BioFortean Notes - No 06

Magazine Overview

Title: BIOFORTEAN NOTES
Volume: 6
Issue Date: 2018
Publisher: COACHWHIP PUBLICATIONS
Location: Greenville, Ohio

This issue of BioFortean Notes, Volume 6, edited by Chad Arment, explores various intriguing topics within the realm of cryptozoology and unexplained natural phenomena. Published in 2018 by Coachwhip Publications, the magazine features a diverse range of articles, from the potential for undiscovered insect species to historical accounts of explorers and the enduring mystery of Bigfoot.

A Mystery Dragonfly

This article, authored by Chad Arment, delves into the question of whether insect cryptids exist and what criteria define them. Arment posits that size is less important than distinctiveness and uniqueness in appearance, which can lead to an animal entering the folkloric realm of mystery. He notes that while smaller mystery animals are less frequently investigated, candidates do exist, citing examples like the bioluminescent spider of Myanmar and the Australian bioluminescent moth. The article highlights the discovery of a 'half-meter-long' giant dragonfly in South China, found in 1998 and officially located in 2014. It also discusses the vast number of undescribed insect species, estimated to be between two and thirty million globally, with a significant portion residing in tropical regions. In the U.S. alone, there are approximately 91,000 described insect species and an estimated 73,000 yet to be named, predominantly beetles, flies, moths, and Hymenoptera.

The St. Croix Snaketail

The article details the discovery of a new dragonfly species, *Ophiogomphus susbehcha*, in the St. Croix River of northwestern Wisconsin. In the summer of 1989, zoologist William Smith noticed sixteen unusual dragonfly exuviae. A fellow entomologist, Timothy Vogt, helped confirm it was a new species from North America. The search for dormant nymphs in the river led to the collection of specimens, and the subsequent emergence of adults allowed for formal identification. This discovery gained significant public attention in 1991-1992, particularly as further research located the species along the Chippewa and Flambeau Rivers, raising concerns about its potential impact on plans for a copper mine.

The St. Croix snaketail has since been found in Maryland and Virginia, with a historical record in eastern Pennsylvania, though its status as a subspecies is yet to be determined. The article also mentions other new North American gomphids discovered in the 1980s and 1990s, such as the southern snaketail (*Ophiogomphus australis*) and the Sioux snaketail (*Ophiogomphus smithi*), noting that these often have small, localized populations and require detailed anatomical examination for identification.

The Mystery Petaltail

During the Ohio Odonata Conference in 2017, the keynote speaker mentioned an apparently undescribed species of petaltail dragonfly in the eastern United States. Petaltails (Family Petaluridae) are an ancient group, with fossils dating back to the Jurassic period. North America has two known species: the black petaltail (*Tanypteryx hageni*) in the Pacific Northwest and the gray petaltail (*Tachopteryx thoreyi*) in the eastern U.S. The latter are typically found in woodlands with seeps or bogs.

Gathering information on this mystery petaltail proved challenging due to ongoing expeditions and a reluctance from some professional entomologists to share details. The dragonfly in question was first spotted about five to six years prior to the article's writing at a central Tennessee rest stop. It is recognizable by its larger size compared to the typical gray petaltail (which is about 3 inches long) and may even be larger than the dragon-hunter (*Hagenius brevistylus*), which can reach almost 4 inches. Some giant petaltails in Australia can reach almost 5 inches, making the discovery of a similar giant species in the U.S. particularly fascinating. The author suspects that with concerted efforts to collect a specimen, this mystery will soon be resolved, potentially inspiring more nature enthusiasts to study regional Odonata.

Profiles in Cryptozoology: Commander Attilio Gatti

This article by Chad Arment profiles Attilio Gatti (1896-1969), an Italian explorer renowned for his numerous safari expeditions in Africa. Gatti, a graduate of the Italian Military Academy and a WWI Squadron Commander, began his African explorations in 1920, collecting specimens for natural history museums. He claimed to have discovered, collected, and classified nearly three score of new insects, reptiles, and small mammals. Gatti authored at least 19 books about his adventures, and his American wife, Ellen, also wrote a book. He was the first to photograph a live okapi in its natural habitat and is known for his later Congo expeditions using luxuriously outfitted 'jungle yachts.'

The article notes that Gatti had a strong interest in discovering new species, but lacked formal zoological training, which sometimes tinged his observations with subjectivity. His anthropological notes, however, are considered fascinating and may offer directions for future cryptozoological investigations. A key point discussed is Gatti's discovery that the okapi was a taboo animal to the Kibali-Ituri natives, who believed it possessed fantastical traits.

Book Reviews

Exotic Aliens by Simon Townsend

This section includes a review of "Exotic Aliens" by Simon Townsend.

Panther Tales and Woodland Encounters by Chad Arment

This section includes a review of "Panther Tales and Woodland Encounters" by Chad Arment.

Meeting with Monsters by C. A. McCormick

This section includes a review of "Meeting with Monsters" by C. A. McCormick.

The Ngoloko (Reprint) by J. A. G. Elliot

This section includes a review of "The Ngoloko (Reprint)" by J. A. G. Elliot.

