Anomalija - No 03

Magazine Overview

Title: Аномалия (Anomaliya)
Issue: No. 2
Date: February 1991
Publisher: TACC and Association "Ecology of the Unidentified"
Document Type: Scientific-Informational Bulletin

Key Articles and Content

"Don't Look at UFOs for Too Long!" (Preliminary Report from Moscow Ophthalmologists)

This article presents a preliminary report on the damaging effects of observing Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) on the eyesight of witnesses. It notes the lack of prior scientific literature on this topic, attributing it to factors like observation distance, object characteristics, exposure duration, and protective mediums. The report details a case from March 16, 1990, in Shatura, Moscow Oblast, where nine employees of a canteen observed a UFO. The object, initially cigar-shaped and then spherical, hovered for about 40 minutes, emitting a light beam that penetrated the room through a window. A distinct violet spot was observed on the glass. Witnesses reported experiencing a violet haze or seeing everything in a violet light for up to two days. The article emphasizes the need for caution, especially for children, and highlights the importance of collecting medical information on the effects of anomalous phenomena.

In Memory of a Pioneer: "All Bullets at One"

This section is a tribute to Felix Yurievich Zigel, a prominent figure in Russian ufology. It reflects on his dedication to studying UFOs and his often-confrontational approach to scientific skepticism. The article recounts Zigel's response to a hasty explanation of the 1977 Petrozavodsk aerial phenomenon, which he believed was of artificial extraterrestrial origin. It discusses the challenges Zigel faced from established scientific paradigms and his persistent efforts to present his findings. The text mentions his use of vivid, sometimes colloquial, language to counter opponents and his hypothesis about the Tunguska event being caused by an artificial object.

"Crazy Idea" Club: "Galaxies Don't Run Away?"

This section delves into theoretical physics and cosmology, exploring the concept of a privileged, light-bearing field of nature. It posits that this field is intrinsically linked to matter, governing electricity, magnetism, and the evolution of all forms of life and non-life. The article discusses the field's 'entrained' and 'non-entrained' states, relating them to phenomena like magnetic and photon fields and the speed of light. It proposes a unified system of interactions within natural energetic levels and structures, suggesting that the universe is not expanding and galaxies are not receding. The text also touches upon the dynamics of subatomic particles, nuclear physics, superconductivity, and solar activity, all explained through the lens of this 'light-bearing field'.

"Crazy Idea" Club: "Galaxies Don't Run Away?" (Continued)

This continuation of the "Crazy Idea" Club article further elaborates on the theoretical framework. It discusses the nature of elementary particles, their interactions, and the structure of atomic nuclei. The author proposes that particles like neutrons, protons, and electrons are 'light-bearing' and that their interactions, mediated by 'electro-charged manifestations' rather than virtual photons, explain phenomena like electromagnetism. The article challenges the standard model's reliance on bosons and suggests a re-evaluation of particle dynamics. It also presents calculations for nuclear binding energies and discusses the concept of 'strong interactions' and the cooperative nature of nucleons within atomic nuclei. The 'light-bearing field' is presented as a unifying concept that explains various physical phenomena, including superconductivity and solar cycles.

"Tunguska Meteorite": What Exploded Over the Taiga?

This article revisits the mystery of the Tunguska event. It references Felix Zigel's hypothesis that the object was artificial, not a natural meteorite or comet. The text implies that Zigel's research provided a compelling argument for an extraterrestrial origin, challenging conventional explanations.

Reincarnation: Wandering Souls Seek a Haven

This section appears to explore the concept of reincarnation, suggesting that souls may seek a place to reside, possibly linking to anomalous phenomena or spiritual beliefs.

Discussion Tribune: "Predestined by Absolute Idea"

This is a title for a discussion piece, likely exploring philosophical or ideological themes related to predetermined outcomes or overarching concepts.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores anomalous phenomena, with a particular focus on UFOs and their potential effects on humans. There is a strong emphasis on the historical aspects of ufology, honoring pioneers like Felix Zigel and advocating for continued research despite skepticism. The publication seems to embrace unconventional theories, as evidenced by the "Crazy Idea" Club articles, which propose new models for understanding the universe based on concepts like a 'light-bearing field'. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry into unexplained phenomena, encouraging critical thinking and the collection of data, while also warning about potential dangers associated with direct observation of certain phenomena.

