At The Edge - No 08 - 1997 12

Magazine Overview

Title: At The EDGE
Issue: No.8
Date: December 1997
Price: £ 2.50
Theme: Rock Art Special Issue

This issue of 'At The EDGE' is dedicated to "Exploring new interpretations of past and place in archaeology, folklore and mythology," with a specific focus on "ROCK ART SPECIAL ISSUE." The cover features stylized prehistoric rock art motifs and the magazine's distinctive logo.

Contents Overview

The issue delves into various facets of rock art research and interpretation. Key articles include:

• "The Altering State of Rock Art Research" by Bob Trubshaw, which discusses the historical academic neglect of rock art and the emergence of new approaches, particularly those linking it to altered states of consciousness (ASC).
• "Prehistoric rock art - progress and problems" by Stan Beckensall, likely focusing on British rock art.
• "Many levels of significance - review of Richard Bradley's Rock Art and the Prehistory of Atlantic Europe" by Bob Trubshaw, reviewing a significant new book in the field.
• Articles on "Narrow road to the deep north" by Jeremy Harte, "Latvian rock art" by Valtars Grivins, and "Rock art and folklore" by Graeme Chappell, exploring regional and thematic aspects.
• "Rock art resources on the Internet" by Graeme Chappell, highlighting digital resources.
• "Campaign for the protection of Stoney Littleton long barrow" by Danny Sullivan, addressing conservation efforts.
• Sections for LETTERS, ABSTRACTS, and REVIEWS.

The Altering State of Rock Art Research

Bob Trubshaw's lead article, "The Altering State of Rock Art Research," highlights that despite an estimated 150 major areas of rock art worldwide, dating back at least 40,000 years, the field has been largely ignored by academics, with most research conducted by amateurs. The term 'rock art' itself is debated, encompassing both carved and painted images. Trubshaw notes that while rock art is a small aspect of past 'art,' much of this evidence has not survived, unlike more durable forms like carved stone.

Academics historically disregarded rock art because it was difficult to date using conventional methods like radiocarbon dating. Stylistic comparisons were used, but these are complicated by variations in style over time and region. Furthermore, rock art doesn't fit neatly into traditional academic interests focused on settlement sites or monuments. Instead, it requires a new approach, viewing it as part of the 'archaeology of mobility,' associated with hunter-gatherer lifestyles.

Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) and Rock Art

A significant development in rock art research is the increasing focus on Altered States of Consciousness (ASC). Early suggestions that rock art motifs were experienced during trance states were met with skepticism, but by the mid-1990s, this became a dominant theme. The 'entoptic' approach, proposed by researchers like David Lewis-Williams and Thomas Dowson, suggests that certain geometrical patterns are 'hard wired' into human neurophysiology and are seen universally when entering trance. These are termed 'entoptic phenomena.'

Evidence for trance states includes potential links to nasal bleeding observed in some rock art figures, and the use of psychoactive substances, chanting, drumming, or sensory deprivation to induce trance. The article also notes that artists working with manganese oxides may experience hallucinations due to poisoning.

However, the application of the term 'shamanism' to rock art is criticized for being ill-defined and overused. Trubshaw argues that while trance states are relevant, assuming all shape-shifting figures in Palaeolithic cave art are shamans is a form of cultural chauvinism. He points to research on San mythology suggesting that figures with animal and human features might relate to myths and spirits of the dead rather than solely to shamans. The article also questions the reliance on Mircea Eliade's work on shamanism without acknowledging contemporary ethnological reservations.

'Little People' and Other Interpretations

Ethnohistorical sources often mention 'little people' as makers of rock art. Kevin L. Callahan's research suggests that hallucinogens like Spreading Dogbane and Deadly Nightshade, used by Ojibwa shamans, could induce visions of 'little people,' potentially explaining these reports. The article also notes that not all rock art is necessarily linked to trance, citing Robert Layton's study of Australian rock art, which emphasizes the significance of dream-related images and the 'Dreamtime' mythology.

Muddied Shamans and Methodological Concerns

Trubshaw expresses concern about amateur researchers jumping on the 'trance vision' bandwagon without critical rigor. He emphasizes the need for deep immersion in the ethnographical study of the cultures, religions, and customs of the peoples who created the art. He critiques the tendency to generalize, citing Dobres' question about whether shamanism and ASC experiences are universally the same. Dobres suggests focusing on specific physical and sociotechnical contexts rather than vague generalities.

Magnetic Hotspots and Acoustic Anomalies

The issue also explores less conventional approaches. Chris Gralapp reports on magnetic anomalies found at rock art sites, where compass needles pointed directly to concentric circle glyphs. This phenomenon, possibly linked to lightning strikes magnetizing iron-rich rocks, raises questions about how ancient peoples understood these sites. Similar reports come from Saskatchewan and Manitoba.

Steven Waller's research on acoustic anomalies at rock art sites reveals that echoes at these locations can mimic sounds like hoof beats, and voices can appear to emanate from depicted figures. Ethnographic evidence from India supports the idea that echoes hold religious significance and are used in selecting caves for rock art.

Vibes in the Tombs

The article touches upon the acoustic properties of European megalithic tombs, suggesting they were designed to create 'acoustic environments' using Helmholtz Resonance, possibly initiated by rhythmic drumming. The size of the tomb influences the resonant frequency.

