural laws.

Other Mentions

The document also references the Carl Farlow case, noting limitations in catalogued data versus original case histories and the importance of quality over quantity in investigations. It mentions specific film cases like the 16 mm ATV film of 1971 and the Peter Day film of 1973 as being under intensive investigation. The term "Phenomenologist" is discussed, with Johannes Kepler cited as an example.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The APRO Bulletin appears to maintain a rigorous, evidence-based approach to UFO investigation. The editorial stance emphasizes critical analysis, the importance of verifiable data, and the need for methodical investigation. There is a clear distinction made between anecdotal reports and tangible evidence, with a focus on identifying genuine phenomena rather than simply collecting numerous reports. The discussion on photographic analysis highlights a scientific methodology aimed at separating credible evidence from hoaxes and misinterpretations. The overall tone is one of cautious inquiry and a commitment to rigorous research in the field of Ufology.

This document, likely an issue of the "BUFORA Journal" (Volume 4, Issue 19, dated 1976), delves into the complexities of UFO photography, evidence analysis, and scientific investigation. It critiques the terminology used in the field, such as 'Flying Saucer' and 'UFO', advocating for a more precise approach to defining and evaluating phenomena. The core of the discussion revolves around the concept of 'probative value' in establishing the existence of unidentified objects, particularly through photographic evidence.

The Nature of UFOs and Evidence

The author expresses dissatisfaction with the label 'UFO', suggesting it identifies an object as what we are looking for, but doesn't define its nature. The discussion then shifts to the definition of 'UNIDENTIFIED', which is the assignment of an event or object to a class, regardless of what that class is. Consistency and repeatability in UFO events help define class properties, and identification can occur as a member of a 'class of behaviour'. The primary concern is the exact nature of the UFO where credibility and photographic evidence are established, allowing for a 'probative value' to be assigned.

Probative Value and Probability

The central question posed is whether a report has probative value in establishing the existence of UFOs. Probative means to afford proof. J. Allen Hynek is cited as being of the opinion that when a photographic case meets all relevant criteria, one can positively state that the probability of the photograph being genuine is very high, but certainty cannot be established. However, if 25 such cases each have a very high probability, the compound probability of photographic proof of UFOs existing becomes almost indistinguishable from certainty. This principle can be extended to well-documented cases where photographic evidence is missing.

Probability itself is defined as the likelihood of something, estimated mathematically. The assessment of a probability rating is subjective, starting with the credibility of the individuals involved and considering the circumstances under which the report was made. Key factors for consideration include:

• Internal consistency of the given report.
• Consistency among several reports of the same incident.
• The manner in which the report was made.
• The conviction transmitted by the reporter to the investigator.
• A subtle judgement of 'How it all hangs together'.

Hynek found it relatively easy to assign a number for the degree of strangeness (1-10), but much more difficult to assign a probability rating. A case with a high 'SP' (strangeness probability) rating should be a challenge to science.

Photographic Hoaxes and Fabrications

A significant portion of the document is dedicated to the issue of fabricated photographs and hoaxes. The author notes that for years, the 'Print Media' and UFO organizations have published numerous photographs implying they represent genuine unidentified flying objects. This situation has continued due to the lack of universally recognized authority on such matters. Fraudulent photographs can infect genuine ones with suspicion and act as a hindrance. An example given is an alleged photographer of the Loch Ness monster whose pictures were prominently featured despite inconsistencies and refusal to release original negatives for expert study. The person commented that the media use of these pictures could fetch around £200,000, highlighting the financial incentives for creating such content. The article states that faking flying saucer photographs has become a hobby for many, especially school-boys. The Alex Birch case from 1962 is highlighted as a well-known hoax by a school boy in the UK, where Alex, at 14, produced a photograph of five saucer-like objects, appeared on TV, was interviewed by the Air Ministry, and spoke at a BUFORA meeting. The author expresses regret that such incidents, which cause untold damage to genuine enquirers, could have been avoided if proper photographic analysis methods available in 1962 had been applied and the case investigated more thoroughly.

Parallels with the Loch Ness Monster

The document draws parallels between UFO investigations and the investigation of the Loch Ness Monster. The concept of a 'monster' lends an air of mythology to the Loch Ness case. In Autumn 1975, an American scientific team developed colour slides taken in June that allegedly showed an animal with a long neck and head, and its underbelly. These underwater pictures lacked sufficient clarity for positive classification. The final verdict was left to experts from the Smithsonian Institute and British Museum. Despite findings, a major row broke out when experts from the Natural History Museum in London stated that the photographs were not informative enough to establish the existence of a large living animal. However, the subject has entered serious scientific debate, with agreement that more work is needed to obtain better evidence. The author notes that the study of UFOs has not yet entered the same arena of debate with sufficient force of argument, but preparation with supporting material is necessary.

Advanced Photographic Techniques

The article then turns to 'guns in the armoury' for UFO investigation, focusing on photographic techniques. BUFORA's Project Photon is concerned with detecting UFO spectra using diffraction gratings. A diffraction grating, often a transparent plastic with numerous grooves, scatters light to produce spectra showing the component colours. This allows for the determination of the composition and temperature of a light source. For example, Mercury gas emits specific colours, while a hot solid emits a spectrum related to its temperature. The article provides a temperature scale for colours (RED < 700K, ORANGE 700-1700K, YELLOW 1700-10,000K, GREEN > 10,000K). If an unidentified light source has the same temperature as the Sun (5,600K) or car headlights (1,700K), or the composition of street lights, it is unlikely to be an extraterrestrial spaceship. Drawbacks include film sensitivity and the limited colours reproducible in colour photography, though modern lenses and new films are improving capabilities.

