BioFortean Notes - No 03

Magazine Overview

Title: BIOFORTEAN NOTES
Issue: VOLUME 3
Editor: Chad Arment
Publisher: COACHWHIP PUBLICATIONS
Location: Greenville, Ohio
Publication Year: 2013

This issue of BioFortean Notes, Volume 3, is a collection of articles and reprints focusing on anomalous zoology, cryptozoology, and folklore. Edited by Chad Arment and published by Coachwhip Publications, it delves into various intriguing cases and historical accounts.

Mystery Shark Off the Florida Coast by John Hairr

The lead article investigates a remarkable event from May 1903, when a huge shark, estimated to be over 18 feet long, was caught off the coast of Palm Beach, Florida. The shark was described as having a 'sword attachment' and its stomach contained a whole porpoise, a large piece of partly digested shark, and an ostrich head. The article explores various possibilities for the shark's identity, including sawsharks (like the Bahamas sawshark, *Pristiophorus schroederi*), sawfish (*Pristis pectinata* and *Pristis peroteti*), goblin sharks (*Mitsukurina owstoni*), tiger sharks (*Galeocerdo cuvier*), and great white sharks (*Carcharodon carcharias*). The author discusses the challenges of shark nomenclature and how historical terms like 'leopard shark' were applied inconsistently. The contents of the stomach strongly suggest it was not a bottom-feeding species but a large predator capable of consuming substantial prey.

Other Articles and Features

• Trinity River Baboons by Chad Arment: This article likely discusses reports or sightings of baboons in the Trinity River region, a non-native location for such primates.
• The "Freak" Caribou by Chad Arment: This piece probably examines an unusual or anomalous specimen of caribou.
• Unexpected Tortoises and Turtles of the World by Richard Muirhead: This article explores unusual or surprising aspects of tortoise and turtle species globally.
• Creature Stories From the Fife Folklore Archives by Chad Arment: This feature delves into local folklore and stories of mysterious creatures from the Fife region.
• Book Review: Snarls from the Tea-Tree by Chad Arment: A review of a book, likely related to cryptozoology or folklore.
• The Antiquity of the Lion in Greece by A. B. Meyer (Reprint): This reprinted article examines the historical presence or mythological significance of lions in ancient Greece.
• Dermoid Cysts A Basis of Indian Legends by A. W. F. Banfield (Reprint): This reprinted work explores the connection between dermoid cysts and the origins of certain Native American legends.
• The "Great Fish" in Ancient and Medieval Story by Cornelia Catlin Coulter (Reprint): This reprinted article analyzes the motif of a 'great fish' in ancient and medieval narratives.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of BioFortean Notes revolve around unexplained animal phenomena, cryptozoology, and the intersection of folklore with zoological reports. The editorial stance, as indicated by the selection of articles, is one of serious inquiry into anomalous biological reports, historical accounts of mysterious creatures, and the exploration of legends that may have a basis in fact. The editor, Chad Arment, contributes significantly to the content, suggesting a focused interest in these specific areas of study.

This document appears to be a collection of articles from a publication focused on cryptozoology and unexplained phenomena, with a strong emphasis on detailed reporting and archival research. The content spans discussions on marine biology, specifically shark behavior and migration, and a detailed exploration of historical sightings of mystery primates in Texas.

Shark Migration and Stomach Contents The initial articles delve into the fascinating world of sharks, particularly tiger sharks and great white sharks. It begins by addressing a historical account from Palm Beach, Florida, where the discovery of an ostrich head in a shark's stomach led to the conclusion that the shark had made a rapid transatlantic journey from Africa. However, the author critically examines this claim, citing known shark migration speeds and the time required for such a passage. Studies on tiger shark tagging, such as one involving a shark tagged off St. Augustine and recaptured off the coast of Guinea-Bissau, are presented to illustrate their migratory capabilities. Similarly, research on white sharks, including the tagging of 'Shark P12' which traveled from South Africa to Western Australia, is discussed to highlight their extensive travel ranges. The article contrasts the estimated three-day trip from Africa to Florida with the months-long journeys sharks are known to undertake. It suggests that the ostrich head might have been a local sea bird, questioning the initial interpretation of the evidence. The discussion also touches upon the identification of the shark species, ruling out several possibilities and considering the goblin shark due to its distinctive appendage.

The Trinity River Baboons The latter half of the document shifts focus to the cryptozoological mystery of the 'Trinity River Baboons' in Texas, primarily investigated by Chad Arment. Arment explains his preference for reprinting original sighting reports rather than summarizing them, to avoid manipulation of evidence and maintain context. He emphasizes the responsibility of cryptozoology researchers to be careful and not force evidence to fit preconceived notions.

The article then presents a series of historical newspaper accounts related to baboon sightings in the Trinity River bottoms, dating back to 1929. A baboon-like animal nicknamed 'Little Rollo' was reported over several months, leading to humorous speculation and even plans for a hunt by the 'Bonehead Club of Dallas'. The narrative highlights the media's portrayal of these events, often with a humorous bent.

Further reports detail the appearance of another baboon, 'Shag', described as Little Rollo's playmate, who escaped captivity. The articles describe efforts to capture these animals and the public's reaction. The author notes that zoo officials found no missing primates from their memberships, suggesting these were not typical zoo animals.

Arment also explores potential explanations for these sightings, including the possibility of escaped exotic pets. He discusses the popularity of exotic primates in the 1920s and 1930s, with many imported from around the world. A notable case is the 1972 importation of Japanese macaques (snow monkeys) into Texas, which eventually established a feral population. Sightings of these macaques in South Bexar County are presented as a possible source for some mystery animal reports.

The article also raises the sensitive issue of racial bias in reporting, suggesting that sightings by black witnesses during that era might have been dismissed or treated as jokes, thus losing valuable information. The author posits that the lack of detailed information on the life history of certain exotic animals makes definitive identification challenging.

Finally, the document touches upon other exotic animal reports, such as a lion hunt in Harlingen, Texas, that yielded only monkey tracks, and the ongoing mystery of baboon sightings in Dallas County in the early 1970s, potentially linked to escaped animals from Lion Country Safari.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance The publication demonstrates a commitment to rigorous investigation, favoring primary source material and critical analysis over sensationalism. There is a clear emphasis on historical accuracy and the careful examination of evidence, particularly in the context of cryptozoology. The editorial stance appears to be one of cautious skepticism, encouraging thorough research and discouraging the premature acceptance of extraordinary claims without sufficient proof. The articles highlight the importance of understanding animal behavior, migration patterns, and the potential for misidentification or the influence of exotic animal trade in explaining mystery sightings.

Title: UFO Universe
Issue: Vol. 11, No. 4, August 1973
Publisher: UFO Universe
Country: USA
Price: $1.00

This issue of UFO Universe delves into several intriguing cases of unusual animal sightings and cryptozoological mysteries, focusing on primate encounters in Texas and exploring global legends of strange tortoises and turtles.

