Cuadernos de Ufologia - 3a Epoca - No 28

Magazine Overview

Title: Cuadernos de Ufología
Issue: Nº 28 - 3ª Epoca
Volume/Year: 2002
Publisher: Fundación Anomalía
Country of Publication: Spain
Language: Spanish
ISSN: 1136-3002

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" is a comprehensive exploration of various UFO phenomena, featuring detailed case studies, historical analyses, and scientific perspectives. The cover prominently highlights a "GIANT UFO OVER THE YUKON TERRITORY" and a section on "40 YEARS OF UFOS IN THE SPANISH AIR FORCE (1962-2001)".

Articles and Features

"Lo que el silbido se llevó. El nauseabundo monstruo de Flatwoods" by Martin Kottmeyer

This article critically examines the Flatwoods Monster case from 1952. Kottmeyer debunks the popular narrative, presenting evidence that the incident was a hoax orchestrated by local youths and a newspaper editor. He details how the story was fabricated, inspired by a rocket drawing and a previous UFO case, and discusses the various descriptions of the 'monster' and the inconsistencies within them. The author highlights how the case, despite being a hoax, became a significant event in early UFO lore, influencing subsequent narratives and contributing to the idea of non-human entities.

"Venus y el caso Ali Mendoza. Una reconsideración" by César Esteban

César Esteban revisits a UFO case from Alava, Spain, that occurred on April 10, 1980. The article critically analyzes the hypothesis that the sighting was merely the planet Venus. Esteban argues that while Venus might explain the initial observation, it cannot account for the entire phenomenon, particularly its duration and perceived behavior. He proposes an alternative astronomical explanation involving the combined observation of multiple planets. The article also discusses the challenges of observing celestial bodies near the horizon due to atmospheric effects and topographical obstructions.

"OVNI GIGANTE SOBRE EL TERRITORIO DEL YUKON" by Martin Jasek

This feature details an extraordinary UFO incident that occurred on December 11, 1996, along the Klondike Highway in Yukon, Canada. Twenty-two witnesses reported observing a massive UFO, with size estimations ranging from 0.88 km to 1.8 km, far exceeding the size of a football stadium. The article describes the object's appearance, including a large number of lights and its smooth, solid surface, and recounts the witnesses' experiences and their attempts to identify the object. The report includes witness testimonies, interviews, and drawings of the UFO.

"40 AÑOS DE OVNIS EN EL EJERCITO DEL AIRE (1962-2001)" by Joan Plana Crivillén

This article provides a historical overview of UFO sightings and investigations within the Spanish Air Force over a 40-year period. It details documented cases, official reports, and the military's stance on the phenomenon. The text includes excerpts from official documents, such as a confidential report from 1994 concerning the centralization of UFO documentation within the Air Force.

"Dossier: Ufología en Chile (1)"

This section is dedicated to ufology in Chile, featuring several articles that explore the social development of the phenomenon in the country and specific cases.

• "Antecedentes para la comprensión del desarrollo social del fenómeno en Chile" by Diego Zúñiga: This article examines the historical context and societal impact of UFO phenomena in Chile.
• "OVNIS-Cohete un fenómeno que se repite (CIFOV)": This piece discusses recurring reports of 'rocket-shaped' UFOs.
• "El Caso de los Ovnis gigantes" by Juan Jorge Faundes: This article focuses on cases involving very large UFOs.
• "Desde algún lugar de la Biblioteca Nacional" by Luis Altamirano: This article likely explores UFO-related information found within the National Library.
• "Chile, Ovnis e Investigadores: Breve diagnóstico de una realidad" by Roderick Bowen: This provides an overview of UFO research and researchers in Chile.
• "Los Ovnis esa realidad que nos evade" by Pedro Muñoz: This article discusses the elusive nature of UFOs.
• "Esos increíblemente estúpidos hombres y sus máquinas voladoras" by Cesar Parra: This piece offers a critical perspective on human involvement or interpretation of UFO phenomena.
• "CEFAA: Oficialmente tras los OVNIS" by Gustavo Rodríguez: This article reports on the activities of CEFAA (Center for the Study of Anomalous Aerial Phenomena) in investigating UFOs.
• "Se considera Falso un Supuesto Manual para la recuperación de ovnis estrellados (SOM1-01)" by Philip Klass: This critically examines a supposed manual for recovering crashed UFOs.

