BioFortean Notes - No 09

Magazine Overview

Title: BIOFORTEAN NOTES
Volume: 9
Editor: CHAD Arment
Publisher: COACHWHIP PUBLICATIONS
Location: Greenville, Ohio
Publication Year: 2024

This issue of BioFortean Notes, Volume 9, is a collection of articles exploring various cryptozoological and biological enigmas, drawing heavily on historical records and research. The publication is edited by Chad Arment and published by Coachwhip Publications.

Contents

The issue features the following articles:

• THE HISTORICAL YOWIE by Chad Arment
• AN IVORY-BILLED WOODPECKER? by Tony Gerard
• CRYPTOZOOLOGICAL NOTES: BURIN, YETI, AND SURINAME TIGERS by Stephen J. Karsen
• AUDUBON AND THE NATURE FAKERS by Chad Arment
• ADDENDUM: THE BEETLE FAKERS by Chad Arment

Article Summaries

THE HISTORICAL YOWIE

Authored by Chad Arment, this article presents an Australian newspaper survey from the 1840s to the 1930s concerning 'Yowie' reports. Arment, having worked with researcher Neil Frost on his book 'Fatfoot: Encounters with a Dooligahl,' examines historical accounts to support Frost's thesis. Frost proposes that 'Yowie' sightings are not of primates but of three distinct, undescribed marsupial species. These are described as carnivorous, facultative bipeds with marsupial features, explaining traits like claws and reflective eyeshine that primates lack. Arment categorizes these potential species as the Dooligahl (moderately tall, 3-toed tracks), the Quinkan (larger, more aggressive), and the Junjudee (smaller, monkeylike). The article acknowledges that not all historical accounts are legitimate, with some being hoaxes, misidentifications, or rumors. Arment notes that many accounts are truncated in cryptozoology books and aims to present them in full to counter arguments for a primate Yowie. The survey is chronological but not exhaustive, acknowledging limitations in accessing all historical newspapers.

Several historical accounts are detailed:

• Geelong Advertiser (VIC), Sept. 29, 1849: Reports Benjamin Nixon's tracking of an upright-walking animal with cloven footmarks, described as a 'bunyip' or 'savage biped inhabitant of the wilderness.'
• Launceston Independent (TAS), Sept. 13, 1861: Mentions an account of 'Jungra and Jimba,' a large, fierce, monkey-like animal described by local men.
• Kiama Independent and Shoalhaven Advertiser (NSW), January 3, 1867: Describes a strange animal seen near the Murilla Mountains, approximately three feet six inches high, covered in shaggy black hair, with arms that could nearly touch the ground. It emitted a horrible yelling sound and showed a fine set of teeth.
• Newcastle Chronicle (NSW), April 8, 1868: Recounts a story about Patrick Hogan seeing a 'gorilla,' which was later revealed to be a prank by a young man named Sidebottom.
• The Evening News (Sydney, NSW), April 1, 1870: Details a report of a singular animal captured in Northern Queensland, described as horse-height, with a gait like a nilghai, and a snuffling note. It was found dead at the base of a cliff, covered in reddish-brown hair, with formidable claws.
• The Age (Melbourne, VIC), April 29, 1871: Features an account by George Osborne of seeing an animal resembling a man with monkey features, about five feet tall, covered in black hair, walking quadrupedally.
• Illustrated Australian News (Melbourne, VIC), June 17, 1871: Follows up on the 'Australian gorilla' sightings, noting continued speculation and exploration in the Illawarra district.
• Australian Town and Country Journal (Sydney, NSW), July 22, 1871: Reports a 'gorilla' sighting near Belgrave, citing The Macleay Herald.
• Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser (NSW), December 16, 1871: Describes a 'wild man' seen in the Jingeras, Manaro, reported by a young girl and confirmed by Mr. Kelly, characterized by a bent back, hair covering, and long nails.

AN IVORY-BILLED WOODPECKER?

This article by Tony Gerard investigates the possibility of the Ivory-Billed Woodpecker's continued existence.

CRYPTOZOOLOGICAL NOTES: BURIN, YETI, AND SURINAME TIGERS

Stephen J. Karsen contributes this piece, discussing various cryptids including the Burin, the Yeti, and the elusive Suriname Tigers.

AUDUBON AND THE NATURE FAKERS

Chad Arment's article examines the historical context of 'nature fakers,' likely referencing individuals who misrepresented or fabricated accounts of natural phenomena or species, possibly in relation to ornithology given the mention of Audubon.

ADDENDUM: THE BEETLE FAKERS

Also by Chad Arment, this addendum likely expands on the theme of fabricated accounts, specifically focusing on 'beetle fakers,' suggesting a broader critique of misrepresentation within scientific or natural history reporting.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of BioFortean Notes revolve around cryptozoology, the investigation of unknown animals, and the critical examination of historical accounts and potential hoaxes. The editorial stance, as indicated by the content and the editor's own contributions, appears to be one of rigorous historical research combined with an open-minded approach to unexplained phenomena, particularly those with biological or zoological implications. There is a clear emphasis on scrutinizing evidence and distinguishing between genuine reports and fabricated ones, as seen in the articles on 'nature fakers' and the detailed analysis of historical 'Yowie' accounts. The publication aims to present a serious yet readable exploration of these subjects for enthusiasts.

This issue of the Australian Town and Country Journal, dated October 12, 1882, focuses on a collection of historical reports detailing sightings of 'hairy men,' gorillas, and other unknown creatures across Australia. The articles span from 1876 to 1883, drawing from various regional newspapers and correspondents.

The Gorilla Again (Illawarra Mercury, April 28, 1876)

A correspondent from the Crookwell district reports the presence of a creature believed to be a live gorilla, referred to as 'The Gorilla' or 'the hairy man.' Two or three families were so frightened that they left their homes. The creature reportedly looked into a man's window, scratched the wall with its nails, and is described as being about six feet high and covered in shaggy hair. Pursuers have followed its tracks but have not yet found it, and shots fired at it have had no effect.

Walla Walla Scrub Incident (Shoalhaven News, Nov. 4, 1876)

An excerpt from the Bathurst Free Press reports that sawyers working in the Walla Walla scrub discovered the dead body of an 'unearthly looking animal,' which they could not identify as human or animal. It stood about 9 feet high, with a man-like head, face, and hands. One foot resembled a horse's hoof, the other was club-shaped, and its body was covered with hair like a pig's bristles. Settlers had long believed the scrub was inhabited by a monster known as 'the hairy man of the wood' or 'the Yahoo.'

Milburn Creek Sighting (Australian Town and Country Journal, Nov. 18, 1876)

This report details the local aboriginal tradition of an 'unearthly animal or inhumane creature' inhabiting the wild, inaccessible parts of the rocky mountains, referred to as the 'Yahoo-Devil Devil' or 'Hairy Man of the Woods.' A boy named Porter, while shepherding sheep near the Lachlan River, saw such a being coming towards him from the rocks. His dogs, instead of attacking, became timid. The creature was described as inhuman and unearthly-looking.

Rocky Bridge Encounter (Australian Town and Country Journal, Nov. 18, 1876)

A fishing party at Rocky Bridge waterholes encountered a creature described as an 'unsightly and inhuman' being, shaped like a man but covered in long, shaggy hair, with a big red face. It was about fifty yards away and moved towards the rocks. Two men armed themselves and followed it, observing it from about sixty yards. It was described as a big, slovenly man with dark, grissly hair on its head and lighter hair on its body. It then moved back towards the camp.