Trinity River Baboons: A Primate Mystery

The lead article, likely written by an anonymous author given the citation style, details a series of primate sightings along the Trinity River in Texas during 1973. The events began with reports of baboons from a defunct wildlife park, World of Animals, and a local trailer park. One mobile home resident, Lee Brock, witnessed an animal emerge from the river, climb a fence, and perch on his chicken house. He called the police, and an officer shot the animal, which weighed 25 pounds and stood 35 inches high. Subsequent reports, cited anonymously as (1973b), identified the shot animal as a vervet monkey and possibly a pet. The Lion Country team, however, doubted a single monkey could account for all sightings. Lee Brock also mentioned seeing a primate in a pecan tree nearly a year prior. Mrs. W. R. Sims, the trailer park manager, noted that her own monkey stories were not taken seriously until these events. Another report (1973c) described a 'band of baboons' staking a camp along the river and conducting night raids on the trailer park for food. A final note (1973d) mentioned that police were looking for ways to capture the baboons without harm after protests from animal lovers over the killing of the vervet monkey. Despite efforts by animal experts, no trace of the baboons was found. The newspaper interest waned, and these stories entered cryptozoological literature as examples of out-of-place animals or potential sightings of a North American Ape (NAPE).

The author then evaluates the case, considering multiple explanations. The possibility of an unknown primate species is dismissed, as out-of-place animals are not evidence of a new species. The likelihood of a long-term introduced population of a known primate species is also deemed unlikely, given the common encounters and indications of scrounging for food, which would likely have been noted in local newspapers. The author checked four archival databases but found no information to fill the gap between earlier sightings (like one in 1929) and the 1973 events. The possibility of two unrelated cases of primate accidentals is considered, but misidentifications of known species are doubted. The author suspects that primates, popular in traveling menageries and as exotic pets in the 1920s and 1930s, might have been escapees or releases. The author expresses a desire for more details on the 1973 sightings, particularly whether more than one primate was seen at a time. The article notes the interesting timing of the Trinity River baboon story coinciding with the establishment of snow monkeys in Texas, suggesting a possible ill-advised introduction attempt.

The author concludes by encouraging witnesses to share their stories, emphasizing empathy and investigation over ridicule, while cautioning against uncritical belief.

The 'Freak' Caribou: A Case of Misidentification

Written by Chad Arment, this section addresses a mention in PJ Lassek's book 'Oklahoma Curiosities' about a 'freak caribou' at the Midgley Museum in Enid, Oklahoma. The book described it as a cross between a cow and caribou. Arment contacted the museum and spoke with volunteer Mike Smith, who provided photographs and identified the specimen as a 'caribou cow,' or female caribou. The misinterpretation by Lassek was likely due to the specimen's atrophied antlers, which were still within the natural range of variation for the species. Arment uses this case to caution readers against blindly believing popular state-by-state books on strange phenomena, stating that sometimes a caribou is just a caribou.

Unexpected Tortoises and Turtles of the World

Authored by Richard Muirhead, this extensive section attempts to collate data on mystery tortoises and turtles globally, divided into seven sections: Africa, North and Central America, South America, Asia, Australia, Europe, and Oceans. The author notes that Asia and Europe have the most stories, while South America has the least, acknowledging this may reflect research rather than reality. No examples were found in polar regions, but a sighting of a 'Rhapsody ship giant turtle' with a white carapace off Newfoundland is mentioned, possibly a form of camouflage. Other alleged turtles with white carapaces might have been dead whales. All European examples are located in the United Kingdom. The author deliberately excludes well-known cryptids like the Beast of 'Busco and the Hoan Kiem turtle.

Africa

The most famous African turtle cryptid is the Ndendeki. Dr. Roy Mackal, in 'A Living Dinosaur?', reported on information from eyewitnesses in Boha, Republic of the Congo, describing a 'giant turtle' with a shell 4 to 5 meters (12 to 15 feet) in diameter. While large fossil turtles like Archelon ischyros and Colossochelys atlas existed, and living leatherbacks reach 3 meters, the Ndendeki's reported dimensions are extraordinary. The shell was described as rounded, and natives did not fear it. Informants suggested it fed on detritus. Marcellin Agagna identified the Ndendeki with Trionyx triunguis, a species that fits the description of a large, freshwater, carnivorous/omnivorous, amphibious turtle. Agagna sets the maximum size at 2 meters (6.5 feet), allowing for exaggeration. This species is considered aggressive, makes excursions onto land, and feeds on crocodile eggs and hatchlings, as well as fish and shellfish.

Dale Drinnon, in his 'Frontiers of Zoology' blog, also discussed the 'Ndenki' (sic) as a tremendous freshwater turtle in the Congo River drainage. He notes confusion in cryptozoology, as some known softshell turtles can grow very large. An example from Darren Naish's blog describes a huge, dead African softshell (Trionyx triunguis) found at the mouth of the Congo River, initially mistaken for a sea turtle. Drinnon notes that native informant statements about giant turtles taken by Roy Mackal are often exaggerated, with figures of 3-4 meters carapace diameter and 6-8 meters length being common, leading experts to dismiss them. South Asian turtles are also alleged to be very large, comparable to oceanic leatherbacks.

North and Central America

1. The Carvana: Described from eastern Texas swamps and lagoons, the Carvana was an 'insidious predator' reported by a Mexican migrant named Aluna in the mid-nineteenth century. No Carvana was ever seen alive, but remains resembling large turtles (10-12 feet long, 6 feet wide) with alligator-like heads and tails were found during droughts. Skeptics suggest these tales might refer to early discoveries of fossil dinosaurs or Ice Age megafauna.
2. American Hairy Tortoise: A story from Battaile (1879) mentions an American hairy tortoise, with a similar description to Chinese varieties. A letter to 'Popular Science Monthly' describes a similar species found in a valley, about three inches long and two and a half inches wide, covered by its shell, with a non-hinged carapace, and specimens examined all had a coat of water-grass.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores the fringes of zoology and unexplained phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded investigation, encouraging the reporting of unusual sightings while maintaining a critical, analytical approach. The articles aim to debunk sensational claims with factual research (as seen with the 'freak caribou') while also documenting and examining unexplained cases (like the Trinity River primates and global turtle cryptids) for potential cryptozoological significance. There is an underlying theme of challenging conventional explanations and encouraging a more thorough, less dismissive approach to witness accounts.

This issue of FATE magazine, dated December 1999, with volume 32 and published by Creepy Publishing Company, focuses on the intriguing and often bizarre phenomenon of turtles falling from the sky. The cover headline boldly proclaims "THE MYSTERY OF THE FALLING TURTLES," setting the tone for a collection of historical accounts and speculative inquiries into anomalous animal events.

The Mystery of Falling Turtles

The magazine presents a series of documented incidents where turtles have inexplicably fallen from the sky. One of the earliest accounts is from the *Liverpool Echo* on September 13, 1884, detailing a two-and-a-half-pound snapping turtle falling during a rainstorm in Canton, Ohio. The turtle's shell cracked upon impact, but it survived.

Another report from the *Sheffield Evening Telegraph* on August 20, 1887, mentions half-a-dozen turtles falling with rain in New Brunswick, New Jersey. However, this incident was later explained as the turtles having been on a neighboring roof to sunbathe and subsequently washed off by the heavy rain.

The *Monthly Weather Review* of May 1917 cites an account from May 1884 in Bovina, Mississippi, where a gopher turtle, described as 6 by 8 inches and encased in ice, fell during a severe hailstorm.

A more recent case from July 6, 1955, reported by the *Fergus Falls (MN) Daily Journal*, describes a six-inch turtle found perched on telephone cables 30 feet above ground in St. Cloud, Minnesota. The explanation provided was that a man had tossed the turtle into a vacant lot, but it landed high and wide on the cables.

