At The Edge - No 03 - 1996 09

Magazine Overview

Title: AT THE EDGE
Issue: No.3
Date: September 1996
Price: £2.50
Cover Headline: Exploring new interpretations of past and place in archaeology, folklore and mythology

This issue of 'At the Edge' magazine, published quarterly, features a range of articles exploring historical, mythological, and cultural themes. The cover art depicts a stylized figure and knotwork, hinting at ancient traditions. The editorial team, led by Editor Bob Trubshaw, presents a collection of scholarly and investigative pieces.

Articles

The Three Destinies of Lleu Llaw Gyffes

Authored by Alby Stone, this article delves into the Indo-European trifunctional theory, as conceptualized by Georges Dumézil, which divides societies and mythologies into three primary functions: sovereignty, defense, and fertility. Stone applies this framework to the Welsh tale of Lleu Llaw Gyffes, found in the Mabinogion. The narrative of Lleu's birth, his mother Arianhrod's curses (destinies) that he would be nameless, weaponless, and unwed, and his eventual creation of a wife, Blodeuedd, from flowers, are analyzed through the lens of these three functions. The story's structure, including the triangular relationship between Lleu, Blodeuedd, and Gronwy, and Lleu's magical death and transformation into an eagle, are interpreted as manifestations of this trifunctional schema. The article also discusses the 'three sins of the warrior' motif, drawing parallels between Gronwy's actions and those of mythological figures like Indra and Heracles. The author notes that while the trifunctional theory is influential, it is not universally accepted.

Latvians - their origins and place in old Europe

Valtars Grivins, a researcher from Valmiera, Latvia, introduces readers to the Balts, specifically Latvians, and their historical and cultural significance. Grivins addresses the historical ignorance surrounding Baltic culture, often attributed to centuries of foreign domination. He highlights the opinion of scholars like S.K. Chatterji and A. Meillet, who assert that the Balts possess a pure Indo-European tradition and an ancient civilization predating Greek and Roman cultures. The article emphasizes the importance of preserving and renewing traditional cultures, particularly the Baltic cultural heritage, which has direct links to Proto-Indo-European origins. Grivins details the vast collection of Latvian folklore, including 'Dainas' (songs), riddles, beliefs, proverbs, legends, magic words, fairy tales, folk melodies, and dances. He also discusses the material witnesses of Baltic culture, such as holy places. A comparative table (Table 1) illustrates similarities between Latvian and English words, suggesting deep linguistic connections. The article traces the origins of the Balts back to the end of the last Ice Age and discusses their presence in the Baltic region, their interactions with other European peoples like Celts, Slavs, and Germans, and their eventual assimilation or retreat due to Slav invasions. Despite losing political independence, the Balts are noted for retaining their national culture and religion.

Short report on discoveries at Krivkalns

This section provides a brief mention of discoveries at Krivkalns, likely an archaeological site relevant to the study of Baltic culture, though details are minimal in the provided text.

Recovering the lost religious place-names of England

Authored by Gavin Smith, this article focuses on the etymology and historical significance of religious place-names in England. It aims to uncover and interpret the meanings behind these names, which often hold clues to ancient beliefs, practices, and the historical landscape.

Paganism in British Folk Customs

Bob Trubshaw's article explores the presence and influence of pagan traditions within British folk customs. It examines how ancient pagan beliefs and practices may have survived or been syncretized into later folk traditions, offering insights into the continuity of spiritual and cultural heritage.

Herne the Hunter - a case of mistaken identity?

Jeremy Harte's contribution investigates the folklore surrounding the figure of Herne the Hunter. The article likely examines the origins of the legend, its various interpretations, and potentially explores theories that suggest Herne the Hunter might be a composite figure or a misidentified entity.

Other Sections

• At the Edge on World Wide Web: This section likely provides information about the magazine's online presence or related web resources.
• ABSTRACTS: A collection of summaries of other relevant research or articles.
• REVIEWS: Critiques or summaries of books or other media related to the magazine's themes.
• Trouble at Flag Fen: This appears to be a short piece or report on a specific archaeological or historical site.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores themes of ancient history, mythology, folklore, and archaeology, with a particular focus on Indo-European cultures and their enduring influence. There is a scholarly yet accessible approach, aiming to provide new interpretations and insights into the past. The editorial stance, as indicated by the inclusion of diverse articles and the editor's own contributions, is one of open inquiry into these subjects. The magazine also emphasizes the importance of cultural heritage and the connections between different peoples and traditions across Europe.

Notable Quotes

• "The trifunctional pattern is by no means universally accepted, but it now forms the basis for much of the more influential work being done in the field of comparative mythology." - C. Scott Littleton
• "An ancient pre-christian, or in other words, purely Indo-European tradition undoubtedly has come to us intact in the language and literature of the Balts."