This issue of "Клуб \"Безумная идея\"" (Club \"Crazy Idea\"), dated 02.91, is number 9 of volume 02.91. It is published by \"АНОМАЛИЯ\" and focuses on anomalous phenomena, particularly UFOs.

Article: The Nature of Ball Lightning and the Tunguska Meteorite

Vladimir Lipatov, a retired air force colonel from Moscow, proposes a theory connecting ball lightning and the Tunguska meteorite. He suggests that the main regularity of ball lightning, despite its variety, and the Tunguska meteorite's explosion is the counteraction of the field of electrical discharges to the sharp fall of the electric current in the near-ground area, leading to the formation of specific field structures. Lipatov claims that neglecting this effect is costly for the country's energy sector. He also links the cycles of solar activity to the accelerated and dynamically changing effects of Jupiter's massive planets on the Sun and Earth. Lipatov's generalization of energy processes, he believes, has revealed the reality and privileged place of the 'luminous field' and laid the foundation for a deeper understanding of the overall energy structure of the universe. He warns that ignoring this could lead to unforeseen and more serious phenomena than Chernobyl.

Commentary on Lipatov's Theory

Vadim Kazyutinsky, a leading research fellow at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, comments on Lipatov's "crazy idea." Kazyutinsky notes that while many scientific breakthroughs come from specialists, new concepts must be compared against established scientific data and methods, or possess internal consistency. He points out that Lipatov's article is based on research in areas of physics where direct experimentation is possible, but it's unclear if the author conducted such experiments. Kazyutinsky also notes the lack of comparison with other known physical experiments. He identifies this as the main drawback of the material, possibly due to its brevity. He hopes Lipatov possesses a more developed system of proof.

Kazyutinsky then discusses the current state of physics, mentioning the theory of electroweak interactions and the Nobel Prize awarded for it. He notes that Lipatov's theory of a 'privileged' (luminous) field does not fit within current fundamental physics concepts and requires further discussion based on the author's criteria.

Presentation: "Incredible World"

This section introduces a new publication from Orel called "Невероятный мир" (Incredible World), a companion to \"Аномалия\". The first issue focuses on UFO phenomena in the Orlovshchina region. It includes the history of UFO research in the area and introduces local witnesses. A full-page photo is presented as a "genuine photo of an alien," claimed to be the only one of its kind in the country, with the original kept securely by the editorial office of the regional youth newspaper.

The publication also reports on UFO sightings by dozens of people, including the editor of \"Невероятный мир\", Alexander Bogdanchikov. A prominent report is "The Passenger of a Flying Saucer," detailing the experience of Alexander Kuzmich Skrebkov, a 60-year-old peasant from the village of Krivolozhka. Skrebkov claims to have not only contacted aliens but also flown in their craft, described as a flattened sphere about sixty meters in diameter with thirteen oval windows. He recounts multiple flights and interactions with \"UFO-nauts\". The report highlights Skrebkov's limited education and lack of prior interest in UFOs, making his detailed account particularly striking.

Letter from Yuri Likhоpek (TASS Correspondent, Orel)

Yuri Likhоpek confirms the reality of the phenomena described by Lipatov and states that the editorial board of \"Невероятный мир\" is ready to collaborate with \"Аномалия\". He sends the first issue of their publication.

Editorial Response

\"Аномалия\" accepts the offer of cooperation, anticipating mutual benefit for both publications and their readers. Initially, they will reprint articles from \"Невероятный мир\", and later, they plan joint research into UFOs and other anomalous phenomena. The next issue of \"Аномалия\" will feature more on Skrebkov's adventures, with expert opinions from the Association \"Ecology of the Unexplained\".

Article: Portrait of a "Saucer" or a Photo Trick?

This article by Alexander KUZOVKIN, a physicist-optician from Moscow, discusses the increasing amount of video and photographic material related to UFOs and the importance of expert analysis. Kuzovkin, who has studied UFOs from a physics-optics perspective for years, outlines key characteristics of UFO manifestations:

• Fleeting Nature: UFOs appear unexpectedly, their behavior is unpredictable, and their appearance changes rapidly, often beyond human visual perception.
• Spectral Characteristics: UFO emissions often have a narrow spectral range and can shift arbitrarily between infrared, visible, and ultraviolet spectra, making visual perception difficult but not impossible to capture with photographic or video equipment.

