BioFortean Notes - No 04

Magazine Overview

Title: BIOFORTEAN NOTES
Volume: 4
Editor: Chad Arment
Publisher: Coachwhip Publications
Publication Year: 2015

This issue of Biofortean Notes, Volume 4, is a collection of articles exploring various aspects of cryptozoology, folklore, and unusual biological accounts. Edited by Chad Arment, the publication features a diverse range of topics, from cryptid sightings to historical accounts of mysterious creatures.

Table of Contents

The issue includes the following articles:

• Bipes Rumors in the Western United States by Chad Arment
• Cryptofiction: A Renaissance by Matt Bille
• Miniature Horses of the Grand Canyon: Postcards for a Folkloric Animal by Chad Arment
• Polish Explorations across Asian Borders by Tomasz Pietrzak
• Notes on the Introduction of the Frog to Ireland by Richard Muirhead
• Seeking New Turtles in North America by Chad Arment
• Exorcising the Phantom Kangaroo by Chad Arment
• Biofortean Miscellany by Chad Arment
• Prolonged Survival of a Released Alligator in Pennsylvania by A. J. Barton (Reprint)
• On Some Reptilian Freaks from Indiana by W. S. Blatchley (Reprint)
• The Winged Death by Viscount de Soissons (Reprint)

Article Summaries

Bipes Rumors in the Western United States

This article by Chad Arment examines reports of 'Bipes-like' creatures, which are described as snake-like animals with two legs, in the Western United States. It delves into historical accounts, including one from Major S. H. Long's expedition in 1820, where naturalist Edwin James recorded observations of such creatures. The article discusses the genus *Bipes*, a type of amphisbaenid (worm lizard) known to have two forelimbs, with most species endemic to Mexico. It explores various anecdotal reports from researchers and individuals in Arizona, Nebraska, Colorado, and California, noting the challenges in verifying these accounts and the potential for misidentification. The author references researchers like Taylor, Pappenfuss, Smith, Holland, and Maslin, and discusses specific sightings, such as one from a placer-gold miner in the Huachuca Mountains and another from a hotel owner on Mount Lemon.

Cryptofiction: A Renaissance

This article by Matt Bille explores the concept of 'cryptofiction,' suggesting a resurgence or renaissance in this genre, which often blends fictional narratives with elements of cryptozoology and the unexplained.

Miniature Horses of the Grand Canyon: Postcards for a Folkloric Animal

Chad Arment's article investigates folklore and anecdotal reports concerning miniature horses in the Grand Canyon area, treating them as a subject of folkloric interest.

Polish Explorations across Asian Borders

Tomasz Pietrzak's contribution details explorations conducted by Polish individuals or groups across Asian borders, likely touching upon geographical or cultural discoveries.

Notes on the Introduction of the Frog to Ireland

Richard Muirhead's piece discusses the historical introduction of frogs to Ireland, likely examining the ecological or historical implications of this event.

Seeking New Turtles in North America

Chad Arment writes about the pursuit of discovering new species of turtles within North America, reflecting on herpetological exploration and biodiversity.

Exorcising the Phantom Kangaroo

This article by Chad Arment appears to deal with a folkloric or cryptozoological account involving a 'phantom kangaroo,' possibly exploring its origins or alleged sightings and attempts to explain or dismiss them.

Biofortean Miscellany

Chad Arment presents a collection of miscellaneous biofortean topics, which could include various unexplained animal phenomena, folklore, or anecdotal reports that do not fit into a single, defined category.

Reprint Articles

The issue also includes three reprinted articles:

• Prolonged Survival of a Released Alligator in Pennsylvania by A. J. Barton: This article likely details an unusual case of an alligator surviving in Pennsylvania after being released.
• On Some Reptilian Freaks from Indiana by W. S. Blatchley: This piece focuses on peculiar or anomalous reptilian occurrences reported in Indiana.
• The Winged Death by Viscount de Soissons: This reprint covers a mysterious phenomenon or creature referred to as 'The Winged Death.'

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of Biofortean Notes revolve around the exploration of unexplained animal phenomena, folklore, and cryptozoology. The editor, Chad Arment, contributes several articles that focus on specific cases and broader concepts within these fields. The inclusion of reprinted articles suggests an interest in historical accounts and the enduring nature of certain mysteries. The overall stance appears to be one of investigation and documentation of anomalous biological reports, encouraging readers to consider the possibilities beyond conventional scientific understanding, while also critically examining the evidence and potential for misidentification, as seen in the 'Bipes Rumors' article.

This document, likely an issue of a magazine focused on cryptozoology or related topics, features two main sections: a detailed examination of the evidence and objections concerning the existence of the amphisbaenian genus *Bipes* in North America, and a review of the genre of "cryptofiction."

The Objections to *Bipes* in North America

The article begins by addressing the presence of *Bipes* outside the U.S., specifically a suggestion of its presence in Chiapas, Mexico, which remains unconfirmed. The core of this section focuses on the numerous objections raised by herpetologists and enthusiasts regarding the idea of *Bipes* existing in western North America.

Lack of Specimens and Misidentification

A common complaint is that if *Bipes* were present, specimens would have been collected by now. The lack of specimens is seen as problematic. Counter-arguments suggest that specimens might have been collected but subsequently lost (as in the Edwin James account) or kept as pets and then escaped. However, the author notes a lack of published accounts of misidentified specimens that turned out to be something more ordinary, suggesting that misidentifications are speculative rather than documented.

The Edwin James Observation (1820)

Gans and Pappenfuss (1980) raised objections to Edwin James' 1820 observation of an amphisbaenian. James described the animal as "so active, that it was not without some difficulty that we succeeded in obtaining a specimen." In contrast, Gans and Pappenfuss' own extensive field studies collecting over 3000 *Bipes* found them to be very slow-moving and not difficult to catch once disclosed, with only three caught on the surface at night. They conclude that James likely observed something other than an amphisbaenian. Smith and Holland (1981) reiterate this argument. The author, however, wonders if there is an element of "reading into" James' original report.

Circumstances of Observation and Identification

The author notes that details of the expedition sightings are not always provided, and factors like rain can bring Florida worm lizards to the surface. The author's own experience handling a Florida worm lizard at a reptile expo revealed its strong resistance to emerging from soil, even without a graspable surface. This contrasts with the description of *Bipes* as slow-moving.

Taxonomic Confusion and Specific Features

Another argument by Gans and Pappenfuss suggests that the name *Chirotes* (an older name for *Bipes*) was in flux in 1820, potentially confusing James or Say. However, James specifically noted the animal was "furnished with two feet," a feature unique among North American two-footed reptiles, making confusion less likely. Gans and Pappenfuss also suggested that reports from the central U.S. followed local inquiries, implying they were generated rather than discovered, a point the author disputes, asserting that ethnozoological inquiries are valid.

Climate Tolerance and Geographic Distribution

Objections are also raised based on climate tolerance. Amphisbaenids are generally warm-climate animals, and regions like Colorado, Nebraska, and even parts of Arizona experience cold winters and snow, which might pose a climatic barrier. However, the author notes that this objection becomes less persuasive once a new species is discovered. Similarly, the lack of nearby known populations of *Bipes* (the closest being Baja California) does not definitively rule out disjunct populations.

Potential Misidentifications

If mistaken identities did occur, two lizards have been suggested as culprits:

• Many-lined skink (*Eumeces multivirgatus*): Suggested by Smith and Holland (1981). The author finds this unlikely, as knowledgeable biologists like James and Say would be unlikely to make such a gross misstep, even if the account was written from memory after notes and specimens were lost.
• Alligator lizard (*Gerrhonotus*): Suggested by Robert C. Stebbins, based on his observation of them "crawling slowly on the ground using only its forelimbs while its hind limbs are folded against the body." This might explain sightings of animals on the surface, but not those dug up or handled.

Anecdotal Evidence and Cryptozoology

The author touches upon the frustration of scientists struggling with fruitless searches for cryptozoological subjects. Smith and Holland (1981) noted decades of fruitless searching for "Chirotes" in Colorado, yielding only anecdotes and speculation not recorded. The author argues that anecdotal evidence is useful for cryptozoology and should be documented. Gans and Pappenfuss' claim of "no evidence" is countered by the author, who states there is circumstantial evidence, which is valuable in cryptozoology for locating confirmative evidence.