Advertisement: Far-Out, Shaggy, Funky Monsters

This section features an advertisement for the book "Far-Out, Shaggy, Funky Monsters: A What-it-is History of Bigfoot in the 1970s" by Daniel S. Green. The book is described as an engaging and detailed look at the 1970s, when Bigfoot transitioned from an oddity to a significant part of the North American cultural landscape. The author objectively reviews the researchers, sightings, and theories that dominated the media and public fascination during that decade.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of BioFortean Notes revolve around the exploration of the unknown in the natural world, with a particular focus on cryptozoology and the discovery of new species. The editorial stance, as represented by Chad Arment's contributions and the selection of articles, appears to be one of open inquiry into unexplained phenomena, while maintaining a grounded approach that values scientific investigation and detailed observation. The magazine encourages readers to consider the possibility of undiscovered creatures, even within well-studied groups like insects, and to appreciate the historical and anthropological aspects of cryptozoological research. There is an emphasis on the process of discovery and the potential for amateur enthusiasts to contribute to scientific understanding, balanced with an acknowledgment of the rigor required for formal scientific classification.

This document appears to be an excerpt from a publication focused on cryptozoology, likely a magazine or journal, featuring articles based on the research and expeditions of explorer Gatti. The content delves into various mystery animals and folkloric creatures encountered or reported in Africa, with a strong emphasis on the 1930s.

The Okapi

The text begins by discussing the tendency in scientific publications to overlook folklore related to rare animals, suggesting that such folklore can offer a more objective perspective on modern paranormal claims. It then details Gatti's belief that he discovered a new race of okapi, the Kibali okapi (Ocuapia kibalensis), separated from the known species by the Epulu River. Gatti examined okapi skulls and live specimens, noting significant differences in head structure and horns compared to the Okapia johnstoni. The Kibali okapi's head was described as thinner and lighter, with a straighter line from horns to nose, while the Okapia johnstoni had a heavier head with a convex angle. The horns of the Kibali okapi were short (under two inches), blunt, and not fused to the skull, often lost by adult males, leaving scars. In contrast, Okapia johnstoni horns were longer (four to five inches), strong, pointed, and inclined backward, always attached to the skull. Gatti also noted that the Okapia johnstoni appeared smaller, less well-nourished, and less aggressive than the Kibali okapi. He recounts an encounter at Buta Mission where two subdued okapis were enclosed in a weak corral, contrasting with the strength of a previously captured okapi. The text also touches upon the fear the okapi inspires among local pygmies and natives, who consider it a dangerous, tabu beast. Recent research is mentioned, suggesting significant genetic variation within okapis, which might indicate behavioral diversity rather than distinct speciation.

The Pygmy Elephant(s)

The document then shifts to Gatti's discovery of four different ethnozoologically distinct elephants in the Kibali-Ituri forest. The 'normal' forest elephant is identified as the 'Somà' (Loxodonta cyclotis). A pygmy elephant, referred to as 'M'zei' or 'M'gei' (females called 'Malekwe'), is described as averaging 5 feet in height, with proportionally large, square-shaped ears that nearly reach the ground. These pygmy elephants possessed acute hearing and poor sight, which helped them elude hunters. Their tusks were short, sharp, and heavier for their length, often exhibiting beautiful reddish-brown or dark purple tones in older males. Gatti notes that pygmy elephants traveled in large herds (over 100 individuals) and were believed to be more aggressive, cunning, and vindictive than forest elephants. A second, even smaller form of pygmy elephant, 'a pygmy among pygmies,' was reported to be no higher than four feet, whitish, and extraordinarily ferocious, inhabiting a 'zone of mystery' north of the Stanleyville-Irumu road. An account is given of Mr. Hackars, who was attacked by a herd of these 'white dwarf elephants.' Gatti also mentions stories of large elephants with two pairs of tusks, with one four-tusked skull presented in Lubero.

The Ndegi

This section introduces the 'Ndegi,' a mystery flyer described by pygmies as an enormous, powerful bird that can instantly pulp a man and is invulnerable due to thick, heavy hair covering its body, except for feathered wings. The word 'Ndegi' simply means 'bird' in general, and natives were reluctant to name this specific creature, believing it would bring death. Gatti recounts hearing loud wing beats and observing pygmies performing an exorcism ritual. He later believed he encountered the Ndegi, describing a large, black, immense body moving overhead in the forest, which the pygmies confirmed was the 'ill-omened bird.'

The Congo Unicorn

Native folklore mentioned a 'Congo Unicorn,' described as an antelope resembling the okapi but with a single, long spiral horn in the middle of its forehead, considered more ferocious than an infuriated rhino.

A Great Red Ape

Gatti reports on the existence of a 'Great Red Ape,' larger than a gorilla, with red hair, that walks erect on its hind legs. An account is given of a white man who claimed such a monster was killed by pygmies' poisonous arrows, and its skin was subsequently burned by a missionary fearing it would support Darwin's theory. Another description speaks of 'fantastic men' with coarse hair, long arms, and superhuman strength, using stone knives.