Kuzovkin notes that while visual observation is subjective, photographic and video data are objective. He addresses the growing volume of UFO-related photographic material, some of which may be misinterpreted or deliberately fabricated. He debunks the notion that creating a convincing UFO fake is easy, stating that fabricators often lack creativity. He provides examples of simple fakes, such as a silhouette of a UFO taped to a window and photographed against a city backdrop. He also explains that some fakes are created by double-exposing two different frames, which can be detected by comparing the film grain size of the UFO image with the surrounding landscape.

Kuzovkin then analyzes specific photographic examples:

• Image 1: Shows a strange structure, possibly due to electrostatic charge on the film from prolonged storage in dry, warm conditions.
• Image 2: Taken in July 1978 near Arkhangelsk. The object appeared only after the film was developed. Analysis of the film grain suggests this is likely a genuine UFO image.
• Image 3: Taken in Tiksy in 1978. The object was visually observed during the shoot, and analysis indicates authenticity.
• Image 4: Allegedly taken in the Sverdlovsk region during a UFO fly-by of a lake. However, careful analysis of the film grain revealed inconsistencies with the surrounding panorama, suggesting it might not be genuine.

Kuzovkin concludes that while some false photos are intentional deceptions, others, like optical glares on camera lenses, are accidental. He emphasizes the need for careful analysis to distinguish genuine evidence from fakes.

Article: UFOs over Nagorno-Karabakh

This section reports on UFO sightings in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region. While isolated reports existed previously, sightings in April and May 1990 led to widespread discussion.

• Iosif Adamyan's Encounter: On April 22, 1990, Iosif Adamyan, a 40-year-old agronomist from Stepanakert, reported seeing a figure with human-like features (eyes, mouth, nose) and a body clad in a yellow-green suit. The figure spoke in literary Armenian and invited Adamyan to leave with him, but Adamyan refused, citing his wife's illness. The alien stated they would return for him later. Adamyan also observed a flying object with three blinking lights hovering over the mountains. He experienced physical discomfort for a couple of days after the encounter.

• Vagharshak Beglaryan's Sighting: On April 30, 1990, Vagharshak Beglaryan, a 77-year-old shepherd from the village of Khanabad, saw a large, dark sphere about ten meters in diameter, without lights, silently pass about 30 meters above him. He then saw two tall, dark figures (about 2.5 meters tall) on a nearby hill. As he herded his sheep away, a bright sphere detached from the figures and moved towards the hill's summit.

• Noragyukh Sighting: Five hours after Beglaryan's encounter, two residents of Noragyukh saw an egg-shaped, luminous object hovering about 30-40 meters above the ground. The object, about the size of their truck, was fully illuminated and swayed slightly before disappearing rapidly.

• General Observations: The article notes that numerous residents and military personnel in the region reported UFO sightings during the summer of 1990. The local population has even created jokes about UFOs, with some humorously suggesting that aliens might solve the Karabakh problem.

Letter from Vadim Byrkin (TASS Correspondent, Stepanakert)

Byrkin, reporting from Stepanakert, corroborates the accounts of UFO sightings in Nagorno-Karabakh, noting the local population's sharp wit in creating jokes about the phenomenon.

Article: Visitors Don't Drink Tea

This section presents an account from Izhevsk, reported by Alfred Artamonov (TASS Correspondent), about Tatiana Tretyakova, who claims to have hosted four aliens in her apartment. The aliens, described as unstable, transparent figures, sat on her sofa. One, appearing older, asked if she was scared. Tatiana, who had jokingly invited aliens for tea after moving to a new apartment, offered them tea, but the elder alien declined, stating it was too hot and they had to leave. Tatiana hopes they will return.