*Bipes* as a Cryptid

The article defines a cryptid as an ethnoknown animal, unconfirmed to exist. If *Bipes* exists in the U.S., it would be a distinct species and thus a legitimate cryptid. The author notes that the discovery of fossorial creatures can challenge assumptions about known fauna, citing the discovery of *Phaeognathus hubrichti* in Alabama in 1960.

Cryptofiction: A Renaissance

This section, authored by Matt Bille, explores the genre of cryptozoological fiction.

History and Definition of Cryptofiction

Cryptozoological fiction has a long history, with tales of monsters predating written language. The genre has seen a resurgence, with many high-quality novels emerging in recent years. Bille defines cryptofiction as a novel that attempts to depict a believable creature with a believable origin, even if the attempt falls short. The line between cryptozoology and monster-themed horror is acknowledged as fuzzy.

Notable Cryptofiction Novels and Trends

The author discusses several recent novels:

• *Eve* by J.M. Bailey: A speculative novel about finding Sasquatch, noted for its well-written speculation and a profane, not entirely likable narrator. It explores the theme of first contact.
• *The Road to Loch Ness* by Lee Murphy: Part of the George Kodiak series, this novel features a cryptozoologist investigating the Loch Ness Monster. It is praised for character development, the inclusion of technology, and a touching romance, though a nitpick is made about X-ray technology.
• *The First Bird* by Greig Beck: A lost world thriller that segues into a doomsday disease thriller, featuring three-dimensional characters.
• *Kronos Rising* by Max Hawthorne: A lengthy novel praised for its characters, human drama, and plotting. It explores themes of prehistoric survival and evolution, with marine reptiles evolving to be bigger and smarter.
• *Meg* and *Megalodon* by Steve Alten: Mentioned as examples of novels where the author has improved significantly over time, making protagonists more believable.

Publishing and Reader Expectations

Bille also offers advice on the publishing landscape, emphasizing the importance of mastery of English grammar and suggesting authors hire editors. He advises readers to look beyond reviews and examine synopses on author or seller websites to gauge writing quality. The author expresses a personal preference against psychic or mystical elements in cryptid stories, though acknowledges they can exist without overwhelming the narrative.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue strongly advocates for the value of circumstantial evidence and anecdotal accounts in cryptozoological research, contrasting this with a more skeptical scientific approach that demands confirmative proof. The author of the *Bipes* section appears open to the possibility of undiscovered species, even in the face of significant objections. The cryptofiction section celebrates the genre's growth and diversity, highlighting novels that blend scientific speculation with compelling storytelling. The overall stance leans towards an open-minded exploration of the unknown, both in the natural world and in fiction.

This issue of the North American BioFortean Review, dated approximately 2014, focuses on recent developments and notable works within the cryptofiction genre, alongside a folkloric examination of "Little Wild Horses" from the Grand Canyon.

Book Reviews: Cryptofiction

The issue features a comprehensive review of several cryptofiction novels, evaluating their scientific grounding, creature design, and narrative quality.

• Steve Alten's *Meg: Hell's Aquarium* is noted for its detailed explanation of an ecosystem designed to keep animals alive without human interference, though it receives minor critiques.
• Hawthorne's *Kronos Rising* is described as a fun cryptofiction thriller that, despite some fuzzy historical details regarding the intervening millennia after the K-T asteroid impact, delivers in other ways.
• Matt Willis' *The Daedalus and the Deep* explores a sea serpent encounter, positing a scenario where a ship actively pursues the creature. The review praises its historical accuracy regarding sailing and its engaging narrative, suggesting it follows Dean Koontz's advice of grounding improbabilities in factual detail.
• Joseph Wallace's *Invasive Species* is highly commended for its strong characters, premise, well-researched locations, and terrifyingly plausible evolutionary concepts for its "thieves," which are described as evolutionary steps beyond insects. The hive-mind intelligence is noted as a slightly far-fetched element but is still grounded in scientific principles.
• Dan Simmons' *The Abominable* is highlighted for its astonishing detail, particularly in its depiction of mountaineering history leading to a cat-and-mouse game in a challenging environment. While the yeti is a pivotal element, the novel is not solely focused on detailed yeti lore.
• Douglas Preston and Lincoln Childs' *Lost Island* is mentioned as a scientific thriller where a human-related cryptid's evolution is explored, and the authors speculate on fictional journeys being reports of real voyages.
• Ryan Lockwood's *Below* is praised for its engaging human characters and interesting details about diving and sea life. The science behind the creatures is considered slightly stretched, but the novel successfully makes the Humboldt squid a believable and scary threat.
• Warren Fahy's *Pandemonium*, a sequel to *Fragment*, is described as an elaborate ecosystem novel that moves the action to an underground sea. Despite a potential weakness in nutrient sources and an abundance of predators in its predecessor, *Fragment*, both novels are found to be overwhelmingly entertaining.

The common threads in successful cryptofiction are identified as improving science and creature biology, and more importantly, well-developed human characters who evoke emotional reactions from the reader.

Publishing and Self-Publishing

The issue discusses the changing landscape of publishing, particularly for cryptofiction. The author notes that while self-published work can be of high quality (citing Eric Penz's *Cryptid* as an example), the increasing focus on bestsellers by major publishers might lead to a decline in first-rate cryptofiction from them. The rise of electronic and self-publishing offers a lower barrier to entry for authors. However, working with big publishers still offers advantages in marketing and distribution to physical stores. Advice for self-publishers includes the importance of professional editing, creating eye-catching covers, and patience. Agents are recommended for submissions to major publishers.

Cryptofiction Opportunities

While there is a perceived glut of stories about Loch Ness and Bigfoot, the author suggests there is still ample room for new cryptofiction. Opportunities exist in exploring less-visited creatures and mythologies, such as sea serpents, the buru, the Kamchatka giant bear, and various amphibious or saber-toothed cats. The publishing revolution has made it easier for aspiring cryptonovelists to get their work out, encouraging them to focus on original concepts and hone their writing skills.

Miniature Horses of the Grand Canyon: Postcards for a Folkloric Animal

This section, authored by Chad Arment, delves into the folklore surrounding "Little Wild Horses" from the Grand Canyon. Arment recounts finding a real photo postcard from 1943 depicting these animals, which were apparently part of a traveling show. The postcard's back contains handwritten notes from his grandmother, detailing a story about these horses being found deep in the Grand Canyon, reported by an old Indian twenty years prior. The horses were attributed to breeding and starvation, had to be drawn out with ropes, and two reportedly jumped over cliffs. Arment concludes that these were likely miniature horses used for the tourist trade rather than actual wild horses of the Grand Canyon. Several other related postcards are mentioned as being available.

Author Spotlight: Matt Bille

Matt Bille, a naturalist, author, and historian based in Colorado Springs, Colorado, is highlighted. He is the author of cryptozoology books such as *Rumors of Existence* and *Shadows of Existence*. His first novel, *The Dolmen*, has recently been released, and his book on marine life, *Seas, Sharks, and Serpents*, is planned for 2015. Bille also blogs on science and technology news, particularly new species, at mattbille.blogspot.com.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently emphasizes the importance of scientific accuracy and well-developed characters in cryptofiction, suggesting that the genre's success hinges on strong storytelling as much as on the plausibility of its creatures. The editorial stance appears to be one of encouragement for new authors in the field, while also providing critical reviews of existing works and practical advice on navigating the publishing industry. The inclusion of the "Little Wild Horses" piece highlights an interest in folkloric accounts and the interpretation of historical anecdotes within a bio-fortean context.

This issue, titled "POLISH EXPLORATIONS ACROSS ASIAN BORDERS" and featuring an image related to "Life wild Horses from Grand Canyon," delves into the extensive and often perilous journeys undertaken by Polish scientists and explorers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The content focuses on natural history, zoology, ethnography, and the challenges of exploring remote regions.

Polish Explorations Across Asian Borders

The main body of the magazine is dedicated to the explorations of various Polish individuals. The editor's note introduces Tomasz Pietrzak, who brings vignettes of Polish scientific explorations that are often unfamiliar to English-speaking audiences, serving as a reminder of the rich tales yet to be uncovered from non-English language journals.

Central Asian Expeditions

The articles highlight the allure of the unknown and the extensive analysis involved in exploring unrecognized aspects of the world. Central Asia is presented as a region with many unexplored areas and unique habitats, rich in natural history. Explorations by Europeans in the past century focused on geography and faunal collections. The explorer Bronislaw Grabczewski is frequently mentioned. His work involved documenting grasslands where nomads wandered, observing wild animals unafraid of humans, and encountering various mountain tribes like the Toglics and the Hunze people in the southern Pamir. He also sought out the isolated Kalasha people in the Hindu Kush, known as Kafiristan.