The Mulahu

The Mulahu was a creature of particular interest to Gatti, whom he believed could be the 'fifth great anthropoid ape.' He conducted several expeditions searching for it. Gatti found that tribesmen were extremely reticent to discuss the Mulahu, using various names for it, with descriptions becoming sharper and more fearful closer to the Ituri region. The creature was rumored to be about seven or eight feet tall, perhaps 800 pounds, with uncertain facial features but a curtain of long white hair falling over its face. It was said to get on all fours to see, and a mere glance could kill a man, attributed to superstitious fear. Gatti's 1933 expedition yielded significant discoveries: footprints twice the size of an ordinary man's and two white hairs, each 10-3/8 inches long, found in a dead mahogany tree. A 1938 report claimed Gatti had seen a Mulahu, describing it as an 8-foot-tall monster with human-like feet. Despite near-death experiences and the onset of World War II, Gatti planned further expeditions. Ellen Gatti mentioned the Mulahu in her book, noting evidence of enormous footprints and stiff black hairs. Ivan T. Sanderson also discussed the Mulahu, referencing Ellen Gatti's account. The creature is described as exceptionally large, walking erect, covered with dark hair except for the face, which has a white mane. Gatti wrote directly about his 1933 expedition in 1962, convinced the Mulahu was real, inspired by earlier accounts from Livingstone and Stanley. He collected nine different names for the creature and noted the deep, superstitious fear it inspired.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this document are cryptozoology, the exploration of unknown or legendary animals, and the intersection of scientific inquiry with native folklore. Gatti's work is presented as a serious attempt to document and understand these phenomena, often challenging conventional scientific views. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded investigation, giving credence to eyewitness accounts and local legends while also seeking physical evidence. The document highlights the challenges of such research, including the reticence of local populations, the difficulty of obtaining specimens, and the potential for misidentification or conflation of different creatures.

Title: BioFortean Notes
Issue: 1
Publication Year: 2011
Document Type: Magazine Issue

This issue of BioFortean Notes presents two primary accounts of unusual creatures. The first details the search for the Mulahu in Africa by explorer Attilio Gatti, and the second describes an eyewitness sighting of a 'Dino-Bird' in Nevada.

The Mulahu Expedition

The article begins with Attilio Gatti's account of his search for the Mulahu, a creature he investigated in Africa. Gatti learned of Bob Kindreick, an Australian photographer and big-game hunter, who was allegedly killed by a Mulahu during World War I. Kindreick's Mayaka guide reported finding coarse, long, white hairs between Kindreick's teeth and under his fingernails, which he kept as a talisman. Kindreick's camera was found smashed, and his rifle broken.

Gatti's initial attempt to gather men and supplies for an expedition was halted when he collapsed from malarial fever, requiring a year-long recovery. He eventually returned to Africa in 1933. The original Mayaka guide had died, but his son, Amisi, possessed the hairs and described them as similar in texture to a gorilla's, in color to a colobus monkey's white hairs, and in stiffness to a leopard's moustache, but much larger and coarser.

Amisi agreed to accompany Gatti, but only after a local sorcerer provided a protective charm through a complicated ritual. The expedition was small, with only fourteen people participating in the ritual. During the expedition, Gatti reported an encounter with the Mulahu during a storm. He described it as a "gigantic brute" with reddish-black, wavy fur, immense uplifted arms, a colossal girth, and a huge, eyeless head obscured by hair. The creature allegedly smacked Gatti unconscious. His guide, Amisi, cried out "Mulahu!" and fled.

Upon awakening, Gatti found a footprint that was human-like but much larger, with a widely separated big toe, similar to a pygmy's. He spent three days wandering before rejoining his expedition. A power struggle between the sorcerer and headman had resulted in the deaths of seven men, which the tribesmen attributed to the Mulahu.

Dr. Bernard Heuvelmans, in his 1980 book 'Les Bêtes Humaines d'Afrique,' was critical of Gatti's account from 'Sangoma,' suggesting exaggeration and a lack of evidence. Heuvelmans also noted Gatti's eagerness to propose new species, possibly to aid in fundraising.

Gatti's interest in the Mulahu continued, with a 1948 expedition sponsored by the Hallicrafters Company, focusing on the "Mountains of the Moon" (Rwenzori Mountains). This expedition did not yield any success regarding the Mulahu.

By the 1950s, Attilio Gatti and his wife Ellen were living in Vermont. Attilio continued to participate in African expeditions, producing a movie and traveling extensively. The Gattis eventually moved to Switzerland, where Attilio died in 1969.

The Lumpy, Skinny-Necked Dino-Bird Sighting

This section, authored by J. Ericson-Flatland, details an eyewitness account of an unusual creature observed on November 10, 2017, near Gerlach, Nevada. The eyewitness was rockhounding with a friend when she saw a "something" moving towards her vehicle.

Her initial impression was that it resembled a large praying mantis, due to its green color and folded "arms." She estimated its height at about 2.5 feet, based on the surrounding brush. As it moved closer, she realized it was not an insect and estimated its height at around 3 feet. The creature then veered left and crossed the road in front of her vehicle.

She described the creature as having a "flat 'lizard' head, with a flat, rounded snout." Its neck was upright and skinny, appearing planted directly onto its chest. The shoulder and hip areas made the animal look "lumpy." Its legs were large, long, and solid, similar to ostrich legs, with a white and dark grey scale pattern. The feet were large and wide with thick pads, brownish-black on top and yellowish/orange on the bottom, resembling chicken feet.

The creature's front limbs had "evil"-looking, brownish claws, described as being as long as popsicle sticks, with more than four claws. These were held folded tightly onto its chest. The body was covered in what appeared to be small, close-fitting feathers, with the legs being the only area showing muscle movement and scales. The color varied from yellow to variegated greens and brownish yellow on the underside.