Other Articles

• "Historia de la Investigación ufológica en la URSS" by Y. Platov and B. Sokolov: This article delves into the history of UFO research in the Soviet Union.
• "En memoria de Luis Martín Quemada" by Jaime Prieto and Ignacio Cabria: A tribute to a notable figure in ufology.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently adopts a critical and analytical approach to UFO phenomena. While presenting detailed accounts of sightings and investigations, it also seeks to provide rational explanations, whether astronomical or by exposing hoaxes. The editorial stance, as reflected in the introductory piece "Editorial: El proceso mediante el cual históricamente...", emphasizes the need to distinguish between genuine anomalies and the subjective interpretations of 'ufómanos'. The publication aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the UFO phenomenon by presenting well-researched articles and encouraging critical thinking among its readers. There is a clear effort to separate the 'inexplicable' residue from the vast majority of reports that can be explained by conventional means. The magazine also highlights the importance of historical context and the evolution of UFO research.

This issue of "Ufología en Chile - Dossier (1) - CHILE" is a compilation of articles and reports focusing on UFO phenomena, primarily within Chile and extending to Canada. The dossier aims to present a more nuanced and critical perspective on Chilean ufology, moving beyond sensationalism and examining the social context of these reports. It features contributions from various investigators and eyewitnesses, with a particular focus on historical cases and the analysis of photographic and drawn evidence.

UFO Sightings and Analysis

The issue presents several detailed accounts of UFO sightings. One significant section details the experiences of witnesses PEL1, PEL2, and PEL3 in Canada, describing a silent object with light beams. Another case involves nine witnesses near Carmack, Canada, who observed a large, silent object moving slowly. The magazine includes drawings made by witnesses, such as those by Fox2, Fox4, and Fox5, illustrating the objects and their perceived movements.

Interpretations of these encounters are provided, including artistic renditions based on witness descriptions. The text discusses the challenges of estimating object size and behavior, noting that some sightings involved objects covering a significant portion of the sky.

Historical Context of UFO Phenomena in Chile

A substantial portion of the dossier is dedicated to the history of UFO sightings in Chile, tracing the phenomenon back to the late 1940s, shortly after the Kenneth Arnold sighting in the US. The article highlights how Chilean media quickly picked up on the 'flying saucer' craze, publishing numerous reports and even photographs. It discusses early sightings in Algarrobo and Valparaíso, and the role of newspapers like El Mercurio and La Nación in disseminating information.

The author, Martin Jasek, also addresses the skepticism and attempts to debunk early reports, such as those from the meteorological office. He notes the social aspect of the phenomenon, with people attributing sightings to various causes, including the possibility of alien visitation or remnants of World War II technology.

Case Studies and Investigations

The dossier delves into specific cases, including the alleged disappearance of aviator Teniente Bello and the Lancastrian plane incident, exploring how these events became intertwined with UFO theories. It also mentions Commander Augusto V. Orrego's alleged filming of UFOs in Antarctica in 1949 and the subsequent diplomatic interactions regarding the footage.

A notable event discussed is the 1950 hoax in Santiago, where a fabricated flying saucer was presented, causing widespread public interest and media coverage. This event is analyzed for its sociological implications and the reactions of authorities.

Reliability of Testimony and Methodology

Martin Jasek, the author, discusses the process of investigating UFO cases, including interviewing witnesses and collecting their drawings. He addresses the potential for discrepancies in witness accounts due to the time elapsed since the event and differing perspectives. Jasek emphasizes the importance of witness behavior, noting that reluctance to come forward and nervousness during interviews can indicate sincerity rather than deception.

He also touches upon the difficulty of verifying claims and the tendency for some to invent stories for personal gain. The article highlights the author's personal connections with some witnesses, suggesting a level of trust and familiarity built over time.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue include the historical development of UFO sightings in Chile, the analysis of eyewitness testimony, the social and cultural impact of the phenomenon, and the critical examination of UFO reports. The editorial stance appears to be one of serious inquiry, aiming to provide a balanced and well-researched perspective on ufology, distinguishing between genuine phenomena and hoaxes or misinterpretations. The dossier encourages readers to engage with the subject matter critically and thoughtfully, acknowledging the complexities and the ongoing mystery surrounding UFOs.

This issue of "UFO CHILE" (Volume 1, May 1960) delves into the historical antecedents and development of the UFO phenomenon in Chile, tracing its presence from the mid-20th century through the 1970s. The publication, edited by the group "UFO-Chile," aims to provide a comprehensive overview of sightings, public perception, media coverage, and early ufological efforts within the country.