Grabczewski's encounters with uncommon animals are detailed, including Caspian tigers, wild bovids, yaks, and large red antelopes called Jurga. He also reported on three kinds of bears in the Pamir region, possibly related to the Yeti, and noted bear tracks resembling human tracks. His expeditions documented a great caprid (Nahur), a porcupine in Gunta Valley, Tajikistan, and a hare. He also recorded various raptors and birds, including bustards described as "flying as aeroplanes."

Further accounts describe Grabczewski's experiences near the Syr Darya river, where he encountered tales of a large fish and a "monster" in Kara-Kul lake. His legendary status among Turkestan peoples is noted, with the name "Uzun-ajak-tiura" (leggy) referring to his English-style horseback riding. He testified to moving forward with "extraordinary difficulties" through uncharted regions.

Siberian Zoology and Baikal Biodiversity

Another significant section focuses on the explorations in Siberian lands, particularly concerning zoology and the biodiversity of Lake Baikal. Benedikt Dybowski, a political exile, is presented as a key figure who, with perseverance, explored these vast spaces. He is credited as a cofounder of limnology and conducted anthropological, ethnographical, and natural history research. Dybowski provided data on the Ainu people of Sakhalin and studied the fauna of Lake Baikal, describing numerous unrecognized invertebrates and the unique black daphnia. He also intensively studied the Comephorus baikalensis (oilfish), discovering it to be viviparous, and authored a monograph on the Baikal seal.

Dybowski's expeditions included hunting a wolverine, encountering mystery riders in the Taiga, and studying pikas in the Chamar-Daban mountains. He also explored regions bordering China, lived primitively, and described new ruminants. His work included contributions on Siberian and Kamtchatkan mammals and a checklist of mammal fauna from Yenisey to the Pacific coast. He searched for the skeleton of the Steller's sea cow and spent time in Kamtchatka treating leprosy.

Other Explorers and Regions

Leon Barszczewski is highlighted for his extensive studies in the Zarewszan region and Bukhara. Residing in Samarkanda, he joined the Russian Imperial army, demarcated borders, and published works on Central Asiatic glaciology. His expeditions involved significant risks, including falling into an abyss. He was interested in the life of local natives and was called "the most tireless and enthusiastic explorer of the mountainous areas of Turkestan" by P. Siemionow. His expeditions collected minerals, precious stones, and flora and fauna, with collections deposited in Moscow and Petersburg. He was expelled for refusing to convert to Orthodoxy but later returned to Asia.

Ludwik Mlokosiewicz's memories from the Caucasus are also featured. His interest in the Caucasian Mountains was sparked by a Russian Army regiment. He became a naturalist of the region, setting up home and family there. He assisted sociologists with ethnographic studies of the Lezgin locals and explored the Dagestan region. His scientific collecting trips with his family were notable, and he was a pioneer of faunal and floral surveys in the Caucasus, contributing to the preservation of the Lagodekhi Nature Reserve. He discovered almost 60 new species, particularly insects.

Notes on the Introduction of the Frog to Ireland

A separate, shorter article by Richard Muirhead discusses the introduction of frogs to Ireland. It references an article from "The Tatler, No. 236" dated October 12, 1710, reproduced in "The Tatler and The Guardian, 1855." The letter, addressed to Isaac Bickerstaff, recounts a tradition about Ireland being infested with frogs and mentions historical figures like Macdonald the First and St Patrick in relation to this.

References

The issue concludes with a list of references, citing works by Dyakowski, Grabczewski, Olszewicz, and Strojecki, related to explorations in Siberia and Central Asia.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are exploration, the discovery of new species and cultures, the challenges of fieldwork in remote and hazardous environments, and the contributions of Polish scientists to global knowledge. The editorial stance appears to be one of admiration for the dedication and perseverance of these explorers, emphasizing the importance of their work in documenting the natural world and diverse human populations, often from regions previously unknown or poorly understood by the wider scientific community. There is a clear appreciation for the scientific and ethnographic value of these expeditions.

This document comprises excerpts from "The Dublin Journal of Medical and Chemical Science" from 1834, pages 480-81, and a contemporary article titled "Seeking New Turtles in North America" by Chad Arment. The content focuses on two distinct biological topics: the historical introduction of frogs to Ireland and the ongoing scientific exploration and classification of turtle species in North America.

Introduction of Frogs to Ireland

The historical account details the perceived absence of frogs in Ireland, with a tradition suggesting they were eradicated by a figure who killed more in one day than a flock of storks in a year, dating this event to around 910 A.D. The narrative then shifts to the reign of King Charles II (1630-1685), when the Royal Society, under the King's patronage, considered proposals to import frogs. A virtuoso was tasked with this endeavor, taking a "sound able bodied frog" with him. The journey was fraught with challenges, including the frog becoming "sea sick" or "land-sick" due to impregnated winds, and it ultimately expired upon arrival in Dublin.

Several attempts were made to introduce frogs, but they were unsuccessful until after the Battle of the Boyne. An "ingenious physician" then successfully imported frog spawn from Liverpool, carefully distributing it in "warm beds." This physician, described as a "very good protestant," demonstrated his zeal against popery by placing some spawn in Saint Patrick's well, where the frogs subsequently appeared and multiplied. The article notes that curious naturalists were attempting to calculate how long it would take for frogs to spread from Dublin to Wexford, though none had yet crossed the Wicklow mountains. Graziers in County Cork were also reportedly involved in a project to establish a frog colony.

The text references an earlier description of Ireland by Donat and the Bishop of Fesulæ (circa 820 A.D.), which stated, "Nulla venena nocent, nec serpens serpit in herba Nec conquesta canit garrula rana luca" (No poisons harm, nor does a serpent creep in the grass, nor does the garrulous frog complain). The 1834 journal article notes that frog spawn was first brought to England in 1696 by a Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, and introduced into the University park, from which it spread throughout the kingdom.

Seeking New Turtles in North America

The second major section, "Seeking New Turtles in North America" by Chad Arment, addresses the dynamic field of turtle systematics. It challenges the notion that all turtle species in well-explored North America have been discovered, citing that the number of recognized turtle species has increased by 48% in less than 45 years. Many species were previously considered subspecies and have since been elevated to full species status.

The article highlights several cases of taxonomic reclassification:

1. Joseph T. Collins (1991) proposed 55 hypothetical North American reptile and amphibian species based on the evolutionary species concept. Four of these were turtles, including *Kinosternon arizonense* (originally described as a fossil species, then a subspecies).
2. *Kinosternon spooneri* was falsified and remains a subspecies of *K. flavescens*.
3. *Pseudemys gorzugi* (Rio Grande cooter) was formerly a subspecies of *P. concinna* but is now a distinct species.
4. *Pseudemys suwanniensis* was falsified and remains a subspecies of *P. concinna*.
5. Graptemys pulchra was split into several species based on river drainage systems. *Graptemys gibbonsi* was initially thought to inhabit multiple rivers, but *Graptemys pearlensis* was identified as a new species.
6. *Graptemys ouachitensis sabinensis* was elevated to full species status (*Graptemys sabinensis*) based on its allopatric distribution and genetic differentiation.
7. CNAH (2013b) noted papers elevating *Kinosternon subrubrum steindachneri* (Florida mud turtle) to full species status.
8. Spinks and Shaffer (2005) identified four phylogenetic clades within the western pond turtle (*Emys marmorata*), suggesting they could be distinct species, leading to the recognition of *Emys marmorata* and *E. pallida*, with a third undescribed clade in Baja California.
9. Thomas et al (2014) used morphological and genetic data to split the alligator snapping turtle into three species: *Macrochelys temminckii* (western), *M. apalachicolae* (central), and *M. suwanniensis* (Florida endemic eastern).
10. Martin et al (2013) suggested elevating three box turtle subspecies of *Terrapene carolina* to species status: *T. mexicana triunguis*, *T. m. mexicana*, and *T. c. yucatana*.
11. The Morafka's desert tortoise (*Gopherus morafkai*) is genetically and morphologically distinct.

The article discusses the difficulties in collecting and identifying turtle species, noting that many hide "in plain sight" within known species complexes. Factors like variable phenotypic traits, environmental influences on pigmentation and markings, and hybridization contribute to taxonomic confusion. The text also mentions the issue of "out-of-place" populations resulting from human introduction.