This issue of 'At the Edge' magazine, dated September 1996 (No.3), features a lead article on discoveries at Krivkalns in Latvia and a second article by Gavin Smith on recovering lost religious place-names of England.

Discoveries at Krivkalns

The article begins by introducing Krivkalns as a remarkable Latvian holy place, a stone arrangement located on a small hill near Valmiera. The name 'Krivkalns' translates to 'The Hill of Priests'. The site is described as being overgrown with bushes and trees, merging with the surrounding forest. Until the late 1960s, it was surrounded by fields of an abandoned farm.

In 1986, a significant discovery was made: a skull of a he-goat and other items were found buried at a stone within the arrangement, interpreted as a sacrifice. A topographical survey in autumn 1986 revealed that five stones form a 'cross' and another group of stones resembles the Ursa Minor constellation, including Polaris.

Ojars Ozolins suggested that the Krivkalns arrangements are an ancient holy place connected with stars and celestial bodies. While stellar symbols have not been widely recognized in Latvian rock art, they have been observed in similar Lithuanian rock art. A four-sided stone from the Utena region of Lithuania, featuring stars near the celestial pole, is presented as a parallel.

Figure 1 illustrates the stones at Krivkalns, identifying the main stone as the 'Pole Star', a zone strewn with small stones as the 'Milky Way', a border representing non-setting constellations at the Spring Equinox, and constellations below the skyline at the Spring Equinox.

The article further explores the possibility that Krivkalns served as a 'stellar map' on a larger scale. The main stone, where the sacrifice evidence was found, is surrounded by smaller stones. Ozolins suggests this main stone might depict the Celestial Pole. Astronomical calculations indicate that the Celestial Pole was located in Draco about 3,500 years ago, suggesting Krivkalns is of a similar age to many megalithic monuments in Western Europe.

The stones at Krivkalns resemble the appearance of the Celestial Pole and surrounding constellations at the Spring Equinox about 3,500 years ago. The article posits that these arrangements were not exact reproductions of the night sky but embodied ancient holy laws for sacred and magical purposes, connecting the earthly world with the Universe. The cross symbol is linked to creation and the creator, with the Krivkalns cross connected to the sun, revered in Balts' culture.

Standing at the main stone (Pole Star), the middle stone of the cross aligns with the winter solstice sunrise, a time connected with the rebirth of the world and the sun in Latvian tradition.

The author notes that if Krivkalns were the only such arrangement in Latvia, doubts might arise, but many other monuments and holy hills in Latvia show interest in the heavens. Research indicates that many Latvian megaliths are situated to point to significant stellar events and the sun's return.

The article discusses the potential reasons for ancient peoples' focus on celestial events, including climate change and rising water levels, suggesting they might have been attempting to influence celestial movements to prevent the end of the world. This could be a primary purpose behind the work of megalith builders.

Figure 4 shows the arrangement of the central stones at Krivkalns, with (1) the main stone ('Pole Star') and (2) sacrificial deposits. The hatched lines approximate the Milky Way, and a group of stones resembles the constellation Aries in a winter solstice position. Lines 3 and 4 on Figure 1 might depict skyline stars at different times of year, with the arcs suggesting awareness of the ecliptic, the apparent path of the sun and stars due to Earth's annual wobble.

The article concludes this section by stating that this is a concise description and much else has been omitted. It mentions the 'World Hill' and 'World Tree' as basic principles of expression for Baltic peoples, reflected in place-names, rock art, and holy place layouts.

An 'End Note' provides information about two professionally produced videos available from Valtars Grivins: 'The Way of the Sun', featuring Ojars Ozolins discussing stone arrangements and holy hills, and 'The Land of Eight Seasons', showing various Latvian holy places. Both are available on VHS, with 'The Way of the Sun' overdubbed in English. The cost is £30 or $45 for both films on one tape. The note addresses the difficulty of sending money to Latvia due to postal risks and bank fees, and provides Valtars Grivins's direct address.

Recovering the Lost Religious Place-names of England

This article by Gavin Smith explores why religious beliefs appear to be under-reflected in the earliest English place-names, questioning if their religious content has been disguised or forgotten.

Seventh-century place-names

The article highlights the significant role of religion in Dark Age England, with kings abdicating to become penitents. It argues that the basis of English place-naming was laid down in the seventh century due to the emergence of a common language and increasing administrative centralism of the Church. Charters and boundary lists from two religious establishments in Surrey, Chertsey Abbey and the minster at Farnham, are presented as evidence.