Commentary by Nikolai Nosov

Nikolai Nosov, chairman of the section on non-traditional methods of treatment at the USSR Union of Scientific and Engineering Societies, offers his perspective on these reports. He considers many accounts to be standard, lacking new information compared to previously published UFO literature. He laments the absence of documentary evidence such as photos or recordings, and the lack of corroboration from independent witnesses. Nosov notes that events occurring hours apart are sometimes described in contradictory ways by different people. However, he points out that in many "contactee" stories, where participants had little prior knowledge, the descriptions of the "visitors" align with "classic" alien portrayals. This suggests that direct falsification or subconscious deception might be less likely, citing the 77-year-old shepherd as an example of someone who likely had no prior knowledge of such descriptions. Nosov also mentions a recurring observation in UFO research: UFOs are often sighted in areas experiencing heightened tension, such as natural disasters, military conflicts, or social instability, which he suggests is supported by the reports from Nagorno-Karabakh. He concludes that based on the presented material, no definitive conclusions can be drawn about extraterrestrial visitation.

Commentary from Priest Konstantin Molchanov

Father Konstantin Molchanov of the Moscow Patriarchate's "Moscow Church Herald" addresses the church's stance on anomalous phenomena. He states that many people report seeing apparitions like the Virgin Mary, saints, or angels who reveal secrets or predict the future, but these encounters often leave them feeling uneasy, irritable, or melancholic. Molchanov explains that Christianity acknowledges two worlds: the spiritual (invisible) and the material (perceptible). After the fall of man, the spiritual world became inaccessible to prevent direct influence from dark forces. He asserts that encounters with "aliens" are not with material beings but are deceptions or illusions created by human consciousness. He questions what or who is behind these forms, noting the increase in UFO reports that frighten and confuse people, distracting them from spiritual pursuits. Citing Christ's words, "According to your faith, be it unto you," Molchanov asks what people believe in today. He references St. Theophan the Recluse, who taught that sinful actions clothe demons in flesh, allowing humans to perceive fallen spirits sensually. These spirits, having existed outside divine light, can manipulate human intellect and adopt various attractive forms to appeal to those they target. Molchanov also quotes Isaac the Syrian, warning that trusting or being credulous towards spiritual visions can lead to deception, being led astray, and a severe spiritual damage that may hinder salvation. He concludes by stating that in Orthodox asceticism, there is a rule against engaging with such phenomena.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores anomalous phenomena, with a particular focus on UFOs, alien encounters, and photographic evidence. It presents a range of perspectives, from scientific analysis and theoretical proposals to eyewitness accounts and religious interpretations. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, encouraging reader participation and collaboration with other publications in the field, while also acknowledging the need for critical analysis and distinguishing between genuine phenomena and hoaxes. The issue highlights the growing interest in UFOs and the challenges of verifying such reports.

This issue of "Тунгусский метеорит" (Tunguska Meteorite), dated 02.91 and identified as issue 19, delves into two primary anomalous phenomena: the enigmatic Tunguska event of 1908 and the concept of reincarnation, particularly as observed in India.

The Tunguska Event: What Exploded Over the Taiga?

The issue opens with a dramatic description of the Tunguska event, comparing its power to the simultaneous detonation of two thousand atomic bombs, with its blast wave circling the Earth twice and causing tremors hundreds of kilometers away. Trees were felled within a 30-kilometer radius, and an unusual daylight phenomenon occurred on the night of June 30, 1908. The magazine features an interview with Alexei Zolotov, a candidate of physical and mathematical sciences and reportedly the only Soviet scientist to have fully dedicated his dissertation to the Tunguska explosion.

Zolotov, along with journalist Sergey Bulantsev, discusses the challenges in explaining the event. Zolotov asserts that the object was definitively not a meteorite, noting that no fragments or craters have ever been found, despite the extensive efforts of early researcher Leonid Kulik. He mentions that over a hundred hypotheses exist, with the comet theory being the most prevalent. According to the comet hypothesis, a small comet nucleus disintegrated in the atmosphere, causing an explosion and widespread devastation.

However, Zolotov points out weaknesses in the comet theory. He questions how a low-density object, like the ice and dust conglomerate of a comet nucleus (estimated at 0.3 g/cm³), could have survived passage through the dense atmosphere at high speeds. His calculations suggest a natural body would need a density of at least 13 g/cm³ to withstand such a journey. He also notes that the object's trajectory may not have been straight, with some researchers, like the late astronomer F.Yu. Zigel, suggesting it maneuvered.