It had a medium-length, brown, feathered tail that appeared "buoyant." Its movement was described as bizarre, with hips rolling and legs swinging in an arc, unlike a reptile, chicken, or ostrich stride. The animal's back remained level during movement.

Other observations included its mouth opening, revealing no visible teeth, and a stiff neck that did not move independently of the head. The eyes were forward-facing, with an eye-to-head ratio similar to a chicken's. The creature's head was small and reptilian, resembling the Loch Ness Monster's head.

The eyewitness concluded that the experience was memorable and that it is difficult to explain such encounters to others, suggesting the existence of several odd animals.

References

The issue includes an extensive list of references, citing various publications and books related to African wildlife, cryptozoology, and exploration, including works by Attilio Gatti, Bernard Heuvelmans, and others.

Book Review: Mokele-Mbembe: Mystery Beast of the Congo Basin

A brief mention and image are included for William J. Gibbons' book, "Mokele-Mbembe: Mystery Beast of the Congo Basin," highlighting his travels in the Congo Basin searching for this creature.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of BioFortean Notes focuses on eyewitness accounts and explorer narratives of unknown animals, particularly in remote regions like Africa and the American West. The editorial stance appears to be one of presenting these accounts for consideration, acknowledging skepticism (as with Heuvelmans' critique of Gatti) but also highlighting the persistent interest in such mysteries. The inclusion of detailed descriptions and a comprehensive reference list suggests a commitment to exploring the field of cryptozoology.

This issue of Fortean Times (Issue 127) features a diverse range of articles on unexplained phenomena, cryptozoology, and Fortean events.

Eyewitness Account of a Possible Dinosaur The issue begins with an eyewitness report from an unnamed individual who claims to have encountered evidence of a dinosaur-like creature in a remote area. The observer describes finding large, three-toed tracks and a creature that, despite its size, exhibited a surprising level of intelligence, leading them to believe it was a genuine dinosaur rather than a known animal. The observer expresses a desire to document this potential discovery, planning to set up a camcorder with night vision. The article notes that the observer later examined images of a Therizinosaurus and found several similarities.

An editor's note highlights the fascinating nature of this report and mentions plans to follow up with locals in the area. It also recounts an additional, possibly related event where the observer and a friend heard loud hissing noises in the hills near Fly Geyser. The editor also contacted a resident of Gerlach, a small press publisher, who had not encountered similar reports but was aware of stories about 'giant coyotes' and agreed to inquire further.

Mystery Creatures of China A review of the book "Mystery Creatures of China" by David C. Xu is presented. The book is described as a comprehensive guide to cryptids and folkloric animals from China, covering historical and contemporary sighting reports. The review praises the book as a template for similar works and a valuable addition to any cryptozoological library.

Freshwater Seahorses This section, authored by Chad Arment, explores the intriguing possibility of freshwater seahorses. It begins by noting that while sharks and octopuses are sometimes reported in freshwater, these are often pranks or temporary occurrences. The article then delves into the less common reports of freshwater seahorses.

The Asian Freshwater Seahorse The article details the interest of ichthyologist Dr. George Sprague Myers in freshwater seahorses, sparked by a 1953 inquiry from tropical aquarium fish collector A. Rabaut. Rabaut, known for discovering the neon tetra, claimed to have found baby seahorses in a shallow, non-saltwater area in Southeast Asia, possibly near the Mekong River. Despite searching for adults, he was unsuccessful. In 1977, Myers found a 1916 paper by Dr. Louis Roule describing a seahorse from the Mekong River, *Hippocampus arnei*. However, later research indicated that Roule's specimens were actually two separate marine species, *H. barbouri* and *H. spinosissimus*, and may have been traded rather than collected locally. It is suggested that Rabaut's babies might have been from a marine species in lower salinity waters, but his exact location remains undisclosed.

The Lake Titicaca Seahorse The article then shifts to Lake Titicaca in South America, a large, slightly brackish lake. The best-known report comes from Arthur Posnansky's work, suggesting the lake was a remnant of ancient marine waters. Posnansky claimed an engineer and amateur archaeologist saw a seahorse removed from nets, which was degenerated in form and size. The local Aymara and Uru people reportedly considered such finds rare and associated them with bad fishing years. A photograph of this seahorse, named *Hippocampus titicacensis*, was published in 1911. However, later revisions of *Hippocampus* referred to this species as a 'nomen nudum' (an invalid name). The validity of the Lake Titicaca seahorse is debated, with some authors linking it to geological models of the lake's origin. Welter claimed to have seen numerous seahorses in 1920, though this is debated. Archaeological evidence includes a Tiwanaku culture ceramic seahorse and another found on Pariti Island. Other sightings are mentioned, including one specimen deposited in formaldehyde that later disappeared. The article notes that native people referred to the seahorse as 'Challwatayka' or 'mother of fishes.' A dried seahorse specimen in the Tiwanaku museum, labeled *Hipocampus titcanensis*, is distinct from Posnansky's find. The article concludes by noting threats to potential species survival, such as introduced fish and pollution.

Flesh Falls & Blood Rains This section reviews the book "Flesh Falls & Blood Rains" by John Hairr. The book examines Fortean phenomena, specifically instances of flesh falls and blood rains. It looks at historical cases, explores potential causes, and discusses how these events are often interpreted as 'signs and portents,' with their origins sometimes lying in climatological factors distant from where they are observed.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance The issue consistently explores the boundaries of the known and the unexplained, focusing on eyewitness accounts, historical anomalies, and scientific investigations into mysterious phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded inquiry into Fortean topics, presenting evidence and theories without necessarily endorsing them as definitive fact. There is a clear interest in cryptozoology, unexplained atmospheric events, and the potential for undiscovered species.

