BioFortean Notes - No 01

Magazine Overview

Title: BIOFORTEAN NOTES
Volume: 1
Issue: 1
Publication Date: 2011
Publisher: Coachwhip Publications
Location: Landisville, Pennsylvania, USA
Editor: Chad Arment

This issue of BioFortean Notes, Volume 1, is a collection of articles exploring various facets of cryptozoology, folklore, and the scientific approach to investigating unexplained phenomena. The publication aims to bridge the gap between anecdotal reports and rigorous scientific inquiry.

Contents

The issue features the following articles:

• Putting the "Ology" into Cryptozoology by Charles Paxton
• American Ibex Folklore by Chad Arment
• The Popcorn Fish by Chad Arment
• The Hungarian Reed Wolf (Canis spp.) by Tomasz Pietrzak and Miklós Heltai
• Freshwater Seals in Alaska and Canada by Chad Arment
• A Bipedal Reptile in Nevada by Chad Arment

Article Summaries

Putting the "Ology" into Cryptozoology

Charles Paxton critically examines the field of cryptozoology, addressing its frequent criticism as pseudoscience with a weak evidence base. He suggests that, at its best, cryptozoology can be a valid form of scholarship akin to natural history, focusing on scholarly investigation of the natural world, even if it lacks experimentation or falsification of hypotheses. Paxton notes that while some peer-reviewed papers on cryptozoological themes have been published, often using molecular genetic techniques, there remains a significant gap between these and non-peer-reviewed literature. He provides guidance for authors aiming to publish in mainstream scholarly journals, stressing the importance of well-reasoned arguments and rigorous evidence. Key advice includes:

1. Do not assume a cryptid exists: Scientific consensus requires verifiable, objective evidence. Papers should argue for existence based on compelling evidence, considering all alternative explanations.
2. Do not assume the identity of what was reported: Tentative conclusions can be drawn, but definitive statements should be avoided unless the evidence is conclusive (e.g., a hoax or a corpse).
3. Eyewitness testimony is unreliable: It can be inaccurate, biased, or false, as demonstrated by psychological experiments. However, inaccuracy does not necessarily imply lying.
4. Witnesses may not know what they saw: The very fact that something is unknown means the witness is not in a position to accurately gauge their own perception.
5. Distinguish between what was present, remembered, and reported: These stages can introduce significant alterations.
6. Reports are the raw data: In testimony-based cryptozoology, reports are a biased sample of sightings, which are themselves a biased sample of what was seen. Reports primarily inform about the reporting process, secondarily about "cryptids."
7. Collective naming does not imply a single source: Reports from the same location or of the same cryptid do not necessarily share a common origin.
8. Beware of folkloric parallels: Avoid assuming that similar descriptions in different cultures or mythologies necessarily refer to the same entity (e.g., the "lóng" and "dragon").
9. Avoid "Monster Manual thinking": This refers to the tendency to prioritize the classification and cataloging of putative cryptids over the analysis of reports and evidence, potentially influenced by preconceptions (the "Oudemans fallacy").
10. Define "cryptid": The zoological community does not universally use this term, so its definition is crucial.
11. Zoologists' opinions may not be relevant: The weight of evidence, not the opinion of cryptozoologically-aware zoologists, is paramount.
12. Stay current with scientific literature: Incorporate the latest findings, such as comparing sea monster reports to current paleontology rather than outdated popular depictions.
13. Quantify whenever possible: Systematic quantification reduces subjectivity and bias.
14. Provide wider relevance: Explain why the research is interesting beyond just being evidence for an unknown species, considering implications for psychology, ecology, etc.
15. Justify non-consensual assumptions: If assumptions are made that are not accepted by the scientific community, they must be supported by evidence.
16. First-hand reports are less exaggerated: Evidence suggests that direct accounts are more reliable than second-hand ones.
17. Named sources are more reliable: Anonymous reports tend to be more exaggerated.
18. Be aware of sampling biases: Reports can be biased in predictable and unpredictable ways (e.g., seasonal reporting).

American Ibex Folklore

This article by Chad Arment explores the folklore surrounding the American Ibex, a creature that has been subject to various accounts and legends.

The Popcorn Fish

Chad Arment investigates the phenomenon known as the "Popcorn Fish," likely a colloquial term for a specific type of unusual aquatic creature or sighting.

The Hungarian Reed Wolf (Canis spp.)

Tomasz Pietrzak and Miklós Heltai contribute an article on the Hungarian Reed Wolf, examining its potential zoological classification and folkloric significance within the context of the *Canis* genus.

Freshwater Seals in Alaska and Canada

Chad Arment discusses reports and folklore concerning freshwater seals observed in the regions of Alaska and Canada, exploring the possibility of their existence and the evidence presented.

A Bipedal Reptile in Nevada

This article by Chad Arment details accounts and evidence related to a bipedal reptile reportedly sighted in Nevada, delving into the characteristics and implications of such a creature.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical examination of cryptozoological claims, the importance of rigorous scientific methodology, and the analysis of folklore as a potential source of information about unknown species. The editorial stance, particularly evident in Charles Paxton's contribution, advocates for a cautious, evidence-based approach to cryptozoology, emphasizing the need for verifiable data and the critical evaluation of testimony and existing scientific knowledge. The publication appears to encourage scholarly investigation into anomalous zoological phenomena while maintaining a skeptical yet open-minded perspective.

This issue of Fortean Times, number 265, published in 2010, is themed "The Monster Manual." It delves into various aspects of cryptozoology, scientific methodology, and the interpretation of anomalous reports.

Key Articles and Discussions

The Importance of Search Effort and Bias in Reporting

The issue emphasizes that raw quantification of reports cannot be used to infer trends or geographic distributions without considering "search effort." This is analogous to scientific animal surveys where the effort to find an animal influences the number of reports. Anecdotal reports are described as "presence-only" data, which can lead to substantial bias when inferring habitat preferences. The article notes that reported distances in marine monster reports are often closer than statistically expected, suggesting a potential bias. It also highlights that the increasing availability of motion-activated wildlife cameras may provide better "encounter per unit effort" data for cryptozoologists in the future. The importance of "reporting effort" – the effort used in soliciting and collecting reports – is also stressed, suggesting that "cryptid flaps" could be influenced by increased witness numbers or reporter interest.

The American Ibex: Folklore and Misidentification

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to the folklore of the "American Ibex," authored by Chad Arment. The article contrasts the rarity of mystery ungulate reports with those of lake monsters or primates. It explains that herbivorous mammals are generally less likely to remain unknown due to their biological and behavioral characteristics. The "American Ibex" is described as an animal reported in western North America, distinct from true ibexes found in Europe, Asia, and Africa, primarily due to its prominent, long, backward-curving horns. The article notes that North America has native mountain goats, bighorn sheep, and Dall sheep, but no recognized native ibex species. It discusses historical accounts and the likelihood of misidentification, particularly with younger male bighorns or old females presenting ibex-like appearances. The article presents a chronological selection of historical passages from Alaska, the Rocky Mountains (Idaho and Oregon), and the southwestern states (Arizona and New Mexico), including a quote from Dall (1895) about an Alaskan animal reported by Indians and a skeptical account from Juneau regarding alleged Alaskan ibex horns.