The Risky Future of Rock Art

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to the precarious future of rock art. David Whitley's report on North American rock art research highlights a revolution in techniques and increased public interest, yet notes this has occurred largely in spite of, rather than through, support from the academic community. Whitley warns that the fragility of sites and increased visitation pressure mean much of the rock art record could be lost.

Amateur researchers, whose work often leads to site discovery, are sometimes denied permits for further research. The article details the numerous threats to rock art worldwide, including:

• Natural erosion: Sunlight, rain, termites, and wasp nests degrade both painted and carved surfaces.
• Visitor impact: Visitors churn up the ground, light fires, and deposit litter.
• Vandalism: Chipping off souvenirs, adding graffiti, and coloring carvings.
• Commercial exploitation: Removal of rock surfaces for sale to collectors.
• Conflict and practice: Use of sites for target practice by roving guerrillas.
• Development: Construction of housing, highways, and industrial complexes encroaches on known rock art locations.

Jean Clottes is quoted stating that a major part of the world's rock art will be destroyed in the coming decades, with much evidence disappearing forever within 50 years if current trends continue.

Acknowledgements and Notes

The article acknowledges contributions from various researchers and highlights the importance of e-mail lists for the exchange of information in rock art research. The notes section provides detailed references and historical context for the 'trance vision' approach, tracing its origins from Carl Jung to contemporary researchers.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores unconventional interpretations of the past, bridging archaeology with folklore and mythology. The editorial stance appears to favor interdisciplinary approaches and critical examination of established theories, particularly regarding 'shamanism' in rock art. There is a strong emphasis on the need for rigorous research, deep cultural understanding, and urgent conservation efforts to protect the world's rock art heritage from imminent threats. The issue champions the value of both academic and amateur contributions while cautioning against unsubstantiated claims and the oversimplification of complex phenomena.

Title: At the Edge
Issue Date: December 1997
Issue Number: No.8
Content Focus: Prehistoric rock art, archaeology, earth mysteries, folklore.

Stan Beckensall: Prehistoric Rock Art - Progress and Problems

Stan Beckensall reflects on his decades of work recording prehistoric rock art in northern England. He notes how the field has evolved from its infancy, with disciplined studies now integrated into archaeology. Beckensall identifies two primary contexts for rock art: within the landscape, often at viewpoints overlooking fertile valleys, and on or within monuments. He observes that while few marked rocks are visible from a distance, people likely knew their locations. Motifs often blend with the natural rock surfaces. The article includes illustrations of rock art from Broomridge Site 2 and Roughting Linn.

Motifs within the landscape

Research indicates that rock art appears in marginal landscape areas, typically on sedimentary rocks, often at elevated viewpoints. The motifs are integrated with the natural rock shapes. Concentrations of these sites are found in areas favored by Mesolithic groups. Evidence suggests these areas were used for temporary camps, with artifacts spanning a wide time range.

Motifs in or on monuments

Motifs are also found on standing stones and within monuments like burial cairns and passage graves. Dating these is often difficult as they can be incorporated before or after a monument's construction. In burials, understanding the use of symbols is crucial but chronologically challenging. The art in Irish passage graves is described as exuberant, while in Clava, it is more modest. The dead are incorporated communally in monuments.

Fulforth Farm Excavation

The article details the excavation at Fulforth Farm, near Durham, of a cist covered by a large decorated slab. The cist was divided into two sections: one with a vertically-placed slab featuring cups, rings, and zig-zags, and another with rounded cobbles and cremations, including a polished stone axe. The slab, dated to the late Neolithic/early Bronze Age, shows evidence of being quarried and prepared, with motifs pecked onto its surface. This excavation provides a clear example of the deliberate incorporation of art into graves.

Preservation

Sadly, some recorded rock art has disappeared due to land use for farming and quarrying, as well as natural erosion. The article questions who should be responsible for preservation and whether sites should be covered or replicas made. Britain has seen little action in preserving rock art, with only basic measures like fencing. A conference resolution called for a British organization to address recording and preservation, and English Heritage has begun consulting active researchers.

Bibliography

A selective list of sites mentioned in the text is provided, including works by Beckensall, Bradley, and others. It also notes the upcoming publication of a full report on the Witton Gilbert cist excavation and mentions two books by Stan Beckensall available for purchase.

Richard Bradley: Rock Art and the Prehistory of Atlantic Europe

This section reviews Richard Bradley's book, praising his ability to synthesize research and offer innovative interpretations. Bradley integrates rock art studies into wider issues of prehistoric archaeology and landscape. He argues that rock art is part of the 'archaeology of mobility,' offering insights into hunter-gatherer societies' use of landmarks and paths, contrasting with the territorial views of agricultural peoples. Rock art tends to disappear with agricultural intensification. Bradley suggests that the 'Atlantic' style of rock art, found in Britain, Ireland, and northwest Spain, originates no earlier than the mid-fourth millennium.

Generalizations and specifics

Neolithic culture shows similarities across northern Spain, western France, and Britain. The 'Atlantic' style of rock art is similar, though Galician rock art includes motifs like animals and weapons not found elsewhere. Bradley's analysis suggests rock art is linked to areas with fertile soils and overlooks these areas from higher ground. He acknowledges that the meaning of motifs could evolve and that they might represent mythological stories rather than everyday life.