This document is a reprint of a paper by Nick Sucik, originally written in 2003, focusing on the investigation of a mysterious animal known as Tł'iish Naat'Agii, or 'Snake-That-Flies,' within Navajo and Hopi lands in Arizona. The paper explores the folklore, traditions, and reported sightings of this unidentified species, aiming to bring awareness and potentially facilitate further research.

Introduction and Background

Nick Sucik began his research in March 2003 while working as a community coordinator on tribal lands in Arizona. He was drawn to the unique landscape and ecology of northern Arizona and became interested in rumors of strange, out-of-place animals. These rumors included tales of various creatures, such as giant snakes, scorpions, monitor lizards, and even hostile mermaids. One specific case involved rumors of a hyena in the Big Mountain area, which turned out to be an unusual dog.

The 'Snake-That-Flies' (Tł'iish Naat'Agii)

The central focus of the paper is the Tł'iish Naat'Agii, described as an unclassified reptile species known among both traditional and modern Navajos. It is characterized as a snake or snake-like reptile possessing the ability to fly, not merely glide. This flight is attributed to membranes or expanded skin extending from behind the head along the body, likened to an exaggerated cobra's hood. The existence of such a creature challenges conventional zoological and biophysical understanding. Knowledge of these creatures is not limited to the Navajo; they are also known to the Hopi Tribe, referred to as 'Sun Snakes.' Comparisons are drawn to traditions of flying serpents reported elsewhere in North America.

Sucik has spoken with over a dozen individuals who have sighted the creature or know someone who has. He emphasizes that his report does not encompass all collected accounts but focuses on those offering the most descriptive characteristics. He took care not to lead witnesses, aiming for accurate testimony.

Morphology and Appearance

Witnesses generally agree that the creatures are a form of snake, with the primary difference being their ability to fly. When seen up close, 'wings' or membranes were noted. The size estimates vary significantly, ranging from 8 inches to 12 feet in length, with 'snake-sized' being a common description.

Coloration

Coloration is considered a secondary characteristic and is often difficult to discern due to the distance of sightings. However, one tribal elder mentioned that a poisonous variant of the 'Snake-That-Flies' has a 'red belly.'

Appendages and Flight Mechanics

The most peculiar feature is the 'wings,' which may not technically fit the definition of wings. Instead of limbs, the animals possess a retractable membrane that emerges from behind the head and extends along the body. This membrane is described as faint, almost transparent, or 'like plastic,' and can be difficult to notice. In some accounts, these membranes are described as 'very beautiful' with 'rainbow' colors, visible when light hits them at certain angles. The mechanics of propulsion are a mystery, but reports indicate the entire body is in motion during flight, mimicking a snake's slithering motion. This defies conventional understanding of aerodynamics, as horizontal undulations are not conducive to lift. The membrane is thought to act as a passive sail, though one report suggests a more active function, with rapid fluttering of the wings, similar to a hummingbird or bumblebee.

Biomechanics and Flight

The concept of a flying snake is considered an oxymoron by many, as snakes are often associated with earthbound, slithering, and sometimes negative connotations. Achieving true flight without conventional wings would defy basic herpetology and biophysics. The only officially recognized 'flying snake' is a canopy dweller in Southeast Asia, whose aerial feats are limited to a controlled glide. The possibility of a true flying snake in Arizona has significant implications, as it would be the only known animal to achieve flight without conventional wings.

Reported Sightings and Behaviors

Most sightings involve the snakes traveling steadily through the air, with some accounts detailing changes in elevation. Four notable accounts describe the animals achieving and maintaining a circular course. Specific incidents include:

• Workers building a hogan witnessed a 'snake' fly into the building and circle erratically.
• Two women reported a snake-like object diving toward a reservoir with a hissing noise, then flying in circles.
• A 1930s story describes a 'dragon' appearing above a family's bonfire and flying in circles.
• In the 1980s, a teenage boy reported shooting a flying snake that swooped at him.

Propulsion and Contortion

The mechanics of propulsion remain enigmatic. Reports consistently describe the entire body in motion, mimicking ground slithering. This defies logic, as airborne creatures require forces for forward, downward, and lateral movement. The membrane is believed to act as a passive sail, but one account describes a grandfather holding a snake that fluttered its oval wings rapidly, enabling it to shoot into the air. The size of this snake was considerable, reaching the ground when held at chest level by a tall man.

Two mentions describe flying snakes carrying sticks or twigs, one by pinching them between its neck and head, and another with a bundle of sticks constricted in its tail. These accounts, while seemingly absurd, suggest the possibility of serpents building nests in cliffs.

Sound Production

Beyond the typical snake hiss, 'Snake-That-Flies' are reported to emit other sounds. A common sound is a 'hissing' noise, distinct from a threatening hiss, often heard before the creature is seen. This sound has been compared to a jet engine. In the 1930s/40s, a Big Mountain resident heard a growing hiss likened to a jet engine and spotted a snake's outline in mid-air. The two women near Tuba City also described a hissing noise similar to a jet engine. In 1996 or '97, a teenager heard a snake's hiss and saw a snake with thin, transparent flaps twisting through the air. Additionally, a 'voluntary noise' is claimed, such as a growl. One woman recalled a specimen making a 'nice' hooting sound ('looht, looht, looht') in time with its side-to-side contortions.