An Australian Hairy Man of the Woods (Freeman's Journal, March 23, 1878)

This article recounts several stories about a 'hairy man.' About thirty years prior, a shepherd claimed to have seen one north of Cunningham's Creek, but the story was dismissed. Later, Tim Wring, a shepherd, saw something unusual in the scrub. More recently, Pat Wring heard his dogs barking for hours at inaccessible cliffs, where he saw a 'hairy monster' standing upright. It had a body round as a horse, arms like a man's thigh, three claws on each hand, and two large claws on each foot. It stood about four feet high, with a pig-like head turned upwards. It threw a dog into the air and moved with monkey-like climbing. The dog died shortly after.

More About the Pyramul Hairy Wonder (Freeman's Journal, April 13, 1878)

This report provides further details on the Pat King (Wring) incident. The correspondent vouches for the family's credibility. The sister of Tim and Pat Wring also reported seeing a similar creature. The article mentions that splitters on the flat lands north of Cherry Tree Hill have been terrified by unearthly screams at night. A search party was organized at Bateman's Bay to capture or shoot a supposed ape, but it was abandoned due to the risk of gun accidents. The skeleton of a 4ft ape is reportedly kept in a cave 14 miles from Bateman's Bay.

The Wild Man of the Woods (Burrangong Argus, Sept. 4, 1878)

A young man named Wallace reported seeing a 'weird object' in the shape of a gigantic, hairy man, destitute of clothing, while riding near Bendick Morrell. The creature kept pace with his horse, and Wallace had to clear fences to escape. The creature could also jump fences. Wallace's description was unclear due to fright, but another source confirmed the terror he experienced. An expedition, including members of the Shamrock Hunt Club, was organizing to search for the monster.

A Strange Animal (The Age, May 4, 1880)

Reports from Yorke's Peninsula describe a strange animal resembling a large hairy man. It has been frightening settlers' horses at night, and tracks of an enormous kangaroo were found. Aboriginals speak of a large, man-like figure in the scrub. The reports have caused excitement, and settlers are organizing a search party.

Grafton Sighting (Sydney Morning Herald, July 7, 1880)

Constable Morgan reported that residents near the Serpentine River, Grafton, have seen an extraordinary creature about three feet six inches high, with a diamond snake-like head, kangaroo-like hands, and a dark, hairy, man-like body. One man was chased by it on six different occasions. A search is underway for its capture.

The Cooma Express Report (Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, May 27, 1881)

The Jingera hairy man has reportedly reappeared and was seen by Mr. Peter Tourbon and others. The animal has the appearance of a huge monkey or baboon, larger than a man.

New South Wales Sighting (The Age, Oct. 12, 1882)

An animal covered with hair, making a noise like a crying child, was seen with the aid of a telescope on Treachery Headland. This is described as the third creature seen resembling a hairy man.

The Naturalist: Australian Apes (Australian Town and Country Journal, Dec. 2, 1882)

This article discusses the skepticism surrounding reports of strange monkey-like animals in the colony. The author argues against the belief that apes are absent, citing the lack of evidence in the Sydney Museum as insufficient proof. The author claims to have seen such a strange animal on the coast between Bateman's Bay and Ulladulla, describing it as nearly 5ft high, tailless, covered in long black hair, with disproportionately long forelegs and a repulsive appearance. It was estimated to weigh about 8st. The author states that other men at Bateman's Bay have seen similar animals.

Further Reports on Australian Apes (Australian Town and Country Journal, Oct. 6, 1883)

This article reiterates reports of a strange animal like an ape frightening residents on the road from Orange to Bathurst. The author, who previously described an ape or 'yahoo' seen near Ulladulla and Bateman's Bay, challenges the opinion of Mr. Ramsay, Curator of the Australian Museum, who disbelieves in indigenous apes due to a lack of food plants. The author asserts that indigenous apes are frequently seen in various mountain ranges and locations across the colony.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout these collected reports is the persistent belief in and sightings of 'hairy men,' gorillas, or unknown ape-like creatures in the Australian bush. The editorial stance, as presented by the various correspondents and the journal itself, appears to be one of documenting these phenomena, often with a degree of seriousness and a challenge to skepticism. While some accounts are presented as folklore or superstition, others are detailed with specific descriptions and witness testimonies, suggesting an open-mindedness to the possibility of such creatures existing. The journal actively publishes these accounts, indicating a willingness to explore and present evidence for these unusual phenomena, even when they contradict established scientific views.

Title: Australian Town and Country Journal
Issue Date: November 3, 1883
Volume: Vol. XXVII
Publisher: John Fairfax & Sons
Country: Australia
Language: English

This issue of the Australian Town and Country Journal features a prominent article titled "The Naturalist. Australian Apes." which delves into the controversial topic of indigenous ape-like creatures in Australia. The content is largely comprised of letters to the editor and reprinted articles from various regional newspapers, all discussing purported sightings and evidence of such beings.

Australian Apes: The Debate

The lead article, dated November 3, 1883, is a letter from H. J. M'Cooey, who challenges the position taken by the curator of the Museum regarding the presence of indigenous apes. M'Cooey argues that the curator's assertion that Australia cannot support indigenous apes due to a lack of fruit plants is "wholly untenable." He points out that numerous apes have reportedly been seen across the colony, and that it is not proven that fruit or food plants are absolutely necessary for their existence. M'Cooey suggests that Australian apes might subsist on different food sources, such as leaves, herbs, or even be carnivorous, drawing a parallel to how uniquely Australian animals like the kangaroo, dingo, and laughing jackass differ from their global counterparts. He expresses hope that the journal will "ventilate" the subject and encourage readers to share further information.

In a subsequent letter dated October 15, 1883, M'Cooey further elaborates on his argument. He reiterates that the absence of proof for the necessity of fruit plants for ape existence is significant. He believes that Australian apes could be carnivorous, subsisting on eggs and mice, a theory strengthened by the observed enmity of birds towards these creatures. He concludes by stating his intention to provide further proofs that the Australian ape is more than a myth.

Eyewitness Accounts and 'Hairy Man' Sightings

The issue compiles a series of reports from various locations in New South Wales detailing encounters with creatures described as "hairy men," "gorillas," or "ya-hoos."

Early Reports:

• Braidwood Area: A letter mentions that an indigenous ape was captured and killed near Braidwood within living memory. The curator of the Museum reportedly offered a £100 bonus for such a specimen.
• Bateman's Bay: M'Cooey recounts an incident where the outcry of birds drew his attention to an ape near Bateman's Bay, noting nests above where the ape stood.
• Near a Township: A report from November 24, 1883, adds testimony to M'Cooey's theory. An animal resembling a human being with long hair was seen several times about four miles from a township. A pursuit party found tracks but did not see the animal.
• Cullen Bullen Post Office: A Cobb and Co. mail coach driver reported seeing an animal exactly like a human being, covered with long shaggy hair, cross the road and leap a fence about two years prior.