Altered states

Over the past decade, rock art has become associated with 'shamanic' altered states of consciousness (ASC). Bradley's work on entoptics and the 'tunnel experience' is mentioned. He proposes that imagery in prehistoric Galician rock art, similar to modern San rock art, might relate to ASC. He suggests that cup and ring marks, common in the British Isles, might reference tunnel imagery and were incorporated into passage graves and henge monuments, possibly representing 'place.'

Reconsidering the foundations of landscape archaeology

Bradley's work emphasizes the importance of detailed topographical studies of rock art sites. He suggests that rock art evidence can expand our knowledge of settlement patterns before the development of lasting settlements and land boundaries, requiring a breakdown of the distinction between land use and settlement studies.

Symbolism

Around 5,000 years ago, people were deeply aware of their dependence on the land, observing natural cycles. They expressed a need for connection with ancestors and each other through structures like standing stones and cairns. The article draws parallels between modern superstitions and these ancient needs. It suggests that prehistoric people, like us, were individuals with varying insights and experiences.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently emphasizes the archaeological and anthropological significance of rock art, exploring its connection to landscape, ritual, and social structures. It highlights the importance of interdisciplinary approaches, integrating fieldwork with academic research. The editorial stance appears to advocate for greater recognition and preservation of rock art as a vital part of the archaeological record, encouraging further research and public awareness.

Title: northern Earth
Issue: No.8
Date: December 1997
Publisher: Northern Earth
Type: Informed Quarterly Journal of Earth Mysteries and Cultural Tradition.

Articles and Content

Rock Art and the Prehistory of Atlantic Europe

The issue opens with a review of the book "Rock Art and the Prehistory of Atlantic Europe." The reviewer praises it as a landmark in the study of prehistoric rock art and a potential springboard for innovative approaches to landscape archaeology. The book is described as essential reading, despite its hefty price, and is lauded for its clarity and content, even being proclaimed the archaeology book of 1997.

Narrow Road to the Deep North: Tunnel Visions and Altered States

This article by Jeremy Harte explores the concept of 'tunnel visions' as an aspect of altered states of consciousness linked to rock art. Harte draws parallels between the 'hell-rides' of Scandinavian legend and the otherworld visions described in mediaeval Christianity. He notes common features such as perilous journeys through dark valleys, crossing bridges, and encountering walls or demons. The article discusses specific examples like Hermodr's ride to seek Baldur, Hading's journey, and Thorkill's experience of eternal darkness. It also references Christian visionaries like Drycthelm and Tundal, highlighting similarities in their descriptions of the afterlife, including narrow bridges and torments. Harte questions whether these shared motifs stem from a common archetypal theme or from deeper, shared cultural influences, suggesting that while neurophysiological explanations are tempting, cultural factors significantly shape these experiences. He concludes that understanding the 'Otherworld' remains a complex endeavor.

Latvian Rock Art

This section, authored by Valters Grivins, details the discovery and study of petroglyphs in Latvia. It highlights the work of Latvian naturalist Guntis Enins, who in August 1986 discovered previously unobserved rock faces with petroglyphs in the glacial valley of the River Brasla. These discoveries, which began to be published more widely in the 1990s, have opened a new chapter in Latvian cultural history. The article discusses the challenges faced by researchers, including the lack of comprehensive surveys and the historical suppression of interest in Baltic spiritual culture during the Russian occupation. It contrasts the views of archaeologist J. Urtans, who interprets some signs as 'property marks' or parallels to paleolithic art, with those of linguist K. Karulis, who suggests the signs represent a form of 'ideographical writing.' The author leans towards the idea of a complex writing system, possibly a synthesis of pictographical, ideographical, syllabic, or alphabetical elements. The article also mentions the work of Ojaz Ozolins, who interprets some petroglyphs as ancient maps depicting territories and community structures, possibly related to family trees or lineages.

Rock Art and Folklore: Cup Marked Stones and Rocks near Kenmore

This piece by Rev J.B. Mackenzie, based on a 1899-1900 publication, examines cup-marked stones and rocks near Kenmore, Scotland, and their associated folklore. Mackenzie notes the scarcity of genuine tradition surrounding these stones, but recounts an instance where an old man insisted on removing a boulder that obstructed his doorway rather than destroy an 'old worship stone.' The stones are categorized into three groups: those with rock-cut cups (often single or in groups with circles and channels), those with natural hollows shaped by art (possibly used for grinding grains), and artificial stone cups or basins (sometimes called 'elf cups'). Traditions associated with these stones often relate to the power of curing diseases, or in some cases, controlling natural forces like wind. Specific examples include a stone at Scallasaig in Colonsay used by the chief of the McPhees to get south wind, and a basin at Kilchattan used by the chief of M'Mhurich to control any wind.

On Ancient Sculpturing of Cup and Concentric Rings etc.

This section presents findings from Professor J.Y. Simpson and other sources regarding ancient sculptured stones. Simpson discusses the rock at Auchnabreach, Scotland, with its large collection of concentric rings and cups, noting different interpretations of its Gaelic name, 'Leachd-nan-sleagher' (rock of the spears) or 'Leachd-nan-sluagh' (rock of the hosts or gatherings). Another account from Cargill, Perthshire, mentions erect stones with carvings of the moon and stars, possibly remnants of pagan superstition, located in a field known as 'Moonshade.' The article also touches upon a stone in Newbigging, a slab of grey whinstone with five concentric circles and isolated cups.