Potential areas for discovering new turtle species are highlighted:

• An undescribed member of the *P. rubriventris-P. nelsoni-P. alabamensis* complex in Mississippi, currently being studied by Dr. James Dobie.
• A potential "covert" species of mud turtle in Florida, suggested by herpetologist James Butler (based on Ernst et al 1974 research), though the Florida mud turtle (*K. steindachneri*) is now recognized as distinct.
• Map turtles (*Graptemys*) in smaller independent Gulf river systems (e.g., Biloxi River, Tickfaw River) are candidates for new species.
• Chris Lechowicz (2004) noted the frequent co-occurrence of two different map turtle species (narrow-headed and broad-headed) in southeastern rivers, suggesting the possibility of an additional narrow-head species in the Escambia drainage, though searches for *G. ernsti* were unsuccessful.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The document reflects a scientific and historical perspective on zoology. The historical section on frogs in Ireland highlights early attempts at biological introduction and the role of scientific societies. The turtle section showcases the evolving nature of taxonomy, the importance of genetic and morphological analysis, and the ongoing process of scientific discovery in identifying and classifying species. The editorial stance appears to be one of promoting scientific inquiry, acknowledging the complexities of biological classification, and recognizing the continuous effort required to understand biodiversity. The references cited indicate a reliance on peer-reviewed scientific literature and historical documents.

This issue of The Journal of Wild Culture, Volume 14, Issue 14, published in 2015, delves into two distinct yet intriguing areas: the complex taxonomy of map turtles in Ohio and a historical investigation into reports of 'phantom kangaroos' in North America.

Article 1: Map Turtle Taxonomy in Ohio

This section focuses on the research of Paul Krusling, who has been investigating map turtles in Ohio. Krusling presented at the 2014 Ohio Reptiles conference, co-sponsored by ODNR and the Ohio Biological Survey, where he discussed the possibility of new map turtle species. Following up on this, he noted that Ohio may have four different map turtles. The established species are the northern map turtle (*Graptemys geographica*), the Ouachita map turtle (*Graptemys ouachitensis*), and the false map turtle (*Graptemys pseudogeographica pseudogeographica*), the latter being a Species of Concern in Ohio.

Krusling's program highlighted at the conference pointed to at least two additional forms of *Graptemys pseudogeographica* occurring in the lower Great Miami River, tentatively identified as *pseudogeographica* and *kohnii*. While not an expert in turtle taxonomy, Krusling observed distinct characteristics. *G. p. pseudogeographica* is identified by typical head patterns and medium-sized heads in females. *G. p. kohnii* (Mississippi map turtle) is identified by large-headed females with post-orbital crescents. However, the large-headed *kohnii* type observed do not entirely conform to more typical *kohnii* from eastern Arkansas or Reelfoot Lake, suggesting they might be distinct. Differences noted include dark eyes in the Ohio forms versus white irises in southern forms, and frequently incomplete crescents, which are unusual in southern *kohnii*. Krusling points out that both typical *G. p. kohnii* and *G. p. pseudogeographica* occur in Reelfoot Lake, reinforcing his belief that they are distinct species. He speculates that the *G. p. ‘kohnii'* of the Great Miami River could represent another new member of this confusing group. Alternative explanations, such as the presence of both forms and inter-specific hybrids of recent origin with incomplete crescents, are also considered, but the situation is deemed newsworthy regardless.

The article also briefly touches upon other potential cryptic taxa, such as within *Gopherus morafkai* populations (a potentially new Sinaloan thornscrub tortoise). It acknowledges the challenges in describing new species, including lack of funding and personnel, and the importance of formal descriptions and peer-review, citing Lovich and Gibbons (1997) and Kaiser et al. (2013).

Article 2: Exorcising the Phantom Kangaroo

Authored by Chad Arment, this article investigates reports of 'phantom kangaroos' and 'wandering wallabies,' sometimes referred to as Unidentified Hopping Objects (UHOs), which have been a staple of Fortean zoology. The article aims to provide a more transparent examination of free-roaming kangaroos in North America, moving beyond the traditional emphasis on the strangeness of encountering an Australian native in the USA and Canada, while downplaying mundane explanations.

The author notes that online articles often describe details like glowing eyes or animal mutilations, but a closer examination reveals very little mention of such. The article's point is to offer a more transparent examination of the subject, utilizing the rise of digital newspaper archives to evaluate phenomena across the continent and time.

The article categorizes accounts into several types: a) known captives that escaped and were recaptured, b) known captives that escaped and were not recaptured, c) captured animals with no known origin, d) uncaptured animals with no known origin, e) misidentifications of 'kangaroo-like' animals, f) hoaxes, and g) occasional vaguely kangaroo-like 'whatnots'. This approach allows for sighting reports to be viewed in their proper cultural context.

The article then presents a chronological list of sightings and captures, primarily from the late 19th and early 20th centuries:

• 1843, North Dakota: A newspaper hoax described a giant horned kangaroo-like creature supposedly discovered by Audubon.
• 1882, Pennsylvania: A kangaroo was reported running loose in Butler county.
• 1882, Indiana: A man shot at a creature he believed to be a kangaroo after it was suspected of killing his chickens.
• 1889, California: A kangaroo escaped from a Golden Gate Park corral.
• 1889, Missouri: A kangaroo was reported roaming in Carter County, believed to have escaped from a circus.
• 1891, Pennsylvania: A five-foot-tall, dark gray animal, believed to be an escaped kangaroo, was seen in Amwell township.
• 1893, Pennsylvania: Following the Walter L. Main Circus train wreck near Tyrone, a kangaroo was seen hopping through the woods in Huntingdon county.
• 1898, Pennsylvania: A trapper named John P. Swoope reported seeing a new species of animal of the kangaroo order on Warrior Ridge, describing its nose, eyes, and legs.
• 1894, North Carolina: An escaped kangaroo created excitement at a fair.
• 1897, New York: A Central Park Zoo kangaroo escaped briefly.
• 1899, Wisconsin: A Mrs. Glover saw a kangaroo run through a neighbor's yard, though the observer doubted it was a circus escapee.
• 1900, New Jersey: A kangaroo-like creature, described as calf-sized with a horrific scream, was seen near Mays Landing, possibly related to 'Jersey Devil' folklore.
• 1901, Pennsylvania: Two residents, S. M. Minner and Grant Redmon, reported seeing a large animal resembling a kangaroo hopping through the woods near Fay. They observed its antics from a distance.

The article also includes an 1894 advertisement for a "boxing kangaroo" named FIGHTING TUM, secured by Lemen Bros'.

References

The issue concludes with an extensive list of references, primarily related to herpetology, turtle taxonomy, and conservation biology, citing numerous scientific papers and books. This list includes works by Cagle, Ennen, Ernst, Lovich, Jackson, Nelson, Morris, Kaiser, Lamb, Leary, Lechowicz, Lindeman, McCoy, Gibbons, Martin, Murphy, Murray, Parham, Shi, Roman, and Rose.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the scientific classification and identification of species, particularly in the field of herpetology, and the investigation of anomalous animal sightings, often categorized under Fortean zoology or cryptozoology. The editorial stance appears to favor rigorous scientific inquiry, as seen in the detailed taxonomic discussion of turtles and the methodical approach to analyzing historical 'phantom kangaroo' reports. There is an emphasis on evidence-based conclusions, peer-review, and distinguishing between established scientific fact and anecdotal accounts or folklore.

This issue of UFO Magazine, dated October 2023 (Volume 13, Issue 135), published by Fortean Times with a cover price of £5.50, focuses on the unusual and often bizarre historical phenomenon of kangaroo escapes. The main cover headline, 'The Great Kangaroo Escape,' sets the tone for a compilation of numerous documented and anecdotal accounts of kangaroos getting loose from various forms of captivity across North America.

Historical Kangaroo Escapes: A Chronological Review

The magazine presents a detailed, chronological list of kangaroo escapes and sightings spanning from 1904 to 1958. These incidents, often sourced from local newspapers and anonymous reports, highlight the public's fascination and occasional bewilderment with these exotic animals.