The 'Hairy Man' Phenomenon:

• Inverell (Big River): An article from May 2, 1885, discusses a "mysterious appearance" of an "object" resembling a gorilla or "bunyip." A young man named M'Rae reported seeing an object swimming, which he shot at. M'Rae described it as black, hairy, and of an unknown shape.
• Tarago: Reports from August 22, 1885, describe a "hairy man" seen in the high range near Mr. William Wyatt's farm. Witnesses described it as about eight feet high, covered with hair. When fired at, it reportedly roared like thunder, its eyes sparkled, and fire shot from its nostrils. A posse of hunters was organized to investigate.
• Crowther Mountains (Young): An article from April 20, 1893, revived reports of a "hairy man" or "ourang-outang" seen two or three years prior. Mr. Costello of the Koorawatha Hotel claimed to have seen the creature about 30 yards away.
• Jindalee: A report from September 22, 1888, mentions a "gorilla or yahoo" being seen and its "unearthly cooey" heard at night.

The Killing of a Strange Animal:

• Captain's Flat: An account from October 27, 1893, details how Mr. Arthur Marrin, a cordial manufacturer, encountered a formidable animal standing on its hind legs. He killed it with a stone and the butt of his whip. The creature was described as four feet long, 11 inches across the forehead, with a face like a polar bear, weighing over seven stone, and having strong forearms and paws. It was tan-colored and stood between 6ft and 7ft high when on its hind legs. This animal was linked to previous sightings of a "hairy man" in the Parker's Gap area.
• Braidwood: A follow-up report from November 1, 1893, discusses the animal killed by Mr. Marrin. The body was examined and described in detail, noting its human-like forelegs, hands, and feet, and hind legs proportional to its body. Its height was estimated at 6ft to 7ft. The report speculates it could be a wombat, a large bear, or the "hairy man," and suggests it could be a "missing link" in human evolution due to its resemblance to a monkey and lack of a tail.

Later Sightings:

• Snowball: A report from November 30, 1894, recounts young Johnnie M'Williams seeing a "wild man or gorilla" appear from behind a tree. The creature was described as a "big man covered with long hair," over 6ft tall, and ran for 200 yards before disappearing. Its tracks showed it tore up dust with its nails and bellowed like a bullock when it struck its foot.
• Bingara (Horton River): A report from March 5, 1895, mentions residents, including a clergyman, seeing a "peculiar animal known as the ya-hoo, hairy man of the woods, or gorilla." Its tracks indicated it was no ordinary animal.
• Tenterfield: A report from July 24, 1896, states a resident was attacked by a large animal like a gorilla, prompting an armed party to pursue it.
• Wyndham: A report from February 25, 1897, details John Wilmott seeing a strange animal about 5 feet in height, with arms like a man and a small, round head like a monkey's. It walked on two legs at a good pace.
• Rocks Hill: An excerpt from October 15, 1897, mentions that years ago, a "hairy man-supposed to be a gorilla or baboon-used to knock around the Rocks Hill and frighten people."
• Wandsworth: A report from June 9, 1899, notes "considerable perturbation and consternation" over the appearance of a gorilla. A man named Meaney saw a large animal in the mountains.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout these articles is the persistent belief and reporting of unknown, ape-like or hairy humanoid creatures in Australia, often referred to as "Australian Apes" or "Hairy Men." The editorial stance of the Australian Town and Country Journal appears to be one of open reporting and investigation into these phenomena, providing a platform for various accounts and theories. The publication seems to encourage the ventilation of such subjects, as evidenced by M'Cooey's initial letter and the subsequent compilation of numerous related reports. The articles highlight the public's fascination with these mysteries and the attempts to reconcile them with scientific understanding, such as the discussion of evolutionary links.

Title: The Queanbeyan Observer
Issue Date: March 17, 1903
Content Focus: This issue compiles several reports and eyewitness accounts of a mysterious creature, referred to as the 'Yahoo' or 'Hairy Man,' sighted in various regions of Australia.

The "Yahoo" and the "Hairy Man"

The lead article, "The Home of the 'Yahoo,'" by the Editor, explores the existence of a creature spoken of as the "hairy man" or "yahoo" in the mountains and gullies west of the Upper Murrumbidgee. The Editor notes that such reports have persisted for over thirty years and, if well-authenticated, suggest the existence of a quadrumanous animal. The article is motivated by the desire to document these allegations for the interests of natural science and Australian zoology. Informants are described as gentlemen who are not easily dismissed as superstitious.

Mr. Cox's Encounter

One account details an experience of Mr. Cox, who was camped alone in the Brindabella ranges. While enjoying tea, he heard an enraged cry and saw a "huge animal in an erect posture tearing through the undergrowth." The creature was out of sight before he could aim his rifle, but its howling and yelling continued as it fled. Mr. Cox's pursuit was hampered by its speed. The incident is corroborated by the fact that several wallabies and a herd of cattle were seen fleeing in alarm, suggesting a significant disturbance.

The Webb Brothers' Testimony

Another significant account comes from the Messrs. Webb of Urayarra, described as sober-minded, matter-of-fact, and well-informed men. Brothers Joseph and William Webb were preparing to camp when they heard a "deep guttural bellowing and then a crashing of the scrub." They saw a "hirsute" creature, visible from the head and shoulders, approaching their camp. It was described as the "stature of a man, moving with long strides and a heavy tramp." When challenged, it responded only with guttural bellowing. A rifle shot was fired, but the creature was not disabled and fled. The gentlemen investigated and found "footprints, long, like a man's, but with longer, spreading toes," along with broken twigs and disordered scrub, indicating the creature's path.

Other Reports and Corroboration

Further reports are presented from various newspapers, extending the timeline and geographical scope of these sightings:

• Molong Express and Western District Advertiser (April 11, 1903): Reports a "hairy man" encountered near Meranburn, which opened its jaws and scared dogs and men.
• Queanbeyan Observer (June 26, 1903): Features a letter from Mr. Alex A. McKeahnie, who refers to the "yahoo" as a bird known to aboriginals, but denies the existence of a "hairy man" in Cowley County. He suggests that some sightings might be misidentifications of animals like the black buck wallaroo, whose tracks and appearance can be deceptively human-like.
• Queanbeyan Observer (July 31, 1903): Geo. Graham Webb clarifies an earlier account, stating that the story of an animal encountered by himself and his brothers was not entirely accurate as published. He promises to provide a true account and mentions an aboriginal who saw a "hairy animal killed and dragged out of some rocks."
• Queanbeyan Observer (August 7, 1903): Geo. Graham Webb recounts an incident on Tearce's Creek where he and his brothers heard heavy breathing and a noise similar to a horse. Their dogs became terrified. Joseph fired at a figure described as "like a blackfellow with a blanket on him."
• Queanbeyan Observer (August 7, 1903) - Continued: Webb also interviewed Harry Williams, who, as a child, witnessed aboriginals kill an animal "like a black man, but covered all over with grey hair" near the junction of the Yass River and Murrumbidgee.
• The Southern Star (Brisbane, QLD) (May 17, 1905): Reports sightings of a "hairy man" in the mountains near Beloura, with employees of Mr. Cowdroy describing an animal about 7ft. high with long arms, leaving man-like footprints.
• Molong Argus (NSW) (August 25, 1905): Mentions a "strange animal" near Eucareena, with Mr. F. Horton reporting his son saw a "gorilla right enough."
• Clarence and Richmond Examiner (NSW) (June 5, 1906): Describes Wyan Mountain as the reputed home of a "hairy man of gigantic proportions and ferocious nature."
• Inverell Times (NSW) (June 16, 1906): Reports a possible sighting of a "gorilla or yahoo" near The Gulf.
• National Advocate (Bathurst, NSW) (August 22, 1906): Reports a "strange animal resembling a baboon" terrorizing residents near Pyramul.
• Daily Telegraph (Sydney, NSW) (December 3, 1906): Describes a "strange figure of a hairy man, tanned to a coppery hue," seen near Cowan, who moved with great agility.
• Bligh Watchman and Coonabarabran Gazette (NSW) (September 29, 1908): Mentions a "hairy man" scare in Harvey Ranges, with footprints 18 inches long.
• Muswellbrook Chronicle (NSW) (November 4, 1908): Refers to "yahoo" or "gorilla" sightings near the Cordeaux River, with blacks calling it a "devil devil."
• South Coast Times (Wollongong, NSW) (December 26, 1908): Recounts a story from the eighties about two young men who saw an animal like a gorilla near Inverell, leading to an affidavit and a constable's unsuccessful search.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes are the persistent reports of a cryptid known as the "Yahoo" or "Hairy Man" across various rural and mountainous regions of Australia. The accounts vary in detail, from descriptions of a large, hairy, humanoid creature to potential misidentifications of known animals like wallaroos or gorillas. The editorial stance, particularly from the Editor of The Queanbeyan Observer, is one of cautious investigation, seeking to document these phenomena for scientific interest while acknowledging the potential for superstition and exaggeration. The publication of these diverse accounts suggests an openness to exploring unexplained phenomena within the Australian context.