These documents contain typical Old English (OE) place-name elements like -ingas, -ham, -hyth, -brycg, -burh, -eg, -ford, -leah, and -feld. The author suggests that many names of religious or cultural centers can be reinterpreted to reveal religious meaning, citing examples like Glastonbury, Canterbury, and Lincoln. Furthermore, place-names might reveal lost archaeological sites, acting as an 'other trace' for ancient parish churches and early monasteries that have disappeared.

The article also explores the prospect of identifying pagan religious activity underlying Christian sites, aiding the understanding of how pagan sites were co-opted. This practice followed standard Roman Empire procedures, where gods were syncretized (e.g., Sulis Minerva at Bath).

burh - 'fort' or 'monastic enclosure'

The OE element 'burh' is discussed, found in names of monasteries like Glastonbury, Bury St Edmunds, and Canterbury. It is proposed that 'burh' could also mean 'monastic enclosure', in addition to its accepted meanings of 'Iron Age hill-fort', 'Roman town', and 'borough'. This interpretation is supported by the possibility that some 'burh' names refer to successors of lost seventh-century minsters.

eg - 'island'

The relevance of the OE element 'eg' ('island') is examined, particularly in relation to the earlier Celtic phase of English monasteries. Examples include Chertsey, Ramsey, and Romsey. Parallels are drawn with Welsh 'ynys' and Scandinavian 'holm'. The article suggests that 'eg' might have undergone a temporary 'semantic shift' to mean '(monastic) island (retreat)' under the influence of early Irish missionaries. This sense of 'major estate' for 'eg' seems to have faded by the eighth century.

place-name elements and religious context

The article notes that while many place-name elements are topographical or descriptive, some carry overt religious connotations. Examples include 'weoh' and 'hearg' ('pagan temple'), 'mynster' and 'cirice' ('church'). Other elements like 'cruc', 'beorg', and 'hlaw' are also considered religious. Elements like 'funta', 'wielle', 'hoh', and 'ora' are seen as potentially referring to sacred springs, trees, barrows, and sacred hill-tops or enclosures.

The article examines specific place-name elements in detail:

• burh: Discussed as potentially meaning 'monastic enclosure', with examples like Glastonbury and Canterbury.
• eg: Interpreted as 'island', possibly referring to monastic retreats, with examples like Chertsey and Ramsey.
• ge: Meaning 'territory', found in east Kent, often near minster sites.
• stow: Meaning 'religious meeting place', with examples like Stow on the Wold and Bristol.
• Women: Suggests place-names with women's names might refer to abbesses, citing Hilda of Whitby.
• Water: Explores names related to springs ('wielle', 'wael', 'funta', 'ffynnon', 'burna'), linking them to holy wells and sacred sites.
• Trees, stones, crosses: Notes that sacred trees are less evidenced, but 'leah' (wood) can sometimes mean 'holy grove'. Names related to stones and crosses are also discussed.
• Barrows: The term 'beorg' ('barrow') is usually descriptive, but names retaining the individual's name suggest continued significance.
• Sacred hill-tops: The element 'hoh' ('heel', 'projecting ridge') is explored, with some sites suggesting special significance, possibly as investigation sites or religious centers.
• Sacred enclosures: OE names for stone circles are rare, but 'ora' ('border, margin, bank') might refer to embankments at significant sites, including Bronze Age hill-top enclosures.

Rituals

Occasionally, place-names offer clues to activities at religious sites, such as 'pipers' at Peper Harow temple. Other names suggest rituals related to healing springs, auguries, and sporting or religious plays.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine 'At the Edge' focuses on ancient wisdom, landscapes, and sacred sites, with a particular interest in geomancy and earth mysteries. The articles in this issue delve into archaeoastronomy (Krivkalns) and historical linguistics applied to archaeology (place-names). The editorial stance appears to be one of exploring and presenting evidence for ancient beliefs, practices, and their enduring traces in the landscape and language, encouraging readers to consider alternative interpretations of historical sites and names.

Title: At the Edge
Issue Date: September 1996
Document Type: Magazine Issue

This issue of 'At the Edge' critically examines the origins and evolution of British folk customs, challenging widely held assumptions about their pagan roots and historical continuity. The publication features several articles that delve into the scholarly influences, historical shifts, and reinterpretations of traditions.

The Influence of Frazer and the Re-evaluation of Traditions

The lead article, "Paganism in British Folk Customs," by Bob Trubshaw, begins by addressing the profound influence of Sir James George Frazer's multi-volume work, 'The Golden Bough.' Frazer's thesis, which suggested that many folk customs were unconscious relics of 'primitive' or pagan religions, became widely accepted for approximately 60 years. However, the article notes that modern researchers find little of Frazer's work holds up to scrutiny, although his opinions were dominant for decades. Frazer's objectives were to demonstrate that Christianity derived from similar principles as 'primitive' religions, treating the Bible objectively. His work was influenced by scholars like Sir Lawrence Gomme, Sir Edward Tylor, and Wilhelm Mannhardt.