Scientific Methodology and Publication in Cryptozoology

The issue provides a numbered list of points concerning scientific rigor and publication in cryptozoology:

• Point 21: Temporal and spatial trends in anomalous event reports may reflect culture rather than actual sightings, citing examples like ghosts and Bigfoot.
• Point 22: Conclusions must be derived directly from evidence presented, with a clear argument from data to conclusion.
• Point 23: Journal conventions should be followed.
• Point 24: Every point must be justified by evidence within the paper or by reference to published literature. Assertions without evidence are unacceptable.
• Point 25: Scholarly references are required, preferably from print media. Ephemeral references like websites and blogs are generally unacceptable, and Wikipedia is explicitly stated as unacceptable.
• Point 26: Scientists should be honest about potential weaknesses and gaps in their assumptions, data, or reasoning.
• Point 27: Choosing the appropriate journal is crucial. High-impact findings might go to journals like *Nature* or *Science*, while folklore studies belong in folklore journals, historical accounts in history of science journals, and statistical analyses in zoology or psychological journals. The *Journal of Scientific Exploration* and *Kraken* are mentioned as journals that accept cryptozoological material.
• Point 28: Papers may be rejected for being fundamentally flawed, badly written, or due to the review process. Authors are encouraged to consider submitting to other journals if rejected.
• Point 29: Cryptozoology is a controversial subject, meaning manuscripts will face critical scrutiny and may need to be of higher quality than average mainstream papers to be published.

Acknowledgements and References

The issue includes acknowledgements to Michael Woodley, Matt Bille, and Chad Arment for their comments. A comprehensive list of references is provided, citing numerous academic papers and books on topics ranging from cryptozoology, marine biology, folklore, eyewitness testimony, and statistical analysis. Notable references include works by Paxton, Davies, Regal, Prothero, and Víkingsson.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical examination of evidence in cryptozoology, the importance of rigorous scientific methodology, and the distinction between folklore and scientific data. The editorial stance appears to advocate for a more scientific and evidence-based approach to the study of anomalous phenomena, while acknowledging the cultural and historical aspects of such reports. There is a strong emphasis on the need for peer-reviewed, scholarly sources and a cautious approach to interpreting anecdotal evidence. The issue encourages researchers to engage with the scientific community and adhere to established academic standards for publication.

This issue of "Recreation" magazine, dated February 17, 1918, focuses on the persistent mystery and accounts of a fabled ibex in Alaska. The cover features photographs of an Alpine Ibex and a Male Bighorn Sheep, setting the stage for discussions on elusive wildlife.

The Fabled Ibex of Alaska

The central theme of the issue is the exploration of reports and theories surrounding an animal believed to be an ibex, inhabiting the remote regions of Alaska. The article compiles various anecdotes and observations from individuals who claim to have encountered or heard of such creatures.

Early Accounts and Horn Descriptions

The text begins by recounting a story about horns procured from a shop, which were said to belong to an Alaskan ibex from Mount St. Elias. However, upon examination, the horns were noted to have a twist inwards, unlike typical ibex horns, leading to the suspicion that they might have belonged to a common domestic goat. Despite this, the possibility of an unknown species existing in Alaska is not entirely dismissed, referencing the existence of the American wapiti and Altai wapiti.

Sportsmen's Yarns and Local Theories

Further accounts are presented from sportsmen and residents who have ventured into the Alaskan interior. One resident from the head of Cook's Inlet describes an animal distinct from sheep or mountain goats, with horns larger and more curved than those of an Ovis dalli ewe, suggesting it might be a type of ibex.

Dawson and the "Sporting English Doctor"

A significant anecdote involves the discovery of two animals with long, unknown horns hanging outside a store in Dawson during the gold rushes of 1897-1898. A sporting English doctor reportedly identified them as undoubtedly ibex, though the circumstances surrounding the lack of further evidence or discovery are questioned.

SS. Bertha Encounter

In November 1903, on board the ss. Bertha, two prospectors shared their experiences of seeing the fabled ibex. They described the animals as darker than sheep, with shaggy hair, and brown, backward-curving horns approximately 30 inches long. One man claimed to have seen three or four dead specimens killed by prospectors, and upon viewing photos of Altai ibex, identified them as the same beast.

Zoological Perspectives and Misidentification

Dr. J. A. Allen's description of two sub-species of wild goat from British Columbia and Montana is mentioned, clarifying that these are not related to the reputed Alaskan ibex. The article explores two main explanations for the ibex reports: either the existence of an unknown animal in Alaska, or that these are descendants of domestic goats that escaped from old settlements.

The Mount St. Elias Ibex Horns

Colonel Cane's book, "Summer and Fall in Western Alaska," is cited for mentioning a pair of horns in the Juneau Post Office, attributed to a Mount St. Elias ibex. Examination of these horns confirmed their resemblance to small markhor horns with an inward spiral, suggesting a domestic goat origin.

The Lituya Bay Goat

A news report from the "Daily Alaska Dispatch" (February 17, 1918) highlights the belief that the Lituya Bay district might be home to the 'fabled ibex,' considered the progenitors of North American goats. Hunters and woodsmen in the area, like E. Doyle and Robert Barclay, report encountering a strange species of goat with distinct characteristics.

Distinguishing Features of the Lituya Bay Ibex

Compared to the common mountain goat, the Lituya Bay ibex is described as having four teats (vs. two), horns that curve more like a mountain sheep's, and a fleece or mohair that is extremely long, fine, and silky. This fleece is so dense that it has reportedly stopped bullets. The animals are also noted to be significantly heavier than goats, with some weighing around five hundred pounds.

Distribution and Habitat

Reports suggest these animals are found from Laprue Glacier westward to the Alsek river, and inland for less than a hundred miles. Other reports from the Yukon district and the existence of a stream named "Ibex river" fifty miles from White Horse lend further support to their presence.

Misleading Appearances and Hunter's Tales

The magazine also addresses the potential for misidentification, including an account from "Recreation" where a supposed ibex turned out to be a cluster of dead tree sprouts. The article acknowledges that many tales of big game can lead to "fool's errands," but the consistency of ibex stories across different regions suggests a basis in reality.

Sheldon's Account and the "Strutting Cock"

Sheldon (1919) recounts an experience while hunting Dall sheep where he observed mountain rams with horns that curved backward, not upward, resembling an ibex. He notes how easily one could be deceived by such appearances, leading him to give more credence to those who report seeing ibex.