Title: The Australian UFOlogist
Issue: 1
Volume: 1
Date: October 1988
Publisher: Australian UFOlogist
Country: Australia
Price: $3.50
ISSN: 0817-4630

This issue of The Australian UFOlogist focuses on the persistent and widespread reports of a 'Hairy Man' across Australia, presenting a compilation of accounts spanning several decades.

The 'Hairy Man' Phenomenon: A Historical Compilation

The magazine presents a series of articles and reports detailing sightings of a creature described as a 'Hairy Man,' beginning with an early anecdote from the bottom of a river where stones were thrown and a 'gorilla-like animal' was glimpsed. This is followed by a report from the Mudgee Guardian in June 1909, detailing disturbances in the 'Bar' locality attributed to a peculiar animal, five feet high, covered in long white hair, uttering strange cries. Shortly after, the Scone Advocate reported a similar scare at Maitland Bar, where two youths encountered a hairy man sitting on a rock, who pursued them. This incident was later explained away as a goat and a local prankster by the Lithgow Mercury.

Further accounts include a report from the Warialda Standard in June 1909, where a miner encountered a hairy man with a small face and long white hair who cleared a fence with remarkable agility. In October 1912, the Bombala Times and The Sun (Sydney) reported on sightings near Creewah Station. George Summerell described seeing an ape-like creature, about five feet high, covered in long grey hair, with four toes and arms dangling below its knees. Mr. Sydney Jephcott, owner of Creewah Station, collected plaster casts of distinct tracks, measuring 14 inches by 6 inches, which he sent to Professor David of Sydney University. Professor David, while mystified, was somewhat skeptical, noting the imprints resembled those of a human foot with an added hand impression.

The Goulburn Evening Penny Post in October 1912 confirmed the Bombala story, with R. W. Dawson recounting an experience in 1907 where his horse became nervous and he saw a tall, dark object with a peculiar attitude, which he concluded was a wild man or animal. The Barrier Miner in October 1912 discussed plans for a hunting expedition in the Monaro district to search for the unknown animal, referencing the Bombala reports and the plaster casts sent to Professor David.

Subsequent reports include a sighting by Mr. James Allen, who claimed to have seen a hairy man at Creewah 38 years prior (around 1874), describing it as a powerful animal covered in long grey hair. The Bombala Times in November 1919 reported another appearance of Jephcott's hairy man, this time pulling up fencing posts with its teeth. The Freeman's Journal in December 1919 noted the continued mystery surrounding the hairy man. The Nowra Leader in March 1922 reported on a 'hairy man' in the Wolumla vicinity, which Mr. A. Spence believed he had entrapped, identifying it as a gorilla or Egyptian monkey.

Finally, the Delegate Argus in June 1930 described a strange animal seen near the Nullica River settlement, brown in color, resembling a monkey, and sitting in a gorilla-like attitude. The Newcastle Sun in February 1931 discussed the 'Ellalong Bunyip,' a creature known to aborigines, associated with strange noises in a swamp. The Grafton Daily Examiner in March 1932 mentioned William Nutall's encounter near Eurobin.

Object Characteristics and Evidence

The descriptions of the creature consistently mention long hair (white, grey, or reddish), varying heights (around five to seven feet), and ape-like or human-like features, including receding foreheads and unusual hands and feet. Physical trace evidence includes footprints described as large, with four toes and extreme flexibility, and handprints that resemble human hands but with unique finger formations. Scratches on trees, attributed to large hands, were also noted. Professor David's analysis of plaster casts suggested they could be made by a human foot and hand, but the overall context and witness accounts pointed towards something unusual.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes throughout these reports are the consistent descriptions of a hairy, bipedal or quadrupedal creature, the presence of unusual tracks and physical traces, and the persistent mystery surrounding its identity. The editorial stance appears to be one of presenting these accounts as credible, unexplained phenomena, encouraging further investigation and discussion within the field of UFOlogy and cryptozoology. The magazine highlights the difficulty in definitively explaining these sightings, whether through misidentification, folklore, or the possibility of an unknown species.

This document appears to be a collection of articles and reports from various Australian newspapers and potentially a magazine, compiled around the theme of unexplained phenomena, cryptids, and unusual sightings. The primary dateline for the compilation seems to be "Cobar Western Age (NSW), March 9, 1934," with the cover headline "The Hairy Man" and a subtitle "Abo." Superstitions.

The Hairy Man

This section, attributed to George Melvor writing in the "S.M. Herald," details the legend of "the hairy man" among tribes inhabiting the country around the middle Auburn River in south-eastern Queensland. This figure was believed to reside in a haunted cave at the Auburn Falls. The article explains that while no white man had seen the creature, the tribe had a detailed description of the cave's interior and the hairy man's activities, particularly during flood times when loud noises were heard. These noises were attributed to the hairy man chopping sticks in his workshop. The article posits a natural explanation: during floods, logs and sticks were swirled into the cave, striking the granite walls and producing thudding sounds. The constant abrasion against the rock wore the ends of the sticks into an oval shape, mimicking a turning lathe. The belief in the hairy man was shared by some early white pioneers, with an instance cited of about 200 blacks gathering for a corroboree near Hawkwood Station. The author recounts a conversation with a man named Chapman, who claimed to be the tribe's chief, who insisted the hairy man was present at night, even though Chapman himself had not seen or heard him. Chapman demonstrated sounds similar to those he believed the hairy man made. The author also mentions an aged black man who was distressed by the hairy man's anger and loud noises emanating from the falls.

Wild Monkeys in Australia?