Unusual Tortoise Encounters and Legends

Beyond falling turtles, the magazine explores other peculiar tortoise-related stories. According to *Living Wonders* by John Michell and Robert Rickard (1982), a green terrapin was found embedded under hardened concrete in Fort Worth, Texas, in August 1975, presumed to have been there for at least a year.

A personal testimony from Mexico City around 1980 recounts a gentleman narrowly escaping being struck by a tortoise that fell from a clear blue sky. The tortoise, with a brown shell measuring 6-7 inches, was alive despite severe injuries, including a cracked shell, and eventually made a complete recovery.

The magazine also touches upon the legend of "Moby Turtle" reported in *Omni* magazine in 1994, concerning a giant killer turtle allegedly living in Island Lake, Illinois. Eyewitnesses described turtles of immense size, ranging from that of a small pickup truck to an 18-wheel semi.

In a heartwarming story from Brazil in January 2013, a family found their pet tortoise, Manuela, alive in a rubbish box after she had been missing for 30 years, having survived by eating termites.

Asian Tortoise Curiosities

The issue delves into Asian accounts, starting with a story from the *Bradford Observer* of March 13, 1875, about a "hairy tortoise" that appeared in Hankow, China. This was later identified as a tortoise covered in filamentous alga or water weed, a common growth in ponds.

An image depicts a giant turtle being carried at a Taoist funeral in Hong Kong, suggesting a species of large Chinese softshell turtle, though its exact provenance is unknown.

According to *A General Collection of . . . Voyages and Travels*, in 1690, a Portuguese ship was lost near the Paracel Islands, where survivors subsisted on sea fowls and tortoises. By 1701, only one man remained and was rescued.

An article from *The China Mail* on June 18, 1947, reported the death of Canton's 1000-year-old giant tortoise, a significant attraction in Han Min Public Park.

Dale Drinnon's research into "Galapagos" tortoises in China suggests a connection to supposed Ming Dynasty circumnavigations, citing statues of Dragon Turtles as evidence of Chinese awareness of giant tortoises. The article notes that Dragon Turtles are auspicious legendary creatures, distinct from the Black Warrior Tortoise of the North. It discusses the anatomical similarities between depictions of Dragon Turtles and Galapagos tortoises, and mentions the presence of large tortoises on Aldabra Islands and other locations.

Mongolian Tracks and Australian Giants

Chad Arment (2000) recounts being contacted by a Russian zoologist about strange "turtle-like" tracks found on the sandy bank of a North-Mongolian lake between 1985 and 1991. The origin of these tracks remains uncertain, with speculation including seals.

In Australia, reports mention the "Moka Moka," a supposedly giant sea turtle from Queensland. A witness named Lovell described it in 1890 as being about 27-28 feet long, possibly reaching 30 feet, with either teeth or serrated jaw bones.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of FATE magazine consistently explores the unexplained and the anomalous, particularly concerning animal phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of presenting intriguing historical accounts and unexplained events, encouraging readers to ponder the possibilities beyond conventional explanations. The magazine highlights the enduring human fascination with mysteries, whether they involve creatures falling from the sky, legendary giant beasts, or unusual biological occurrences. The use of historical newspaper clippings, personal testimonies, and references to zoological and cryptozoological research underscores a commitment to documenting and disseminating these curious tales.

This document presents a collection of historical accounts and reports detailing the discovery and presence of various turtle and tortoise species in and around the British Isles, primarily from the late 18th century through the early 20th century. It draws from numerous newspaper articles and journals, highlighting unusual sightings, captures, and introductions.

Reports of Sea Turtles in UK Waters The issue begins by detailing several instances of sea turtles being found in UK waters. An article from the Oxford Journal on December 20, 1766, reports a turtle caught off the coast of Fingal, Ireland, measuring four feet and weighing 500 pounds, noted as the first of its kind on that coast and feared to be from a wrecked ship. Another Oxford Journal entry from March 5, 1768, describes a live West India Turtle caught near Portland, four feet long and weighing nearly five hundred pounds, notably bearing the engraved letters 'W R' on its back.

According to R. Lee's 'Anecdotes of the Habits and Instincts of Birds, Reptiles and Fishes', a hawksbill turtle was once caught in the Severn and kept in a gentleman's pond. Thomas Bell (1839) provided further details on this account.

Several other newspaper reports document turtle captures:

• Belfast Newsletter (January 17, 1834): A turtle weighing over 2 cwt. was hooked off Castlehaven, County Cork, Ireland, and towed to Castle Townshend.
• Hampshire Advertiser (January 6, 1838): A large green turtle weighing 3 cwt. was caught on the north shore and sold cheaply, presumed to have escaped from a ship.
• Freeman's Journal (July 9, 1849): A young turtle was caught in the Cork channel.
• Sussex Advertiser (June 21, 1859): A very small turtle was caught in a net in Yarmouth Haven.
• Leeds Mercury (October 27, 1871): Fishermen John Barnett and William Sawdon caught a large turtle at Bridlington Quay, measuring over 7 feet long and 3ft 6 inches across, estimated to weigh six to seven hundredweight. Its presence was a surprise, and it was noted as being in time for a banquet for the Prince and Princess of Wales.
• Evening Telegraph (June 12, 1877): A turtle was found alive near the surface in the Broomielaw, Glasgow, but was dead by the time it was brought ashore.
• Belfast Newsletter (January 16, 1882): A turtle was caught in the Solent by a steam packet crew and sent to the Brighton Aquarium.
• Hampshire Telegraph (March 19, 1887): A 200 lb turtle caught in Newport in 1799 was consumed by locals.
• The Country-side Magazine (July 25, 1908): Mentioned a large leatherback turtle, over 7 feet long, captured at Pwhelli, a Cardigan Bay fishing port. Its presence in northerly latitudes was considered unusual, as its scope is typically confined to tropical and subtropical seas.
• Dundee Courier (June 19, 1916): A remarkable turtle, weighing nearly a ton and measuring 8 feet long by 4 feet broad, was caught alive in a net off Scilly. It was noted as being from the Brazilian coast, its usual habitat.
• Mystery Animals of London (Neil Arnold, 2011): Reports a Leatherback Turtle found washed up in the Thames in east London during the summer of 1998.

Land Tortoises and Introduced Species The document also details instances of land tortoises and introduced species.

• The London Magazine or Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer (July 16, 1766): Reported a land tortoise taken from farmer Platt's pond at Hendon, which had been there for years without explanation.

• Blaxhall, Suffolk (1889 onwards): Eleven examples of the European water tortoise were placed in a pond. Over the following years, specimens were found wandering, with 49 turned into ditches and ponds in Blaxhall between 1894 and 1895. Some were also liberated in a garden at Little Glemham. These tortoises remained healthy but produced no young.

• Blackburn Standard (September 27, 1898): Discusses tortoises found in the Thames Valley, describing a wild tortoise or turtle living on worms in a glass bowl. It identifies it as a New World marsh tortoise, similar to the formidable alligator tortoise but much smaller (about four inches), with a thinner, flatter shell and yellow speckles.

• The Country-side (July 21, 1906): Notes that tortoises were still surviving in the Thames Valley and other parts of England.

• British Reptiles and Amphibians (E. A. Ellis): States that the European Pond Tortoise bred successfully in Suffolk in 1929, with numerous individuals noted. Sightings continued in subsequent years.