Cecil Sharp, inspired by Frazer, significantly influenced the English folk dance revival, drawing attention to dying folk customs. For about 60 years, from 1914 to the early 1970s, folklorists relied heavily on similarities and parallels to construct grand hypotheses about the origins of these customs. This led to the belief that Morris dancing, for example, was an ancient, unaltered rite. However, historian Barbara Lowe's studies in 1957 indicated that Morris dances first appeared around 1450 as a courtly fashion in western Europe, a notion ignored by proponents of the 'ancient rite' theory.

'How Traditional Was "Traditional"?'

This section questions the perceived antiquity of many customs. While some, like decorating homes with greenery and giving Christmas presents, are genuinely ancient, most 'traditional' customs documented in written sources fade before the eighteenth century. Historians often find evidence of common people in court records for crimes or drunkenness, and parish registers reveal details of 'church ales' which later disappear, superseded by other fundraising methods. The article suggests that the late medieval era saw the exploration of 'new devotional fads,' with Corpus Christi, a major feast, only dating from the thirteenth century. The period also saw the rise of aristocratic interests in astrology and attempts to suppress 'witchcraft' and 'cumming' activities, blurring the lines between religion and magic.

'Customs Quite Out of Fashion'

This part discusses how the Reformation and Civil War significantly impacted traditional customs. John Aubrey noted how many local customs, like midsummer bonfires, vanished during the Interregnum. The Restoration of Charles II saw the re-establishment of festivities like Oak Apple Day, but these were often organized by the 'gentry' rather than being spontaneous popular events, marking a shift from 'participating' to 'attending.'

The modern era is better documented, with educated observers beginning to record popular customs in the late eighteenth century, similar to early explorers documenting foreign cultures. By the late nineteenth century, customs were again changing, influenced by Victorian moral standards that disfavored drunkenness and lewdness. The article notes that village festivities were often linked to male aggression and drinking.

It highlights the 'gentrification' of customs, where they were transformed to align with Victorian tastes and ideas, exemplified by the 'Ruskinesque image' of children with May garlands, which bore little resemblance to earlier, more robust customs. The demise of bull baiting, street football, and cheese rolling is attributed to the efforts of local justices, clergy, and the gentry. Even surviving customs, like the Abbots Bromley Horn Dancers, adopted natty costumes. Ironically, Frazer's ideas were imposed on traditions at the end of the Victorian era, initiating a process of 'paganisation.'

The recording of folk music also underwent a similar process, with pioneers like Cecil Sharp transcribing songs in an 'idealised' version, tidying them up to fit Western musical scales and rhythmic schemes. This 'bowdlerisation' of folk customs and music is compared to the original singers' voices being lost in symphonic settings.

'Christianity Was Often Paganised'

This section clarifies that 'paganism' in the context of the mid-nineteenth century was not a conscious movement but a loose agglomeration of religious phenomena that coexisted with Christianity. It was not a counter-religion but rather a syncretism of magic and respect for the Christian Devil. The Renaissance revived awareness of Classical paganism, influencing popular minds, but this often blended with existing beliefs.

The Paganised Survivors

Victorian folklorists were influenced by this popular 'paganism' and Frazer's ideas, leading to interpretations of figures like hobby horses and foliate heads ('Green Man') as survivors of pre-Christian paganism. However, research by E.C. Cawte suggests that while animal disguises existed since the thirteenth century, specific figures like hobby horses and hooded animals (Padstow type) have more recent origins, with no clear evidence linking them to ancient pagan practices or Morris dancing before the twentieth century.

Jack-in-the-Green figures, often associated with May Day revelries of sweeps, are also examined. Their origins are traced to the eighteenth century, with no evidence for earlier history or interpretation. The article concludes that the apparent pagan origins of animal disguises and Green Men do not fit the evidence provided by thorough researchers.

Modern Pagan Beliefs

The 1970s and 80s saw a dismantling of Frazer's theories by academics, who adopted a more functionalist approach to folklore studies. Simultaneously, modern witchcraft gained momentum, influenced by figures like Gerald Gardner, Margaret Murray, and Robert Graves. Gardner invented 'wiccan' rituals, overplaying his contact with traditional 'cumming' people to suggest an organized tradition dating back to antiquity. These ideas, though academically challenged, gained wider influence through popular paganism.

The article notes a disconnect between academic specialists and the general public's beliefs, citing examples like the interpretation of cave paintings or the victims of witch-hunts. Ronald Hutton's work, particularly 'The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles,' is highlighted for providing a factual update and exposing unsubstantiated claims. Debates between modern pagans and those perceived as 'Huttonites' are discussed, with the author hoping this article encourages readers to explore the research that places folklore in a different historical perspective.