This article, sourced from the "Sydney Sun (NSW), September 18, 1932," reports on telephone messages received by "The Sunday Sun" regarding the discovery of wild monkeys in the tropical bush of northern Australia. Prospectors from York Peninsula, holidaying in Townsville, presented a case for the existence of an Australian bush monkey, possibly related to Malayan monkeys. However, Mr. Ion L. Idriess, an Australian author familiar with York Peninsula, suggested that the prospectors might have confused giant phalanger opossums with monkeys. The alleged sightings occurred between the Lockhart and Pascoe rivers, about 130 miles south of Cape York. The prospectors described finding groups of 15 to 20 monkeys in large trees covered with red nuts, estimating the total monkey population to be in the thousands. The prospector reportedly stayed in the area for five weeks, observing animals described as Malayan breed, about the size of an average dog, weighing around 30lb. The area was rich in wild fruits, roots, and nuts. Idriess, interviewed in Sydney, expressed skepticism, suggesting confusion with tree-climbing kangaroos or flying phalangers. He stated he knew York Peninsula well and had never heard of monkeys there, even from aboriginals. He proposed a theory that monkeys might have been dropped ashore from trading steamers or escaped from wrecks, forming a small tribe in the remote area, possibly aided by Malayans and Japanese who worked along the coast. Idriess concluded by stating he was taking the story with a grain of salt until more positive proof was forthcoming. A note indicates this was later determined to be about cuscus, as reported in the "Sydney Mail, May 24, 1933."

The Panther. More Evidence. Other Incidents [excerpt]

This section, from the "Inverell Times (NSW), June 19, 1936," includes a letter from Mrs. E. A. Campbell regarding an incident involving a black woman named Sarah Walker, or "Black Sal." Campbell clarifies a story involving a Mr. Smith, stating that "Black Sal" was the one who was frightened by a large animal, not fishermen. The incident occurred when "Black Sal," after a drinking bout, was traveling to Auburn Vale. She reported seeing a "big hairy man" on the road. Although initially dismissed as hallucination due to her state, the story resurfaced years later when the author's mother had moved to Elsmore. A group of men, including Alfred Wright, went on a fishing expedition to Horse Stealers Gully and encountered the same object that had frightened "Black Sal." They described it as being between 7 and 8 feet high, humanlike, and called it a "hairy man" or a gorilla. The animal was first seen by fishermen on the opposite side of the river and then swam across. The men, terrified, fled on their horses. The author notes that similar sightings had occurred at Limehills, between Bingara and Warialda, suggesting that Mr. Smith might have been misinformed and the event was not a joke initiated by "Black Sal."

A Human Gorilla.

This section, written by "Old Timer," responds to the "Black Sal" reminiscence. The author recalls an incident involving Invered graziers camped with their stock on the Guy Fawkes during the 1902 drought. They frequently heard strange noises at night, accompanied by stones being thrown into their camp fire. On a few occasions, they glimpsed a large creature on the skyline, described as a very tall animal, six or seven feet high, with short legs and long arms. Their food supplies were also raided. The author then recounts a story told by a bushman from Guyra about a "wild Irishman" who played practical jokes. This Irishman, described as tall with long arms and a clever bushman, would cover himself with a chaff bag, approach campfires on dark nights, make noises by blowing through a bullock horn, and throw stones to frighten drovers. The author concludes that this prankster likely explains the 1902 incident, with the chaff bag making him appear to have short legs like a gorilla, and the uphill perspective making him seem unusually tall.

An Ivory-billed Woodpecker?

This article, by Tony Gerard, details a potential sighting of an Ivory-billed Woodpecker in southern Illinois. Gerard's friend, who sincerely believes he saw the bird, recounts the experience. While mushroom hunting in 2007 near the Cache River State Natural Area, the friend noticed a dead tree, about 10 feet up from its base, that had been completely peeled of its bark. The peeled bark strips were piled at the base. Later, at an Audubon Society event where Tim Gallagher, author of "The Grail Bird," was the keynote speaker, Gerard mentioned the peeled tree. Gallagher suggested it sounded like old descriptions of Ivorybill work and inquired if Gerard was the local who claimed to have seen an Ivorybill. Upon investigation, it was revealed that an interpreter at the Wetlands Visitor Center had mentioned a local man claiming an Ivorybill sighting, whose mother-in-law allegedly had an identical bird at her feeder. The friend realized this was his own story. In October of that year, while driving home, he saw a bird fly up from the edge of the road. He described it as big, black and white, reminding him of Australian birds, and about the size of a Muscovy duck. He then noticed the red head and obvious bill, realizing it was an Ivory-billed Woodpecker. He was stunned, stating there was no mistaking what he had seen.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this collection of articles revolve around unexplained phenomena, folklore, and potential cryptid sightings, primarily within Australia. There's a consistent thread of skepticism, with authors and interviewees often suggesting natural explanations or misidentifications for reported encounters, such as mistaking opossums for monkeys or attributing strange sounds to natural geological processes. However, the articles also present these accounts with a degree of seriousness, documenting the claims and the witnesses' experiences. The editorial stance appears to be one of reporting on intriguing local legends and unusual events, while also encouraging critical thinking and the search for rational explanations. The inclusion of advertisements for books on cryptids suggests an interest in the broader subject matter.

This document, titled 'Cryptozoological Notes,' appears to be a compilation of articles and reports related to unexplained animal sightings and phenomena. It covers a range of topics from bird sightings to legendary creatures and cryptids. The content is primarily text-based, with some accompanying images of illustrations and book covers.

Articles and Reports

Ivory-billed Woodpecker Sightings

The issue begins with accounts of potential sightings of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker. One witness recounts a sighting approximately 20 yards from an old woman's driveway, realizing it was less than a quarter mile from a previous location where he had seen a peeled tree. He shared this with his girlfriend, who was a birder, during dinner with friends, one of whom was a retired resource management professional and a hardcore birder. The witness's girlfriend announced his sighting, and it turned out that a biologist friend of their hosts had also seen one and had promised to keep it a secret. The witness wanted to talk to this biologist, but the biologist declined. About three years later, the same witness encountered the biologist at an environmental function, who confirmed seeing an Ivorybill fly across an open field near what is now Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge. The witness admits that extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof and has been reluctant to share his story, having told only eight people. He also notes that he tries to mistake pileated woodpeckers for Ivorybills but fails, emphasizing the clarity of his original sighting.

An illustration by J. J. Audubon from 1829 depicts Ivory-billed Woodpeckers. Additionally, the issue features mounted pairs and woodcarvings of Ivory-billed Woodpeckers at the Henry Barkhausen-Cache River Wetlands Center.

The Burin

This section, authored by Stephen J. Karsen, discusses the Burin, an allegedly large, python-sized, aquatic snake reputed to occur in rivers and streams in northernmost Burma (Myanmar). The information is drawn from the book 'Exodus to a Hidden Valley' by William Collins (1974). The Morse family, missionaries in north Burma from 1950-1972, and the Lisu people, a tribe living in Burma/Thailand, provided accounts. These encounters took place in lowland/montane rainforest streams/rivers.

Incident A: A swimmer near Putao, Burma, was dragged underwater by a giant snake (Burin) and never reappeared. This likely occurred between 1950-1965.

Incident B: During a hunting trip, Bobby Morse and Lisu tribesmen noticed a long gash-like mark in the sand. Hunters later went fishing with a cast net, and when it was thrown, there was a big splash. They saw a snake, believed to be a Burin, raise its head near rapids. This sighting was probably made in the early 1960s.

Incident C: A Burmese soldier was allegedly attacked and carried off by a Burin while traveling between Namling and Binuzu. The soldier's body was not recovered. This incident occurred in November-December 1971.