Other Accounts and Wickersham's Input

Further anecdotes include a story about rabbits so numerous they ate themselves, and a description of an ibex by Billy Wooden with large front feet and twisted, spiraled horns. Ex-Representative James Wickersham of Fairbanks is mentioned as vouching for the presence of these animals, though his impressions may have been influenced by Gen. T. A. Allen's book.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the persistent, yet elusive, presence of the ibex in Alaska, supported by numerous anecdotal accounts from various sources. The editorial stance appears to be one of cautious investigation, acknowledging the possibility of an unknown species while also considering explanations involving misidentification or escaped domestic animals. The magazine encourages further exploration and research into these intriguing wildlife mysteries.

This issue of the Journal of the American Society of Mammalogists, Volume 5, Number 4, published in November 1924, focuses on the elusive and often debated presence of the ibex in North America, particularly in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest. The publication compiles various reports, anecdotes, and scientific observations to explore the zoological and folkloric aspects of these animals.

The 'Tebay' of Alaska

The issue begins with an extract from General Allen's book, detailing an animal called 'tebay' by Alaskan natives. This creature is described as a big-horn mountain sheep (ovis canadensis) with horns that are nearly straight and twenty inches long. The tebay's head resembles that of a Southdown sheep, with less pointed muzzle than Nelson's big-horn. Its hair is uniformly white, blending with the snow, and is easily broken. The size is comparable to the bighorn. A spoon made from a tebay horn measured twenty-six inches in length and five inches across the bowl, with natives claiming larger horns exist. The animals were observed in high points and on the northern tributaries of the Chittistone River. The author notes the questionable nature of native statements and contrasts the tebay with other descriptions.

Debates on Ovis Canadensis and Billy Wooden's Mystery Animal

The text questions the habitat of *ovis canadensis* as presented by General Allen, noting his book was written about thirty-five years prior. It contrasts Billy Wooden's description of a mystery animal, which was distinctly a goat except for horn and hoof formation, with General Allen's sheep-like description. The author expresses skepticism about the existence of these distinct animals, suggesting that no hunter has secured a specimen for natural history institutes. A possible explanation offered is that Allen's 'ibex' might be a young mountain sheep ram or an old female with slightly curved horns, while Wooden's 'ibex' is deemed unfathomable.

Ibex Sightings in Alaska and the Northwest

A report from the *Journal-Standard* (September 10, 1924) states that a species of ibex, identical to the Old World ibex, has been sighted by hunters in the Noatak River region of Alaska. The article notes that this wild country is known for both sheep and mountain goats, but hunters insist they have found the true ibex.

Further accounts discuss the Eskimo legends of Alaska, which include depictions of strange quadrupeds with long horns on walrus ivory. While some ethnologists consider these figures mythical goatlike animals, the author suggests they might be renderings of mammoths deformed by ice.

Rocky Mountains and Idaho's "Ibex"

A report from Owyhee, Idaho, dated June 17, 1893, by the *Avalanche*, details Frank Leply's sighting of four ibex on a bluff above Louse creek. Leply, experienced with these animals from hunting in Oregon, killed one and believed it to be a connecting link between mountain sheep and goats.

An article titled "Is There an Ibex in this Country?" reflects on twenty years of rumors and newspaper accounts of so-called ibex in Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. The author has investigated these stories, finding that claimed specimens, upon examination, turned out to be either a female mountain sheep or a white goat. The article posits that the region has been extensively worked by fur traders and trappers for 200 years, making the discovery of a new animal unlikely without specimens reaching museums.

A Detailed Observation from the Canadian Rockies

A letter from Tacoma, Washington, dated November 12, 1901, describes an encounter in the Crow's Nest pass, Canadian Rockies, in May 1900. The observer saw two animals weighing 160 to 180 pounds each, with ashy gray hair about six inches long, forming a black line from head to tail. The legs were of medium length, and the horns were about three feet long, black, and curved backward and outward. The observer was within fifteen yards and believes they were ibex, sending a drawing of the head. A rancher in Alberta corroborated this, recognizing the drawing as an animal he called antelope when he lived in Oregon.

Legendary Distribution and Misidentification

The writer traces legends of goats in Colorado, Utah, and California, attributing persistent stories of white goats to escaped domestic goats. It is stated with certainty that *Oreamnos* (mountain goat) has not existed in Colorado since the arrival of white men. The article dismisses claims of goats in Wyoming, Colorado, California, and New Mexico as misleading, positively stating no goats have ever existed on Mt. Shasta, though it has been a site for stories about mountain goats and mythical ibex. These fables are traced to the former existence of mountain sheep, whose ewes' straight horns might be responsible for the legends.

Ibex in Oregon and Conservation Efforts

A report from Boise, Idaho, dated August 15, 1908, mentions Deputy Game Warden W. R. Parker and hunters killing three ibex near Baker City, Oregon. It notes that ibex are rare in the United States and seldom seen outside of eastern Oregon and Idaho.

An article titled "Save Ibex His Aim" from the *Oregonian* (November 22, 1909) discusses W. R. Parker's advocacy for creating a game preserve around Mount Eagle in the Cornucopia Range to save the only known herd of ibex in America. Parker had previously found a bunch of these animals in an inaccessible part of Mount Eagle. He and his brothers killed a buck, doe, and fawn, which were mounted and photographed. Parker recounts finding about 26 ibex in 1906 and states they have been unmolested since. He expresses concern that settlers will discover the herd, leading to its disappearance, and advocates for protection, offering information to officials.

Idaho's Protective Ibex Law

The issue highlights Idaho's unique situation of having a law protecting ibex, despite no evidence of their existence in the state. The law was enacted by a legislator who believed in their presence, and subsequent legislatures have preserved it. The law warns hunters against harming any ibex they might encounter, even if it appears to be making a meal off cobblestones. The author points out that the lawmakers seem unaware that no animal of the genus *Capra* is native to the New World.

The Origin of Idaho's Ibex Law

The writer encountered this strange statute while serving in the legislature. An inquiry revealed that no lawmaker present had ever killed an ibex in Idaho, nor knew anyone who had. Despite this, the law remained. The origin of the belief in ibex in Idaho is traced back about twenty-five years, when hunters brought a skin of a goat from the Salmon River mountains that differed from the ordinary Rocky Mountain White Goat (*Oreamnus montanus*). This animal was described as white, taller and more slender than a goat, with longer horns that curved backward and laterally, and flattened points. Other hunters reported similar goats, which became scarce over time, leading to the legislative protection.

Anecdote on Misidentification

An anecdote illustrates how easily misidentification can occur. The writer encountered a mounted head in Spokane, Washington, which at first glance appeared to be an African antelope, then a white-tail deer head with goat horns. Jack Withers identified it as an Australian Koodoo. The writer notes that such misidentifications, especially when combined with a lack of anatomical knowledge, can lead to the creation of mythical species or the misapplication of protective laws.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the persistent legends and reported sightings of ibex in North America, particularly in the Pacific Northwest. There is a clear editorial stance favoring scientific rigor and evidence-based conclusions, as demonstrated by the critical examination of anecdotal reports and the debunking of unsubstantiated claims. The articles highlight the challenges in wildlife identification, the role of folklore in shaping perceptions, and the importance of conservation efforts, even for animals whose native status is questionable. The issue underscores the contrast between popular belief and scientific fact, particularly in the context of Idaho's protective ibex law, which is presented as a monument to legislative zeal rather than ecological reality.