While acknowledging that Morris dancing, Green Men, and similar customs have become 'paganised' in recent decades, the article emphasizes that these modern pagan ideas are distinct from historical understanding. The work of historians, which takes the absence of written evidence as evidence of absence, is contrasted with folklore and folk customs, which are manifestations of primarily oral cultures that quickly fade.

Postscript

The author mentions being unaware of David Clarke and Andy Roberts' 'Twilight of the Celtic Gods' during the writing process, noting that their work illuminates oral traditions from traditional village families. Ronald Hutton's book, 'The Stations of the Sun,' is also recommended for its in-depth coverage of British folk customs.

References

A comprehensive list of cited works is provided, including books by Roy Judge, James Frazer, Bob Bushaway, Barbara Lowe, Eamon Duffy, Keith Thomas, David Cressy, John Aubrey, Ronald Hutton, James Obelkevich, E.C. Cawte, Lady Raglan, Anthony Weir, James Jerman, and Miranda Green.

Back Issues of AT THE EDGE

Information on available back issues of 'At the Edge' is presented, listing articles from issues one and two, along with subscription details.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical examination of historical narratives surrounding folk customs, particularly the debunking of the idea that many contemporary traditions are direct survivals of ancient paganism. The magazine challenges the pervasive influence of scholars like Frazer and highlights how traditions have been shaped by historical events, social changes, and reinterpretation over centuries. The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous historical inquiry, prioritizing evidence-based analysis over romanticized or speculative interpretations of the past. There is a clear emphasis on distinguishing between historical fact and modern pagan beliefs or popular folklore constructions.

Title: At the Edge
Issue: No.3
Date: September 1996
Publisher: Heart of Albion Press
Country: United Kingdom
Language: English

This issue of 'At the Edge' features a deep dive into the legend of Herne the Hunter, exploring its literary and folkloric dimensions, and announces the launch of the magazine's World Wide Web presence. It also includes a critical appeal for donations to support the ongoing excavations at Flag Fen.

Herne the Hunter: A Berkshire Legend

The lead article, "Herne the Hunter - A Berkshire Legend," by Bob Trubshaw, meticulously examines the origins and evolution of the Herne the Hunter myth. It begins by referencing Shakespeare's "The Merry Wives of Windsor," where Herne is depicted as a ghost haunting an oak tree. The author notes that Shakespeare may have ignored or altered existing traditions, citing a story of Herne's suicide as a possible, though unproven, element.

The article traces the legend through various historical accounts, including James Hakewill's "History of Windsor," and discusses the variations and embellishments that have accrued over time. It highlights the eventual felling of the original Herne's Oak in 1796 and the subsequent transfer of the legend to a nearby maiden oak. The author questions the certainty with which the tree's identity was established, suggesting a degree of skepticism even in the 18th century.

Trubshaw explores the pre-Shakespearian claims of Herne being a pagan god, attributing this theory to later interpretations and the symbolic use of stag's antlers. He contrasts the modern perception of animality with the 16th-century audience's view, where such elements were often associated with degradation and ridicule, as seen in Falstaff's character.

The narrative then shifts to Harrison Ainsworth's novel "Windsor Castle," which significantly shaped the popular image of Herne the Hunter. Ainsworth's melodramatic approach is analyzed, noting how he incorporated folklore and historical elements to create a compelling, albeit fictionalized, narrative. The article points out that Ainsworth's portrayal of Herne as a "wood-demon" seeking souls and his association with the "Wild Hunt" were largely his own creations, drawing inspiration from sources like Grimm's "Deutsche Mythologie."

The piece further investigates reported sightings and auditory phenomena associated with Herne's Hunt in Windsor Park, particularly from the Victorian era onwards. It mentions accounts from retired colonels, schoolboys, and the wife of Walter Legge, who reported hearing hounds and horns. The author notes that while Herne is often heard but not seen in these later accounts, the tradition of his appearances seems to have been reserved for those of higher social standing.

Trubshaw critically examines modern interpretations, particularly those linking Herne to pagan deities like Cernunnos, suggesting that such connections are often based on speculative etymology and a desire to find a lost, primeval religion. He emphasizes that Herne should be understood as a character whose meaning has evolved through different performances and interpretations, rather than a fixed historical or mythological entity.

The article concludes by reflecting on how the legend has adapted to modern times, with the possibility of appearing in TV serials replacing the need for physical manifestations in the undergrowth.

The World Wide Web and 'At the Edge'

Bob Trubshaw also contributes a piece on "At the Edge on the World Wide Web," detailing the launch of the magazine's online presence. He explains the rationale behind creating WWW pages, emphasizing the importance of text-based content for readers interested in the magazine's core subjects: archaeology, folklore, and mythology. Trubshaw highlights the advantages of the WWW for small presses like Heart of Albion, enabling them to reach a wider audience and disseminate information that might not be picked up by major publishers.