The Cup-and-Ring Marks and Similar Sculptures of Scotland: a Survey of the Southern Counties Part II.

Authored by W.B. Morris, this article continues a survey of Scottish cup-and-ring marks. Morris discusses the creation of cup marks, noting that people in Islay are still deepening existing ones for 'wishing' ceremonies. He suggests that large, smooth cups found on rocks near the sea level may have been submerged in prehistoric times and were used by fishermen for grinding ground-bait to attract fish. He also notes a tradition of filling a rock basin with milk each spring for the 'wee folk' (fairies) to ensure cows would give milk, citing examples from Seil island and Skye. The article lists several specific sites with cup marks and basins, including Kildalton chapel, Kilchoman, and Seil island, detailing their locations and associated folklore.

New Moon Mail Order Pagan/Occult Supplies

A small advertisement for "New Moon Mail Order Pagan/Occult Supplies" is included, offering a wide range of New Age, Occult, and Wiccan items, including scrying mirrors, ritual bath salts, runes, tarot wraps, and books.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue of "northern Earth" revolve around ancient mysteries, earth traditions, and the interpretation of ancient symbols and sites. There is a strong focus on rock art, petroglyphs, and cup marks across different cultures, particularly in Latvia and Scotland. The magazine explores the intersection of archaeology, folklore, mythology, and altered states of consciousness. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry into these subjects, encouraging research and the exchange of information between amateur and professional researchers, and bridging the gap between different cultural interpretations of ancient phenomena. The publication aims to provide up-to-date news and event listings related to earth mysteries and cultural traditions.

Title: At the Edge
Issue Date: December 1997
Content Focus: This issue of 'At the Edge' explores a diverse range of topics, with a significant emphasis on rock art resources available on the Internet. It also features articles on folklore, archaeology, ancient sites, mythology, and contemporary debates within the 'earth mysteries' community.

Rock Art Resources on the Internet

Graeme Chappell, a researcher with extensive fieldwork in North and West Yorkshire, created the Petroglyph UK website in early 1997 to showcase his work. The article highlights how the Internet serves as a vast reference library for archaeological resources, with rock art being a particularly developed area. The e-mail list server for rock art facilitates communication, discussion, and the highlighting of threatened sites, such as a proposed dam in Pakistan that could submerge 30,000 rock carvings, and the successful campaign to protect sites in the Coa Valley, Portugal.

The main sources of rock-art information are World Wide Web sites, with over 1000 listed on RockArtNet, an initiative by the Footsteps of Man Archaeological Co-operative Society. This project aims to create a comprehensive 'data store' for rock art information, including texts and images, to help researchers understand prehistoric conceptuality.

The issue provides a selection of web sites offering glimpses into rock art globally:

• Palaeolithic Cave Paintings: Sites like Lascaux, Cosquer, and Chauvet caves in France are featured, with web pages displaying images and information about discoveries.
• Databases of Rock Art Images: Projects compile images and symbols to illustrate cross-cultural similarities, such as the South Korean site of Chonzonri Kaksok petroglyphs, which show resemblances to Irish passage grave art.
• White Sea Region, Russia: Rock carvings attributed to Finno-Ugrian tribes, depicting scenes of hunting and totemistic beliefs, are accessible online.
• USA: Rock art in the USA is extensively covered, with examples like the Petroglyph National Monument in New Mexico, featuring over 15,000 petroglyphs dating back thousands of years, attributed to Pueblo Indian farmers.
• Northern England and Scotland: Despite a wealth of prehistoric rock art, fewer web sites highlight these sites. The Kilmartin House website offers a 'point and click' map, and the Petroglyph UK site focuses on cup and ring carved rocks in North Yorkshire.
• Pictish Symbol Stones: The Archaeologia website details Scotland's Pictish symbol stones.

The article concludes by emphasizing the Internet's ability to provide a 'virtual world tour' of rock art sites, making them accessible to a global audience.

Folklore Associated with Cup and Ring Marked Rocks

Two e-mail reports from the arch-theory list server discuss folklore related to cup-marked rocks:

• Finland: D.J. Shepherd reports that in Finland, cup-marks are found near Iron Age burial mounds and cremation field cemeteries, and in the nineteenth century, people used these stones for 'first-fruits' offerings.
• Dinas Dinorwic, Wales: R.A.B. Price describes finding saucer-sized depressions with channels on large stones at Dinas Dinorwic. Local enquiries revealed these 'cup-marks' were used in the nineteenth century for 'pyrotechnics,' with depressions filled with gunpowder and channels used as fuses.

Campaign for the Protection of Stoney Littleton Long Barrow

Danny Sullivan draws attention to the poor state of Stoney Littleton long barrow in Somerset. He notes ongoing problems with vandalism and access, similar to those at Stonehenge. Despite repairs being underway for three years, improvements are minimal, and the barrow's condition has deteriorated. An ugly timber door and steel barrier have been erected, and the lintel stone has been damaged. An excavation trench has been left exposed, and another has been inadequately filled. Sullivan questions the practice of not restoring excavations to their original condition and points out the irony that a slab inside informs visitors the barrow was restored in 1958 after wilful neglect. He suggests this is a case of history repeating itself and questions English Heritage's stance, blaming lack of money and imagination. He urges a fresh approach to managing ancient sacred sites and provides contact details for registering concerns.