This issue of The American Naturalist, Volume XLVII, dated December 1913, focuses on the persistent phenomenon of 'ibex' sightings and the legislative responses to them in the American West, particularly in Idaho. The central theme revolves around the misidentification of native wildlife, primarily Rocky Mountain goats and sheep, as the exotic ibex.

The 'Ibex' of Idaho: A Legislative Farce

The lead article, "Protecting the Ibex," published in the Oakland, California, Tribune on December 18, 1912, details the peculiar situation in Idaho. The state had enacted a law to protect ibex, despite no evidence that the animal had ever existed there. This law was a result of a legislator's erroneous belief, which was then perpetuated by subsequent legislatures. The article humorously points out that hunters were warned against harming these non-existent animals, highlighting the disconnect between legislation and natural reality. It traces the origin of this belief to ignorance about species and genera.

Debunking the Myth: Expert Opinions

Several articles and reports contribute to debunking the 'ibex' myth. Dr. Hornaday, a zoologist, is cited as opining that the animals described were merely variations of *Oreamnus* (Rocky Mountain goat) and did not belong to the *Capra* genus. He noted similar characteristics in goats from the Kootenia region of British Columbia and along the Pacific coast. The article "Idaho Hunter Kills Ibex" from the Idaho Statesman (October 1, 1913) reports on an ibex killed by Lee Ramey in Lemhi county, Idaho. However, it immediately notes the differing opinions among authorities regarding the existence of ibex in Idaho.

District Forester Grandjean, in an article from the Idaho Statesman (October 3, 1913), strongly refutes the presence of ibex on the American continent, stating they are found only in Europe, Asia, and Africa. He recounts his efforts to investigate claims of ibex in Idaho, consulting with the Smithsonian Institute, which confirmed that specimens submitted were consistently identified as Rocky Mountain goats or sheep. Grandjean emphasizes the improbability of such a large animal remaining unidentified and offers a reward for any genuine specimen, which was later withdrawn.

The Role of Misidentification

Several accounts detail how misidentification occurred. Hunters brought in skins of goats that differed from the ordinary Rocky Mountain white goat, leading to the classification as ibex. These animals were described as white, taller, and more slender than ordinary goats, with distinct horn shapes. Other hunters reported similar goats in higher ranges. The article "The Irrepressible American 'Ibex'" discusses the persistent belief in an undiscovered American ibex, fueled by drawings and photographs of specimens that were later identified as domestic goats that had gone wild or as mountain sheep.

Dr. D. T. MacDougal's findings are presented, illustrating how a specimen shot in Arizona, claimed to be an ibex, was identified as a female bighorn mountain sheep (*Ovis canadensis*). The horns of female mountain sheep, described as quarter-circle shaped and less curved, were mistaken for ibex horns. The article suggests that most 'ibex' stories originated from erroneous observations of wild domestic goats, mountain sheep ewes with short, straight horns, and young mountain sheep rams.

Official Investigations and Conclusions

State Game Warden Otto M. Jones conducted a two-week search in Idaho's middle fork country of the Salmon River in 1919. After examining alleged specimens, he concluded, "There ain't no such animal," and declared that the ibex was never found in Idaho. He identified the animals seen as ewe mountain sheep, whose short, slightly curved horns misled hunters. He also noted that sometimes these animals were called 'chamois.' Jones's expedition, which involved significant hardship, convinced him that all 'ibex' rumors were false.

Further reports from the Oregonian (October 29, 1919) indicate the Idaho state fish and game department was seeking the 'famed ibex,' considered nearly extinct and found only in Asiatic mountains. Game Warden Otto M. Jones decided to investigate reports of these animals in central Idaho.

In 1920, the Pittsburgh Press reported that the Idaho state game warden warned ranchers against killing ibex, imposing a $100 fine. The article reiterates that an ibex was an 'alien animal' in those parts, and that bagged specimens were identified as mountain sheep or chamois.

Regional Reports and Persistent Myths

The Nevada ibex myth is also discussed in a column from the State Journal (September 21, 1952). It mentions an 'Ibex Pass' and claims by Nevadans of seeing ibex herds, but suggests these were likely bighorn ewes. The true ibex is described as a European goat and nearly extinct.

Reports from Arizona also feature prominently. An article from the Daily Standard (August 12, 1895) mentions an ibex killed in the Superstition Mountains, Arizona, with only two others claimed killed in the US. The Daily Citizen (August 13, 1913) reports sightings of an ibex near Willow Creek, Arizona, with a $500 fine for killing it. However, experts remained skeptical, as noted in the Tribune (April 4, 1935), regarding reports of a herd of 100 ibex near Kingman, Arizona. The biological survey considered these reports 'impossible,' though they agreed to send a field man.

Boulder Dam 'Ibex' Herd

A significant report from the Independent Republic (April 4, 1935) discusses a herd of ibex near Boulder Dam, believed to be offspring of a herd introduced to Nevada by President Theodore Roosevelt. Elmo Bollinger, Mohave county attorney, and Sheriff Ernest Graham claimed to have seen these animals, described as wild mountain goats. H. L. Lyon, a resident engineer, also reported seeing them. Despite government officials' skepticism, a field man was dispatched to investigate. Al Jagerson, a service station operator, estimated the herd at 150 and reported seeing them swim across the Colorado River.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is the persistent misidentification of native North American wild sheep and goats as the exotic ibex. The editorial stance is clearly one of debunking these myths, emphasizing scientific accuracy and the importance of correct zoological identification. The articles highlight how a combination of public ignorance, sensational reporting, and perhaps a desire for novelty led to the perpetuation of these erroneous beliefs, even influencing legislation. The issue serves as a case study in how natural history can be distorted by misinformation and the efforts of naturalists and officials to correct the record.

This document appears to be a collection of articles and reports concerning the alleged presence and sightings of ibex in North America, primarily focusing on the southwestern United States, spanning from the 1930s to the 1980s. It also touches upon the history of introduced ibex species and the interpretation of Native American petroglyphs.

Larger than Goats

This section details early reports of animals identified as ibex. Bollinger asserted that these animals possessed all the characteristics of the ibex, being larger and more powerful than local goats, with a uniform brown coloration. E. B. Morrison of Kingman noted that the Boulder dam region provided natural surroundings for them, and that they remained on high crags near the snow line, descending for pasture. Bollinger also mentioned that they typically moved in small bands but could gather into herds of over 100. He concluded that numerous citizens in Kingman and vicinity had seen these animals over the past decade and believed them to be ibex. However, word from Washington indicated that biological survey officials were equally certain the purported ibex were merely mountain sheep, stating that ibex are not native to America.