The author uses a diffraction grating mounted on a 35mm slide, held in front of an SLR camera lens. The hope is to organize a supply of suitable gratings for investigators and skywatchers. Other techniques borrowed from astronomy include the all-sky camera, used to photograph a major part of the sky against fixed reference points. Fast film (Tri-X or HP4, uprated to 650 ASA) with exposure times of about 20 minutes is recommended, though atmospheric light can cause fogging. All-sky camera systems can involve a circle of cameras with normal lenses, a lens attachment for wide-angle view, or a special wide-angle lens (less than 21mm on 35mm cameras, giving about 90-degree field of view). Problems include taking pictures in darkness or bright sunlight, stationary or rapidly moving objects, and objects that are large but distant or small but close. These factors influence the choice of film, lens, and shutter speed. UFO photography shares similarities with meteor photography, suggesting similar techniques can be used.

Reciprocity Failure and Rotating Shutters

Lenses faster than f2.8, such as Kodak Aero-Ektar lenses, are recommended for general photography. Reciprocity failure is a problem in long exposures of faint objects, but for meteor work, it suppresses sky fog without ruining the momentary exposure. The law of reciprocity states that changes in image brightness can be compensated by exposure time (EXPOSURE = INTENSITY x TIME), but this law fails when intensity or time are very small or very large.

Rotating shutters, easily constructed, can determine meteor velocity. A shutter with three triangular apertures rotating at 15-20 interruptions per second, coupled to a synchronous motor, can chop a meteor trail into distinct parts, allowing duration and angular velocity to be determined. This also reduces sky fog and effectively doubles the open shutter time. The author hopes these ideas lead to more scientific skywatching, noting that data from UFO events could be invaluable, and even astronomical event data would foster cooperation with groups like the BAA.

Film Analysis and Recent Developments

Work is ongoing in better physical analysis of film, including high-definition film for blow-ups of images from small negatives or movie film. Recent developments include Ciba-chrome Reversal paper for better definition and colouring. Video techniques are also a possibility, with film converted to video tape, digitized, and analyzed by computer for picture cell measurements and enhancements. Such techniques are being used by GROUND SAUCER WATCH in Phoenix, Arizona, who have evaluated hundreds of UFO photographs since August 1975 using computer image enhancement, edge enhancement, colour contouring, digitizing, electronic densitometry, and pixel measurements. This processing has enabled a list of photographs representing strong evidence of extraordinary flying objects to be compiled.

BUFORA's Investigation Teams and Procedures

The article concludes by discussing BUFORA's efforts to establish scientific investigation teams. It is deemed unreasonable for one person to handle all the necessary work. These teams, established at strategic points, are necessary because the nature of the phenomenon is not fully understood, and there is a possibility of biological, chemical, and/or radioactive contamination. The teams will be trained in handling these agents, specialized site photography, site surveys, on-site soil mechanics and geology, and special techniques requiring liquefied gases (like Liquid Nitrogen). In the event of a trace case, BUFORA's National Investigations Co-ordinator should be contacted immediately. Details of the case, including date, time, location, and duration, should be provided, along with an Ordnance Survey Map reference and local landmarks. An eta for team dispatch will be given, and sightseers may be asked to prevent damage to the site.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The author's conclusions are that 'there is no smoke without fire'. There is a need to establish whose conclusions are recognizable in this field and to have a recognized central body of opinion to ensure everyone speaks the same language. The overall stance is one of advocating for a more scientific, rigorous, and evidence-based approach to the study of UFO phenomena, acknowledging the challenges posed by hoaxes and the need for advanced analytical techniques and organized investigative efforts. The journal appears to be a platform for disseminating research, discussing methodologies, and promoting scientific inquiry within the UFO community, particularly through the efforts of BUFORA.

This document presents a paper titled "A UNIFIED EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL HYPOTHESIS IN EXPLANATION OF THE UFO PHENOMENON" by Tim O'Brien. It appears to be a transcript of a lecture or presentation, as indicated by the concluding remarks thanking the audience for listening.

A Unified Theory of UFO Phenomena

Tim O'Brien begins by stating the need to establish proof of UFO existence, reality, and nature, and to prepare for the potential shock of irrefutable evidence of extra-terrestrial spacecraft. He suggests that new, unknown phenomena might be discovered as a result of ongoing research.

O'Brien emphasizes the importance of both quality and quantity in evidence, believing that the concept of UFOs will soon enter the arena of serious scientific debate. He acknowledges the help of Terry Brewis, John Shaw, and Steve Gamble from the Photographic Department.

The core of the paper is O'Brien's "Unified Theory of UFO Phenomena," developed over 12 years of study and seven years of intensive research across diverse disciplines including archaeo-astronomy, psychology, geology, genetics, mythology, mathematics, and ancient languages like Sumerian Cuneiform and Old Irish Gaelic. He believes these are necessary to understand the extraordinary events in our skies.

He uses the Sufi teaching story of the "Elephant in the Dark" as an analogy for how fragmented evidence can lead to incorrect conclusions. A unified theory, he argues, takes separate pieces of evidence to form a complete picture, though it might be the wrong one. However, any new, incompatible evidence will reveal flaws and lead to a new theory.

O'Brien has been lecturing on this topic at BUFORA Meetings for four years, attempting to unify the evidence. He breaks down the UFO phenomenon into five parts for examination:

1. The physical impact of the Phenomena: Audio-visual evidence combined with radar and other electro-magnetic data.
2. The Occupants: Beings associated with the phenomena.
3. The Time-Span: The duration over which the phenomena have been recorded.
4. The Effects on Mankind: Impacts attributed to the phenomena.
5. The Purpose behind the Phenomena: The underlying reason for their occurrence.

Physical Impact and UFO Model

O'Brien proposes constructing a scientific model of the UFO itself from its common physical manifestations. He stresses that such a model is an approximation and subject to modification as new data emerge.