Early 20th Century Escapes (1904-1919)

The earliest documented escape occurred in 1904 in San Francisco, California, where a kangaroo led police on a lengthy chase. In 1905, Maryland saw a kangaroo and two deer escape from a circus train. New Hampshire reported a kangaroo escaping from the battleship Wisconsin in 1909, prompting a search by sailors. Pennsylvania featured a boxing kangaroo named Jeff Fitz in 1910, and Michigan had an escape from the House of David commune's zoo. New York saw Melba, a Barnum & Bailey kangaroo, escape Madison Square Garden in 1912, captured with a 'football tackle.' Kansas reported a zoo escape in 1913, requiring new fences. Pennsylvania had a peculiar incident in 1915 where a horse shied from an animal resembling a kangaroo. California in 1916 had a mysterious kangaroo sighting in snow-covered hills, and Hawaii reported a male and female kangaroo escaping a private menagerie with their young. San Francisco again featured in 1919 with ten kangaroos escaping Golden Gate Park.

Mid-20th Century Incidents and Mysteries (1921-1958)

Washington reported kangaroos roaming near the Yakima Indian reservation in 1921, causing fear among local tribes. Tennessee had a zoo escape in Memphis in 1923. Seattle, Washington, saw a pet kangaroo escape for three days in 1926. New York had two kangaroos escape the Bronx Zoo in 1927, leading to a chase in Westchester County. Minnesota reported a zoo escape in 1928, ending tragically with the kangaroo killed by a motorist. A Michigan incident in 1931 involved a supposed 'kangaroo' that turned out to be a lame coyote. Tennessee in 1934 experienced terror from a mysterious animal described as a 'giant kangaroo,' later attributed by some to a hoax or a mountain lynx, though sheep killings continued. Zanesville, Ohio, reported a kangaroo sighting in 1935. A mysterious 'What's-It' described as kangaroo-like was reported in Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1936. Pennsylvania in 1937 identified a 'ferocious monster' resembling a kangaroo as a small silver fox. New York had a zoo escape in 1939. Ohio in 1940 featured a description of a hairy, brownish animal resembling a kangaroo that jumped on all fours. Ontario, Canada, in 1942, considered the possibility of a lost pet kangaroo traveling long distances. Wisconsin had a loose kangaroo in 1942. Connecticut saw a pet kangaroo recaptured with a lasso in 1943. Texas in 1950 had a sighting of a large creature resembling a kangaroo, though tracks later suggested a raccoon. Pennsylvania had another chase in 1950. A kangaroo mascot was kidnapped in Texas in 1950. Wisconsin reported a possible zoo escape in 1952. California had a television station loan escape in 1955. Maryland had a zoo escape in Baltimore in 1955, involving a notable leap. Oklahoma reported a sighting in 1955, which turned out to be a stuffed animal planted by a prankster. New York in 1956 had three kangaroos claimed to be living on a farm, becoming a tourist attraction. New Hampshire reported kangaroo-like sightings in 1957, described as hopping like a large rabbit. Wisconsin had sightings of large kangaroos in 1957. Nebraska in 1958 reported a boy seeing a kangaroo that attacked his coon hound.

Notable Incidents and Descriptions

Several incidents stand out for their unique circumstances or descriptions. The 1909 escape from the battleship Wisconsin highlights an unusual origin. The 1912 capture of Melba with a 'football tackle' is a colorful detail. The 1934 'giant kangaroo' incident in Tennessee generated significant local fear and debate about its true nature. The 1950 Texas sighting, initially described as a large creature like nothing seen loose in America, was later questioned due to raccoon tracks. The 1955 Maryland escape involved a 'beautiful leap' over an automobile hood and physical altercations with zoo handlers.

Object Characteristics and Behavior

Throughout these accounts, kangaroos are consistently described as hopping, bounding, and leaping. Their speed is often noted, with estimates ranging from 'fast as lightning' to '60 miles an hour.' Some descriptions mention them being hairy and brownish, with long pointed heads, and capable of jumping over fences or clearing obstacles. One witness described an animal that 'jumped on all fours,' differing from typical kangaroo locomotion. The behavior observed ranges from fear and evasion to aggression, such as kicking or biting handlers.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine's compilation of these diverse incidents suggests a fascination with the unexpected presence of exotic animals in everyday environments. The editorial stance appears to be one of historical documentation and presentation of unusual events, allowing readers to draw their own conclusions. The recurring theme is the inherent unpredictability of escaped animals and the human tendency to report and interpret unusual sightings, sometimes leading to folklore and speculation. The inclusion of references to UFO Magazine and the overall context of the publication imply a connection, however tenuous, to the broader field of unexplained phenomena, perhaps suggesting that some of these animal encounters, due to their strangeness or the circumstances, might have been misinterpreted or contributed to local legends of the unknown.

This issue of "The Cryptozoology Collection," dated 1978, focuses on a comprehensive compilation of reported kangaroo and wallaby sightings across the United States, spanning from 1958 to 1976. The publication delves into numerous accounts, examining the details of each encounter and, where possible, investigating their veracity.

Reported Sightings and Incidents

The magazine meticulously documents a wide array of incidents. Early reports include a sighting in Endicott, Nebraska, in 1958, where a creature described as kangaroo-like was observed by a boy and his father, leaving tracks indicative of significant leaps. The same year, Charles G. Wetzel in Grand Island, Nebraska, reported seeing a tall, brown animal with large hind legs bounding along the ground.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, numerous escapes from zoos and traveling circuses are recorded. Examples include a kangaroo escaping in Hagerstown, Maryland, in 1960, which later gave birth to a joey; another escape from the Miami airport in 1961; and a wallaby escaping from the Goodhue County Fair in Minnesota in 1975, with a subsequent confusing report of another wallaby being captured.

Beyond escaped animals, the publication details sightings of unidentified animals. In New Mexico in 1964, a kangaroo-like creature was described as light tan with a sharp nose and huge tail, exhibiting an 'odd, loping manner.' A particularly notable incident occurred in Chicago in 1974, where a 4 1/2-foot-tall kangaroo was sighted multiple times by civilians and police. This event garnered significant media attention, even being referenced by President Ford. The animal was described as aggressive when cornered, with one officer reporting being kicked.

Another significant event covered is the 'Waukesha kangaroo' phenomenon in Wisconsin in 1978. Multiple sightings were reported, including one where an animal was hit by a car and another that was photographed. However, the magazine reveals that the famous photograph was later confirmed to be a hoax, staged by museum taxidermists using a wallaby specimen.

Other incidents include sightings in Kansas, Ohio, Michigan, California, Indiana, Illinois, Colorado, and Tennessee, with varying degrees of detail and confirmation. Some reports suggest the animals were mistaken for deer or other creatures, while others maintain the distinctiveness of the sightings.

Key Figures and Investigations

The publication references researchers and investigators such as Loren Coleman, who spoke with witnesses and compiled accounts. Kim Poeppey is credited with investigating the Waukesha kangaroo hoax, communicating with museum curators and taxidermists to confirm the prank. Various witnesses, including farmers, motorists, police officers, and zoo employees, are cited throughout the reports.

Object Characteristics and Physical Evidence

Descriptions of the animals vary, but common characteristics include being kangaroo-like, with large hind legs, and exhibiting bounding or hopping behavior. Size estimates range from three feet tall to about six feet. Physical trace evidence, such as tracks, is mentioned in several cases, with descriptions of their size and spread. The color of the animals is noted as light brown, tan, light beige, or reddish-brown.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the public's fascination with unusual animal sightings, the challenges of distinguishing between genuine encounters and misidentifications or hoaxes, and the role of media in amplifying such events. The editorial stance appears to be one of thorough documentation and investigation, presenting both the reported sightings and the subsequent efforts to verify or debunk them. The inclusion of the Waukesha kangaroo hoax as a concluding piece suggests an emphasis on critical analysis within the field of cryptozoology.

This issue of FATE Magazine, dated 2015, focuses on the phenomenon of "phantom kangaroo" sightings across North America, primarily from 1978 to 2015. The magazine presents a comprehensive catalog of reported sightings, escapes, and captures of kangaroos, wallabies, and wallaroos, exploring the various explanations for these occurrences.

The Phantom Kangaroo: A Catalog of Sightings and Escapes

The core of the issue is a detailed chronological listing of incidents involving kangaroos and similar marsupials. These accounts span from a 1978 sighting in Wisconsin of a "man-sized hopping creature" to a 2015 report of a kangaroo in Kentucky hopping at approximately 25 mph. The majority of these reports detail animals escaping from zoos, private owners, or traveling menageries. For instance, a wallaby named Walter famously "went on the lam" from the Million Dollar Pier in Atlantic City in 1978. In 1979, a kangaroo escaped a carnival petting zoo in New Hampshire and was at large for three days. The Indianapolis Zoo experienced multiple escapes, with a wallaroo in 1988 and another in 1993 being chased through city streets. Wayne Newton's pet wallaby also led police on a two-mile chase in Las Vegas in 2003. These incidents highlight the frequency with which these exotic animals become loose.