Wild Ibex Reported in Big Bend

Published in the Lockhart, Texas, Post-Register on May 30, 1935, this report states that a herd of wild ibex, a species typically found in Asia and Africa, was reported ranging in the Big Bend country. Despite these reports, game authorities remained skeptical. The prevailing theory was that these animals were descendants of a herd of ibex placed 25 years prior in a game preserve in Nevada by President Theodore Roosevelt.

So-Called Ibex Seen in Arizona

This article, from the Oshkosh, Wisconsin, Daily Northwestern on July 4, 1935, discusses sightings in Flagstaff, Arizona. Reports indicated that the remote Sycamore canyon might harbor a species of ibex previously unknown outside Africa. Hunting parties described strange animals with horns similar to those of ibex seen in zoos or in the trophy collection of Arizona rancher Warren P. Lawson. Federal authorities were notified, and biological survey experts were dispatched to investigate. Lawson, however, suggested that the animals might be a cross-breed species resulting from interbreeding between domestic sheep and mountain goats, citing the varied wool colors of Navajo sheep. He urged the state game department to protect the animals, fearing hunters might exterminate them due to the intense interest.

Mountain Sheep Charges Dropped on Quaint Plea

Reported by the Reno, Nevada, Evening Gazette on April 12, 1938, this piece details a court case in Oatman, Arizona. A jury acquitted three men accused of killing mountain sheep after being convinced of the presence of ibex. Despite testimony from deputy state game wardens and a University of Arizona professor that no such animal existed in Arizona, the jury found the state had not conclusively proven the animals were not ibex. A defense witness, Jerry Hoffman, claimed to have seen a hundred of these strange animals in the Kingman and Boulder dam area thirty years prior. It was also mentioned that former President Theodore Roosevelt reportedly sent half a dozen ibex to the vicinity of Boulder dam, though the U.S. biological survey had no record of ibex being released in the United States.

Have You Got Any Ibexes You Want Seen?

From the Albuquerque, New Mexico, Journal on May 10, 1938, this article reports a $100 reward offered by T. E. McCullough, president of the Arizona Game Protective Association, for locating a live, uncaged ibex in the state. Controversy surrounded the existence of ibex in Mohave County, where men charged with killing mountain sheep were released when they claimed the animal was an ibex, supposedly descended from a herd released in Northern Arizona by Theodore Roosevelt around 1900.

“Whatisit” Mystery Bobs Up Again

This report from the Gallup, New Mexico, Independent on February 28, 1940, revisits a 40-year-old argument about a mysterious animal in the San Andreas mountains. Ranchers insisted it was an ibex, while State Game Warden Elliott Barker scoffed, stating there were no ibex on the American continent and suggesting it was likely a mountain sheep. Old-time stockmen countered that the animal had hair, not wool, and straight horns, unlike sheep or goats. They claimed the late Bob Burck had killed a strange animal identified by experts at the New Mexico Agricultural College as an ibex, and that Burck had even named a location "Ibex corral." A previous game department expedition had found nothing. Warden Barker warned that if a "whatisit" were bagged and found to be a protected animal, the hunter would be prosecuted. M. C. Cauthen, head of the Otero County Game Protective Association, attempted to mediate between the factions.

The Roosevelt Introduction Theory

This section discusses cryptozoology and the tendency for mystery animals to attract folkloric elements. It examines the "authoritarian origin story" of wildlife officers reintroducing predators. The idea that Theodore Roosevelt released ibex into the southwest is presented as folklore, possibly stemming from a promise of chamois from the Swiss government that never materialized for Yellowstone and were instead sent to the National Zoo. The author finds no evidence that Roosevelt released ibex into the southwest.

Ibexes in North America Today

This section details the history of introduced ibex species in New Mexico. Introductions began in the 1960s as part of a state program for big game hunting. Key events include:

• 1950: New Mexico began introducing exotic ungulates, starting with 52 aodad.
• 1964: Iranian ibex, Siberian ibex, and gemsbok were placed in Red Rock (Grant County) game pastures. Offspring were intended for release into the wild.
• 1969: Oryx were released into the White Sands Missile Range.
• 1970: 15 Iranian ibex were released into the Florida Mountains.
• 1973: An estimated 40-50 Iranian ibex were in the Florida Mountains, with additional introductions.
• 1975: New Mexico held its first ibex hunt. A plan to introduce Siberian ibex onto Ladron Mountain was denied by the Bureau of Land Management.
• 1976: Siberian ibex were transferred from Red Rock to Canadian River Canyon, an introduction that apparently failed by the 1980s.
• 1977: Wanderers from New Mexico's exotic introductions were occasionally reported in Arizona but were not establishing themselves.
• 1985: An aerial survey counted 695 Iranian ibex in the Florida Mountains.

Today, several species and hybrids of ibex roam private game ranches in southwestern states, with game officers monitoring escapes to prevent disease spread or competition with native species.

Conclusion

The author concludes that misidentifications are the most likely explanation for alleged American ibex sightings, emphasizing the need for cautious evaluation and physical evidence. Alaska is suggested as a potential area for further research, where an Alaskan hunter might possess an unrecognized ibex skull or horns. The article also notes the existence of ibex-like representations in Native American petroglyphs, particularly in Havu Supai, Arizona. These petroglyphs, with their distinctively straight and long horns, differ from typical mountain goat or bighorn sheep depictions. Possible explanations include exaggeration, misidentification of aberrant horns on known species, or actual representations of a true American ibex. Images of petroglyphs from Hava Supai Canyon and Lee Canyon, Arizona, an actual ibex petroglyph from Kazakhstan, petroglyphs of Rocky Mountain goats from Utah, and bighorn sheep petroglyphs from Washington are included for comparison.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes revolve around the persistent reports of ibex sightings in North America, the skepticism of scientific and governmental authorities, the potential role of introduced species, and the intriguing possibility suggested by ancient petroglyphs. The editorial stance appears to be one of cautious investigation, acknowledging anecdotal evidence while prioritizing scientific rigor and physical proof. There is a clear distinction made between folklore and verifiable fact, particularly regarding the Theodore Roosevelt introduction theory, which is labeled as folklore. The document also highlights the challenges in distinguishing between native and introduced species and the complexities of interpreting historical and archaeological evidence.

This issue of The Cryptozoologist, identified as issue 15, delves into two intriguing cases: the 'Popcorn Fish' of the Yukon and the debated identity of the Hungarian Reed Wolf. The content is primarily text-based, with a few accompanying images of petroglyphs on the first page.

The Popcorn Fish

The article introduces the 'Popcorn Fish' as a lesser-known mystery animal brought to attention by Canadian correspondent Kevin Stewart. The creature was first reported in the summer of 1953 by the cook of a geological survey party in the Yukon. The fish was described as having a large number of bumps on its head that resembled popcorn. The cook, Al Martin, fried the fish for a meal shared with two others.