His model comprises 9 components:

1. Shape and Size: Solid, spherical, discoid, or tapered cylindrical outline, ranging from tens to hundreds of metres in exceptional cases. Larger examples can store and release smaller ones.
2. Structure: Breaks in the solid outline (circular or rectangular) through which light radiates, implying a hollow interior.
3. Mobility and Maneuverability: Capable of high speeds and maneuverability within the atmosphere, exceeding current human technology.
4. Gravity Independence: Sudden changes in speed and direction, plus hovering, indicate independence from terrestrial gravity, possessing its own gravitational influence.
5. Force Fields: Capable of exerting an external field of force that interacts with terrestrial equipment.
6. Coloration: Diffuse coloration varying from natural at rest, to blues when moving slowly, and orange/red during rapid acceleration. It reverts to grey or silver at constant speeds.
7. Propulsion: An unknown, silent propulsive power. Associated humming and whistling noises are attributed to air disturbances.
8. Consciousness/Sensitivity: Reacts to human activity and events on or above Earth, demonstrating evasive action against aircraft.
9. Control: Directly or indirectly intelligently controlled, possibly piloted, robotically controlled, or programmed.

O'Brien acknowledges reservations about his model, particularly the possibility of paranormal aspects. However, he argues that five components are patently paranormal in that they are beyond normal human experience. He asserts the physical nature of the phenomena is supported by radar contacts and cases of bullets ricocheting from landed exteriors. He dismisses the idea of phenomena being non-physical, like a mirage, stating they have a physical background.

Mathematical probability suggests a non-terrestrial origin, with a higher probability for an origin within the Solar System than beyond the Galaxy. However, he considers this conclusion modified or overridden when all parts of the "elephant" (phenomenon) are unified.

The Occupants

O'Brien states he will not discuss the occupants in detail for two reasons: Ted Bloecher has already covered them extensively, and O'Brien himself has no first-hand experience. He places significant weight on first-hand personal experience, less on second-hand, and is very cautious with third and fourth-hand accounts. His knowledge of occupant cases is fourth-hand, based on reading accounts from investigators who spoke to witnesses.

Time Span of the Phenomena

Accepting the model, O'Brien finds it compatible with events spanning at least 3,500 years. He suggests previously inexplicable events, often regarded as myth, can be placed within a unified theory. Examples include:

• The fiery circles that upset Pharoah Thutmose III in the 16th Century BC.
• The experiences of Moses and the Israelites during their desert wanderings, including the "pillar of cloud by day and the pillar of fire by night."
• Extraordinary events on Mount Sinai.
• The removal of the Prophet Elijah in the Fiery Chariot and Whirlwind.
• The experiences of Ezekiel, analyzed by Blumrich.
• Mohammed's meeting with Gabriel at Medina, preceded by a bright light.
• The Transfiguration and Ascension of Christ.

These are considered individual pieces of one section of the overall theory.

Effects on Humanity

This section covers tangible and intangible aspects and is vast in scope, forming part of a larger book O'Brien is researching. He outlines areas of possibility regarding four periods of sudden human development jumps:

• Circa 40,000 BC: The emergence of Cro-Magnon Man, with advanced skull structure and brain size, and artistic ability. This sudden leap is suggested as possibly resulting from genetic intervention by extra-terrestrial visitors.
• 7th Millennium BC: Sudden advances in the Fertile Crescent, from hunter-gatherer to settled farmer, attributed to teaching by extra-terrestrial visitors, consistent with similar "divine" interventions worldwide.
• 3rd Millennium BC: Appearance of megalithic monuments with astronomical alignments and growth in astronomical/mathematical knowledge, suggesting external teaching. O'Brien's work in East Anglia supports this.
• 1st Millennium BC: The simultaneous appearance of great religious and philosophical leaders (Isaiah, Zoroaster, Buddha, Confucius) teaching similar principles of monotheism, enlightenment, and harmony.

O'Brien concludes that these five stages in the Development of Civilised Man were planned and executed through extra-terrestrial intervention:

A. Genetic Development: Encouragement leading to rapid advance from Anthropoid to Humanoid.
B. Physical Development: Teaching of husbandry, agriculture, horticulture, domestication, irrigation, and implement-making.
C. Intellectual Development: Teaching of astronomical and mathematical principles, and calendar systems.
D. Spiritual Development: Teaching of moral and spiritual values and philosophical precepts.

He suggests this phase of extra-terrestrial concern ended with the "Murder of Christ." The Transfiguration and the meeting with Moses and Elijah might have been a conference to handle opposition from Jewish leaders, while the Ascension is seen as an extra-terrestrial evacuation. A further attempt to spread universal truths was made through Mohammed's inspiration to carry Islam.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the presentation of a comprehensive, unified theory for the UFO phenomenon, positing an extra-terrestrial origin and influence on human history and development. The editorial stance, as presented by O'Brien, is one of rigorous scientific inquiry, emphasizing the need for verifiable evidence and a holistic approach to understanding complex phenomena. The author advocates for integrating disparate data points into a coherent framework, while remaining open to revision based on new findings. There is a clear belief in the physical reality of UFOs and a strong argument for their non-terrestrial, potentially intelligent, origin and their significant, long-term impact on human civilization.

This document presents "AN OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE UFO PHENOMENON," a paper delivered by T R Dutton at the BUFORA National Conference in November 1976. The paper summarizes approximately nine years of independent research into UFO events, focusing on sightings with a high 'strangeness' rating.

Social Development and Visitor Intentions

The author begins by discussing the historical influence of spiritual concepts in Europe and contrasts it with a proposed shift from overt to covert teaching by visitors, attributing this change to humanity being perceived as untrustworthy and dangerous. The text suggests that people now react with arrogance, panic, and trigger-happiness, citing the actions of the US Airforce and other forces as evidence of humanity's malicious intentions.

The Unified Theory

The paper outlines a "Unified Theory" based on six basic premises:

1. UFO phenomena are manifestations of advanced technology spacecraft.
2. This technology is so advanced it is considered extra-terrestrial.
3. Humanity's periodic advances from anthropoid to intellectual and spiritual beings have been initiated by teaching spells from extra-terrestrial visitors.
4. Overt teaching spells have ceased due to humanity's panicky and malicious tendencies, making physical approach dangerous.
5. Current contact is largely accidental, with visitors primarily watching, monitoring, and studying humanity.
6. This monitoring is considered benign and a continuation of past philanthropic assistance.