Other Information: The Morses reported authenticated cases of Burin attacking swimmers, with some recovered bodies showing numerous puncture marks. Male Burins are believed to have a crest, while females do not. Lisu women avoid wearing ruby jewelry while swimming due to the sparkle potentially attracting the Burin, and it is believed that silver or lead drives the snake away.

Yeti Tracks/Encounters

This section details encounters related to the Yeti.

Incident A: Laverne Morse saw tracks in the mountains east of Putao, Burma, in 1955, which he described as 'strangely human-like.'

Incident B: A Lisu hunter recounted an encounter in January 1968, about ten miles from Zi-Yu-Di, Burma. While tracking musk deer, he noticed large human-like tracks (12-14 inches long) in the snow. He followed them to a clearing where he saw a 'strange animal,' 7-8 feet tall, with reddish-brown fur and a mane, described as 'several times as big as a gibbon.' The animal imitated his gestures. The hunter shot it with a poisoned arrow, but the animal ran off. He and a friend tracked it for some time but lost the trail. The villages of Binuzu and Zi-Yu-Di are located in the Hukawng Valley Tiger Reserve area of northwest Burma, near the Indian border, which was known as Hidden Valley during the Morses' time there (1966-1972).

A map shows the location of the Hidden Valley in Myanmar (Burma) along the India border, with approximate positions of Binuzu (1) and Zi-Yu-Di (2) noted. The book 'Exodus to a Hidden Valley' by Eugene R. Morse is also mentioned as being in print.

A Tiger-like Cat in Suriname

This article discusses reports of a large, tiger-like cat in Suriname, South America, based on accounts from two different people.

Account A: While at a school Christmas party, Renny Singh, head of maintenance for the International Academy of Suriname (IAS) and a local pastor, mentioned that tigers were found in Suriname. He claimed to have seen two tiger skins from Suriname, stating they were clearly striped, unlike jaguars. His relative had reportedly shot two tigers. Renny promised to try and get pictures of the skins, but nothing further was heard.

Account B: A former student, Stefan Bijkerk, reported that an older hunter he knew saw a large, striped cat along a jungle road between Nieuw Nickerie and Apoera (also spelled Apura). This sighting occurred at night, possibly between 2018-2022.

The Historical Bigfoot (2nd edition)

This section features the book 'The Historical Bigfoot' by Chad Arment. It is described as a state-by-state (and province) chronological list of sightings and stories of hairy wild men, gorillas in the woods, and other monstrous man-beasts from North America, dating back to before 'Bigfoot' entered popular culture. The book includes hoaxes, misidentifications, and encounter reports from newspapers, describing tall, hairy, apelike creatures.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the investigation of cryptids and unexplained animal sightings. The publication presents anecdotal evidence and witness testimonies, often citing historical accounts or books as sources. The editorial stance appears to be one of presenting these accounts for consideration, without necessarily endorsing them as definitive proof, as indicated by the quote about extraordinary claims requiring extraordinary proof. The focus is on documenting and disseminating information about these phenomena within the field of cryptozoology.

This document, titled "Audubon and the Nature Fakers" by Chad Arment, explores the historical context of 'nature faking' and its impact on the reputation of the artist and naturalist John James Audubon. It delves into instances of deliberate and unconscious misinformation within natural history communication.

Nature Faking

The article defines nature faking as the dissemination of natural history misinformation through media like books, journals, and newspapers. This can be intentional, driven by motives such as amusement, scientific acclaim, or commercial gain, or it can be unintentional. The early 1900s saw literary battles among naturalists over the veracity of alleged animal behaviors, highlighting the spectrum of belief and the subtle ways misinformation can spread.

Historical Examples of Hoaxes

An example of a newspaper hoax from the Louisville, Kentucky, Courier-Journal on January 18, 1831, is presented. Titled 'Wild Man of the Woods,' it recounts an encounter with a bizarre creature described as having a tail, one eye, and a body covered in hair and feathers. The article notes that this type of 'creature' hoax was common during Audubon's active period.

Another instance discussed is an 1843 letter, purportedly from Audubon and published in the Philadelphia Public Ledger, detailing the discovery of a new animal during his Western expeditions. This letter was later revealed to be a hoax, and the Charleston, South Carolina, Mercury published a rebuttal on August 9, 1843, questioning the nature of such impositions and the wit involved in true hoaxes.

The article also mentions a later incident in 1913 where one of Audubon's granddaughters was misled by an April Fool's joke published in a local newspaper regarding a chest of old coins.

Audubon and the 'Creature' Hoax

Audubon's involvement with 'creature' hoaxes was primarily through an attempt to exploit his reputation in the 1843 letter. The article critiques a specific hoax attributed to a "James Brown" of the New York Herald, which purported to be a letter from Audubon describing a new beast. This manufactured description, likened to a kangaroo with a sheep's tail, was deemed an "atrocious compilation of parts" and an "imposition" by the publication.

Audubon and Rafinesque

A significant portion of the document is dedicated to Audubon's interactions and "taxonomic pranks" on the eccentric naturalist C. S. Rafinesque (Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz). Rafinesque is described as an eager and prolific describer of new species, whose single-mindedness and credulity led to errors and confusion in natural history. He is noted for describing phenomena like sea serpents and wandering jaguars, often based on exaggerated accounts rather than rigorous investigation.

Audubon's 1831 Ornithological Biography recounts his first encounter with Rafinesque in 1818. Audubon observed Rafinesque's particular interest in his botanical illustrations and noted that Rafinesque, despite being a "highly scientific man," was "suspicious to a fault," believing only in what he had personally seen or what was historically established.

The article quotes Haldeman (1841-2) describing Rafinesque's "greatest fault" as his "passion for ‘new species,' and the recklessness with which he proposed them, without sufficiently examining the works of his predecessors." Harlan (1825) is also cited, noting Rafinesque's "insulated situation" and "ignorance of the labours of other naturalists" led to "grievous errors."

Rafinesque's zeal for adventure was tempered by an impetuous nature, resulting in a lack of critical examination in his writings. For contemporary cryptozoology enthusiasts, Rafinesque serves as a cautionary tale.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this document are the nature of scientific hoaxes, the challenges in verifying natural history claims, and the complexities of historical reputations. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical examination, aiming to distinguish fact from fiction in historical accounts of natural phenomena and the individuals involved in documenting them. It highlights the importance of historical context and skepticism when evaluating extraordinary claims in natural history.

This issue of "Audubon's Mystery Birds" delves into the enigmatic cases of bird species documented by John James Audubon that have proven difficult to identify with known avian fauna. The content explores the historical context, scientific debates, and potential explanations for these discrepancies, drawing from Audubon's own publications and subsequent ornithological research.

Rafinesque's Eccentricities and Audubon's Pranks

The issue begins by recounting an anecdote involving Audubon and the eccentric naturalist Constantine Samuel Rafinesque. Rafinesque's intense enthusiasm for discovering new species led to a bizarre incident where he was found running naked around a room, swinging a violin at bats he believed to be a new species. Audubon, though perhaps exasperated, managed to secure specimens for Rafinesque. To retaliate for a broken violin, Audubon reportedly provided Rafinesque with fictitious descriptions of imaginary creatures, which Rafinesque then published uncritically. The text notes that while hearsay can be a starting point for cryptozoological investigation, it does not constitute confirmative evidence.