• The Ark in Our Midst (R. S. R. Fitter): Lists other introductions, including at Shere (Surrey, 1890-91), Old Park pond (Isle of Wight, pre-1907), Frensham Hall ponds (Surrey, 1905-10), Lambay Island (Co. Dublin, 1906), and Woburn Park (Bedfordshire, where some remained in 1950). While these tortoises were alive, there was no evidence of breeding.

• Casual Records: Several odd specimens were found in Surrey, including one in a gravel-pit at Beddington (1933), one basking on a log in Richmond Park (1934), and one in a pond on Bookham Common (pre-1935). Another was found in the Royal Military Canal at Appledore, Kent (1938).

• Introductions of North American Species: Between 1905-10, Snapper Terrapins (Chelydra serpentine) and Painted Terrapins (Chrysemys picta) from North America were introduced into the Frensham Hall ponds in Surrey. When the ponds were drained around 1949, several snappers and a dozen painted terrapins were found.

• Letter from J.S. Holford-Miettinen: This letter details a personal encounter in 1964 on Great Gibcracks Farm, Essex, where the author and his brother Nigel found a tortoise, approximately 6 inches long, which they kept as a pet named Shostakovich. They later learned of other tortoise findings in the area and speculated about the acclimatization of introduced animals.

Oceans and Islands

• The Alnwick Mercury (August 14, 1880): Carried a story about an event off New Jersey, though the details are not provided in this excerpt.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance The recurring themes in this compilation are the unexpected appearances of turtles and tortoises in British waters and on land, the origins of these animals (whether native, escaped from ships, or deliberately introduced), and their ability to survive and sometimes thrive in non-native environments. The tone is primarily observational and reportorial, presenting documented cases from various sources to illustrate the phenomenon of these creatures appearing in unusual locations. There is an underlying curiosity about the natural history and adaptability of these species.

This issue of "The Unexplained" (Vol. 1, No. 1, September 1998) focuses on the intriguing topic of giant turtles and mysterious sea creatures, presenting a collection of historical accounts, eyewitness testimonies, and scientific observations.

A Sea of Turtles

The issue opens with an account from the "Galveston News" detailing an extraordinary sighting by Captain Rodgers of the schooner "James Andrews." While navigating between Sabine and Calcasian, his vessel encountered rough seas and then entered a vast field of green turtles, some as large as "ordinary-sized round table[s]." Strikingly, all the turtles were observed to be on their backs. Captain Rodgers measured the area they covered to be eight miles in width and ten miles in length. During this encounter, Spanish mackerel were seen leaping high out of the water, as if trying to escape. The article notes that the presence of these turtles seemed to be associated with the storm; as the schooner "James Andrews" moved away from the turtles, fair weather and good seas ensued. Captain Rodgers reportedly sought an explanation from nautical authorities.

Giant Turtle Sightings from Around the World

The magazine then presents a series of reports on large turtles and turtle-like creatures from various historical periods and locations:

Newfoundland and the Grand Bank

In 1883, "Scientific American" reported a story from Captain Augustus G. Hall and the crew of the schooner "Annie L. Hall." On March 30, while on the Grand Bank, they encountered an immense live trunk turtle, initially mistaken for a vessel bottom up. The turtle was estimated to be at least 40 feet long, 30 feet wide, with flippers 20 feet long. The crew did not attempt to capture it.

The 'Father of All Turtles'

According to Dale Drinnon (2009), a semi-legendary turtle known as the 'Father of All Turtles' is mentioned in Sumatran lore. The article notes that huge turtles have been reported globally. European accounts date back to the early nineteenth century from Dutch settlers in Indonesia. Sightings are not limited to the East Indies; in June 1956, seamen on the cargo steamer "Rhapsody" reported a huge turtle, about 45 feet long with an all-white shell, south of Nova Scotia. Canadian coastguards issued warnings about this reptile with 15-foot flippers. Seventy-three years prior to this, a turtle 60 feet long and 40 feet wide was reported near the Newfoundland Banks.

Soay, Inner Hebrides Sighting

In September 1959, Tex Geddes and James Gavin reported seeing a "giant turtle" off the island of Soay in the Inner Hebrides. They described it as a "hellish monster of prehistoric times" with a reptilian head, large protruding eyes, and a mouth that appeared to cut the head in half. The creature's back rose three to four feet out of the water. Geddes noted the head was about two feet six inches high.

Ancient and Extinct Turtles

The article references the existence of giant marine chelonians in the Cretaceous period, such as "Archelon," found in Kansas, USA, with a carapace of twelve feet and a skull of three feet. It speculates that "The Father of all the Turtles" might be a surviving population of Archelon.

Historical accounts from Roman times are cited, including those from Pliny and Ælian, describing gigantic "Chelonians" in the Indian seas. The discovery of "Colossochelys Atlas" in North-Western India, with a shell measuring twelve feet and the animal nearly twenty feet, is mentioned. Pliny (circa A.D. 77) described turtles in the Indian Sea so large that a single shell could roof a cottage. Ælian (mid-3rd century A.D.) described Indian river-tortoises as large as boats and tortoises in the Great Sea near Ceylon with shells large enough to roof a dwelling. El Edrisis (A.D. 1154) also mentioned turtles twenty cubits long in the Indian Ocean.

Stories from the T'ang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.) mention giant turtles in the South China Sea. The seas off Canton reportedly produced a large "osprey turtle."

Chinese Materia Medica and the "Peking Natural History Bulletin" (1930s) describe a creature called the "Yuan" or "Great Sea Turtle." Li Shih-chen states the "yuan" is a large, scaly animal, 10 to 20 feet in circumference, with five-colored flesh, chiefly white. Its eggs are large, and southerners prepare them for food. Tao Hung-cheng suggests that old "yuan" can change into a dryad. The "yuan" is described as having protuberances on its back, a yellowish-green color, a big head with a yellow neck, and connected bowels. It mates with the "pieh," and its fat is said to attract the "pieh." The "yuan" is also said to eat fish and have a human-like body, with twelve kinds of flesh representing various animals. A "Vermillion Turtle" found in the South Seas, as large as a coin, with a blood-red underside, is also mentioned.

Galapagos Tortoise Rediscoveries

On July 19, 1924, the "Townsville Daily Bulletin" reported a discovery on one of the Tonga Islands of a giant Galapagos turtle with "Captain Cook" and "1773" engraved on its back, suggesting it was old when Captain Cook encountered it 150 years prior.

In March 1972, the Abingdon (Pinta) Island giant tortoise, *G. elephantopus abingdoni*, was found after being presumed extinct since the early 1960s. The subspecies *G. e. phantastica* from Narborough Island is known from a single specimen collected in 1906, though fresh droppings found in 1964 suggest its continued existence.

In early 2010, Cryptomundo reported that nine captive Galápagos tortoises were identified through genetic research as descendants of an extinct species formerly endemic to Floreana Island.

Lightweight Racing Tortoises of the Mascarene Islands

In September 1998, "The Guardian" reported on a race of swift, lightweight tortoises that lived on the Mascarene Islands until the early 1800s. Jeremy Austin of the Natural History Museum suggested these tortoises adapted to island life by reducing shell thickness and increasing openings for legs and head, potentially making them "lightweight racing tortoise[s]."

"Sea-Mystery Turtle" Captured in San Diego Bay

"Popular Mechanics" (September 1907) reported the capture of a gigantic sea turtle in San Diego Bay, California, by Greek fisherman Julius Solissa. The turtle weighed 1,902 lb and had a shell measuring 5 ft 2 in. The most peculiar feature was an inscription on its shell: "British Ship 'Sea Bride' August 12 1881 3 South, 86, West." This suggested the turtle was captured 26 years earlier in the South Pacific and then released.