Scientific Theory and Prediction

The author emphasizes that the strength of a scientific theory lies in its predictive ability. For a UFO theory, predicting reactions to stimuli is difficult due to lack of control over experiments. Predicting trends is also challenging due to the vast time scales involved, citing the example of pre-Sumerian agricultural advancements taking 4000 years to be proven.

Knowledge, Responsibility, and Intervention

The paper touches upon the exponential increase in scientific knowledge since the 1960s, noting that humanity's sense of responsibility is not keeping pace. It predicts that humanity would not be allowed to destroy itself and that a dramatic intervention might occur if such a possibility became imminent. However, the author believes this is unlikely as the curve of declining social responsibility appears to be flattening and rising. Instead, a long period of covert guidance is anticipated until regular contact becomes possible, marking a significant step forward for humanity.

The Research Methodology

The paper details two main studies:

• The UK Study: Commenced in 1967, analyzing objects reported within the UK during a period of intense UFO activity. Information was gathered from press reports, personal investigations, and files from DIGAP, Manchester, and the Stanway and Pace Report.
• The Global Study: Begun in 1973, using data for the period 1885-1954. This work is ongoing, with progress described and tentative suggestions made to explain the phenomenon. Data was extracted from an unfinished catalogue by Peter Rogerson, supplemented by information from the 1972 Catalogue issued by NCCUFOR. The Peter Rogerson catalogue is being continued in MUFOB.

Analysis of 1967 UK Sightings

The initial step involved mapping sighting locations in the UK from July to December 1967. Towards the end of 1967, a narrow distribution band of approximately 35 miles wide was identified, running roughly Magnetic North/South, enclosing significant sightings from the Lake District to the South Midlands and down to the South Coast. An East/West band, about 70 miles wide, was also noted. Questions were raised about the representativeness of the data, whether these bands represented flight corridors (negatively indicated by flight directions), or if they were associated with major air routes (suggested otherwise, except for the Manchester area).

Objects Reported in 1967

Details of objects reported in 1967 with a high 'strangeness' rating are provided:

• Geometry: Most objects were described as solid-looking and non-aerodynamic, including cylinders, spheres, discs with domes, and other variations. These were classified into three types: 1. Bodies of revolution about a vertical axis, often rotating. 2. Modified disc shapes with non-circular planforms. 3. Bluff cylinders with low length-to-diameter ratios, flying horizontally without aerodynamic surfaces.
• Physical Attributes: Objects were mostly witnessed at night but sometimes in daylight. Daylight sightings described sharply outlined, grey or silvery metallic objects. One sighting involved a small, rotating sphere with two red lights. Another described an oval disc with a transparent dome and a white light.
• Illumination and Sound: Night-time sightings often involved highly illuminated objects with powerful lights, sometimes appearing luminous and capable of changing color or switching on/off. Sound effects were rarely reported, though a low hum was associated with disc/dome objects. One instance mentioned luminous jets and a high-pitched whine. A significant sound effect was described as "like a wind" from a glowing disc/dome object. This is compared to the turbulent wake of large aircraft, with references to 'Aerospace' journal discussing vortex sounds, noting noise levels peaking at 30-40 Hz with a general 'rushing' sound.

Illustrations

The document includes a list of illustrations, such as "Significant sightings - 1967 (UK)", "Location analysis 1967 (UK)", "Great Circles Water Events (1885-1954)", and "Model for 66½ Theory". Figure 1 specifically maps "U.K. SIGNIFICANT SIGHTINGS - 1967".

Conclusion and Future Work

The paper concludes by stating that any conclusions drawn are tentative due to the circumstantial nature of the evidence and the unfinished state of the work. A theory of seasonably variable Earth-encounters is expounded, which, with further development, might enable future UFO events to be predicted.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes revolve around the analysis of UFO phenomena, proposing an extra-terrestrial origin and a guiding influence on human development. The editorial stance, as presented by the author, is one of rigorous, objective analysis, acknowledging the limitations of current data while seeking to develop predictive theories. There is a strong emphasis on the potential dangers of unchecked technological advancement coupled with declining social responsibility, and a belief in a benevolent, albeit covert, extra-terrestrial oversight.

This issue of UFO TIMES, Volume 3, Issue 14, focuses on UFO activity in the United Kingdom during the period 1968-1973, with additional analyses of historical sightings and global patterns. The content is primarily analytical, presenting data and interpretations of UFO phenomena.

1967 Location Analysis

The analysis of UFO sighting locations in 1967 revealed an unexpected predominance of historical sites. While the chart is acknowledged as not statistically sound due to the undetermined relative abundance of different location types, this finding lends credibility to the idea that UFO activity might have occurred in historical times. The analyzed locations included transmitting stations, military bases, reservoirs, power stations, industrial complexes, transport systems (M-Ways, Railways, Airports, Canals), and historical sites.

UK Activity During The Period 1968-1973

This section provides a survey of UK UFO activity from 1967 onwards.

• 1968: Only 4 sightings were recorded, with no artificial objects definitively involved.
• 1969: A poor year with 4 sightings, 2 of which involved artificial objects of unknown origin.
• 1970: A year of complete inactivity.
• 1971: Activity resumed with a spectacular fireball witnessed from Manchester, followed by a green fireball event in February. From August to November, approximately 30 strange sightings were recorded, including 12 reports of artificial objects.
• 1972: The first three months saw several 'Fireball' events. Late summer brought a spate of sightings, mainly balls of brilliant light behaving in a controlled manner. One sighting in August reported a grounded object near Thirsk, Yorkshire. Autumn 1972 was also marked by sightings emanating from Salford, investigated personally, involving strange lights, usually balls of light, flying at roof-top level.
• 1973: Characterized by strange lights and 'fireball' events. A notable report involved a spectacular grounded device near Winsford, Cheshire. Approximately 38 reports were recorded for 1973.