Audubon's Mystery Birds: An Overview

The core of the issue focuses on "Audubon's Mystery Birds," referencing his seminal work, "The Birds of America" (published in sections between 1827 and 1838), which featured 435 life-sized plates. Several of the birds depicted have eluded clear identification with recognized avifauna, leading to various suggestions over the years, including color mutations, hybridization, misidentification, or even deliberate hoaxing.

Cuvier's Kinglet ('Wren') (Regulus cuvierii)

This bird was found by Audubon in 1812 along the Schuylkill River in Pennsylvania. Only one specimen was collected, and it has not survived. Scott (1905) suggested it was a mutant golden-crowned kinglet, while Brewster (1881) proposed it was a hybrid between the golden-crowned and golden-crowned kinglets, an intergeneric hybrid. Parkes (1985) supported the idea that it was a golden-crowned kinglet with an unusually bright red crown patch.

Carbonated Warbler (Dendroica carbonata)

This species is known solely from Audubon's art and description, based on two specimens killed near Henderson, Kentucky. Brewster (1881) suggested it was a hybrid of a blackpoll and Cape May warbler, while Parkes (1985) considered it a possible immature Cape May warbler. Sibley (2008) proposed that Audubon might have been painting from faulty memory. Hertzel and Hertzel (1995) reported observing a hybrid warbler in Minnesota with characteristics of both blackpoll and Cape May warblers.

Blue Mountain Warbler (Dendroica montana)

This warbler was first described by Alexander Wilson. The specimen was reportedly found in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia. Audubon also illustrated the bird from a specimen lent to him, but Lund (2015) suggested Audubon may have used Wilson's plate and fabricated the loan story. No surviving specimens are known. Parkes (1985) suggested it might be a hybrid, but no parentage was identified.

Small-headed Flycatcher (Wilsonia microcephala)

This bird was figured by both Wilson (who called it Muscicapa minuta) and Audubon. At least ten specimens were claimed to have been taken in Kentucky and other states, but none are known to survive. The term 'flycatcher' was a generic term for small insect-eating birds at the time, and this bird was likely a warbler. Scott (1905) noted it was distinguishable from other 'flycatcher' species, making hybridization unlikely. Elliott Coues (1903) described its record as "a tissue of surmises." Some suggested it might have been a pine warbler. Holt (2002-3b) noted that this bird was involved in a dispute between Audubon and Wilson, with Audubon accusing Wilson of plagiarism.

Townsend's Bunting (Emberiza townsendii)

This bird was discovered by Dr. John K. Townsend in New Garden, Pennsylvania, in 1833. The specimen still exists at the National Museum of Natural History. Townsend intended to name it after Audubon, but Audubon gave it a specific epithet after Townsend. Scott (1905) considered it a close ally of the dickcissel, noting its peculiarities could not be explained by hybridism or individual variation. Parkes (1985) suggested it was a dickcissel with reduced yellow pigmentation, possibly a young male. A 2014 photograph in Ontario showed a similar phenotype.

The 'Great Eagle' (Falco washingtonii)

Audubon also termed the 'great eagle' the 'bird of Washington.' It was the first plate in his "Birds of America." Audubon first saw it in February 1814, traveling with a Canadian fur trader on the Upper Mississippi. The trader described it as a 'great eagle' that followed hunters for food and dived for fish. Audubon considered it a new species. He later encountered a nest on the Green River in Kentucky, which locals attributed to 'brown eagles' (immature bald eagles). Audubon disagreed with this identification. He eventually encountered and shot one near Henderson, Kentucky. The eagle, a male, measured 3 feet 7 inches in length with a 10-foot 2-inch wingspread. Its disposal is unknown, though a specimen was mounted in a Philadelphia museum. A European critic in 1829 noted that it seemed identical to an immature white-tailed eagle, differing only in size. By the late 1800s, most naturalists assumed it was an immature bald eagle. Mengel (1953) suggested Audubon's measurements might have been exaggerated. However, Mengel also noted that Audubon's measurements were proportional, not just a simple transcription error. Maruna (2004) argued that without a specimen, the question remains unanswerable. More recently, Halley (2020a) accused Audubon of outright fraud regarding this case, though the author of the article suggests Halley's attacks are somewhat careless and that while the 'great eagle' might be a case of nature faking, deliberate fabrication is less evident for the other mystery birds.

Discovery Frauds

This section addresses claims that Audubon fraudulently manipulated collection dates or took credit for discoveries. One example cited is a pastel of a ruffed grouse inscribed 1805, but with a watermark dated 1810, used to claim Audubon backdated his art to precede Alexander Wilson's work. However, Olson and Mazzitelli (2017) argued this assumption is illogical.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the challenges of taxonomic identification, the nature of scientific evidence (distinguishing between hearsay and confirmative evidence), the potential for error or deception in scientific documentation, and the historical context of ornithological discovery. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical examination, presenting historical accounts and scientific debates surrounding Audubon's work while acknowledging the complexities and ongoing nature of these investigations. The author seems to lean towards caution in attributing deliberate fraud, suggesting that while some cases remain mysterious or questionable, they may stem from natural phenomena, misinterpretation, or less severe forms of scientific error rather than outright fabrication, with the exception of potential plagiarism disputes.

This document, likely an excerpt from a publication focused on natural history and ornithology, critically examines the life and work of John James Audubon. It delves into various controversies and debates surrounding his scientific claims, accuracy, and the embellishment of his personal history. The content spans discussions on his depictions of birds, his interactions with other naturalists, and the veracity of his published accounts.

Debates on Audubon's Discoveries and Accuracy

The text highlights several key areas of contention regarding Audubon's work:

The 'Running Grouse' Vignette and Bank Notes

Audubon had depicted a species sometime between 1803 and 1805. His habit of constantly updating inscriptions suggests a hypothesis that he added an inscription in 1812, referencing his first depiction. A debate arose over his claim that his first engraved illustration of a bird appeared on American paper money. Physical evidence was scarce until Peck and Newman (2010) discovered proof of private bank notes featuring a 'running grouse' vignette by Audubon. It remains uncertain if the Bank of Norwalk in Ohio actually issued these notes, as the bank disappeared after the 1940s.

The 'Morton's Hawk' Incident

Halley (2020b) described how Audubon, while in Philadelphia collecting subscription dues, obtained a specimen of a new hawk. This hawk had been sent to the Academy of Natural Sciences museum by John Carmichael Jenkins of Mississippi, who had also sent a description and name. However, Audubon disregarded Jenkins's contribution, took the bird to Europe, named it *Buteo harrisi*, and then claimed ignorance of Jenkins's prior work.

The Lincoln's Sparrow Discovery Claim

Halley (2022) argued that Audubon's claim to have personally discovered the Lincoln's Sparrow on a voyage to Labrador in 1833 was likely fabricated. Audubon stated he heard an unfamiliar song and collected the bird with companions, including young Thomas Lincoln, who shot it. Halley suggested that variances in published transcripts and a desire to protect the family reputation led Audubon's granddaughter to destroy original diaries and alter published versions to support this 'discovery myth.'

In response, Logan (2023) pointed out significant problems and 'multiple factual errors' in Halley's argument. Logan concluded that Halley's revisionist claim requires more than conjecture and overlooks critical facts refuting his argument. However, Logan conceded that Halley is correct in noting that Audubon's work 'cannot be entirely trusted,' a sentiment shared by scholars and biographers for decades.