Dr. Cas Lindsey, a freshwater fish specialist from the University of British Columbia, became interested in the story and, along with Dr. Don McPhail, led an expedition in 1960 to the lake in question. Despite their efforts, they were only able to catch suckers, sculpin, and grayling, failing to net the 'Popcorn Fish.'

Two newspaper reports from 1960 detail the expedition. The *Daily News-Miner* from Fairbanks, Alaska, reported on June 22, 1960, that University of British Columbia scientists would seek the mysterious fish in the Yukon's Peel River headwaters. A subsequent report from Vancouver, B.C., on June 22, (AP) also mentioned the expedition's focus on remote areas of northern British Columbia, Yukon, Alaska, and the Bering Sea islands.

The 'popcorn' fish had been consistently mentioned in reports from bush pilots who described its distinctive head lumps. The article notes that the Institute of Fisheries' collections that year had already yielded two previously unknown specimens in British Columbia waters: the nine-spined stickleback and the emerald shiner, both found at Fort Nelson.

A second newspaper article, from the *Daily News-Miner* dated October 28, 1960, titled 'Scientists Fish in Alaska For Clues to Ancient Era,' discusses how the expedition, headed by Dr. C. C. Lindsey, strengthened the belief in a land bridge connecting Asia and North America. The scientists found freshwater fishes on St. Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea, arguing that these species could only have reached the island through freshwater channels of a land bridge. The three specimens found were the Alaska black fish, the Arctic grayling, and the slimy sculpin.

Dr. Lindsey and his associates also made a trip to the headwaters of the Peel River in the Yukon specifically searching for the 'popcorn' fish, but were unsuccessful in capturing it. They also investigated Indian tales of freshwater flying fish, which turned out to be dwarf Arctic grayling with large fins, so numerous that their leaping sounded like rain.

Dr. Lindsey concluded that the original 'Popcorn Fish' might have been an ordinary sculpin or sucker with abnormal head growths, possibly caused by parasites. However, he did not rule out the possibility of it being a unique species. He famously stated, "If Canadians are prepared to believe in the Sasquatch and in Ogopogo, they should keep an open mind about more plausible creatures like the popcorn fish." The lake where the fish was reportedly sighted has since been officially recognized as Popcornfish Lake by the Canadian Permanent Committee on Geographical Place Names, located at 65.4639°N, 133.8056°W.

The Hungarian Reed Wolf (Canis spp.): Speculations on an Extirpated and Forgotten Population

This section, authored by Tomasz Pietrzak and Miklós Heltai, explores the taxonomy and history of the Hungarian reed wolf. The reed wolf was a small wolf-like or large jackal-like canid, historically classified as an extinct subspecies of the grey wolf, *Canis lupus minor*. Its phylogenetic origin was not well explained.

The reed wolf was first discussed by zoologist Kramer in 1756. Ogérien (1863) described a small Austro-Hungarian wolf as *Canis lupus minor*. Zoologists now believe that *C. l. minor* was the same as the common European wolf, *Canis l. lupus*.

In the twentieth century, Dr. Gyula Éhik (1938) reclassified the reed wolf as *Canis aureus hungaricus*. Many researchers found *C. a. hungaricus* to be morphologically similar to the Dalmatian jackal. Kretzoi (1947) proposed it was a distinct Hungarian jackal, naming it *Canis aureus ecsedensis*. Dr. Eugen Nagy (1956) supported this classification and the historical extirpation of the unique reed wolf. János Szunyoghy (1957) argued against *hungaricus* being a separate subspecies and later (1959) suggested the reed wolf was simply a larger form of European golden jackal.

Other scientists speculated it was not a wolf variety but a golden jackal or a feral domestic dog. The theory that feral dogs were responsible for reed wolf reports has not been scientifically substantiated. Tratz (1958) studied museum specimens and proposed it was a morphologically small wolf, a view that was well-received.

An unconfirmed hypothesis suggested that the flood plains of Hungary influenced the development of smaller, short-haired wolves, later named the reed wolf. Scientists investigated whether it was a distinct species or a morphological variant of the European wolf.

Bauer (1960) concluded that the reed wolf was not a subspecies of the grey wolf in Austrian fauna, arguing that the data were poorly documented and it was merely the common golden jackal, which is the currently accepted view. Other attempts classified it as a local jackal subspecies, a hybrid with wolf genes, or an inbred jackal population endemic to Central Europe.

The animal inhabited the moors along the border of Austria and Hungary. G. H. Kramer (1756) mentioned large numbers of 'rohrwolf' (reed wolves) near Lake Neusiedler See, where the golden jackal has since resettled. The reed wolf is now considered extinct, and its taxonomy is determined from museum specimens.

Dr. Karl P. N. Shuker featured the reed wolf as a European cryptid in his 1991 book, *Extraordinary Animals Worldwide*. The question of its phylogeny remained: was it a jackal with wolf characteristics, a wolf resembling a jackal, or something else? One hypothesis suggested 'reed wolf' was a generic name for any Hungarian canid. The reed wolf became extinct due to excessive hunting and habitat destruction. It inhabited open woods and areas with shrubs and reeds.

Some speculated it was a hybrid between the golden jackal and grey wolf. Without genotyping specimens, no hypothesis can be explicitly confirmed. Future analysis of mtDNA or nuclear microsatellites might clarify its identity.

The native jackal's survival is uncertain, as the golden jackal might have occupied its niche. A native jackal would likely have been absorbed into the invading southern jackal population. Wolves are present in these areas but do not form stable populations. The wolf population in Austria is sporadic (under 20 individuals), while Hungary has one known breeding pack.

Currently, the reed wolf's former habitat in Hungary and Austria is occupied by regenerated golden jackal populations and occasional European grey wolves. Wolves prefer deciduous forests, while jackals prefer open steppe and marshy areas, avoiding snow. The golden jackal originated in India and has expanded its range throughout southeastern Europe, including Hungary and Slovakia. The species *Canis aureus moreoticus* has seen increased population and range expansion in recent decades.

The golden jackal (*Canis aureus*) is listed in the Hungarian Red Data Book as extinct. Its native population declined dramatically and was extirpated due to habitat fragmentation and hunting pressure. The last known specimen was shot in 1942. The species reappeared as an invasive non-native in south-central Europe, extending its range northwest. It was first reported in the Czech Republic in 2006 and has been documented in Italy, Germany, and Slovakia.

Golden jackals returned to southern Hungary in the late 1970s.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of The Cryptozoologist focuses on the investigation and taxonomic classification of animals that are either poorly understood, potentially extinct, or considered cryptids. The magazine presents scientific expeditions, historical accounts, and debates among zoologists and cryptozoologists. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, encouraging readers to consider possibilities while grounding discussions in scientific investigation and evidence, as exemplified by Dr. Lindsey's quote about the 'Popcorn Fish.' The articles highlight the challenges in definitively identifying species, especially those that are rare, extinct, or have ambiguous characteristics.