Several accounts delve into the specifics of captures. A wallaroo escaped from the San Francisco Zoo in 1980 and was eventually caught with a lasso. In 1985, three wallabies escaped from the Wild Kingdom animal farm in Maine due to Hurricane Gloria; two were recaptured after three months. A red kangaroo was captured on a local farm in Wisconsin in 2005, though its owner was never found, and it was eventually adopted by the Henry Vilas Zoo. The issue also notes instances where animals were hit by cars, such as a pet wallaby in Maryland in 1999 and a female kangaroo in Kansas in 1999.

Beyond documented escapes, the magazine addresses potential misidentifications. It notes that whitetail deer, especially when they were less common in certain areas, could be mistaken for kangaroos due to similar coloration and size. The article also mentions that animals with unusual gaits could contribute to misidentification. A specific case from 1981 in Oklahoma involves a man claiming to have hit a kangaroo, with a similar-sized animal later found. The article suggests that a Patagonian cavy, which is an exotic pet, might be mistaken for a small kangaroo due to its loping gait.

Cryptozoological Angles and Fortean Explanations

The issue touches upon the cryptozoological perspective, specifically the idea of "devil monkeys" or unknown leaping primates that might be responsible for some sightings. However, the author expresses skepticism, stating that such speculation is poorly developed and lacks strong evidence. The article critiques "hyper-skepticism" that dismisses reasonable explanations, using the example of the 1974 Chicago "phantom kangaroo" case. While some Forteans suggest this sighting was anomalous due to the animal growling and fighting when cornered, the author argues that kangaroos can indeed growl and fight, and that the animal's behavior was consistent with a real kangaroo, especially given that wallaby escapes had occurred in the Chicago area shortly before.

Analysis and Conclusions

The magazine concludes by examining the broader implications of these sightings. It addresses the question of who keeps kangaroos, noting their historical presence in traveling menageries, zoos, circuses, and as exotic pets. The author asserts that "mystery kangaroos" do not require extraordinary explanations, as escapes are common and well-documented.

The article presents five logical conclusions based on the gathered data:

1. Escaped kangaroos are not rare and are the most logical explanation for many sightings.
2. Researchers should be cautious about forcing identifications or speculative theories when descriptions are vague.
3. Many early Fortean "phantom kangaroo" cases likely had known escape origins that were not initially documented.
4. Arguments from both Forteans and Skeptics should be critically examined to avoid self-rationalization.
5. While most cases have explanations, some remain unanswered, particularly those involving primate-like animals described as "hopping."

The issue emphasizes that there is no evidence of feral kangaroo populations in North America, and that the frequent escapes make colonization unlikely. The author advocates for critical thinking over hyper-skepticism when evaluating such reports.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are animal escapes, misidentification, and the critical examination of anomalous phenomena. FATE Magazine adopts a stance that favors rational explanations, particularly animal escapes, for the majority of "phantom kangaroo" reports, while acknowledging that some cases may remain mysterious. The editorial approach encourages thorough research and critical thinking to distinguish between genuine anomalies and mundane occurrences.

This issue of FATE Magazine, Volume 2, Issue 12, dated December 1977, features a prominent cover story titled "THE PHANTOM KANGAROO." The magazine, published by Clark Publishing, carries an ISSN of 0145-7200 and a cover price of $1.50. The content primarily focuses on historical accounts and news reports of kangaroos and other marsupials that have escaped or been sighted in unusual circumstances across the United States.

The Phantom Kangaroo Phenomenon

The central theme of this issue is the documentation of numerous instances of kangaroos, wallabies, and wallaroos appearing in unexpected locations. The magazine presents an extensive, multi-page reference list of news clippings and reports dating from 1843 up to the publication date and beyond, detailing sightings, escapes, and hunts for these animals. These reports span various states and cover a wide range of events, from simple escapes to more mysterious encounters.

Directory of Exotic Animal Suppliers

For readers interested in acquiring such animals, the magazine provides a list of businesses that sell kangaroos, wallaroos, and wallabies. These include Tri Lakes Exotics, Schreiner Farms, Buffalo Hill Exotics, Fall City Wallaby Ranch, Deer Park Exotics, and Dave's Animal Farm, along with their website addresses.

Guidance for Prospective Owners

Alongside the directory, the magazine offers practical advice for potential exotic pet owners. It strongly emphasizes the importance of checking state and local regulations before acquiring an animal and ensuring that adequate resources are available for housing and care. A specific recommendation is made for David McCauley's book, "Macropods: Their Care, Breeding and the Rearing of Their Young," for those considering owning these animals, with a clear warning that they do not make suitable indoor pets.

Historical Context and Categorization

The extensive reference list serves as a historical archive, illustrating the long-standing occurrence of escaped marsupials in North America. The magazine implicitly distinguishes between documented escapes and potentially more anomalous sightings, suggesting that "phantom kangaroo" sightings should not be automatically lumped together with other types of unexplained phenomena. This approach highlights a critical perspective on the nature of such reports, encouraging a nuanced examination of evidence.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is the persistent presence of kangaroos and wallabies in unexpected places, often captured by local news media. The editorial stance appears to be one of careful documentation and cautious interpretation. While acknowledging the fascination and occasional mystery surrounding these events, the magazine prioritizes factual reporting of escapes and sightings, while also providing practical advice for responsible ownership and suggesting a distinction between documented animal escapes and more speculative paranormal or cryptozoological claims. The extensive bibliography underscores a commitment to historical research and evidence-based reporting within the realm of unexplained phenomena.

This issue of Biofortean Miscellany, compiled by Chad Arment, presents a collection of strange creature reports and tall tales drawn from historical newspaper articles. The publication focuses on cryptozoological leads and folkloric accounts, emphasizing the need for investigators to critically analyze the literary construction of such stories.

Strange Sightings and Animal Escapes

The issue begins with a series of brief news items detailing animal-related incidents. These include reports of "things hopping around" in Pewaukee in 1978, a kangaroo hit by a car in New Castle in 1981, a pet wallaby breaking loose in Madison County in 2014, and a family's pet kangaroo on the loose in 2012. Another report from 2012 mentions police searching for an "animal resembling a kangaroo" along a Thruway, and in 2013, a kangaroo was captured after a "marsupial melee" in Lacoochee. A humorous anecdote from Doylestown in 2001 highlights the offbeat stories of the year.

Giant Arachnids and Newspaper Folklore

A significant portion of the miscellany is dedicated to reports of giant spiders. An article references a recent Washington Post blog story about "up-island" spiders on the Maine island of Islesboro, described as potentially eight inches across their legs, though noted as likely exaggerations of known spiders.

More detailed accounts are presented from historical newspapers:

• A Colorado Spider Story (Daily Star, May 8, 1880): This report, referencing the Leadville Chronicle, describes a cave near Buena Vista inhabited by spiders of enormous size, whose webs are ten times larger than those of ordinary spiders and incredibly tough. The strands were reportedly the size of a No. 12 thread, usable for sewing. The story suggests capitalists were considering starting a thread factory using these webs.
• Colorado's Monster Spiders (Daily Democrat, June 1, 1901): This article details Professor E. T. Laughton's investigation into a species of monster spiders found near Buena Vista. It draws upon an old letter describing spiders with bodies as large as canary birds and legs four inches long. These spiders' webs were reportedly composed of the finest silk, and their skins were thought suitable for gloves. The letter also claims some spiders were captured and tamed, showing affection and being effective rat exterminators.

Cryptofiction: The Monster of Issoir

The miscellany then shifts to "cryptofiction," presenting a story from the Bucks County, PA Gazette (August 23, 1894) about the "Monster of Issoir" in Paris. This report details mysterious, periodic disappearances in a specific quarter of Paris, occurring annually in early spring. The victims included a notary, an old woman, a laborer, and a flower maker. The article explains these disappearances by suggesting they occurred late at night when children were asleep. The narrative then describes a policeman hearing a musical song from an opening near a rock called the "tomb of Issoir." A young man approaches the opening and is swallowed. The policeman follows, and upon entering the chasm, finds the countryman being attacked by an unknown monster. The monster is described as large as a full-grown terrier, covered in wartlike protuberances and coarse hair, with eight jointed legs and formidable claws. It is identified by a summoned naturalist as a gigantic spider, "Arachne gigans," believed to be extinct for centuries, capable of enticing victims with a musical song. The dead spider was sent to the Museum of Natural History.