Zolotov entertains the possibility that the Tunguska object was artificial, stating that no natural body fully explains all parameters of the event. He also revisits the hypothesis, previously supported by writer A.P. Kazantsev, that the explosion was nuclear or involved nuclear reactions, citing similarities between microbarograms and seismograms of the Tunguska event and nuclear explosions. He mentions anomalous radioactivity found in wood layers from the affected area, though its direct link to the Tunguska body is not definitively proven.

The discussion touches upon the anomalous phenomenon of the "bright nights" observed for several days after the event, which Zolotov argues could not have been caused by sunlight scattering off comet dust, as it occurred within the Earth's shadow. He also addresses the finding of silicate microspheres in the taiga, but dismisses their connection to the Tunguska object, estimating the object's size to be between 50-70 meters in diameter and its explosion altitude between 5-7 kilometers.

Zolotov highlights that the Tunguska event's significance extends beyond academic curiosity, as a recurrence in a populated area could trigger a nuclear war. He expresses a desire to organize a twelfth expedition to the site, focusing on studying the differences in the biofield of trees in the epicenter compared to those outside the affected zone, a phenomenon detectable by biolocation. He notes the need for a sponsor to fund such an expedition, estimating the cost at approximately 20,000 rubles.

Reincarnation: Wandering Souls Seek a Haven

The magazine then shifts focus to the phenomenon of reincarnation, presenting several case studies from Northern India. These cases involve young children who claim to remember past lives, often detailing their previous identities, circumstances of death, and even birthmarks that correspond to injuries sustained in their past lives.

One case describes a three-year-old girl, Sunita, who recounts being murdered by bandits hired by her sister-in-law. Another involves a four-year-old boy, Adjit Singh, who speaks of being burned to death and his subsequent life as a judge in Pakistan. A five-year-old boy, Titu, describes being shot and killed, with a scar on his temple matching the entry wound of a bullet in his past life.

Dr. Satwant Pasricha, a researcher from the Bangalore Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, has documented around 300 such cases over 25 years. Her research indicates that in 82% of cases, children clearly recall their name from a past life, and in 67%, they remember the circumstances of their death. Notably, half of these cases involve violent deaths, with the average age of the deceased being 30-40 years. Reincarnation typically occurred about 1.5 years after death, with the new child often living relatively close to the previous residence.

Pasricha's research explores various hypotheses, ruling out simple fraud, though acknowledging one attempt at material gain. She also dismisses genetic memory and cryptomnesia (subconscious absorption of information from external sources) as primary explanations. The presence of birthmarks corresponding to past injuries is a particularly compelling aspect of these cases.

Scientific Perspectives on Reincarnation

Dr. Mikhail Kapustin, a correspondent from TASS in Delhi, and Professor Grigory Kuraev, head of the neurophysiology department at Rostov State University, offer scientific viewpoints. Kuraev suggests that the human brain's capacity to store information and the developing fetal nervous system's ability to perceive external stimuli might play a role. He posits that children might be unconsciously absorbing information about tragic events discussed in their vicinity, which later surfaces as memories of a "past life."

Vadimir Rozin, a specialist from the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, views reincarnation as an ancient concept deeply embedded in human culture, predating Buddhism. He notes that while previously attributed to faith, such phenomena are now being argued from a scientific standpoint. Rozin suggests that the appeal of reincarnation lies in its ability to provide a framework for understanding death and offering a sense of continuity beyond religious doctrines, blending pagan and modern scientific thought.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores phenomena that defy conventional scientific explanation, positioning itself as a platform for investigating mysteries. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded inquiry, encouraging the exploration of both established scientific research and more unconventional hypotheses. The recurring theme is the persistent human quest for understanding the unknown, whether it be the origins of cosmic events or the nature of consciousness and life after death. The publication seems to advocate for rigorous investigation and documentation of anomalous phenomena, while also acknowledging the limitations of current scientific understanding.

This issue of "Дискуссионная трибуна" (Discussion Tribune), dated 02.91, presents a collection of articles and discussions on anomalous phenomena, UFOs, and philosophical concepts. The magazine features contributions from scientists and journalists, inviting readers to engage with complex and often controversial topics.