Letters to the Editor

Clash over Ideology (Danny Sullivan vs. Nigel Pennick):

Danny Sullivan, editor of 'The Ley Hunter', responds to Nigel Pennick's article 'Leys as ideology'. Sullivan accuses Pennick of being deliberately provocative or ill-informed, stating that the spirit line approach to leys was prevalent before Pennick's departure from TLH. He suggests Pennick's earlier promotion of leys and dowsing in the 1970s contributed to the modern public perception of leys as New Age phenomena. Sullivan concludes that Pennick's claims about ley research are nonsensical and suggests Pennick subscribe to TLH.

Response from Nigel Pennick:

Nigel Pennick responds to Sullivan's letter, characterizing it as personal hostility and an example of the 'factionalism and conflict' in ley hunting. He asserts his article was about ideology, not a history of ley hunting. Pennick finds Sullivan's statement that 'there is no such thing as a ley... except in the eye of the beholder' contradictory to Sullivan's own magazine, 'The Ley Hunter'. Pennick explains his departure from TLH was due to being misrepresented in an anonymous review of his publication 'Anima Loci', and that his contributions were offered freely. He criticizes Sullivan's use of language similar to 'a lot of crap' when referring to Bellamy and Williams, deeming it lacking in basic respect.

From Andrew Green: Getting a grip on ghosts:

Andrew Green thanks Bob Trubshaw for reviewing his book 'Haunted Sussex Today' but takes issue with the criticism of a lack of clear references and checking of reported events. Green defends the book as being aimed at a popular market, not an academic reference work, and states that he attempts to ensure cases are genuine, omitting more 'popular' hauntings. He suggests his earlier work, 'Ghost Hunting - A Practical Guide', might correct the impression that he provides only nursery tales.

From Martin Burroughs: Tribal quibbles:

Martin Burroughs questions Jeremy Harte's piece on early English history tribes. He suggests that tribal names like Brigantes, Lugi, and Epidii should be mentioned, and questions the interpretation of 'Cornovii' as a war reference, suggesting it might relate to abundance or death instead. He also notes that 'ogam' is an alphabet, not a language.

From Gavin Smith: Assimilation, massacre - or both?:

Gavin Smith contrasts his article with Jeremy Harte's in 'At the Edge' No.7. Smith's article assumes cultural continuity in the Dark Ages, while Harte's suggests 'ethnic cleansing'. Smith presents evidence of both possibilities, citing the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles' accounts of the slaughter at Andredescester and the flight of Britons, suggesting that in some localities ethnic cleansing occurred, while in others it likely did not.

Abstracts

This section provides brief summaries of various articles from other publications:

• Prehistoric pilgrimage: Chris Corlett discusses evidence for prehistoric pilgrimage to Croagh Patrick in Ireland dating back to the Neolithic period.
• Fourknocks complex: G. Cooney examines other prehistoric monuments near the reconstructed tomb at Fourknocks, Co. Meath.
• Gogmagog gobbledigook: W.A. Clark critiques Tom Lethbridge's excavations of a hill figure at Wandlebury, questioning if it was a practical joke.
• Little-known megaliths: P. Quinn reassesses neglected megalithic rows and circles near an Iron Age hill fort north of Bath.
• Straight speaking: Danny Sullivan, editor of 'The Ley Hunter', defines 'ley' today, suggesting 'spirit paths' are best researched as a sub-topic of cognitive science and stating 'there is no such thing as a ley'.
• Straight substantiation: Examples of 'shamanistic spirit paths' from around the world are presented, along with evidence for funeral paths and 'spirit paths' in western England.
• Bath at Bristol: The oldest surviving mikvah (Jewish ritual bath) from c.1170 has been found in Bristol, forming part of a complex of Jewish sacred architecture.
• Small kingdom, not much used: P.N. Wood's article outlines the history of the upland area of Craven in the West Riding, comparing it to other similar units throughout Dark Age Britain.
• Earthquake and earthlights: A Japanese astronomer has reportedly predicted earthquakes by observing distortions in the ionosphere, a concept related to Paul Devereux's ideas about 'earth lights' and tectonic strain.
• Earthlights update: Paul Devereux updates evidence for earthlights in a feature article, likely in advance of a new book on UFOs.
• Holy places of Latvia: Valtar Grivins writes about holy hills, stone rows, and springs in Latvia, focusing on the 'holy hill' of Talava.
• Roman roads resented: Rob Witcher suggests that Roman roads may have been resented as symbols of Roman power.
• Arthurian abundance: Articles in 'Pendragon' discuss the topography of Arthur, with a suggestion for the location of the second battle of Badon.
• Green Men and Wild Men: Brandon Centerwall re-examines the origins of the term 'Green Man', suggesting Lady Raglan's interpretation might be correct for reasons she did not consider.