Audubon's Water-Lily

When Audubon's print of the 'common American swan' (tundra swan) was published, it included distinctive yellow water-lilies, which Audubon noted as 'Nymphaea flava-Leitner.' Dr. Edward Frederick Leitner, a young German botanist and naturalist, had apparently collected this plant and shared it with Audubon. Audubon wrote to John Bachman in 1838 inquiring if Leitner had formally published the name, as he considered naming it after him. Leitner was killed in 1838 during an altercation with the Seminole and apparently never formally published the name. Leitner's specimen collection was eventually sent to Germany but was destroyed during World War II. Audubon's print was published with Leitner's *N. flava*.

Without formal publication, botanists initially had 'no positive evidence of its existence' (Curtiss 1902), and the flower was ignored or considered a mistake. In 1875, Curtiss found the plant near Jacksonville, Florida, and sent samples to Dr. George Vasey, but received no reply. Mrs. Mary Treat (1877) found the plant on the St. Johns River in 1874 or 1875 and sent samples to Dr. Asa Gray and Professor Sargent at Harvard, who identified it as Audubon's lost water-lily. Gray (1876) noted that Dr. Edward Palmer also sent samples from the Indian River in 1874. Today, the species is recognized as *Nymphaea mexicana*, native to the southern U.S. and Mexico.

Audubon's Rattlesnakes

Audubon's remarks in 1827 (published 1828) regarding an observation in 1821 of a large rattlesnake following a gray squirrel up a tree and swallowing it whole, generated controversy. The snake allegedly suffocated the squirrel, then swallowed it, remaining motionless until Audubon tapped it. Audubon then killed the snake to examine its contents. Zoologist George Ord (a supporter of Alexander Wilson) criticized this account in 1827, stating that rattlesnakes are 'sluggish animals' and that venomous snakes use fangs, not constriction, to subdue prey.

Hutt (1908) revived the story, noting that the Franklin Journal had published Audubon's article hastily. The editor later received a note from a 'scientific friend' (likely Ord) calling the article 'a tissue of the grossest falsehoods.'

Defense and Criticism of the Rattlesnake Story

Two replies to Hutt's letter suggested Audubon might have misidentified the snake, possibly due to its tail rattling, a behavior known in ratsnakes and other colubrids when agitated. The text notes that on dry leaves, this rattling can be unnerving.

One of Audubon's prints depicts mockingbirds defending a nest from a timber rattlesnake, which also drew criticism, as rattlesnakes are not typically known to climb trees for nest-raiding. Bachman (1834) defended Audubon, citing cases of rattlesnakes found in trees. More recently, Rudolph et al. (2004) reviewed arboreal behavior in timber rattlesnakes in east Texas, confirming that *C. horridus* exhibits arboreal behavior, supporting some of Audubon's observations, with foraging suggested as a likely explanation.

Conclusion on Audubon's Reliability

The issue concludes that Audubon was not an academically-educated naturalist, and readers should approach his notes with caution. He was actively creating a 'social brand' to enhance his status and financial opportunities, embellishing his personal history. He faced significant scientific criticism, but was not alone among his contemporaries in making mistakes or spreading misinformation (e.g., Alexander Wilson's error regarding the 'ring-tailed eagle').

Many alleged errors in describing new species could have been avoided by adhering to standard scientific practice: consulting scientific literature and depositing collected specimens in natural history museums.

Addendum: The Beetle Fakers

This section discusses the historical practice of creating and selling faked beetles. Brown and Hancock (2008) discovered an eighteenth-century faked beetle specimen, *Scarabaeus neptunus*, composed of parts from different species, likely created for commercial gain. An article from the 1902 Davenport, Iowa, Democrat highlights that beetle 'faking' is an industry where thousands of fake beetles are produced annually in England and France, sold to amateur naturalists as rare specimens.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this document revolve around the critical examination of John James Audubon's scientific contributions, focusing on accuracy, honesty, and the potential for embellishment or fabrication in his published works. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, presenting evidence and arguments from various researchers (like Halley and Logan) to question the absolute reliability of Audubon's accounts. It highlights the importance of rigorous scientific methodology and the historical context of scientific discovery and reporting. The addendum on 'Beetle Fakers' extends this theme of questioning authenticity and the influence of commercial interests on scientific representation.

This document, an excerpt from 'The Linnean' journal, volume 24, issue 3 (2008), focuses on the intriguing topic of fabricated beetle specimens and touches upon cryptozoology through featured book covers.

The Beetle Fakir's Craft

The article details the meticulous and deceptive art of the 'beetle fakir,' an individual who creates artificial beetle specimens. These are not simple colorings but are constructed from fragments of various beetles, often resulting in forms more bizarre than those found in nature. The fakir acquires damaged collections of beetles, often at low prices from auction sales. These injured specimens are then dismembered, and their parts are reassembled according to the fakir's fancy. A beetle's body might be taken, with a head affixed from one specimen, a wing from another, and legs added where they might appear 'quaint.'

The process involves rapid assembly using a secret liquid glue that creates strong, nearly invisible joins, making it difficult to discern the composite nature of the insect even under a magnifying glass. The coloring and imitation markings are applied with small brushes and specialized tools. To make these additions permanent, the constructed insect is plunged into a secret solution. The final product is so convincing that only an expert naturalist can detect the fraud, and even experts can be initially fooled, mistaking the creation for a new species of Coleoptera.

Marketing and Deception

The beetle fakir advertises the availability of rare specimens, seeking out collectors. When an amateur collector expresses interest, the fakir offers the specimen 'on approval.' The unsuspecting amateur, upon receiving the creature, often believes they have discovered a prize and readily agrees to the purchase, frequently at a substantial price.

The fakir never guarantees the authenticity of the beetles, stating to the buyer, "There is a specimen. Take it or leave it. I doubt if there is another like it in this country." This statement is usually true, as the fakir rarely duplicates designs. Beyond creating novel specimens from fragments, the fakir also produces copies of well-known but rare beetles that are highly valued by collectors. The primary centers for the manufacture of these fake beetles are London and Paris, with French workmen being particularly skilled and imaginative in their craft.

References and Related Works

The article includes a reference: Brown, G., and E. G. Hancock. 2008. A most curious beetle from the insect collection of William Hunter (1718-1783). *The Linnean* 24(3): 26-32. This suggests the main article is related to the study of a specific beetle specimen from the historical collection of William Hunter.

Additionally, the page features covers of two books related to cryptozoology: "MYSTERY CREATURES OF CHINA: THE COMPLETE CRYPTOZOOLOGICAL GUIDE" by DAVID C. XU, and "STRANGE CREATURES SELDOM SEEN: GIANT BEAVERS, SASQUATCH, MANIPOGOS, AND OTHER MYSTERY ANIMALS IN MANITOBA AND BEYOND" by JOHN WARMS. A quote from Dr. Karl Shuker describes one of the books as "quite simply, unique, one of a kind, a cryptozoological sui generis..."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this excerpt are the deception involved in creating and selling fake natural history specimens, the skill and artistry of the 'beetle fakir,' and the gullibility of collectors. The editorial stance appears to be informative, exposing the methods of fakery while also acknowledging the craftsmanship involved. The inclusion of cryptozoology books suggests an interest in unexplained phenomena and creatures beyond conventional zoology. The publication, 'The Linnean,' implies a focus on natural history and entomology, with this article offering a critical look at the integrity of scientific collections.