Significant UK activity since 1973 is noted as minimal, but interesting cases continue to be reported, such as a rectangular object witnessed at low altitude on the Isle of Wight.

Evidence For Cyclic Fireball Events

An examination of fireball and other occurrences revealed a potential 36/37 day cycle when sightings from several years were superimposed. This cycle divides the year into 10 equal divisions. However, it is noted that only 2 of these dates align with well-established meteor showers, making a natural mechanism difficult to explain. The suggested occurrence dates are listed, and compared with the periods of regular meteor showers like Quadrantids, Lyrids, Aquarids, Perseids, Orionide, Taurids, Leonids, and Geminids. Events on August 15th and October 28th might be attributable to Perseids and Taurids, respectively, but generally, the UFO dates fall between meteor shower periods.

The Global Study

The Evidence

The study of worldwide UFO activity began with Peter Rogerson's international catalogue in 1973. Details of events were summarized, including date, time, place, type of sighting, and latitude/longitude coordinates. The analysis of events from 1885 to early 1954 involved plotting sightings on a world atlas, which proved difficult as sightings were concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere. A specific focus was placed on objects sighted over water, entering and exiting it, which was deemed unnatural. Initially, 23 such events were located in 12 areas, all in the Northern Hemisphere.

The investigation then explored the possibility of objects originating from space in a planned way, involving a series of orbits or Great Circles. Seven circles were defined by marking area locations on a globe atlas and using cotton to trace Great Circles passing through multiple points. Maximum latitudes for these circles were approximately at points like 43/44°N/70°W, 52°N/177°W, 53°N/90°W, 54°N/20°W, 54°N/157°W, 67°N/57°E, and 76°N/48°W. These circles were computed assuming a spherical Earth.

An interesting observation was made about the circles: sightings close to 43° on the 43°N/70°W circle occurred near the Autumnal Equinox at sunset. This was of special interest because at the Autumnal Equinox, 43°N latitude at sunset reflects the position of the North Pole on the terminator, relative to an axis drawn at right angles to the Ecliptic.

Further examination of the occurrence dates for 'water' sightings was inconclusive. Extending the exercise to include all located and dated sightings between 1885 and 1954 also yielded inconclusive results. There was little evidence to suggest that the defined circles were preferred distribution lines or occurred at predictable times. This led to a temporary halt in the work.

66½° Theory

Inspiration led to the realization that the previous work did not disprove the idea of seasonally variable Great Circles. Instead of a limited number, an infinite number of Great Circles might exist, with each point on Earth's surface potentially lying on a Great Circle with a maximum latitude greater than or equal to its own. Proving seasonal variation would require more observational detail than was available. An alternative approach was to construct a model to fit the known situation.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the systematic analysis of UFO sightings, focusing on geographical distribution, temporal patterns (like cyclic events), and potential astronomical or orbital connections. The editorial stance appears to be one of objective investigation and data-driven analysis, seeking logical explanations for phenomena while acknowledging the limitations of available data and the possibility of phenomena extending into historical periods. The publication seems dedicated to exploring the more scientific and analytical aspects of UFO research.

This issue of MUFOB, identified as Volume 6, Issue 6, dated June 1975, focuses on the "66½° Theory" as a model for understanding Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP).

The 66½° Theory: A Model for UAP

The core of this issue explores a theoretical model that attempts to explain UAP sightings by examining the intersection of Great Circle routes with the Earth's terminator. The theory posits that the Earth's fixed tilt to the ecliptic causes the terminator's position to vary relative to the poles throughout the year. An angle of 66½° to the ecliptic, within the plane of the terminator, intercepts the Earth's surface at latitudes between 43° and 90°. The specific latitude is determined by the Earth's orbital position.

Figure 6 illustrates these concepts, showing the terminator, lines of latitude, and the maximum latitude for a Great Circle route at different seasonal points (Autumnal Equinox, Winter Period, Spring Equinox). The text notes that observations around 43°N latitude occurred on the sunset terminator during the Autumnal Equinox, suggesting a potential link between this latitude and the theory.

Figure 7 presents "Maximum Latitudes - 66½° Theory" graphically, plotting sunset and sunrise latitudes (North and South) against the days of the year. This chart visualizes the seasonal variation in these latitudes.

Correlation of Predicted and Recorded Events

The issue delves into the implications of this theory, suggesting that objects might approach Earth in the plane of the ecliptic and establish sub-orbital entry paths with maximum latitudes close to the terminator. Since most UAP sightings occur during darkness, it's hypothesized that these objects approach from the direction of the Sun and proceed to a landing area on the dark side of Earth. This tactic is described as a "simple tactic" for clandestine excursions.

To investigate this, an exercise was conducted to determine local times of sighting occurrences at various latitudes, assuming sub-orbital entry near the terminator and following a Great Circle route. Figures 8(a) and 8(b) present "Seasonal Predictions & Recorded Events," superimposing timed sightings (within ±18 days) onto predicted entry path curves for various dates throughout the year (e.g., January 10th, February 14th, March 22nd, April 27th, June 3rd, July 9th, August 15th, September 21st, October 28th, December 3rd, June 21st).

These charts compare "Alternative Entry Path Predictions" with "Recorded Events" (marked by 'X'). The analysis indicates that while Great Circle routes are often followed, actual occurrences can be displaced from predictions by approximately 1 hour (15° longitude). Potential reasons for this displacement include incorrect assumptions about seasonal variation of maximum latitude, sub-orbital injection points, errors in plotting times (due to non-statement of time standard), and objects not being witnessed during arrival or departure.