Other Articles and Features

• Let the spirit fly (Sylvia Gibson): Gibson proposes that cave paintings result from humankind's realization of the intimate link between Earth and Moon, and their belief that these celestial bodies work together to resurrect animals. She interprets crescent shapes in animal horns and hooves as representations of the Moon's cycle, linking them to the inspiration for engravings and paintings.
• Barrows and skylines: Helen Woodley explores the idea of standing stones mimicking horizon features, finding evidence in Lincolnshire Wolds Neolithic barrows for 'concordance' with the landscape.
• Maeshowe - Orkney's 'Newgrange': E.W. Mackie discusses the possibility of a 'light slit' in the Maeshowe passage tomb, similar to Newgrange, which would have allowed sunlight in on specific days and marked solar calendar events.
• New dates for rock art: M.A.M. Van Hoek notes rock outcrops in Co. Donegal engraved with cup and ring markings, also decorated with crosses and sacred hearts, attributing this to the site's attraction for contemplation.
• Altered states of Celtic mythology: E.R. Laurie and T. White suggest that references to red-speckled and crimson foods in Celtic legends allude to the red-capped Amanita muscaria mushroom, a candidate for the mystical 'soma' of Indo-European religions.
• Thornborough Neolithic monument complex: J. Harding's fieldwork reveals the impressive construction phases of this complex, noting its impact on wider activity patterns.
• Pious fraud: The article dismisses Marlo Morgan's 'Mutant Message Down Under' as an outrageous New Age scam.
• Half-baked ideas at Stone: G.W.S. Barrow's paper on the Stone of Scone concludes that it was originally offered as loot to Edward I, gradually regaining sacred status.
• Monumental follies: Philip Atkins traces connections between Yorkshire and the Great Pyramid, mentioning figures like Charles Piazzi Smyth and David Davidson.
• The hand of God: Mark Wynn critiques the biophilia hypothesis, arguing for an argument from design where beauty indicates creation by a transcendent God.
• Votive well a load of rubbish: T.S.N. Moorhead re-examines coins found in a Roman well at Cunetio, concluding they were swept as rubbish, not votive offerings.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores the intersection of ancient history, archaeology, folklore, and contemporary interpretations of landscape and symbolism. There is a strong interest in 'earth mysteries,' including ley lines, geomancy, and shamanism, often presented through reviews of books and articles from specialized journals. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, presenting diverse viewpoints and debates within these fields, as evidenced by the exchange between Danny Sullivan and Nigel Pennick regarding ley lines. The publication also champions the accessibility of information through resources like the Internet and advocates for the preservation of ancient sites.

At the Edge, Issue No.8, December 1997, is a magazine focused on earth mysteries, paganism, folklore, and archaeology, featuring a collection of book reviews and articles.

Book Reviews

Sacred Journeys: Paths for the New Pilgrim

Edited by Jennifer Westwood, this book is praised as a welcome exception to predictable publishing in the 'past and place' genre. It features an international scope, covering obvious sites like Mecca and Santiago de Compostella, as well as less obvious ones like war graves of the Somme and Chaco Canyon. The book is structured with a background text by Westwood interspersed with two-page spreads on sixty destinations. Westwood's writing is noted for its deceptive clarity and depth. The book is linked to the World Wide Life Fund's Sacred Land project but is criticized for its conspicuous absence of modern-day paganism, focusing solely on Christian mythology for Glastonbury. Despite this quibble, it's considered attractive, inspirational, and a book to be 'dipped into'.

The Caves of the Sun: The Origin of Mythology

Reviewed by Adrian Bailey, this book is described as a comeback for the nineteenth century, though more than an updated retread of Max Muller's nature myth theory. The reviewer, Alby Stone, finds the book poorly researched, citing disingenuous statements and a reluctance to pursue lines of inquiry. Stone criticizes Bailey's methodology as outmoded and unrealistic, particularly his etymological arguments. The book is accused of taking philological liberties and making dubious connections, such as deriving 'Hood' or 'Woden' from an Old High German word. The reviewer also points out omissions, such as Georges Dumézil, and criticizes the book's focus on the sun's phases rather than broader cosmological principles. Stone recommends books by Jaan Puhvel and Bruce Lincoln as better guides to the study of mythology.

Mirrors of Magic: Evoking the Spirit of the Dewponds

Philip Heselton's book on dewponds is reviewed by Bob Trubshaw. The book is said to do nothing to diminish the mystique of dewponds, discussing their historical geography, construction, regional variations, and incorporating folklore, dowsing, leys, and moon magic. Heselton, considered a founder father of earth mysteries, offers a unique approach to paganism, providing factual information and stimulus to the imagination. The book reflects the rich and enduring mythos of dewponds.

Listening People Speaking Earth: Contemporary Paganism

Graham Harvey's book is presented as an objective introduction to contemporary paganism in Britain. It covers seasonal rituals, rites of passage, witchcraft, druidry, Germanic heathenism, goddess spirituality, ritual magic, and shamanism. Harvey acknowledges he is not convinced by everything pagans do or say but provides an informed overview. The book is praised for its assessment of shamanism and its depiction of New Age enthusiasts. However, the chapter on ritual magic is questioned, and the description of the St Michael line as a 'classic and popular' ley line is disputed. The reviewer notes that the book's qualified generalisations are inevitable given the complexity of the subject, and it is recommended for a broad understanding of pagan customs.