He discusses the challenges of the WWW, such as the potential for "spoof" content and copyright issues, particularly with images. However, he stresses the WWW's power in making information readily accessible and searchable. The article notes that while the WWW is still evolving, it offers significant possibilities for academic research and the exchange of ideas, even for niche subjects like "earth mysteries."

The "At the Edge" website aims to build a full archive of articles, provide links to useful WWW sites, and offer a feedback mechanism for readers. The associated Heart of Albion website is also mentioned, with some of its titles already uploaded.

Serious Trouble at Flag Fen

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to an urgent appeal for donations to support the Fenland Archaeological Trust (FAT) and its work at Flag Fen, near Peterborough. The site, which has yielded massive Bronze Age discoveries including a large wooden structure and numerous artifacts, is facing closure due to a severe loss of income.

The article explains that only three percent of the known site has been investigated, and the lowering of water levels in the fens poses a threat to the remaining archaeological evidence. The visitors' centre is praised for its exemplary presentation of Bronze Age life. However, unless £92,000 is raised by the beginning of July, the site will close indefinitely, and the experienced archaeological team will be dispersed.

As of mid-June, £45,000 had been raised, but the remaining £47,000 was still needed. The article provides details for donations and encourages companies to consider sponsorship opportunities.

A "STOP PRESS" note indicates that an insert with further updates might be included with the mailing of the issue, or readers should contact FAT directly for information.

Letters and Competition Results

The "Letters" section features a contribution from Jeremy Harte, who responds to Bob Trubshaw's previous article on "Calendrical architecture and Tara." Harte discusses the concept of buildings keyed into time, referencing Salisbury Cathedral and astrological ceiling paintings. He also touches upon the interpretation of earthworks and their potential symbolic meaning.

The "Competition Results" section congratulates the five winners of a competition held in the previous issue, awarding them copies of Paul Devereux's "Secrets of Ancient and Sacred Places." The correct answer to the competition question, identifying Woodhenge as the major Neolithic monument aligning with Stonehenge, is also provided.

The Ley Hunter Core Moot 1996

An announcement for "The Ley Hunter's Core Moot 1996" details the event, which will feature speakers like Thomas Dowson discussing Southern African bushman rock art and altered states of consciousness. Jeremy Dronfield is also expected to present on similar topics related to Irish chamber tombs. The moot is scheduled for Saturday, November 9th, 1996, at the University of London Student's Union Halls, with tickets costing £10.

Abstracts

The "Abstracts" section provides concise summaries of recent academic articles across various disciplines. These include:

• Stupas as cosmology: Discusses the philosophical and cosmological references embedded in the shape of Buddhist stupas.
• Siamese liminality: Examines the role of ritual monuments as boundary sites in Thailand, linking them to Buddhist and animist traditions.
• Liberated prophetesses: Challenges the traditional view of the Pythia at Delphi, suggesting she gave clear prophecies independently.
• Clues from Anglo-Saxon charters: Highlights the use of Anglo-Saxon charters to understand perceptions of landscape and early estate divisions.
• Place-names and parishes: Explores the role of minsters in Anglo-Saxon England and their progression from unified units to parishes, with similar patterns in Gaelic Scotland.
• Manx pre-christian religion: Reports on research into early keeill sites and holy wells on the Isle of Man, suggesting a fusion of pagan and Christian traditions.
• Place-specific fertility rituals: Discusses the Lupercalia feast in Rome and its connection to fertility and warrior attributes.
• Geomantic burials: Explores the role of geomantic divination in grave site selection among some African tribes.
• Bride revisited: Investigates place-names associated with "Bride," linking them to St. Brigit, a pagan goddess, or fertility rituals, while also considering the Old English word "bryd" meaning "plank."
• Minerva not unique?: Briefly mentions the cult of Sulis Minerva.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of "At the Edge" demonstrates a consistent focus on the intersection of folklore, history, archaeology, and contemporary culture. The exploration of the Herne the Hunter legend exemplifies the magazine's interest in how myths evolve and are reinterpreted across different media and time periods. The emphasis on textual analysis and historical context suggests a scholarly yet accessible approach.

The launch of the WWW site signifies an embrace of new technologies for disseminating information, particularly for independent publishers. The urgent appeal for Flag Fen underscores the magazine's commitment to supporting archaeological research and raising awareness of critical issues within the field.

The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, encouraging readers to question established narratives and explore diverse interpretations, while also valuing rigorous research and the preservation of cultural heritage. The inclusion of academic abstracts indicates a desire to bridge the gap between scholarly research and a broader, interested readership.