Tall Tales: Flying Fish and Tremendous Snakes

Moving from cryptofiction to "tall tales," the issue presents:

• Nostalgic Ex-Prospector Yearning for Canyon-Navigating Flying Fish (World Herald, April 6, 1946): This piece recounts the story of Albert "Bigfoot" Trumbull, a prospector from Wyoming. Trumbull wrote to an editor about his past experiences catching "flying fish" near Birdseye Pass, describing how he would catch them with a long-handled frying pan. When asked about the limit on flying fish in Nevada, a game official humorously replied, "the sky is the limit."
• An Australian Monster (The Sydney Gazette AND New South Wales Advertiser, November 29, 1822): This report details a sensation in Liverpool, Australia, concerning a tremendous snake, estimated to be at least forty-five feet long and three times the circumference of a human body. Two men made affidavits about seeing the snake, which reared its body five feet off the ground. A party of gentlemen investigated and found tracks indicating immense scales, leading to speculation it might be a species of crocodile.

Clear Lake Mystery

Finally, the miscellany touches upon the "Clear Lake Mystery" (Times, July 16, 1914), referencing the discovery of the "Human Fish" on the north shore of Clear Lake, which caused significant excitement among the summer colony.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the collection and presentation of unusual, often sensational, accounts from historical newspapers, blurring the lines between folklore, eyewitness reports, and fictional "cryptofiction." The editorial stance appears to be one of archiving and presenting these curious historical narratives, allowing readers to draw their own conclusions about their veracity. The compilation highlights the enduring human fascination with the strange, the monstrous, and the unexplained, often filtered through the lens of journalistic reporting and local legend.

This issue of FATE Magazine, dated October 1964, Volume 17, Number 10, published by Clark Publishing Company, focuses on mysterious creatures and unexplained phenomena. The cover features an illustration related to the 'Mystery of the Sea Mink' and the price is $0.50.

The Strange Inhabitant of the Lake

The magazine opens with an account of a strange phenomenon observed at a lake, possibly near the Oaks Hotel. Cottagers reported food being taken from their piers, and several individuals claimed to have seen a strange creature. One night, guests at the Oaks Hotel observed a human arm emerge from the water to grab food from a pier. Later, a dark spot was seen hurrying through the water, accompanied by a weird laugh. Fishermen also reported seeing a man swimming with fish-like speed, who dove when approached, with similar laughter heard from nearby rushes. The creature is speculated to be either a sea monster that found a home in the lake or a demented man who spends most of his time in the water. An investigation into a nearby county home found no missing inmates.

The 'Kathobs' of Texas Folklore

The issue then shifts to the folklore of Texas, specifically concerning the 'kathobs' of Padre Island. An annual hunt for these creatures, described as grave-robbing mammals that emerge from hibernation, has repeatedly failed. The seventh annual expedition in March 1939 involved 10 men searching the Laguna Madre. The 'kathob' is described as a cross-breed of the Pinnipedia group, resembling a large seal with short, thick legs and straggly fur. Reports from Mexican fishermen date back many years. In 1932, Capt. B. P. Roberts found a decomposed ferret-shaped head resembling a seal's. Later, scientists accompanied Roberts in searching for the creature. Fishermen reported hearing guttural croaks and finding three-toed tracks that fit the description of a 'kathob.' These creatures are said to be seen only in the summer. Descriptions vary, with some stating they are about four feet long, resembling a big seal with short legs and straggly fur, and having three-toed feet. They live on land and water, burrowing into mud banks in winter. Fishermen are indignant that the 'kathob' is considered a myth. Tales suggest they seldom attack aquatic life but prey on small animals and calves on shore. The death of a Mexican fisherman was attributed by locals to a kathob attack, not an accident. Fishermen want bodies exhumed from a graveyard near the lagoon to support their claims. A similar seal-like creature was reported in Hudson Bay about 17 years prior. The fishermen have sent crews to search for the kathob herd for the past seven years.

The author contacted the National Geographic archive library regarding an expedition to Padre Island but found no records. However, another article from April 26, 1964, in the San Antonio Express discussed this alleged creature, described as local folklore of the 'gravedigger' variety.

Sea Mink May Not Be Extinct

The magazine then turns to the topic of the sea mink, with an article by Olga Burns. While many naturalists consider the sea mink extinct, the article suggests that skins of a light reddish color and larger size than ordinary minks were appearing on the market as late as the 1870s. The sea mink's habitat was similar to other mink varieties, found in salt marshes and along the coast, as well as inland streams. The article posits that controlled trapping in Maine, combined with numerous islands and estuaries, makes it probable that some sea minks still exist. There have been occasional sightings on the Maine coast and islands in recent years, though observers could only identify them as mink, not compare their size.

Thing That Flogs Whales

A story from the Boston Daily Globe of November 28, 1904, describes a large marine creature encountered while operating a fishery in Admiralty Island, Alaska. This creature appeared almost daily and seemed to be the natural enemy of the rorqual whales in the area. It would attack whales, causing them to make three blows at intervals before submerging for 30-40 minutes. The creature had a great long tail or fin, estimated by fishermen and Indians to be about 25 feet long and 2.5 feet wide, resembling the blade of an old-fashioned Dutch windmill. This appendage was used to strike the whales with tremendous blows. The creature could seemingly control its movements perfectly, following the whale and striking it repeatedly. The article concludes that this was likely a mistaken identification of whale genitalia, possibly from a sexually excited cetacean.

Arctic Folklore

Finally, the magazine presents a piece of zoological folklore found by Richard Muirhead in a Google Books scan of 'Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition' (1879). The journal of Charles F. Hall's expedition describes an animal encountered by natives on King William Island. This peculiar animal was described as larger than a bear, ferocious, and difficult to kill, with grayish hair, a long tail, and short, thick legs. Its forefeet were divided into three parts, and its hind feet resembled a man's heels. It could sit upright like a man. An Innuit reportedly found one asleep and dispatched it. An individual named Ebierbing, now in the United States, confirmed accounts of this 'Arc-la,' stating it once inhabited his native country on Cumberland Sound. Richard Muirhead also notes that the Buryat people of Siberia have folklore about beasts called Arakho and Alklha, which may or may not be related to the Arc-la. The article briefly mentions tales of alleged surviving giant ground sloths.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of FATE Magazine revolve around the existence of unknown or cryptid creatures, drawing from eyewitness accounts, folklore, and historical reports. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded inquiry into unexplained phenomena, presenting various accounts and speculations without definitive conclusions, encouraging readers to consider the possibility of these mysteries existing beyond conventional understanding. The magazine bridges reports of lake monsters, sea creatures, and folkloric beasts from different regions and time periods.

This issue of Herpetologica, Volume 11, Number 3, published in 1955, features articles on animal survival, deformities, and a mysterious creature.

Prolonged Survival of a Released Alligator in Pennsylvania

This article, authored by A. J. Barton of The Stony Brook School, Long Island, N. Y., details the remarkable survival of a pet alligator released in a local marsh in Pennsylvania. The alligator, initially measuring 'nearly a foot and a half,' was released in the summer of 1942 or 1943. It was frequently seen in the marsh over the next several years and became common knowledge among local residents. In the spring of 1949, during highway construction, the alligator was encountered by workers and subsequently shot by a peace officer. Dr. David McNary, a veterinarian at the Highland Park Zoological Gardens in Pittsburgh, examined the carcass, finding it measured 'nearly five feet' and identifying it as an American alligator, *Alligator mississippiensis* Daudin. While it cannot be definitively proven that the 1949 alligator was the one released, the circumstances strongly suggest it.

Meteorological data from the Allegheny County Airport (five air miles from Castle Shannon) for the seven-year period from 1942 to 1949 indicated that the mean temperature for the coldest month ranged from 21.7 to 35.2 degrees Fahrenheit (average 26.5), and the mean temperature of the coldest four months varied from 31 to 37.9 degrees Fahrenheit (average 32.9). Days below zero averaged 2.4 per year. This data suggests that the alligator survived winters where the mean temperature for one-third of the year hovered around the freezing point. The article posits that the alligator's survival was due to its ability to hibernate in the northern extremes of its range, a physiological adaptation that preserved its life through winters of unusual length and severity for the species.