Sea Serpent with Turtle-like Features

On February 18, 1925, "The Sydney Morning Herald" reported on a "sea serpent" with similarities to a turtle in Australian waters. Saville-Kent's 1893 book on the Great Barrier Reef described an alleged sea serpent seen by Miss Lovell and six other witnesses near Sandy Island lighthouse, Queensland, on June 8, 1890. This creature had a carapace "quite five feet high," a long neck with a large mouth, a long, scaly tail (about twelve feet long), and semi-transparent flukes. It was described as "beautiful silver-grey, shading to white."

On August 25, 1934, "The Western Australian" reported a "Sea Monster" sighted by a launch party near Bowen. The creature, described as a "Turtle-headed 'Snake'", was 30 to 35 feet long, with a head like a turtle and a body like a big-ribbed hose.

"Joselito" - Unidentified Marine Animal in Argentina

In 1993 and March 18-19, 1994, fishermen off the coast of Bahia de los Vientos, Argentina, reported sightings of an unidentified marine animal nicknamed "Joselito." Its color was dark brown to black, with an enormous head, very big neck, and a serrated edge on its back. The local museum noted that a leatherback turtle was caught by fishermen in 1995, suggesting "Joselito" might have been a leatherback. In August 2007, Austin Whittal's "Patagonian Monsters" website also mentioned "Joselito."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the existence of exceptionally large marine animals, particularly turtles, and the persistent reports of unidentified marine creatures or "sea monsters." The editorial stance appears to be one of presenting historical accounts and eyewitness reports without definitive conclusions, encouraging readers to consider the possibility of unexplained phenomena and the enduring mysteries of the ocean. The collection of diverse reports, from ancient legends to modern sightings, highlights humanity's long-standing fascination with the unknown inhabitants of the deep sea.

This issue of Fortean Times, identified as issue 100, delves into two primary areas of interest: the extraordinary nature of leatherback turtles and various accounts of Bigfoot, drawing from both scientific records and folklore archives.

Leatherback Turtles: Giants of the Deep

The content highlights the immense size and unique characteristics of the leatherback turtle (*Dermochelys coriacea*). It details a record-breaking specimen discovered in Wales, weighing 2,016 lb (916 kg) and measuring 9 feet in length, which is now on display at the National Museum of Wales. Another significant record mentioned is a live-caught specimen in Monterey Bay, California, in 1961, weighing 1,908 lb (865 kg) and measuring 8 feet, 4 inches.

The article touches upon recent sightings, including one from 2007 where an animal approximately 2 meters long was observed, and a 1994 sighting in Argentina. It is suggested that these sightings, particularly in areas outside the leatherback's usual range, might be of this species, though potentially unrecognized by observers.

Unusual biological aspects of the leatherback are explored, such as its lack of a rigid shell, warm-bloodedness, and bone structure similar to marine mammals. The text also poses questions about their deep-diving capabilities (up to 3000 feet) and their ability to remain submerged for up to 48 hours, especially considering their diet of jellyfish, which are 97% water.

The cause of death for the record-breaking turtle found in Wales was attributed to drowning, with ingested plastic possibly being a contributing factor. This leads to speculation about the potential maximum size these creatures could reach and the possibility of even larger individuals existing in the oceans.

Bigfoot and Folklore Archives

The issue also features an article by Chad Arment discussing the Fife Folklore Archives at Utah State University. Arment differentiates between folklore studies and cryptozoology, explaining that while folklore focuses on the collection and analysis of stories, cryptozoology aims to determine the existence of unknown creatures and find physical evidence.

Several accounts from the Fife Folklore Archives are presented:

Providence Canyon Encounter (July 1972)

William Draper reported seeing a "big hairy critter, standing upright on two legs" with red eyes while camping. Size 15 tracks were found the following morning.

North Fork, Salmon River Sighting (Summer 1970)

H. F. Jackson and companions heard noises and observed three "ape-men" approximately six feet tall and weighing 450-500 pounds each. They ran upright and made grunting noises.

Unknown Location Encounter (circa 1969-1974)

An ex-logger reported hearing a strange noise and a "real rotten kinda smell" that persisted for three months. Years later, he recognized a scream from a Bigfoot documentary as the sound he had heard.

Elbe, Washington Encounter (Fall 1977)

Robert Bates, Jr. reported seeing a "Big-foot" while hunting. The encounter caused him and his friends to flee, and his rifle was found damaged. Large human-like footprints were discovered nearby. Bates and other researchers later passed a polygraph test.

References

A comprehensive list of references is provided, spanning historical accounts from the 18th century to contemporary publications and online sources, covering a wide range of topics related to natural history, cryptozoology, and folklore.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the exploration of the unknown in the natural world, from the scientifically documented but still awe-inspiring leatherback turtle to the elusive and folkloric Bigfoot. The magazine appears to maintain an open-minded yet critical approach, presenting evidence and accounts while also posing questions and acknowledging the boundaries of current knowledge. The inclusion of both scientific data and anecdotal folklore suggests an editorial stance that values diverse forms of evidence and inquiry into anomalous phenomena.

This document presents a collection of accounts related to cryptids and folklore, primarily focusing on Bigfoot and similar phenomena, alongside other mysterious creatures. The issue is structured as a series of collected stories and a book review, drawing from various informants and time periods.

Bigfoot and the U.S. Army

This section details an incident involving the U.S. Army at Ft. Lewis, Washington, in the Fall of 1980. Informant Robert Bates, Jr. recounts his platoon's discovery of a Signal Unit that had experienced power loss and damage to their generator trailer and equipment. The Signal Unit personnel had stayed in their van while it was being rocked. Military investigators were called in and, after several days, cleared the unit of wrongdoing. Bates stated his men were told to "keep our mouths shut about it." A Signal Unit sergeant informed Bates that investigators found the area covered in bare human footprints, described as "about twice the size of any that the Army even thought about making boots for!"

Bigfoot Sightings and Encounters

Several other Bigfoot-related incidents are documented:

• Jim Burmester (1984): While camping in a canyon near Cherry Creek Road, Downey, ID, Burmester and friends heard a high-pitched scream. As they drove away, they saw a "huge black-haired creature" cross the road.
• Brenda Heslop (1950s or 1960s): A family story about Brenda's great uncle at American Falls Reservoir, Idaho. While camping, a "big, big hairy arm" entered their camper. They hit it with a frying pan, and the creature ran away, leaving behind a smell. Reddish hair was later found on a barbwire fence.
• Sandy Bosgieter (early 1960s): While exercising horses in North Ogden Canyon, Utah, Bosgieter heard a strange scream. On her way back, she found large (3- to 4-inch diameter) broken limbs on the pass, too large for horses to break. She also smelled something foul.
• John Weaver (Summer 1982): After exploring trails on Oxford Peak, Idaho, Weaver and a friend stopped to watch the sunset. They smelled what they thought was a dead animal and then saw a "brown, man-like shape in the trees," prompting their immediate departure.
• Kit Sheldon Kinsel (Unknown date): While flying as an air observer on smoke patrol over the Washington peninsula, Kinsel saw a large black creature that he assumed was a bear, but it moved "very fast on two feet down the ridge." The pilot swung around, but the creature was not seen again.
• E. Kent Williams (1960): Near Bluebell, Utah, Williams and a friend saw something unusual in their spotlight. It appeared as a "round gray object" that then stood up into a manlike figure about seven feet tall and three feet wide, with eyes that had no shine. Williams recognized a later news report about a Bigfoot sighting as similar to what they had seen.