Title: At the Edge
Issue: No.3
Volume: September 1996
Publisher: At the Edge
Country: United Kingdom
Language: English

This issue of 'At the Edge' magazine, dated September 1996, is primarily a review and abstract section, covering a diverse array of books and articles related to folklore, archaeology, mythology, and ancient history. The content is dense, with numerous short summaries and reviews of publications.

Book Reviews and Abstracts

Archaeology and Prehistory

Several reviews cover archaeological findings and interpretations. Eberhard Sauer's work on the Roman Temple Complex in Bath suggests a wider practice of venerating Minerva as a healing goddess. E.J. Bull's study of Buckinghamshire roads identifies some as Neolithic grid patterns. The issue also notes a study on the landscape symbolism of Neolithic tomb locations in the Golden Valley and the potential late Bronze Age dating of the Uffington White Horse. A significant discovery of a Neolithic enclosure at Hindwell, twice the size of Avebury, is highlighted. The debate on whether Romans invaded Ireland is revisited, linking Irish myth to historical accounts. Richard Bradley's investigation into prehistoric rock art in Spain is mentioned, suggesting territorial markers. Studies on Neolithic regions in Britain and formal deposition at Woodhenge are also summarized. The possibility that not all Bronze Age barrows were solely for burial is explored, with evidence of feasting and ceremonial activities. A key piece of news is the publication of a map of prehistoric sites linked in alignments by the Prehistoric Society, potentially related to archaeo-astronomy. Michael J. Moore's work on a Bronze Age settlement and ritual centre in Ireland is also reviewed. The issue touches upon the ongoing discussion of whether we are still hunter-gatherers in modern society.

Folklore and Mythology

Ronald Hutton's book, 'The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain', is extensively reviewed. It is described as a comprehensive survey of British folk customs associated with festivals, challenging the notion of their timeless nature and suggesting many are relatively recent inventions. The review notes Hutton's focus on historical evidence and his synthesis of existing scholarship. David Clarke and Andy Roberts' 'Twilight of the Celtic Gods' is reviewed for its exploration of Britain's hidden pagan traditions, based on first-hand accounts of traditional landscape knowledge passed down through families. The book also covers rituals associated with 'Tigh nam Cailliche' in Scotland and research on 'Celtic' heads and 'screaming skulls'.

John Michell's 'Who Wrote Shakespeare?' is reviewed, questioning the traditional authorship of Shakespeare's plays and exploring alternative candidates like Francis Bacon and Christopher Marlowe. The review praises Michell's readable style and his ability to summarize complex arguments without taking sides.

Celtic Culture and Traditions

Several books on Celtic topics are reviewed. 'Celtic Ornament - Art of the Scribe' by Courtney Davis and Anthony Rees details manuscript art from the Dark Ages, including the Book of Kells and Lindisfarne Gospels. 'The Celtic Image' by Courtney Davis is described as a broad introduction to Celtic culture, covering topics from the Iron Age to the present day, including stone circles and megaliths. 'Celtic Myth and Legends: An A-Z of People and Places' by Mike Dixon-Kennedy is presented as a companion to his 'Arthurian Myth and Legend', covering British and Irish Celts. 'The Celtic Image' by Courtney Davis and David James is noted for its exploration of Celtic Christianity, crosses, sacred places, and warriors, though it is considered more of a coffee table book.

Other Topics

'Polish Midsummer customs' and 'More pagan Gothic ritual' are summarized, detailing spring and midsummer festivals and ancient rituals involving women and carts. 'Earthlights at Kobe' reports sightings of unexplained lights before the Hanshin earthquake. 'Spirals and what they meant in megalithic times' discusses imaginative ideas from Terence Meaden. 'Long barrows and houses' explores the symbolic context of long barrows. 'Cosmic writing' discusses religious scriptures written in 'cosmic script'. 'Elf-infested spaces' by Kevin L. Callahan claims Ojibwa Indians report seeing 'little people' during hallucinations, possibly linked to flying and werewolf experiences.

'The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia', edited by David R. Harris, is described as a groundbreaking collection of essays examining the beginnings of farming and herding and their impact on early populations. 'The Sacred Mythological Centres of Ireland' by Jack Roberts is a booklet providing information on Irish sacred sites, though it is noted for its preference for seeing pre-Christian Celtic religion as dominated by goddesses.