Specific Incident and Evidence

A notable incident is described: on June 23rd, 1975, off the West Coast of Ireland, an object was detected on ship's radar in thick fog. Initially moving at a low speed of 6 knots, it reportedly accelerated to an estimated 7,000 knots within 30 seconds before radar contact was lost. The object's position was 52°30′ N 20°W, and its track bearing was a constant 105° true.

This incident, along with others, is used to support the view that objects might hide in remote places and conduct reconnaissance missions at all times. The August-October period, with its random scatter of points across the hours of darkness, is indicative of 'wave' activity.

Conclusion

The issue concludes that, despite data inadequacies, circumstantial evidence from eyewitness reports worldwide suggests that artificial devices of unknown origin are visiting Earth on a continuing basis. The nature, propulsion, purpose, and origin of these objects are currently unknown and any theories explaining them are considered speculative. The author expresses a personal view that the widespread publication of speculative theories over the past 30 years has discouraged serious scientific research into the phenomena.

References

The issue lists several references, including works by J. A. Hynek ('The UFO Experience. A Scientific Enquiry'), reports by Stanway & Pace ('UFO's - Unidentified, Undeniable.'), and catalogues of sightings from MUFOB and NCCUFOR.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The primary theme is the scientific investigation of UAP through theoretical modeling and data analysis, specifically the "66½° Theory." The editorial stance appears to be one of cautious inquiry, acknowledging the speculative nature of the subject while presenting evidence and analysis that points towards the reality of unknown artificial devices visiting Earth. There is an underlying concern that excessive speculation may hinder rigorous scientific research.

This issue of the BUFORA JOURNAL, dated 1976, delves into the potential physical explanations for Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs), particularly exploring a connection with ball lightning. The content appears to be a compilation of articles and research papers presented at a conference.

Plasma Vortex Rings in the Lower Atmosphere by Mark Stenhoff

This paper, presented at the British UFO Research Association Conference on November 7, 1976, at the Birmingham Centre Hotel, proposes a physical model for UFO phenomena. Mark Stenhoff, from the Department of Physics at Royal Holloway College, University of London, outlines three fundamental ways UFO reports can be interpreted:

1. Natural, Recognized Events: The scientific consensus, interpreting UFOs as known phenomena.
2. Paranormal Events: The view often held by UFO enthusiasts, suggesting extraterrestrial visitation, parallel universes, or psychic phenomena.
3. Rare Natural Physical Processes: A neglected interpretation suggesting UFOs are caused by natural atmospheric processes that are so rare they are not yet scientifically recognized.

Stenhoff focuses on this third possibility, developing a tentative model. He presents a comparison table (TABLE 1) contrasting the characteristics of ball lightning and UFOs. Similarities are noted in shape, colors, general appearance, and physical effects. Both phenomena can be hazy and diaphanous or well-defined and solid-looking, and luminous. However, differences exist in diameter, velocity, and association with thunderstorms (ball lightning is usually associated, UFOs typically are not).

The paper suggests that the reported physical effects are consistent with the behavior of plasma or highly ionized gas. While containing plasma in controlled laboratory conditions is difficult, the possibility of stable atmospheric plasma is explored. A theory by E.R. Wooding suggests ball lightning might be a plasma vortex ring produced by high-power laser ablation, though this is not presented as entirely satisfactory.

Stenhoff then examines the fluid vortex ring hypothesis, illustrated by Figures 1 and 2, which show the formation and idealized structure of vortex rings. He posits that a plasma vortex ring interpretation of UFOs requires a method of formation. While thunderstorms explain ball lightning formation, UFOs lack this correlation. A potential 'local' source of plasma could be the Earth's magnetosphere, with fluctuations during magnetic substorms potentially injecting plasma vortex rings into the atmosphere. This idea is considered, though recent discussions suggest it's unlikely due to the extreme energies involved, which might explain catastrophic events like the Tunguska event of 1908. The correlation of sunspot activity with magnetospheric behavior and UFO incidence (cited as Delair, 1976) suggests further consideration is warranted, perhaps in a modified form.

An alternative consideration is that lightning strokes, and thus potentially ball lightning, do not always occur during thunderstorms. Isolated lightning discharges from clear skies are known, and reports of ball lightning in the absence of thunderstorms suggest greater energy than typical thunderstorm ball lightning. This could lead to larger vortex rings with greater velocity and lifetime.

Stenhoff concludes that while the argument is not entirely convincing and further investigation is needed, the connection between ball lightning and UFO descriptions is significant. He suggests that any theory successfully explaining ball lightning will likely also explain most UFOs. He posits that glowing, amorphous masses and diaphanous phantasms reported as UFOs are more suggestive of natural events than advanced technology spacecraft.

Conclusions

The paper concludes that a comparison between UFOs and ball lightning suggests the same physical mechanism might be responsible for some reports. A possible model involving plasma vortex rings is proposed, but the source of these rings remains unsatisfactorily explained.

References

The paper cites several works, including:

• Bryant D A and Johnstone AD: Plasmas of the Magnetosphere. ESRO Special Publication No. 107.
• Cade C M and Davis D: The Taming of the Thunderbolts. Abelard-Schuman 1969.
• Delair J B: The Prediction of UFO Waves. This Conference. See Proceedings.
• Hynek J A: The UFO Experience - A Scientific Inquiry. Abelard-Schuman 1972.
• Poher C: Possible Methods of Approaching the UFO Phenomenon. Personal Communication.
• Singer S: The Nature of Ball Lightning. Plenum Press 1971.
• Vallée J and J: Challenge to Science. Neville Spearman 1967.
• Wooding E R: NATURE 199 272 (1963), 239 394 (1972.)

The copyright is held by Mark Stenhoff, 1976.

The UFO Problem – Solved? by Ian Grant

This short piece by Ian Grant poses the question of whether the UFO problem is solved, implying a connection to the preceding article's hypotheses.