Title: UFO ROUNDUP
Issue: Vol. 29 No. 10
Date: October 2014
Publisher: BUTTERWORTH COMMUNICATIONS
Country: USA

This issue of UFO ROUNDUP features two main articles: one on the expansion of golden jackals in Hungary and another on freshwater seals in Alaska and Canada. The magazine maintains a focus on unusual natural phenomena and wildlife, with a particular interest in species that may have been historically misunderstood or are subject to ongoing scientific inquiry.

Golden Jackals in Hungary

The article details the significant increase in the golden jackal population in Hungary, particularly in the southeastern part of the country. Independent data collection and analysis confirm that golden jackals have established a large population, with expansion and growth rates typical of invasive species. The population dramatically increased after the early 1980s, with a viable population re-established by 1991-92. Official hunting bag data shows a continuous increase in reported bags, with 11 jackals shot in 1997 and a total of 163 specimens shot by 2006.

The reasons for this rapid spread in Europe are attributed to several factors: deforestation, the expansion of steppe habitat, and the creation of favorable environmental conditions including swampy areas. Other contributing advantages include the reduction of the wolf population, which led to easier access to prey like domestic livestock and carcasses, the abandonment of poisoned baits, and natural population dynamics. The golden jackal's primary competitor across Europe is the red fox (*Vulpes vulpes*), which shares similar habitats and food resources. However, the golden jackal is stronger and possesses a better reproductive strategy, adapting well to diverse habitats from marshlands to dry grasslands.

The article also touches upon the historical context of the "reed wolf," suggesting it was likely an indigenous golden jackal, a unique "genetic source population" or Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU) that is now extinct. The last representative of this form was reportedly killed on March 4, 1950, in Austria, and the last known specimen in Hungary was shot in 1942. This extinct form is described as a separated, larger form of the golden jackal, adapted to swamp reeds with unique genetic diversity and differentiation through reproductive isolation. Mythology may have played a role, with the golden jackal sometimes confused with the European grey wolf, leading to the "reed wolf" legend. The current invasive southern golden jackal in Hungary is noted as being different from the historical Hungarian reed wolf.

Freshwater Seals in Alaska and Canada

This section, authored by Chad Arment, explores populations of seals that reside year-round in freshwater lakes around the world. It highlights the Lake Baikal seal (*Phoca sibirica*) in Siberia, and subspecies of ringed seals in Finland and Russia. It also mentions the Caspian seal (*Pusa caspica*) in the brackish Caspian Sea.

In North America, two recognized populations of harbor seals (*Phoca vitulina*) inhabit freshwater lakes: one in Iliamna Lake, Alaska, and another in Lower Seal Lake, Ungava peninsula, Quebec. The Ungava seal has been designated a distinct subspecies, *P. v. mellonae*, although some suggest it may be composed of wandering marine seals. Research on these populations has been sporadic due to their small size and limited economic importance, with subsistence hunting being a primary activity.

The article discusses the Iliamna Lake seals (*Phoca vitulina richardii*), noting that subsistence hunters catch them year-round. A 2008 survey found at least 235 seals, described by local hunters as "fat and healthy." While the lake is connected to Bristol Bay by the Kvichak River, and some believed seals migrated to the bay in winter, studies suggest that while seals pup in the lake and some overwinter, most do not. Aerial surveys in 2010 found significantly fewer seals in late fall and early spring compared to late spring and summer.

The Ungava seal investigation began with a 1938 expedition instigated by a sealskin handy-bag that appeared different from common harbor seal skins. This led to the discovery of a distinct population in the Seal Lakes of the Ungava peninsula. Doutt (1942) described the Ungava seal as *Phoca vitulina mellonae*, with the recognized population in Lower Seal Lake. Native testimony indicates historical hunting in Upper Seal Lake, though it may no longer be present there. The name "Lacs de Loups Marins" (Seal Lakes) dates back to Nicolas Bellin in 1744. The Ungava seal has indigenous names, such as *qasigiaq* (Inuit) and *nuchimuachikw* or *achikunipi* (Cree). The Cree describe the seal as smaller and darker than saltwater harbor seals, with different behaviors and taste. Fur-traders have noted the freshwater seal skins are of finer quality.

The designation of the Ungava seal as a subspecies is debated. It was initially differentiated by its dark pelage and enlarged coronoid process, with the presumption of isolation for approximately 5,000 years due to isostatic rebound. However, some argue it is not sufficiently distinct from marine harbor seals and may be supplemented by occasional marine wanderers. A 2007 review suggests long-term, year-round residency in the Lacs des Loups Marins area, and notes that Ungava seals pup earlier than marine harbor seals, potentially indicating reproductive isolation. Population estimates range from 100-600 individuals, with fewer than 250 mature. The region's Cree and Inuit report the seal in various lakes, including Lacs des Loups Marins and Petit Lac des Loups Marins. Wider ranges have been suggested by Inuit hunter interviews, including sightings from numerous rivers and lakes. The advent of rifle hunting has reportedly reduced the seals' range, particularly in accessible areas. Inuit traditions also suggest a wider historical range for the seal in the Ungava peninsula.

The article also mentions stories of large fish or cetaceans in Ungava lakes possibly being mythification of seals. It describes a unique freezing pattern in Ungava seal habitat where large air pockets form under the ice along the shoreline, which seals use for breathing and accessing the water while remaining protected.

Finally, the article briefly notes that similar reports of seals have come from lakes in Labrador, due to its proximity to the Ungava seal population.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around zoological anomalies and the study of species that exist outside typical ecological norms, such as invasive species (golden jackals) and populations adapted to unusual environments (freshwater seals). The editorial stance appears to be one of scientific curiosity and reporting on the latest findings and ongoing debates within the scientific community regarding these animals. The inclusion of historical context, indigenous knowledge, and scientific references suggests a thorough approach to presenting information. The magazine's title, "UFO ROUNDUP," implies an interest in the unexplained, which may extend to unusual animal phenomena or historical accounts that blur the lines between natural history and folklore.

This document, likely an issue of "UFO Wisconsin" (based on the provided JSON schema and typical content of such publications), focuses on two distinct topics: reports of freshwater seals in various Canadian locations and a detailed account of a bipedal reptile sighting in Nevada.

Freshwater Seals in Canada The issue explores historical and contemporary accounts of seals found in inland freshwater lakes across Canada. It begins with references to Grenfell (1910) and Strong (1930) regarding the presence of *Phoca vitulina* in Labrador lakes, with local Indigenous people asserting these seals never leave the lakes. A 1939 news release from the Carnegie Museum is cited, detailing an expedition to investigate reports of a new species of seal in Eastern Labrador, described by natives as "larger, redder and of different shape."