The Earth Goddess: Celtic and Pagan Legacy of the Landscape

Cheryl Straffon's book is reviewed by Bob Trubshaw. The book attempts to make archaeological sites 'sacred places' and connects earth mysteries with modern-day paganism, particularly the concept of a 'Mother Goddess'. Straffon, with a strong academic background, aims to counter academic insistence that the role of the 'Mother Goddess' has been overstated. The book includes an introductory section on goddesses in various contexts and a gazetteer of sites. However, Trubshaw finds the evidence presented unconvincing, criticizing the author's wide-ranging interpretation of 'goddess' and pointing out false parallels and dubious deductions. The reviewer argues that the book's approach is over-simplistic and misinterprets Catholic beliefs. Despite the criticisms, Trubshaw feels the book should be read for readers to form their own verdict, and the gazetteer is useful for inspiring outings.

Fairies: Real Encounters with Little People

Janet Bord's book is reviewed by Bob Trubshaw. It is not about fanciful notions of fairies but summarizes testimonies of encounters with 'Little People'. Bord attempts to summarize widespread personal testimonies for encounters with apparently real 'Little People', who can be shape shifters and are often capricious or malevolent. The book explores the parallels with other paranormal experiences, such as UFO sightings and ghosts, suggesting that 'aliens' might be 'high-tech' fairies. Bord recognizes that the objective reality of fairies is debatable but acknowledges the consistent themes in traditional 'fairy tales'. The book is praised for its balanced approach of open-minded belief and critical skepticism.

Research in Geomancy 1990-1994

Reviewed by Jeremy Harte, this bibliography by Jeremy Harte is described as a terrific idea and a much-needed resource for those interested in sacred space. Harte's prodigious knowledge of geomantic matters and his witty style are highlighted. The book is informative and fun to read, with a clear prefatory essay and helpful notes for users. The content is well-chosen and wide-ranging, including references from periodicals and books covering various disciplines. The reviewer emphasizes the need for multidisciplinary study of sacred space. The bibliography is available in both printed and disk formats, with the disk version offering flexibility. The reviewer hopes Harte will continue this project.

Stonehenge: The Secret of the Solstice

Terence Meaden's book is reviewed by Bob Trubshaw. Trubshaw notes that it is a lightly reworked edition of 'The Stonehenge Solution' from 1992. He reiterates his earlier criticism of the first three chapters, which he found 'woolly' and based on uncriticised secondary sources regarding the 'Great Goddess'. Meaden's suggestion that tornadoes mark the path of cursuses is dismissed as implausible, compared to crop circles being made by passing UFOs. The book does include supplementary information on the Heel Stone casting a phallic-shaped shadow, addressing criticisms from Aubrey Burl. The review mentions the revival of archaeoastronomy and Meaden's argument that archaeologists have often been 'looking down the wrong end'. However, Trubshaw concludes that Meaden's thesis tempts but does not overcome due to a lack of penetration in the evidence, agreeing with Aubrey Burl's 1992 review.

Architecture and Order: Approaches to social space

Edited by Michael Parker, Pearson, and Colin Richards, this book is a paperback reprint of a 1994 publication. It includes contributions on the British Neolithic and Bronze Age, as well as social architecture in Greece, Rome, Swahili, and Mali. The introductory chapter by the editors on the structuring of space in prehistory is recommended for those interested in the 'core topics' of 'At the Edge'. The book is considered more accessible than many academic publications, reflecting an increased interest in how perceptions of architecture, space, and time order the world.

The European Iron Age

John Collis's book, a paperback reprint from 1984, is reviewed by Bob Trubshaw. Despite its age, the book is praised for presenting a broad view of Phoenician, Greek, Etruscan, Roman, and Central European Iron Age cultures, and their interactions. It concisely covers a wide scope without getting bogged down in details, making the absence of post-1984 discoveries not a noticeable weakness. The book is considered an excellent introduction for those with little prior knowledge, though the price is deemed excessive for a paperback without color illustrations.

The Traveller's Guide to Arthurian Britain

Geoffrey Ashe's book is a reprint of a 1980 publication, providing a gazetteer of places linked to Arthur and Camelot. Reviewed by Bob Trubshaw, it is considered a useful companion to John Michell's 'The Traveller's Guide to Sacred England'. The return of these guidebooks into print is welcomed.

Camlan: The True Story?

Laurence Main's A5 landscape booklet is a personal approach to the landscape of Dinas Mawddwy and the Battle of Camlan. It is based on detailed knowledge of Arthurian legends, dreams, and parallel 'psychic questing'. It is a sequel to Main's previous booklet, 'Arthur's Camlan'. The reviewer suggests reading both booklets together to grasp the 'full picture' of this individual approach to landscape, where mental processes are given greater prominence than in most written accounts.

The Misericord Carver of Hexham Abbey, Northumberland

Thirlie Grundy's booklet is reviewed by Bob Trubshaw. It focuses on the misericords at Hexham Abbey, dating to around 1425. Grundy argues that the carver was a master conscious of traditions, carving his 'pagan world' in a meticulous way. The interpretation draws on sources like J.G. Frazer and W. Anderson, which are treated cautiously. While the interpretation could be debated, the booklet's main achievement is re-awakening interest in medieval art.