On Some Reptilian Freaks from Indiana

Authored by W. S. Blatchley, this article compiles records of malformations among reptiles and batrachians in the United States. Blatchley notes that such deformities are less common in wild forms than in domestic animals.

Two-Headed Snakes

• Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill (19th century): Documented 120 young black snakes (*Bascanion constrictor L.*) from Genesee County, New York, among which were three monsters: one with two distinct heads, one with a double head and three eyes, and one with a double skull, three eyes, and a single lower jaw.
• Prof. Jeffries Wyman: Recorded a specimen of water snake (*Tropidonotus sipedon L.*) with two heads and two tails from Massachusetts.
• Mr. H. C. Yarrow (1878): Stated that the Smithsonian Institution had only one two-headed snake specimen, an *Ophibolus getulus* (king snake) from Port Tobacco, Maryland.
• Dr. J. S. Kingsley: Mentioned a two-headed snake in the collection of Williams College, Massachusetts.
• Dr. W. H. Smith (Ohio): Reported a double-headed milk snake (*Ophibolus doliatus triangulus*) in the Museum of Michigan University, suggesting that such monstrosities might be due to 'shock.'
• W. S. Blatchley's findings (past fifteen years): Documented four two-headed snakes from Indiana.
• A specimen of the spreading viper (*Heterodon platyrhinus Latr.*) from Manilla, Rush County, Indiana, collected in August 1904 by S. C. Peck, had two perfect heads.
• A small two-headed garter snake from southwest of Russellville, Putnam County, Indiana, was kept for years but was lost due to decay.
• A two-headed house or milk snake (*Ophibolus doliatus triangulus*) was reported from a woods pasture near Terre Haute in June 1893.
• John Collett mentioned a 'double-headed garter snake' from west of the Wabash River in Vermillion County, Indiana.

Two-headed Turtle

• On May 1, 1892, John Tiley found a two-headed turtle near Waterman, Fountain County, Indiana. It was presented to Dr. George T. De Verter, who kept it until it drowned. It was then given to Prof. John Collett. The turtle, likely a *Chrysemys marginata*, had two heads that acted independently, each seeking food separately. The fate of the specimen after Prof. Collett's death is unknown.

Five-legged Frog

• In the spring of 1892, while teaching zoology at Terre Haute, Blatchley heard of a five-legged frog at a greenhouse. The proprietor described it as likely a leopard frog (*Rana virescens Kalm*) with a fifth leg of the same size as the front ones, joined to the left side. The specimen was not seen by Blatchley and likely fell victim to a cat.
• Ryder also mentioned another five-legged frog of the same species.

Two-tailed Salamander

• On June 21, 1906, Blatchley found a small ashy salamander (*Plethodon cinereus (Green)*) with a forked tail near Shoals, Martin County, Indiana. The tail forked near the middle into two prongs, separated by about 30 degrees, with the left fork being 7 mm and the right 5 mm long. The portions were flattened rather than cylindrical.

Blatchley concludes that malformations are likely more common than supposed, with only a small percentage of affected individuals coming to human notice. He attributes these occurrences to natural variation rather than 'shock.'

The Winged Death

This section, presented by the Viscount de Soissons and based on a story by F. Gonin of Bretanieres, France, recounts a peasant's encounter with a mysterious creature.

The Story of François Gonin

For months, vague stories circulated about a fearsome, bird-like creature haunting the road from Besançon to Dole in the Department of Doubs, France, referred to as the 'Winged Death.' Pierre Jacquelin, a carter, claimed to have been attacked by this creature, describing it as a great buzzard, brown all over, with a seven-foot wingspan.

The narrator, initially skeptical after hearing Jacquelin's tale, was traveling the same road when he heard a shrill, melancholy, whistling cry, which Jacquelin had imitated. Despite his attempts to dismiss it as an evil spirit, the sound intensified as a storm approached. The narrator, seeking shelter, heard the hooting again, which brought back his terror. He began to pray, straining to hear the sound over the storm. The article includes a photograph of 'The Town of Dole, to which place Gonin was journeying when he was attacked.'

An accompanying newspaper clipping from the 'Daily Mail' refers to an attack on a man named Gonin by an enormous buzzard that measured 5ft. 2in. across. The article states that Gonin was attacked for ten minutes until the bird was stunned by a blow from his whip and captured. The narrator, reassured that the 'monster' was likely just a large buzzard, continued his journey.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue focuses on the resilience and unusual characteristics of animals, particularly reptiles and amphibians, with a strong emphasis on documented cases of survival against odds (the alligator) and biological anomalies (reptilian freaks). The 'Winged Death' story introduces an element of folklore and the unexplained, contrasting with the more scientific approach of the herpetological articles. The editorial stance appears to be one of documenting unusual natural phenomena, whether through scientific observation or the recording of anecdotal accounts and folklore, with a leaning towards rational explanations where possible (e.g., attributing the alligator's survival to hibernation and the 'Winged Death' potentially to a large bird).

This issue of THE WIDE WORLD MAGAZINE features a dramatic first-person narrative titled "THE WINGED DEATH." The issue number is 437. The content focuses on a personal encounter with a large, aggressive bird and includes promotional material for various publications.

The Winged Death

The central article recounts a harrowing experience during a storm. The narrator, while walking near Dole, hears a sound and sees a large bird, which he identifies as a "the 'huge brown bird' of Jacquelin's story." Initially, the bird is described as having a great size, though the narrator later corrects this to not being seven feet across. The encounter escalates into a physical struggle. The bird attacks, and the narrator defends himself with a whip and a clasp-knife. He describes the pain of the bird's talons and the struggle to free himself from its grip, particularly when it tears his blouse. He eventually manages to capture the bird by throwing a blanket over its head and striking it hard with the whip, disabling it. The narrator then reflects on the incident, noting that his friend Jacquelin had exaggerated the bird's size. He decides to take the captured bird to Dole. Upon arrival, he shows his friends the torn blouse and the marks on his face and shoulder, but they are skeptical. He then reveals the captured bird, which is measured to have a wingspan of five feet two inches, described as "truly enormous for a buzzard." The narrator concludes that the creature was not supernatural but an "overgrown and unnaturally ferocious buzzard," leaving the inspiration for its attack to those who study such things.

Promotional Content

The latter part of the magazine showcases various publications from "COACHWHIP PUBLICATIONS" and "COACHWHIPBOOKS.COM." These include:

• BIOFORTEAN NOTES VOLUME 1 (2011): Featuring articles such as "Putting the 'Ology' into Cryptozoology" by Charles Paxton, "American Ibex Folklore," "The Popcorn Fish," "Freshwater Seals in Alaska and Canada," and "A Bipedal Reptile in Nevada" by Chad Arment, as well as "The Hungarian Reed Wolf (Canis spp.)" by Tomasz Pietrzak and Miklós Heltai.
• BIOFORTEAN REPRINT series:
• "The Doheny Scientific Expedition to the Hava Supai Canyon, Northern Arizona" (October and November, 1924)
• "Sculptured Anthropoid Ape Heads Found In or Near the Valley of the John Day River, a Tributary of the Columbia River, Oregon" by James Terry
• "The Piasa, or The Devil Among the Indians" by Hon. P. A. Armstrong
• "The Lenape Stone or The Indian and the Mammoth" by H. C. Mercer
• Other Titles:
• "The Historical Bigfoot" by Chad Arment
• "Cryptozoology: Science & Speculation" by Chad Arment
• "Varmints: Mystery Carnivores of North America" by Chad Arment
• "Caribbean Monk Seals: Lost Seals of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea" by John Hairr
• "The Encyclopædia of New and Rediscovered Animals: From the Lost Ark to the New Zoo-and Beyond" by Dr. Karl P.N. Shuker
• "The Spotted Lion" by Kenneth Gandar Dower

These promotional pages include illustrations related to cryptozoology and natural history, such as a scarab beetle, a spider, a stick insect, a human leg muscle, a sea monster, a group of figures, a penguin, and a map of the Vancouver area.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The primary theme of this issue is the exploration of unusual and potentially unknown creatures, falling under the umbrella of cryptozoology and bio-forteana. The narrative "The Winged Death" presents a real-world encounter with a large, aggressive animal, demystifying it as a particularly ferocious buzzard rather than a supernatural entity. The extensive promotional material reinforces the magazine's focus on mysteries of the natural world, cryptids, and historical accounts of strange phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of presenting intriguing accounts while maintaining a rational, scientific perspective, as evidenced by the narrator's conclusion about the buzzard.