References (Page 1)

Page 1 lists references to articles in 'Aerospace' magazine from July/August and September 1976, discussing 'Collapsing Vortex wakes' and 'Vortex wakes - heard and recorded' by T.O. Grant and A.P. Hays, respectively. It also references an article titled 'MoD tracks UFO on Radar' in the BUFORA magazine from March/April 1976, by P. Bottomley and G. Clegg.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the scientific investigation of UFO phenomena, moving away from purely paranormal explanations towards natural physical processes. The editorial stance, as represented by Mark Stenhoff's paper, favors a rational, scientific approach, seeking to explain UFOs through known or potentially discoverable physical mechanisms rather than extraterrestrial visitation. The journal appears to be a platform for such research and discussion within the UFO community.

This issue, titled "THE UFO PROBLEM - SOLVED?", presents a speculative approach to understanding the UFO phenomenon by drawing parallels with astrology, astronomy, and the principles of evolution. The author suggests that a logical, step-by-step analysis, open to verification, is needed, and that some established scientific beliefs might be less scientific than assumed.

The UFO Problem and Scientific Beliefs

The article begins by challenging the dismissal of astrology, noting that even seemingly superstitious beliefs can contain a vestige of truth. It references a discovery in 1907 regarding sunspot numbers, which was largely ignored by astronomers. Later, Professor K D Wood of the University of Colorado found a correlation between planetary tides and sunspot cycles. Further, scientists John Gribben and Stephen Plageman, in their book 'The Jupiter Effect', proposed that planetary alignments, such as Jupiter aligning with Mars in 1982, could trigger significant geological events like the slipping of the San Andreas fault.

French scientist Michel Gauquelin is also mentioned for finding statistical correlations between planetary configurations at birth and career choices, a discovery that reportedly angered both scientists and astrologers. The author posits that even the silliest superstitions might hold some truth, while serious scientific statements can sometimes be mere platitudes.

UFO Case Studies

The article then turns to specific UFO reports, presenting them as typical examples:

• Fort Itaipu, Brazil (November 4, 1967): Two sentries witnessed an unusually bright orange star approach, revealing itself as a large, glowing disc hovering about 30 meters above them. After a minute, a wave of heat burned them, and the disc shot skywards. Simultaneously, all lights in the fort went out, and even the emergency generators failed to produce power.
• Redmond, Oregon, USA (September 24, 1959): City police officer Robert Dickerson observed a pink glow and a shining disc emerge from clouds and move towards the airport. Flight Specialist Laverne Wertz and other FAA personnel observed the disc through binoculars. Six F-102 jets were scrambled, and as they approached, the disc ascended vertically at high speed, nearly causing two interceptors to crash.
• Monte Maiz and Isla Verde, Argentina (October 12, 1963): During a rainstorm, truck driver Eugenio Douglas was stopped by a blinding light, revealing a huge oval metallic object ten meters high with three manlike creatures. One creature fired a red light at him. The object then floated through the village, turning street and house lights green and violet.
• Rhodesia (May 31, 1974): A couple driving from Salisbury to Durban saw a light in the sky, their car lights faded, and they experienced intense cold. A 'great light' illuminated their path through swampy country, and they covered 288 km on less than 2 liters of petrol. Under hypnosis, the driver reported the car was receiving direct signals from a simulated screen.

Paraphysical Explanations and Evolution

The author notes that while the first two cases might suggest alien spacecraft, the latter two lean towards the supernatural. This has led writers like John Keel to propose that UFOs are 'paraphysical' or 'creations of an invisible world'. Air Marshal Sir Victor Goddard and Jacques Vallee are also cited, with Vallee suggesting similarities between UFO occupants and folklore figures like 'little people'.

The article questions the 'paraphysical' explanation, as it doesn't address the mystery of why we have no visitors from other planets. It also finds the reported behavior of UFO entities too ridiculous to be from advanced civilizations. Instead, the author proposes exploring the basic principles of evolution and the prevalence of Earthlike planets.

Cosmology and Planet Formation

Discussing planet formation, the article explains that as a mass of interstellar gas condenses into a star, conservation of angular momentum leads to rotation. The star stabilizes when its core reaches 13 million°C, initiating hydrogen-helium fusion. Rings of matter are formed and driven outwards. These rings, composed mainly of hydrogen and helium, cool to form various compounds, including silicates, magnesium silicates, and eventually hydrated silicates, ammonia, methane, and formaldehyde. Organic chemicals can form, potentially leading to solid aggregations that become planetoids.

The solar system is used as an example, with giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn forming from large amounts of hydrogen and helium, and smaller planets forming further out. The article predicts that larger stars would have smaller planets, and smaller stars would have larger planets, a concept supported by the planetary system of Barnard's Star.

Life on Other Planets and DNA

With an estimated 10,000 million habitable planets in our galaxy, the article speculates on the forms of life that might exist. It suggests that life on other planets would likely be based on similar simple chemical constituents as Earth life (amino acids, nitrogenous bases of DNA/RNA). However, it raises the alarming possibility of life based on a different, incompatible form of DNA, posing questions about co-existence and potential threats.

DNA, Evolution, and Population Growth

The immense number of possible variations in DNA chains is highlighted, suggesting that the complexity of life on Earth is a 'miracle'. While evolution may be driven by random mutation, it is controlled by natural selection. The concept of geometrical progression is illustrated through population growth, noting that Earth's population doubling every 30 years could, in a thousand years, fill 10,000 million planets.

Biological Engineering and Intelligence

The article discusses biological engineering, suggesting that attributes present for a million years or more have been optimized to high accuracy. It contrasts mechanical engineering with biological evolution, describing the progression from single cells to complex organisms like fish, reptiles, mammals, and finally intelligent creatures like humans and dolphins. The author suspects that intelligent creatures on other planets might be similar to humans, possibly adapted to heavier gravity.