Habitat

Nests of the 'Snake-That-Flies' are described as remarkable dwelling aspects. They are reputed to be cylindrical structures made of small twigs, erected like towers against cliff walls. Sucik was guided to one collapsed nest in White Valley. He was informed of intact nests near Big Mountain and on a mesa edge near Hotevilla. A nest near Hotevilla is reportedly known to an elder in Tuba City. The White Valley nest, originally dubbed 'Nest-That-Stands,' was built entirely of small twigs and stood on a cliff wall for possibly 80 years or more, with local tradition avoiding it due to the inhabiting serpent. Rocks falling in the 1980s caused the nest to collapse.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this document are the exploration of cryptozoological phenomena, specifically the 'Snake-That-Flies,' within the cultural context of Native American folklore and traditions. The editorial stance, as presented by Nick Sucik, is one of open inquiry and a desire to document and understand these reports, moving beyond mere gossip to investigate potential factual bases. The document emphasizes the need for careful observation and documentation, while acknowledging the challenges posed by the elusive nature of the subject and the cultural sensitivities surrounding it. The reprint format, with an editor's note, suggests a continued interest in the topic and its dissemination to a wider audience.

This issue of "Strange Creatures Seldom Seen" delves into the intriguing phenomenon of 'flying snakes' or 'Snake-That-Flies,' presenting a comprehensive exploration of folklore, eyewitness accounts, and cultural perspectives surrounding these elusive beings. The magazine examines reports from various regions, including Native American territories, Mexico, and parts of the United States, piecing together a narrative of these creatures' purported existence and significance.

Flying Serpents: Nests and Habitats

The article begins by addressing the construction of nests by snakes, a concept that baffles the author. While some accounts suggest snakes might inhabit derelict nests of predatory birds or underground burrows, there are also references to snakes 'carrying sticks,' implying active nest building. The function of these nests and their occupants remains unclear. Specific locations mentioned include a nest in White Valley and another in Hotevilla, from which flying reptiles were reportedly seen emerging. Another significant habitat discussed is rocky terrain, with serpents being cited in areas of stone enclosures and rock crevices. A prominent location is 'Sitting Rock' in the Big Mountain area, traditionally believed to be the dwelling of a lone flying serpent in a wind-eroded hole.

Aggression and Encounters

The dwellings of flying snakes, whether rocks or nests, were traditionally avoided not out of respect but due to their aggressive behavior. Several incidents highlight this aggression. In the early 1900s, a man on horseback was bitten on the head by a serpent that flew from its hole near Sitting Rock. Another account from about twenty years prior to the publication describes a teenager who shot and killed a flying snake that would emerge from its rock hole and swoop down threateningly at him. The article notes that the individual who killed the snake died a few years after the event.

Cultural Significance and Perception

The Navajo culture generally holds snakes in negative temperament, which presented an obstacle to the author's inquiries. While snakes are often considered lowly and filthy, there are also references to offerings made toward flying serpents. The sudden appearance of a flying snake was sometimes perceived as a good omen. One mesa resident of Red Lake recounted an event where a winged snake landed near her and her sick daughter, an event she attributed to her use of peyote, leading her to become a pious Christian. However, it appears that younger generations of Navajo people hold less reverence, with recent accounts ending in the creatures being killed. The author concludes that the rarity of 'Snake-That-Flies' might be due to the persistent habit of killing them upon discovery, urging for their identification and recognition as an endangered species.

The article also touches upon Hopi acknowledgement, mentioning that Navajo rituals for the Wind, Rainbow, and Lightning Ways may reference flying snakes. The Bead Chant story is cited, where snakes descend from a celestial dwelling to rescue a hero. A reference from Gladys A. Reichard's "Navaho Religion: A Study of Symbolism" (1950) is included, quoting an informant who states that when animals were people, birds and snakes built cliff dwellings, questioning how they could have reached their houses without wings.

Outside References and Regional Accounts

Flying snake references are not exclusive to Navajo and Hopi lands. The report includes accounts from other areas:

• Mexico: A story from near Leon describes a creature named 'a serpe' or serpent, reputed to be an old rattlesnake with bat-like wings, eagle feet, long talons, and thick black hairs. It built nests between large rocks and was dangerous due to its bite and ability to fly, making a humming sound. Villagers would chase and kill them.
• Mexico (Province): A Mexican friend mentioned that in his province, it was widely accepted that snakes developed 'feathers' as they aged, a concept he linked to evolutionary theories. The possibility of feathered snakes flying was discussed.
• Oklahoma: During the Depression Era, stories emerged of flying snakes being seen in the Wichita Mountains, possibly due to increased exposure to wildlife as people relied more on horses.
• Florida: Citing Edmund Goldsmid's "Myths of Ancient Science" (1886), an account describes a serpent with wings killed by men, capable of short-distance flight.
• South Carolina: A New York Times report from May 30, 1888, details an incident in Darlington County where three sisters saw a huge serpent moving through the air at high speed without visible propulsion. The serpent was estimated to be about 15 feet in length and emitted a hissing noise. This event caused great excitement and led to religious revival meetings.