The Bear Lake Monster

This section discusses the folklore surrounding the Bear Lake Monster. Typical stories are campfire tales, with some attempting to provide early details involving ranchers sending cattle or horses through the lake's narrows or over ice, leading to occasional disappearances of animals and sightings of a "large scaly object." A common belief is that Bear Lake is bottomless and connects to Loch Ness. The Bonneville cisco, found in Bear Lake and Loch Ness, is mentioned. The origin of the myth is sometimes attributed to Deseret News correspondent Joseph C. Rich, who allegedly created it to stir up excitement. Few collected stories involve first-person sightings.

• Milton Sealy (Unknown date, told in 1980s): Sealy's father and a friend were fishing in a small boat on Bear Lake. A friend stepped onto what he thought was a log, but it swam away. It was described as "green brown" in color.
• Ruth Bassett (Unknown date, collected 1974): Bassett's parents, vacationing near Bear Lake, saw a large object emerge slowly from the water onto the bank. It was dark brown and as large as a piano. When her father went to get his camera, the creature was scared off.

Other Strange Monsters and Little People

This section briefly mentions other types of strange monster stories, such as lizardman and sheepman, often described as "scare your friend" inventions. It highlights "little people" stories as being interesting, though not always from Utah or nearby regions.

• The Elusive Little Men (Val Snow, collected 1971): On a BYU survival trip in the Southern Utah wilderness, two leaders, Max and Larry Smith, found small human-like footprints. They then saw a "little human" about four feet high, covered in red hair, running over rocks. This type of being was described as living in remote areas, being "real primitive" and "real savage."
• Cheenans (Karen Stamnes, collected 1973): Near Gulfport, Mississippi, the collector and an Elder were warned about "the Cheenans." They were described as "little men, about one and one-half feet tall" that come out at night and create mischief.
• The Promise of the Little People (Roger Snow Trimnal, family story, collected probably 1970s): Roger's great uncle, as a fourteen-year-old hiker near Rock Hill, South Carolina, encountered "the little people" or "Pigmy Indians" after noticing their tracks. He woke up surrounded by them and was told that if he promised not to tell, he would receive an all-powerful healing herb; if he told, he would die. He was taken home by his parents and died shortly after. His grandfather had a similar story from his grandmother.

Book Review: Snarls from the Tea-tree: Big Cat Folklore

This section is a review by Chad Arment of the book "Snarls from the Tea-tree: Big Cat Folklore" by David Waldron and Simon Townsend. The review emphasizes the importance of studying mystery animals from both folkloric and biological lenses. It notes that the book tackles the phenomenon of "big cats" in southeast Australia, examining their folkloric origins and the scientific methodology for investigating sightings. The reviewer praises the book as an excellent model for future cryptozoological studies, highlighting its balanced approach to folklore and scientific investigation. The book is 190 pages and includes an index, endnotes, and photos, available from Australian booksellers and publishers.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the investigation of unexplained phenomena, particularly Bigfoot and other cryptids, and the exploration of folklore and eyewitness accounts. The editorial stance appears to be one of documenting and presenting these accounts, allowing readers to draw their own conclusions, while also acknowledging the role of folklore and cultural context in shaping these narratives. The book review further reinforces the idea of a dual approach, combining folkloric understanding with scientific investigation.

This document is an excerpt from the "Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute for 1903," specifically featuring an article titled "THE ANTIQUITY OF THE LION IN GREECE" by Adolf Bernhard Meyer. The article, published in (1904) on pages 661-667, delves into the historical and zoological evidence for the presence of lions in Greece.

The Antiquity of the Lion in Greece

The article begins by examining the earliest Greek author, Homer, whose realistic descriptions of lions are attributed to direct observation. However, the author notes that this does not definitively prove the animal's existence in Greece during historic times, as the Homeric epics may have originated from Asia Minor. Herodotus, writing between 484 and 430 B.C., is cited for mentioning lions in the region between the Achelous River and the Nestus, a passage often linked to Xerxes's expedition in 480 B.C. Aristotle, in his "History of Animals," provides a similar geographical range, though it is suggested he may have relied on Herodotus. G. C. Lewis is quoted as questioning why Aristotle would correct Herodotus on the parturition of a lioness but not verify the more obvious fact of the lion's presence in northern Greece.

Further discussion involves the interpretation of ancient myths, such as those of the Nemean and Cithæronian lions, which some suggest indicate the lion's spread across the peninsula. The article then turns to linguistic evidence, noting the antiquity of the word "lion" in Indo-Germanic languages and suggesting it likely referred to an indigenous animal.

The author then explores the question from a zoological and paleontological perspective. C. I. Sundevall is cited as believing it probable that lions were still encountered in Macedonia around 330 B.C. Other researchers like A. Newton, Dupont, Nehring, and von Zittel are mentioned as supporting the presence of lions in historic times. The article references Xenophon's accounts of lion hunts in Syria and Arabia, and notes that Philostratus mentions the lion among the "plays of nature."

Fossil Evidence and Geographical Distribution

The presence of fossil lion bones is discussed, with Dr. T. Krüper reporting the finding of a skull in Athens. The "cave lion" (Felis spelæa) is described as having been spread across Europe during the Diluvial period. Nehring's research indicates its presence in various German provinces, and Dupont has proven its existence in Belgium. Dawkins and Sanford's work is highlighted, which suggests the cave lion disappeared at the end of the Post-Glacial or Quaternary period and that the European fossil lion is identical to the modern lion. The range of the American Felis atrox is also noted as extending to Mexico, possibly via the Bering Strait.

The article points out that deposits containing cave lion bones are primarily Post-Glacial or Quaternary, though the possibility of Pliocene occurrence is not entirely excluded. It is noted that Aristotle described the lion as "rare," while Herodotus had described them as "many" about 150 years earlier, suggesting a decrease in their numbers. Dio Chrysostomus, writing around 80-100 A.D., is cited as speaking of the lion's complete extinction in Europe within four hundred years after Aristotle.

Ancient Art and Lion Representations

The article touches upon ancient art, particularly Mycenaean dagger depictions of lions, with the question of whether these were made from nature or were imported motifs. Lewis expresses skepticism, suggesting that lions on the gate of Mycenae are of great antiquity but not necessarily evidence of their presence in the country, drawing parallels with Etruscan tombs. However, Perrot and Chipiez are cited as arguing that unless the lions were imported, their portrayal suggests they still inhabited the mountains of the Peloponnesus and central Greece during those remote times.

Conclusion

The author concludes that, based on natural science and the available evidence, it is not unreasonable to believe that lions still lived in the regions named by Herodotus during his time. The possibility of ancient lion representations in Greece being made from nature is considered, though the definitive proof of lions in Greece during historic times remains elusive, with the hope that future excavations will yield more conclusive evidence. The gradual retreat of lions before human civilization is presented as a probable scenario.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this article include the historical presence of lions in Greece, the interpretation of ancient texts and myths, linguistic analysis of the word "lion," and paleontological evidence of extinct lion species. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, weighing historical accounts against scientific findings and acknowledging the limitations of current evidence while advocating for continued research and careful collection of data.