The Psychology of Advanced Civilizations and Violence

Crucially, the article shifts focus from physical appearance to the psychology of extraterrestrials. It predicts that advanced civilizations would be non-violent, as they would have had to eliminate violence to survive. The author proposes that advanced beings might view deliberate violence as a form of systems malfunction or intentional self-injury, finding it incomprehensible. The article concludes by stating that as technology advances, humanity faces a stark choice: eliminate violence or be eliminated by it.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently explores the intersection of scientific inquiry, speculative theory, and unexplained phenomena. It challenges conventional scientific dogma by suggesting that phenomena like astrology and UFOs warrant serious investigation. The author advocates for a rigorous, logical approach to understanding mysteries, even if it leads to conclusions that contradict established beliefs. There is a strong emphasis on evolutionary principles, cosmology, and the potential for life beyond Earth, framed within a context of technological advancement and its implications for survival, particularly concerning the concept of violence in advanced civilizations. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded skepticism, urging readers to consider unconventional explanations and the long-term implications of scientific and technological progress.

This issue of the International UFO Reporter, Vol. 3, No. 1, published by BUFORA Ltd in 1978, focuses on the complex topic of UFOs and potential extraterrestrial contact. The magazine features an editorial by Dr. J. Allen Hynek, discussing his views on interstellar travel, the nature of UFO phenomena, and his experiences with Project Blue Book. The publication also includes an appendix detailing Hynek's presentation on current UFO research in the U.S.A. at a BUFORA-sponsored conference.

Interstellar Travel and Alien Contact

The issue begins by exploring the hypothetical behavior of a non-violent alien society towards humanity, contingent on the ease or difficulty of interstellar travel. It questions the feasibility of such travel, touching upon concepts like time-dilation, relativistic speeds, and the immense energy requirements, including Total Matter Conversion. The article dismisses the idea of 'forever impossible' interstellar travel, noting NASA's plans for such endeavors. It also considers 'faster than light' travel, referencing scientists like Burkhard Heim working on six-dimensional theories. The possibility of transfer in and out of four-dimensional space-time is linked to mysterious appearances and disappearances, with a nod to recent discoveries in atomic science suggesting particles that might 'jump out of space-time.'

The author assigns probabilities to various scenarios of alien contact, concluding that 'concealed surveillance' (30%) might explain UFO phenomena, while 'no contact yet' (which does not explain UFOs) is also considered. The possibility of slow and arduous interstellar travel is deemed inconsistent with UFO reports, leading to a focus on the 'fast, easy' alternative, previously dismissed as impossible. The prospect of humanity discovering fast interstellar transfer is seen as a cause for alarm for accessible communities, potentially leading to efforts by aliens to hasten an inevitable crisis or delay human discovery.

The article speculates on how extraterrestrials might achieve their objectives, suggesting methods beyond conventional warfare, such as 'hidden persuasion' and psychological warfare. It posits that civilizations millions of years ahead might employ advanced techniques, potentially manipulating dreams and hallucinations. The author acknowledges the seemingly absurd nature of these conclusions but asserts that if the logic holds, humanity is being pushed towards an inevitable crisis, with the decision for survival resting solely on our actions. Rumors of scientists nearing the discovery of 'instantaneous transfer' are mentioned, alongside fears of unintended consequences like a world-wide failure of electricity or an 'epidemic of apparitions and poltergeists.'

Project Blue Book and UFO Research

Dr. J. Allen Hynek recounts his experiences with Project Blue Book, the U.S. Air Force's UFO investigation program. He describes the release of the 'Blue Book' files as an opportunity to review the program's history, which he characterizes as a 'poor project' that upheld a policy of debunking. Hynek notes that many evaluations were re-evaluations, with officers changing findings to fit a predetermined conclusion that UFOs could not exist. He criticizes the lack of scientific rigor, citing examples where evaluations like 'possible balloon' were used, but 'possible UFO' was never an option. He also shares an exchange with Lt. Col. Hector Quintinella from 1968, where Quintinella instructed Hynek not to identify himself as an Air Force consultant when participating in 'pseudo-scientific panels,' a term Hynek disputes.

Hynek expresses his intention to review the entire Blue Book files, bringing back memories from the late 1940s to early 1969. He reflects on how his involvement in UFO research changed his life and wonders if he would have become interested in the subject without that initial encounter.

The Center for UFO Studies and the International UFO Reporter

The appendix details the establishment and purpose of the Center for UFO Studies and the International UFO Reporter (IUR). Hynek explains that the Center was formed in 1973 to address the UFO problem more visibly, initially as a not-for-profit corporation. The idea of popular membership was abandoned, and the Center began seeking contributions. To finance meaningful research, they decided to 'go commercial' by publishing the IUR, a newsletter designed to provide reliable information. The revenues from subscriptions are intended to fund research for the Center and other qualified UFO researchers.

Hynek shares an editorial he wrote for the first issue of the IUR, emphasizing that UFOs continue to be reported globally, regardless of one's beliefs about their physical reality or origins. He argues that UFO reports challenge conventional views of reality and suggest the need for a shift in scientific outlook. He stresses that only diligent, well-supported research can yield answers, not quick guesses or wishful thinking. He concludes that the UFO phenomenon represents entirely new information that requires an unprejudiced mind.

Other Mentions

The issue also briefly mentions the upcoming film 'Close Encounters of the Third Kind,' directed by Steven Spielberg, for which Hynek served as a technical advisor. He notes that the film treats the subject respectfully and is based on actual cases, with a significant budget indicating a substantial effort.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the scientific investigation of UFOs, the potential for extraterrestrial contact, and the historical context of government involvement in UFO research. Dr. J. Allen Hynek's stance is one of cautious scientific inquiry, advocating for rigorous research while acknowledging the profound implications of the UFO phenomenon. He appears critical of past government approaches, particularly Project Blue Book, and emphasizes the need for an open mind to new possibilities, even if they challenge established scientific paradigms. The editorial also touches upon broader philosophical questions about humanity's place in the universe and its potential future challenges, framed by the concept of 'adapt or perish.'