Contrasting descriptions are also noted, such as accounts of flying reptiles with horse-shaped heads, bat-like wings, and hair on their bodies, suggesting the possibility of confusion with a different type of flying animal.

Conclusion and Implications

The author concludes that pursuing evidence of 'Snake-That-Flies' is a race against time, as the majority believe the animals are declining or extinct. The lack of 'discovery,' proper recognition, and monitoring could lead to the species being lost. The article suggests that an open atmosphere and official interest, perhaps via the media, could encourage those familiar with potential dwelling sites to share their knowledge. Winter is proposed as a good time for seeking information, as traditionalists may speak more openly when assured the creatures are dormant.

The 'discovery' of such a creature would have significant implications for science and could greatly benefit the tribes, potentially as a tourist magnet. It would also vindicate traditional tribal knowledge and culture, reminding that Indo-European science has only observed the New World for five hundred years, while native peoples have studied the land for millennia.

Editor's Note

The editor's note acknowledges that the idea of a flying reptile will engender disbelief but emphasizes the importance of cryptozoological investigation. It defines ethnozoology as uncertain and subjective, noting that 'snake' might not strictly mean an ophidian and that eyewitnesses may be unreliable. All reports, therefore, must be read critically.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout the issue is the existence and cultural significance of flying serpents, drawing from folklore, historical accounts, and eyewitness testimonies. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded investigation into cryptozoological phenomena, encouraging critical analysis of evidence while respecting the validity of traditional knowledge and beliefs. The magazine advocates for the preservation of such potentially endangered or mythical creatures and highlights the value of ethnozoology in understanding diverse perspectives on the natural world.

This issue of Blackwood's Magazine, dated November 1917, features a "Book Reviews" section that covers several titles related to cryptozoology, folklore, and unexplained phenomena. The content includes detailed reviews of "Exotic Aliens: The Lion and Cheetah in India," "Panther Tales and Woodland Encounters: Seeing is Believing," "Meeting with Monsters: An Illustrated Guide to the Beasts of Iceland," "Still in Search of Prehistoric Survivors," "The Encyclopaedia of New and Rediscovered Animals," and a reprint of an article titled "The Ngoloko" from November 1917.

Book Reviews

Exotic Aliens: The Lion and Cheetah in India Reviewed by Simon E. Townsend, this book by Valmik Thapar, Romila Thapar, and Yusuf Ansari (Aleph Book Company, 2013) makes a controversial contention that lions and cheetahs were introduced to India via trade and as gifts to potentates, rather than being native. The authors researched historical data to suggest that the abundance of tiger references, compared to the scarcity of lion and cheetah references before the establishment of city states, supports this theory. The book is noted for its extensive notes and references, making a strong case, though detractors, particularly Asian lion and cheetah experts like Divyabhanusinh Chavda and M. K. Ranjitsinh, have criticized it. The book contains 304 pages with black-and-white illustrations, Mughal hunting scenes, and color cheetah photographs. The reviewer recommends it for serious cryptozoologists interested in "out-of-place big cats."

Panther Tales and Woodland Encounters: Seeing is Believing Authored by Judith Victoria Hensley and reviewed by Chad Arment, this 2018 self-published work (CreateSpace) compiles stories about mystery cats, particularly cougars and black panthers, from the Appalachians. The book appears to be primarily a response to social media queries and folklore project submissions, with no follow-up or scientific evaluation of the stories. Hensley describes herself as a "story teller," and the stories are presented "as is," with some being very brief. The reviewer notes common folkloric motifs like disappearing evidence and panther screams sounding like a woman in pain. While it demonstrates that panther folklore is active, the book is considered a "mixed bag for cryptozoology" due to a lack of detail and reliability. It might be of interest for local Appalachian libraries but is not recommended for serious cryptozoology collections.

Meeting with Monsters: An Illustrated Guide to the Beasts of Iceland Written by Jón Baldur Hlíðberg and Sigurður Ægisson (JPV útgáfa, 2008) and reviewed by C. A. McCormick, this book is described as elusive for U.S. readers, with the review copy obtained in Iceland. Hlíðberg's artwork is highly praised for its naturalist's eye and attention to detail, depicting thirty monsters with realistic portrayals, such as the Hot-Spring Bird and the Water Horse. The book delves into "speculative zoology" with creatures like cat/fox hybrids and unicorn-bears, alongside cryptozoological elements like surviving plesiosaurians. Ægisson's text retells folklore and anecdotes, largely avoiding critical commentary. The reviewer suggests that adding commentary on connections to scientific knowledge, like Shaggy Trout and Saprolegnia infections, or cetacean species, would have been beneficial. Despite minor quibbles, it is considered a "must-read" for those interested in folklore, speculative zoology, or cryptozoology.

Still in Search of Prehistoric Survivors This book by Dr. Karl Shuker, with illustrations by William M. Rebsamen, is an expanded update of his classic work. It explores reports of creatures thought to be long extinct, examining them with an eye toward likely explanations and potential new discoveries. The book is recommended for obtaining.

The Encyclopaedia of New and Rediscovered Animals Also by Dr. Karl P.N. Shuker, this updated encyclopedia covers zoological discoveries and rediscoveries. It is described as fascinating reading for wildlife lovers and cryptozoology fans, featuring new and entrancing species throughout the animal kingdom.