'The Stone Circles of Cork and Kerry' by Jack Roberts is a guide to over 100 stone circles in Ireland, focusing on their astronomical orientation. 'Walking the Talk No.1', a journal from Save Our Sacred Sites, addresses issues of damage to archaeological sites by pagans and heritage management groups.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently reviews books and articles that delve into the less mainstream aspects of history, folklore, and archaeology. There is a clear interest in 'earth mysteries', ancient beliefs, and alternative interpretations of historical and cultural phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical engagement with both academic and fringe perspectives, seeking to synthesize information and encourage further research. The publication of 'At the Edge' itself is presented as a response to the need for such a platform, particularly in the realm of 'earth mysteries' and Celtic traditions. The reviews often highlight the importance of oral traditions and the potential for re-interpreting the past through a combination of archaeological evidence, folklore, and mythology.

Title: At the Edge
Issue: No.3
Date: September 1996
Publisher: Heart of Albion Press

This issue of 'At the Edge' addresses several key areas concerning its readership and operations, including subscription rate adjustments, guidelines for contributors, and special offers from the publisher.

New Subscription Rates

The editorial notes that the cover price has increased from £2.00 to £2.50, with corresponding increases in subscription rates. The editor explains that these changes are necessary due to significant increases in paper prices and anticipated rises in postage rates. While acknowledging that the number of new subscribers is satisfactory, a larger subscriber base is needed to reduce printing costs. All existing subscriptions will be honored at their current rates, but new subscriptions or renewals paid after September 1st will be subject to the new rates. UK subscribers are reminded that they still save £1.00 on the cover price for four issues and benefit from prompt delivery.

Notes for Contributors

'At the Edge' welcomes articles and letters for publication, provided they have not been published or submitted elsewhere. Prospective contributors are encouraged to send a preliminary letter summarizing their proposed ideas. Articles should generally be under 3000 words, with exceptions up to 5000 words considered. The content should be accessible to general readers, avoiding jargon. The editor offers advice on copyright matters, but contributors are responsible for obtaining copyright clearance for any text, illustrations, or photographs. References must be clearly indicated, and future issues will adopt the Harvard numbering system for references (e.g., Trubshaw 1996). End notes, other than bibliographical information, should be marked with superscript numbers.

Contributions can be submitted via email, on IBM PC discs in ASCII or Word for Windows formats, or on Amstrad PCW discs in Locoscript format. Alternatively, clear, marked typescript suitable for scanning is acceptable. Published contributions become the joint copyright of the author(s)/artist and the editor. For discussions regarding contributions, readers can contact Bob Trubshaw.

What You Receive in Return

Contributors whose articles are published will receive a year's subscription to 'At the Edge'. Those who submit short articles, 'syndicated' reprints, or letters will be credited with a free issue.

Subscribe to At The Edge

The magazine highlights positive feedback from readers appreciating its approach. It emphasizes that 'At the Edge' is not an academic journal and its subscription rates are a fraction of those for heavyweight periodicals. The publication operates on a tight budget with minimal advertising, making every subscription crucial. Readers are urged to subscribe before September 1st to take advantage of the old rates. Existing subscribers are encouraged to persuade friends to subscribe, with the promise of an extra issue credited to their account for each successful referral.

Special Offers for At The Edge Readers

Heart of Albion Press announces a special offer for 'At the Edge' readers, making available a small number of out-of-print Heart of Albion booklets. These include titles such as "The Bleeding Lance - Myth, Ritual and the Grail Legend" by Alby Stone (£2.95), "A Splendid Pillar - Images of the Axis Mundi in the Grail Romances" by Alby Stone (£2.95), "Wyrd - Fate and Destiny in North European Paganism" by Alby Stone (£3.00), "Animals of the Church in Wood, Stone and Bronze" by T. Tindall Wildridge (£1.50), and "The Quest for the Omphalos - Finding the Mystical Middle of England" by Bob Trubshaw and John Walbridge (£1.50). Postage and packing (p&p) is an additional 40p for any quantity.

Clearance Sale

Heart of Albion Press is also holding a clearance sale with 10% or 20% off selected items while stocks last. This initiative aims to assist other small publishers by listing their titles in the Heart of Albion catalogues, but due to large stock and limited sales, this practice will be phased out. Subscribers to 'At the Edge' should have received a copy of the Clearance Sale catalogue, while others can send an A5 self-addressed envelope for a copy.

Heart of Albion Press Online

The publisher's website is now available at http://www.gmtnet.co.uk/indigo/edge/hoaphome.htm. The site offers the full catalogue online, along with complete text and images for "Gargoyles and Grotesque Carvings of Leicestershire and Rutland," which can be downloaded free of charge.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue reflects a pragmatic approach to publishing, balancing the need for financial sustainability (through subscription rates and sales) with a commitment to providing content for a niche audience interested in topics likely related to folklore, mythology, and potentially ufology, given the magazine's title. The editorial stance appears to be one of direct communication with its readership, clearly explaining operational decisions and offering incentives for support. The emphasis on reader contributions and the special offers suggest a community-oriented approach to publishing.