This issue of the Journal of Mammalogy, dated 1956, features an article titled "DERMOID CYSTS A BASIS OF INDIAN LEGENDS" by A. W. F. Banfield, and a separate academic paper "The "Great Fish" in Ancient and Medieval Story" by Cornelia Catlin Coulter.

Dermoid Cysts: A Basis of Indian Legends

The article by A. W. F. Banfield explores the connection between biological anomalies and indigenous folklore. It begins by referencing a tumor specimen that led to the disclosure of a factual basis for curious Indian legends. Strong (Jour. Mamm., 1930) reported on investigations in Labrador concerning the Davis Inlet Indians' beliefs about "certain non-mythical theories." They spoke of abnormal dwarf caribou, called mah-tákw-ah-tée-hoos, which they claimed were carried by the male caribou for six years in a skin sack attached to the belly, then dropped fully developed and accompanying the herd. Unlike larger animals, these dwarf caribou were said to have no botfly holes in their skin.

This legend was also noted by Seton (Life histories of northern animals, 1909), who wrote about moose. William G. Tweddell of Woonona, Manitoba, reported a legend of the "Peeto-mong-sons" or "Little Moose in the Big Moose." According to this legend, one moose in about 500 has a "little medicine Moose in its skin," and finding it is a cause for much rejoicing and is preserved as great medicine, believed to bring good luck in moose hunting. Tweddell's evidence was cross-examined and not shaken; he described the abnormality as being in the skin, usually of a bull moose, about a foot long, with hoofs and hair but no bones.

Earlier, Richardson (Fauna Boreali-Americana, 1829) described a similar abnormality in a woodland caribou: a peculiar bag or cyst in the lower neck, about the size of a crow's egg, filled with fine flaxen hair. Mr. Hutchins of the Hudson's Bay Company at York Factory noted this but offered no conjecture as to its use.

Seton correctly deduced that the abnormality was a dermoid cyst, a condition found rarely but regularly in domestic animals, which can contain hair, teeth, nails, or other ectodermal products. However, the Indian legends might also be based on teratomas or abnormal repressed twins.

The article then presents a letter from Jerome St. Onge, a Montagnais Indian from Shefferville, Quebec, dated October 29, 1956. He sent a "little caribou" growth for analysis, found between the flesh and hide. He stated that this growth, when fully developed, could reach about 30 lbs. He also claimed that when the caribou dies, the "little one" remains alive, having killed the "big one." When the "little caribou" emerges from the skin, it resembles a two-year-old caribou. He noted that this is very rare in the north and expressed a desire for more details.

A. W. F. Banfield of the Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, confirmed that the specimen consisted of a circular-shaped cyst, about 5.8 cm. in diameter and 2.5 cm. thick, with a thin, transparent wall. The cavity contained tightly packed flaxen hair in a whorl. He identified it as likely from an eastern woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) and concluded that this rare abnormality is the physical basis for a legend widely held among Canadian Indian tribes.

The "Great Fish" in Ancient and Medieval Story

Cornelia Catlin Coulter's paper examines the theme of the "great fish" in ancient and medieval literature, tracing its presence across various cultures and time periods. She notes that travelers have always brought back stories of strange creatures, with enormous fish being a recurring subject of fascination and terror.

In classical times, reports of huge creatures in the tropics reached Greece and Rome. Herodotus believed that creatures in India grew much larger than elsewhere. Later, during Alexander the Great's expedition, his men were terrified by a school of whales. Pliny, in his Natural History, and the Numidian Juba, provided accounts of immense fish in eastern waters. Juba described fish of six hundred feet in length and three hundred sixty in width in the Arabian Sea. Pliny also estimated the acreage of a whale's back and the size of sharks, lobsters, and serpents in the Indian Ocean. He mentioned enormous tunnies and great river fish like the silurus in the Nile, the isox in the Rhine, and the attilus in the Po, the last weighing about a thousand pounds.

The paper discusses a letter attributed to Alexander the Great, likely composed in Egypt, which describes a magic island off the coast of India that caused the disappearance of those who landed on it. This story is linked to an Indian tale of a magic island and was repeated to Nearchus. The adventure of Nearchus is further combined in Pseudo-Callisthenes with the story of a different island associated with King Erythres, and the incident is dramatized.

The disappearing island motif appears with more detail in the Talmud's "Rabha b. b. Hana's Legends." One story tells of a fish so large that people mistook its back for an island, landed on it, and began to cook, only for the "island" to move, nearly drowning them. This tale is also found in the Zend-Avesta, describing the hero Keresâspa slaying a "horned monster, the horse-devouring, man-devouring, poisonous yellow one," on whose back Keresâspa cooked meat.

Coulter suggests that the similarities between the Zend-Avesta and the Talmudic tales point to a common Indo-Persian folklore source, which was preserved in the Avesta and later integrated into maritime settings.

The Arabian scholar El-Kazweenee's "The Wonders of the World" also features variations of these stories. His account of a sea tortoise describes it as enormous, with green plants growing on its back, leading sailors to believe it was an island. He also details huge fish in eastern waters, including one in the Sea of China over three hundred cubits long, and another in the Sea of El-kulzum that could sink ships.

The "Story of Sindbad the Sailor," from "The Thousand and One Nights," incorporates elements of these themes. In his First Voyage, Sindbad encounters a two-hundred-cubit-long fish and an "island" that turns out to be a fish, causing a shipwreck. The Seventh Voyage describes three monstrous fish appearing before Sindbad's ship.

Coulter notes that the method of frightening away large fish by beating on wood, mentioned in the Sindbad tales and Arabic scientific works, corresponds to the tactics used by Nearchus and his men. She concludes that the "island" incident, found in Pseudo-Callisthenes and the Talmud, reappears in El-Kazweenee's work with similar details, suggesting a common source rather than direct borrowing.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue highlights the intersection of zoological observation, medical anomalies, and folklore. The first article demonstrates how scientific understanding of biological conditions can explain seemingly mythical elements in indigenous legends. The second paper showcases the enduring human fascination with the unknown and the monstrous in the natural world, as reflected in ancient and medieval narratives. The editorial stance appears to be one of scholarly inquiry, seeking rational explanations for folklore and tracing the transmission of stories across cultures and time.

This document is an excerpt from an academic article titled "The \"Great Fish\" in Ancient Story," published in "Vol. Ivii" of an unspecified journal, with the publication year indicated as [1926]. The article, authored by Cornelia Catlin Coulter, explores the prevalence and variations of the 'great fish' or 'whale-island' motif across ancient and medieval literature.

The "Great Fish" Motif in Ancient Literature

The article begins by discussing the support for Rohde's theory regarding the 'whale-island' type of story, noting its localization in India and shared features with a Talmudic incident and ancient Persian literature. The narrative structure of these tales, often put in the mouth of a merchant, is highlighted. Indirect evidence for such tales in the second century AD is found in Lucian's *True History*. Photius suggests that Antonius Diogenes' *The Wonders beyond Thule* was a source for Lucian's work. Lucian himself acknowledges Ctesias and Iambulus as influences, mentioning their marvelous tales of huge beasts and savage men, while humorously admitting his own work is fictional.

Lucian's boyhood home in Syria, a 'crossroads of the ancient world,' makes it probable he was familiar with these travel-tales, which may have originated in India and traveled westward. Professor F. G. Allinson's conservative assessment of Lucian's debt to classical Greek authors and potential influence from Arabian Nights tales is noted.