International Pagan Pathwalkers Vol.1 Summer 1997

This magazine from Japan reflects the growing interest in Western modern-day paganism in the Far East. The first issue is praised for its breadth and depth, covering topics such as 'Pagan futures', 'Paganism in Japan', and 'Glastonbury: Ancient Avalon or dustbin of delusions?'. The reviewer notes that not all articles are sympathetic to modern pagan beliefs. The magazine sets a high standard and is recommended as a valuable resource for understanding the pagan world.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently reviews books and publications related to earth mysteries, paganism, folklore, mythology, and archaeology. The editorial stance appears to be critical yet open-minded, with reviewers providing detailed analyses and often offering constructive criticism of the works reviewed. There is a clear emphasis on rigorous research and interpretation, with a skepticism towards unsubstantiated claims or overly simplistic interpretations of historical and mythological subjects. The magazine also seems to promote a multidisciplinary approach to understanding sacred space and ancient beliefs.

Title: At the Edge
Issue: 9
Date: March 1998

This issue of 'At the Edge' magazine, a publication focused on earth mysteries, folklore, and related subjects, provides information on available back issues, promotes a significant bibliography on geomancy, and includes details about other related publications.

Back Issues Available

The magazine lists several back issues of its predecessor, 'Mercian Mysteries', for sale at £1.50 each or £5.00 for a set of five. It also offers a discount of £1.00 each when ordered with 'At the Edge' back issues. All these issues are A4 format. The following summarizes major articles from specific issues:

• Issue No. 17: Covers Royston field trip, Wychbury Hill, Lincs field trip, earthing the paranormal, Sysonby spirits, Bradgate Park, Gilbert Stone, and a Vernemetum dig report.
• Issue No. 21: Features articles on monuments as ideas, the Braunston enigmatic carving, animism in Hebrew religion (sacred trees), Toot hills, St Ann's well, South Warwickshire field trip, and Celtic fallacy.
• Issue No. 22: Discusses metaphors and rituals of place and time, Oxhide myths, animism in Hebrew religion (sacred waters), St Kenelm's well, Southam well, Northamptonshire field trip, cognitive archaeology, and Bronze age rituals in Turkmenistan.
• Issue No. 24: Includes content on archaic heads, the illusion of landscape, Karlsruhe - the omphalos of Baden, the cosmic mill, Derbys/Staffs field trip, Toot hills, Fosse Way observations, Sheffield field trip, Shrovetide football, Leicestershire stones, and Anglo-Saxon church alignments.
• Issue No. 25: Covers Arbor Low, the question of circularity, opinions on Boudicca's last battle, Cambridge field trip, Iceman:shaman?, St Kenelm's Well, Malverns field trip, and an index of issues 21 to 25.

Featured Publication: Research in Geomancy 1990-1994

A prominent section is dedicated to "A CAUSE FOR SOME REJOICING: Research in Geomancy 1990 - 1994", a bibliography compiled by Jeremy Harte. This work is described as the fruits of a five-year trawl through disciplines including archaeology, anthropology, folklore, and social history, aiming to provide an interdisciplinary picture of current ideas on sacred space. It covers themes such as fairy geography, pilgrimage, home as the cosmos, underworld caverns, sacred gardens, centres, and boundaries, referencing sites like Stonehenge, the Parthenon, Mecca, and Jerusalem.

The bibliography is available on floppy disc, compatible with any wordprocessor (Windows Write format and plain ASCII). A print-out of the text can also be supplied. The prices are: Disc only: £5.95 plus 40p p&p in UK; Disc and print out (65 A4 pages in folder): £14.95 plus £1.30 p&p in UK. The publication is from HEART OF ALBION PRESS.

Several positive reviews are quoted, highlighting the scholarship, lively style, usefulness, and essential nature of Harte's work for those interested in sacred space and geomantic arts.

Other Publications Advertised

• A.P.R.A. BOOKS: This section advertises catalogues of antiquarian and scholarly secondhand books on subjects including Archaeology, Cryptozoology, Earth Mysteries, Folklore, Freethought, History of Science, Occult, Topography, and U.F.O.s. A new catalogue is in preparation, and interested parties can reserve a copy from A.P.R.A. BOOKS, 443 Meadow Lane, Nottingham NG2 3GB.

• PLACE Magazine: Described as "The Magazine for Planning in Harmony with the Land", PLACE is a quarterly publication exploring ecological planning, sustainability, city greening, low-impact settlements, spiritual landscapes, geomancy, and Earth healing. The one-year subscription costs £15 (UK) or £20 (elsewhere). It is published by Chris Wood, 45 Beatrice Road, Thorpe Hamlet, Norwich NR1 4BB.

Next Issue Preview

The next issue of 'At the Edge' is previewed, with planned articles including "The mythology of the northern polar regions" by Chet Van Duzer, "Myth before Babel" by Alby Stone, "The Guramooguck" by Greg Frewer, "Hearing is believing" by Richard Thorn, "Sounding the landscape" by Bob Dickinson, "Ancestral and supernatural places in early Anglo-Saxon England" by Howard Williams, and a "Report on TAG 97" by Bob Trubshaw. The issue will also include letters, abstracts, and reviews.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently focuses on earth mysteries, folklore, archaeology, and the exploration of sacred sites and landscapes. There is a clear interest in interdisciplinary approaches, as evidenced by the promotion of Jeremy Harte's bibliography which combines various academic fields. The publication also shows an openness to topics such as UFOs, as indicated by its inclusion in A.P.R.A. BOOKS' catalogue and its mention in the back issue summaries. The editorial stance appears to be one that values scholarly research into often unconventional or overlooked aspects of history, landscape, and belief systems.