Articles

"ПРЕДОПРЕДЕЛЕНО" (Predetermined)

This section acknowledges the increasing prevalence of anomalous phenomena that were once taboo to discuss in the Soviet Union. It notes the current trend of serious publications featuring horoscopes, psychics, and UFOs, indicating a shift away from the dismissive attitude of "it can't be because it can never be." The author posits that UFOs are a reality and questions their origin, stating that current Earth science cannot provide a definitive answer. It is suggested that intelligent life is unlikely to exist within our Solar System, but rather on planets in other star systems within the Milky Way.

The immense distances between stars are highlighted, with the concept of a "light-year" explained. The article argues that the time required for a spacecraft carrying passengers to travel from a highly civilized planet to Earth would be unimaginably long, making it absurd to believe that UFOs are crewed by living beings. Instead, the author proposes that UFOs are likely sophisticated, programmed energy robots sent as probes from advanced civilizations. These robots are capable of speeds that may exceed the speed of light.

The article touches upon the scientific advancements made in the last half-century, enabling remote control of spacecraft and long-distance transmissions. However, it notes that Earth science has not yet achieved the capability to create "non-material" energy robots with a "brain." The author believes that any claims of aggressive UFOs or "conflicts" between humans and aliens are likely exaggerated or illusory. Attacks by UFOs are suggested to occur only when curious pilots approach them too closely. The article also references the unexplained crash of a US Air Force plane in 1948 and an alleged UFO response to two Iranian "phantoms."

Regarding the physical composition of UFOs, the article mentions evidence like destroyed vegetation and landing craters but notes the absence of any "material" remnants of the beings themselves. Samples from a UFO landing site near Tbilisi, analyzed at the Republican Center for Spectral Methods of Research at the Georgian Technical University, were found to be of earthly origin, supporting the hypothesis that UFOs are not extraterrestrial biological entities.

The article concludes this section by discussing the geometric progression of civilization's development on Earth, suggesting that humanity will achieve a high level of civilization but may not fully comprehend the sub-micro and hyper-macro worlds within its geological lifespan.

"АБСОЛЮТНОЙ ИДЕЕЙ» (Absolute Idea)

This section, attributed to Georgiy Zaridze, a corresponding member of the Georgian Academy of Sciences, explores a more philosophical and cosmological perspective. It begins by stating that intelligent beings do not inhabit planets in our Solar System, focusing the possibility of extraterrestrial civilizations on other star systems.

Zaridze argues that the vast distances in space make interstellar travel for living beings practically impossible. He suggests that the universe originated from a "big bang" of a super-dense mathematical point. He proposes that understanding the universe and elementary particles requires accepting a "material-immaterial" structure of the cosmos, guided by an "absolute idea."

This concept of a material-immaterial universe, governed by an absolute idea, is presented as a potential solution to the limitations of current scientific understanding of both the macrocosm and the microcosm. The article suggests that human civilization's development is programmed and that changing this objective course of development is impossible. It also posits that idealism and materialism should be viewed not as opposing forces but as interconnected aspects of reality.

Reader Engagement and Editorial Information

The final pages of the magazine are dedicated to reader interaction and editorial details. A letter to the reader from the editor of the bulletin "Anomaly" encourages readers to share their thoughts and observations on anomalous phenomena. It announces that the bulletin is a joint effort by TASS journalists and scientists from the "Ecology of the Unknown" Association. Subscription details are provided, including the price per issue and the method of payment. Readers are invited to report any unusual experiences or observations of UFOs, with the promise that such reports could lead to new scientific avenues.

The editorial staff is listed, including Editor S.F. Bulantsev, Scientific Coordinator A.E. Semenov, and A.G. Genaliev, who handled the layout and phototypesetting. The publication's address in Moscow is provided.

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Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the exploration of unexplained phenomena, particularly UFOs, and the philosophical implications of humanity's place in the universe. The editorial stance appears to be open-minded and investigative, encouraging scientific inquiry into subjects that were previously suppressed. There is a clear inclination towards rational explanations, even for seemingly paranormal events, by proposing advanced technological or cosmological frameworks rather than purely supernatural ones. The magazine actively seeks reader participation, positioning itself as a platform for discussion and the exchange of ideas on the frontiers of knowledge.