The Ngoloko This section features a reprint from Blackwood's Magazine (November 1917) by J. A. G. Elliot, originally published anonymously. The article details a journey in the African bush, culminating in a night spent near a settlement where locals discuss a mysterious creature called the "Ngoloko." During a lunar eclipse, a strange sound is heard, and the locals identify it as the Ngoloko, described as a "jinn" or spirit. The article includes a tracing of the alleged "spoor" of the Ngoloko, which Alice Werner noted appeared to be an ostrich track, while others thought it sounded like the mythical Ngojama or a giant snake. The narrative captures the atmosphere of local beliefs and superstitions surrounding the phenomenon.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance The recurring themes in this issue revolve around cryptozoology, folklore, and the investigation of unexplained phenomena, particularly concerning unusual animals and creatures. The reviews showcase a range of approaches, from rigorous historical research in "Exotic Aliens" to the collection of anecdotal folklore in "Panther Tales" and "Meeting with Monsters." The editorial stance appears to be one of presenting diverse perspectives and new research within the field of cryptozoology, encouraging further investigation while also critically evaluating the methodologies and findings presented in the reviewed books.

This issue of 'The Ngoloko.' (Volume 612, Issue 612, dated November 1917) delves into the mysterious creature known as the Ngoloko or Milhoi, presenting a collection of eyewitness accounts and physical evidence. The magazine explores the creature's purported existence, characteristics, and habitat, drawing from the testimonies of various individuals.

Eyewitness Accounts and Descriptions

The issue features several detailed narratives from individuals who claim to have encountered the Ngoloko. Sheikh Ali bin Nasur recounts an experience sixteen years prior, near Malindi, where he encountered a figure that moved with bounding leaps, identifying it as a Milhoi. He describes it as wearing loose dark clothes and moving in a peculiar manner.

Achmed bin Abubaker shares an account from about seven or eight months before the publication date. While traveling near Mambrui, he encountered a tall, human-like figure, approximately eight feet high, who approached him. The creature's form changed to appear more ordinary, and it had a hook-like appendage on one hand. Achmed invoked religious phrases, causing the creature to retreat.

Hamis wa Ismail, joining the discussion later, recounts an incident from about sixteen years prior. While working in a mangrove forest near the Tana River, his companion spotted a Milhoi stalking them. The creature was described as about six paces away, conversing with the carpenter, and asking about the village people. It had a shuka or scarf, three fingers with a claw, a blind eye, and was about eight feet high with thin limbs. When called a Ngoloko, it fled with shrieks.

Mohammad Njamhidi, a fisherman from Kijiwe Tanga, shares an experience from about twenty years prior. While gathering wood, he saw a very tall man standing in the bush, with one arm ending in a hook. He immediately recognized it as a Ngoloko and fled.

The narrator himself recounts finding indisputable tracks of the Ngoloko after hearing a cry the previous night. The tracks were of a creature he would not wish to meet without a loaded rifle. A reproduction of the footprint was made, revealing specific characteristics.

Heri wa Mabruko provides one of the most detailed accounts. He describes an encounter in the Witu District where he and his Swahili friends were tapping wild-rubber trees. A Mboni man with them shot an arrow at a Milhoi that was stalking them, and the creature ran off. They followed and found it lying outstretched on the ground. Heri describes it as a male, about eight feet in height and breadth, covered in a mass of long, thick, grey hair, particularly long on the head and upper body. It had a single hooked claw on its hand, a large thumb, and three toes, one ending in a claw. Its foot had a large prehensile thumb and three toes. The face was hairless with a dark skin, a prominent nose, large nostrils, a small mouth with big teeth, and elephantine ears. The smell was described as awful.

Physical Characteristics and Evidence

The spoor analysis provided significant data about the Ngoloko. It was determined to be a biped. The print was made by a pad, with a deep, sharp hole indicating a large nail or single claw. A thumb-mark of considerable dimensions was noted, with no trace of toes except for slight indentations. A heel was observed, but the weight was cast forward. Its weight was estimated to be at least twice that of an average man. The stride varied, suggesting different speeds, and evidence of gamboling and leg-crossing was observed.

Habitat and Behavior

The creature is described as living an isolated life in forests and mangrove swamps. It is said to sweep a place clean before lying down, feed on honey and blood, herd buffaloes and drink their milk, or kill them. It is also noted for its ability to change its form to approach victims and speak any language. The smell is consistently described as unpleasant, worse than a lion's.

Conclusion and Speculation

The collected statements and spoor evidence lead to the conclusion that a remarkable and monstrous creature, hitherto unknown, exists in the district. The magazine speculates that the Ngoloko or Milhoi is probably a variety of gorilla or chimpanzee, but more of a pure biped. Its characteristics include its height, grey hair, elephantine ears, retreating forehead and chin, large eyes, single claw, and prehensile thumb. It is depicted as a carnivorous denizen of the forest and mangrove swamps, a creature one would not wish to encounter alone and unarmed.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the investigation and documentation of an unknown creature, the Ngoloko. The magazine appears to adopt a stance of presenting eyewitness accounts and physical evidence, allowing readers to draw their own conclusions. There is an emphasis on the difficulty of distinguishing fact from fiction, and the role of superstition and religious beliefs in the accounts is acknowledged. The editorial stance seems to be one of serious inquiry into the phenomenon, presenting the information in a detailed and systematic manner.