Lucian's *True History* and the Great Fish

A significant portion of the article focuses on the "great fish" story in Lucian's *True History*. In this narrative, Lucian and his fifty companions are sailing west from the Pillars of Hercules when they encounter a massive sea monster, described as the largest of many whales and monsters, measuring about 1500 stades (170 miles) in length. The monster swallows their ship whole. Inside the fish, they discover a vast interior with an island formed by swallowed mud, a forest, and inhabitants, which they explore. After a period, they devise a plan to escape by setting fire to the forest. After seven days of raging fire, the monster's strength begins to fail, and after five more days, they manage to prop open its jaws and escape through the gaps with their boat.

Comparisons with Sindbad and Other Tales

The article draws parallels between Lucian's story and the 'huge fish' from *The Thousand and One Nights* (specifically, the "Sindbad's Seventh Voyage"). However, it notes that Lucian's narrative possesses a whimsical charm that Sindbad's lacks, and significant variations exist. Lucian places his adventure west of Gibraltar, while Sindbad's mishap occurs in the eastern sea. Notably, only in Lucian's story is the ship entirely engulfed by the fish's jaws, leading to further events like expeditions and military campaigns inside the creature before escape.

The "Swallow" Motif Across Cultures

The "swallow" type of tale, where a giant, cow, wolf, huge fish, or dragon swallows a person or object, is identified as a very ancient and widespread motif, likely predating the Book of Jonah. These stories sometimes explain a race's history or feature a hero's adventure. Frazer's discussion of "Jonah and the Whale" is mentioned, along with a "less artistic, but equally veracious" story from Windesi, Dutch New Guinea, where five men are swallowed by a whale and escape by eating its liver and guts. A Melanesian tale features Kamaka-jaku being swallowed by a fish and cutting his way out with obsidian.

The Book of Jonah and Herakles

The article references the Book of Jonah, where Jonah is swallowed by a fish and later vomited onto dry land after praying. It also mentions a Canadian Northwest Indian story where a young man is swallowed and suffers for three days in the monster's burning vitals. The myth of Herakles is also cited, where he descends into a monster's belly, his hair singed by the heat.

Medieval European Adaptations

When moving to Western European medieval literature, the "great fish" motif remains popular. Medieval bestiaries depict the whale as a symbol of evil, luring mariners to their doom. *The Voyage of Saint Brendan* contains adventures similar to Sindbad's, including an incident on a supposed island and an encounter with a huge fish. The article notes similarities between St. Brandan's adventures and Sindbad's, particularly the disaster on the back of a great fish.

*Gesta Romanorum* and *The Merchant of Venice*

A story from the *Gesta Romanorum* introduces the "great fish" in a different context: a princess is swallowed by a whale but ultimately escapes and passes a test to marry the Emperor's son. This incident is suggested as a remote source for the trial of Portia's suitors in Shakespeare's *The Merchant of Venice*. The article also mentions Olaus Magnus's description of a Scandinavian sea-beast that could be mistaken for an island, and Milton's use of this imagery in *Paradise Lost*.

The "Swallow" Motif in "Patience" and Other Tales

The "swallow" motif is also found in the medieval poem "Patience," where Jonah's story is used as an illustration. The poem adds details like the spaciousness of the whale's interior and the discomfort it caused the creature. The *Gesta Romanorum* story is presented in Latin, detailing a princess swallowed by a whale, her escape, and her subsequent successful test. The article notes that this story is similar to one involving King Vikramaditya, but with variations in how the people inside the fish are portrayed as resourceful and energetic.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout the article is the enduring and widespread nature of the 'great fish' and 'whale-island' motifs in storytelling across diverse cultures and historical periods. The author meticulously traces these motifs from ancient oral traditions and written works through medieval literature, highlighting variations in plot, character agency, and symbolic meaning. The editorial stance appears to be scholarly and comparative, aiming to demonstrate the continuity and evolution of these narrative elements in human culture. The article emphasizes the rich tapestry of folklore and mythology that has incorporated these powerful archetypes.

This document contains pages from a publication, likely a magazine or journal, focusing on folklore and ancient stories. The primary article discussed is "The "Great Fish" in Ancient Story" by Cornelia Catlin Coulter, published in 1926.

The "Great Fish" in Ancient Story

The article by Cornelia Catlin Coulter explores the prevalence and evolution of stories involving a "great fish" across various cultures and historical periods. It notes that these narratives are not confined to a single region or time, with India being particularly rich in such tales. Two distinct types of stories emerged in India: the "island" type, where a large sea creature is mistaken for land, and the "swallow" type, where a creature swallows a person or ship.

These story types spread westward, influencing Greek, Arabic, medieval Latin, and vernacular literatures. The "whale-island" story persisted with little change until the sixteenth century, while the "swallow" tale saw variations, losing its romantic conclusion in "The Story of Sindbad" and appearing in abridged forms in "The Voyage of Saint Brendan." Lucian parodied the swallowing motif in his "True History," and similar themes reappeared in the Middle-English poem "Patience" and in the "Gesta Romanorum."

The author discusses the details found in variants of these stories, such as the supernatural element and the role of the princess. In some versions, the princess plays a leading part in planning and seeking help, and suggests methods for defeating the fish, like lighting a large fire or inflicting a deep wound. These methods are also found in other folk-tales, including a Windesi story and Lucian's "True History."

Coulter addresses the question of the source of these medieval details, stating that direct borrowing from Lucian is improbable due to the language barrier. However, given the widespread popularity of the "swallow" motif, indirect influence is not ruled out. The article posits that the medieval writer served a valuable purpose by preserving these ancient methods of defeating the fish and by transforming the passive heroine into a more active and energetic character, better suited to Western ideals.

Publisher Information and Related Works

Several pages display "Coachwhip Publications" and "CoachwhipBooks.com," indicating this is a publisher specializing in niche and historical topics. The scanned pages include advertisements or listings for various books and reprints published by Coachwhip, covering subjects such as:

• Biofortean Notes, Volume 1 (2011): Featuring articles on cryptozoology, folklore of the American Ibex, the Popcorn Fish, the Hungarian Reed Wolf, freshwater seals in Alaska and Canada, and a bipedal reptile in Nevada.
• Biofortean Reprints: Including "The Doheny Scientific Expedition to the Hava Supai Canyon, Northern Arizona" (1924), "Sculptured Anthropoid Ape Heads Found In or Near the Valley of the John Day River, Oregon," "The Piasa, or The Devil Among the Indians," and "The Lenape Stone or The Indian and the Mammoth."
• Other Titles: "The Historical Bigfoot," "Cryptozoology: Science & Speculation," "Varmints: Mystery Carnivores of North America," and "Caribbean Monk Seals: Lost Seals of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea."

These listings suggest Coachwhip Publications focuses on cryptozoology, folklore, historical accounts of unexplained phenomena, and natural history.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in the provided pages revolve around folklore, mythology, ancient legends, and cryptozoology. The article on the "Great Fish" demonstrates an academic approach to tracing the origins and dissemination of myths. The publisher's catalog further emphasizes a focus on mysterious creatures, historical accounts of the unexplained, and regional folklore. The editorial stance, inferred from the content and publisher's focus, appears to be one of serious inquiry into anomalous phenomena, historical accounts, and folklore, presented with scholarly rigor.