Further accounts include folklore from the Davis Inlet band about two mythical otters at Seal Lake and Little Seal Lake. One otter, *wen-tsúk-ah-més-e-téy-oh*, was described as blackish-brown with white lower legs and feet, large ears, and a whistling sound. The other, *mis-ín-tsuk*, was said to be about ten feet long and built like a seal.

The article then shifts to Nunavut, referencing Robinson (1965) who noted a reader photographing two seals in Edehon Lake, over 110 miles inland from Hudson's Bay. Sutton (1965) mentioned stories of seals in freshwater lakes along the Thlewiaza River, including Nueltin Lake, Sealhole Lake, and Edehon Lake, with one seal shot in 1927. Mansfield (1967) also reported seals in these lakes and noted a sighting at Ennadai Lake, leading to a 1970 report by Beck et al. suggesting seals might live year-round in freshwater habitats but could access Hudson Bay.

In Manitoba, harbor seals are known to travel up the Seal River. A 1987 report of a black seal in the Winnipeg River is mentioned, with the NRD suggesting it might have been released.

The document also touches upon the folklore of "dwarf seals" among the Copper Inuit on Victoria Island, as reported by explorer Knud Rasmussen (1932). These seals were described as small but with mature characteristics. The Eskimo Museum in Churchill, Manitoba, is noted as potentially possessing a specimen of a dwarf seal.

Finally, the issue discusses a phenomenon observed in the former Soviet Union where young seals that lost their mothers or became ill remained stunted, referred to as "dwarfs."

A Bipedal Reptile in Nevada A separate section details a sighting of a bipedal reptile in Nevada, reported by Chad Arment. The account begins with a witness, identified as JF, who contacted researcher Nick Sucik in December 2009. JF, a California schoolteacher, reported an encounter on June 28, 2009, near Gerlach, Nevada.

While driving, JF and her daughter observed what they initially thought was a dead rabbit in the road. As they approached, a reptilian head with closed eyes and an open mouth emerged from behind the rabbit. The animal was described as small, the size of a chukar, with strong back legs, "frilly plume-looking feather things," two forelegs with small claws, and a tail about half its length. It was seen to pivot like a basketball player when it turned to run into the sagebrush.

The witness emphasized that it was "not a bird" and had "a few bird type features." The encounter occurred at dusk, with the sun behind the witness, providing a clear view from about 20 feet away. The daughter confirmed, "That's not a bird!"

Witness sketches of the creature are included, illustrating its appearance.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance The publication appears to focus on unexplained phenomena, particularly concerning animals and potential cryptids. The articles present anecdotal evidence, folklore, and witness testimonies, often referencing scientific studies or expeditions for context. The editorial stance seems to be one of open inquiry into reports that fall outside conventional zoological understanding, while also attempting to provide possible explanations or comparative data (e.g., distinguishing between seal and otter folklore, or the stunted growth phenomenon in seals).

This issue of the BioFortean Review, identified as number 19 and published in 2008 by Coachwhip Publications, focuses on a reported sighting of an unknown bipedal reptile in Wyoming. The cover headline highlights "An account of a North American bipedal reptile from Wyoming."

The Wyoming Sighting

The primary focus is the detailed account of a sighting by a schoolteacher identified as JF. She described the creature as being approximately 15 to 18 inches tall and of similar length. Its tail was distinctively kangaroo-like, held straight out for balance. The head was described as reptilian, with a mouth containing 4-6 small triangular teeth on each side, and a vertical pupil in a yellow eye. While JF did not notice the hands, her daughter reported small fingers and claws. The hind legs were stout and muscular. The creature's body and head were covered in fluffy, spiky, tassel-like hairs or feathers that were stiff yet flexible. The coloration was a blend of burgundy-reddish on the head and light tan to pearlescent green on the body, which provided excellent camouflage in the sagebrush. JF noted that the animal acted more aware and wary than a typical lizard.

JF, whose parents were biology teachers, is familiar with various animals but did not recognize this creature. She stated that locals in the area typically only go into the desert to hunt and noted the region's extreme temperatures.

Investigator's Analysis

The investigator outlines three possibilities when evaluating an eyewitness account: the witness was truthful and accurate, truthful but mistaken, or untruthful. To assess the credibility of JF's account, several lines of evidence were considered. Firstly, JF was not anonymous and provided full contact information. Secondly, she did not actively seek media attention, only posting her story online after researching similar reports, and found some UFO/Creature sites to be "too weird." Thirdly, her initial recounting of the story was a continuous forty-minute narrative, suggesting it was not fabricated on the spot. Fourthly, she did not immediately jump to the most controversial identification (e.g., dinosaurian) but considered it might be a strange lizard, though it differed from common species like collared lizards. The investigator concluded that JF was not attempting a hoax and remained interested in the case nearly a year later.

The possibility of inaccurate details due to human memory was also addressed. The presence of two witnesses and their immediate recognition of the animal's unusual nature, along with their creation of a sketch upon returning home, were noted. The sighting occurred in good light and at a moderate distance, though the element of surprise could have influenced perception.

Potential for Misidentification

The investigator acknowledged that misidentification is always a possibility but found no obvious known candidate that fit the description. Native lizards were deemed unlikely, and even exotic species like varanids were not considered a good fit. A bird was considered more likely than a lizard, but the description did not strongly align. The investigator expressed a desire for more than an "ad hoc proposal" to fit a preconceived conclusion and deemed the sighting a legitimate cryptozoological case.

Scientific Confirmation and Future Research

Even with an accurate witness account, identifying or scientifically describing a new creature requires physical evidence. The key points of interest for further investigation include the creature's diet (scavenging), its appearance (camouflage, morphological characters like the rudder-like tail), and its posture. Determining if it represents a juvenile or adult form of a new species would also be a challenge. The investigator stressed the need for serious field investigation in the region, acknowledging that such efforts would be expensive and time-consuming. Soliciting help from local individuals was suggested but noted as potentially problematic due to the controversial nature of the subject.

References

The issue includes references to two relevant publications: Chad Arment's 2008 article "An account of a North American bipedal reptile from Wyoming" in BioFortean Review No. 19, and Nick Sucik's 2006 chapter "Dinosaur" sightings in the United States" in Chad Arment's edited volume "Cryptozoology and the Investigation of Lesser-Known Mystery Animals."

Advertising and Other Content

The latter pages of the scanned document feature advertisements for Coachwhip Publications and their books, including titles such as "Caribbean Monk Seals," "Mokele-Mbembe: Mystery Beast of the Congo Basin," and various "BioFortean Reprints" covering topics like expeditions, ancient artifacts, and historical accounts of mysterious creatures.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are cryptozoology, the investigation of unexplained animal sightings, and the challenges of verifying such phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded but rigorous inquiry, emphasizing the need for credible witness testimony, careful consideration of misidentification, and the ultimate requirement of scientific evidence and field investigation to confirm the existence of unknown species. The publication promotes its own research and related works through advertisements.