Early Influences and Media Coverage (1940s-1950s)

The article begins by recalling the impact of H.G. Wells' "The War of the Worlds" broadcast in 1944, which, despite being fictional, caused significant public alarm. It notes the growing public interest in flying saucers throughout the 1950s, with numerous cases being reported in the press, particularly in March. The influence of Donald Keyhoe's ideas on extraterrestrial origins is also mentioned. The period saw a mix of official skepticism, such as General Roger Ramey's dismissal of UFOs as a threat, and persistent reports of sightings, including a notable one from July 1946. The media's role in amplifying these reports, even minor ones, is highlighted as a key factor in maintaining public interest.

Growing Ufological Activity and Public Fascination (1950s-1960s)

The 1950s also witnessed the emergence of ufological groups, such as the "Sociedad Telescópica Interplanetaria de Talca" in 1956. The era was marked by a growing public belief in extraterrestrial visitation, fueled by the space race and the launch of Sputnik. The article discusses how the public's reaction to Sputnik, including fears of its potential effects, mirrored some of the anxieties surrounding UFOs. The 1960s saw a continued increase in sightings, with the term "OVNI" becoming popular. Radio programs, like those hosted by Patricio Varela, played a crucial role in disseminating information and fostering interest. The media's reliance on official sources like NASA for explanations of sightings is also noted, though the limitations of such explanations are acknowledged.

Key Incidents and Investigations (1960s-1970s)

The issue details several significant UFO incidents. The 1965 sighting near Isla Robertson involving two OVNIs with extraordinary flight capabilities is described, along with photographic evidence allegedly sent to the US Air Force. The article also recounts the 1965 incident in Pelluco, where a loud noise and a light were observed, followed by a physical trace of an earth detachment. The 1968 case in Cauquenes, involving strange lights and vehicle malfunctions, is presented as an example of the growing association between UFOs and alien beings. The "Valdés Explosion" of 1977, involving Army corporal Armando Valdés and conscripts witnessing an object and Valdés experiencing a state of semiconsciousness, is highlighted as a particularly important case. The article also mentions the role of the Chilean Air Force in establishing a special group to study unidentified phenomena (FNI) in 1968.

Ufological Development and Media Role

The publication emphasizes the media's consistent coverage of UFO phenomena, often sensationalizing reports and contributing to a sense of mystery. It notes the establishment of ufological groups like CICA and UFO-Chile, which collected and disseminated information. The article also touches upon the influence of international ufological ideas and publications, as well as the emergence of books and articles dedicated to the subject. The shift from early descriptions of "flying saucers" to the more encompassing term "OVNI" reflects the evolving understanding and reporting of these phenomena.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes throughout the issue include the persistent public fascination with UFOs, the media's role in shaping perceptions, the skepticism of official bodies versus the conviction of witnesses, and the gradual professionalization of ufological research in Chile. The editorial stance appears to be one of documenting and analyzing the historical trajectory of UFO phenomena in Chile, presenting various cases and perspectives without necessarily endorsing any single explanation. The article implicitly suggests that the phenomenon has become deeply ingrained in popular culture and continues to evolve.

This issue of "Flash" magazine, dated July 1968, focuses on UFO phenomena and ufology in Chile, spanning historical cases and the evolution of investigative approaches from the late 1970s to the 1990s. The content is primarily a historical review of UFO sightings, investigations, and the media's portrayal of these events in Chile.

The "Agnitio" Bulletin and Early Cases

The issue begins by referencing the "Agnitio" bulletin, published by Hugo Pacheco from 1978 to 1990, which was associated with the Centro de Investigaciones Ovnilógicas. This bulletin reportedly leaned towards astroarchaeological hypotheses and conspiracy theories, with less emphasis on direct UFO sightings.

A significant case detailed is the experience of two Chilean pilots, Carlos Acevedo and Miguel Ángel Moya, on August 24, 1978. While participating in the "Vuelta a la América del Sur" International Rally in Argentina, they claimed to have been abducted by a UFO. The object was described as incandescent, egg-shaped with three concentric light circles, and it reportedly transported their Citroën GS-1220 vehicle 70 kilometers. The pilots reported feeling heat and finding their car's fuel tank empty despite having recently refueled. However, the case is met with skepticism, particularly due to a statement by Acevedo's wife suggesting his strong interest in UFOs, hinting at a possible fabrication.

Ufology in the Late 1970s and 1980s

The period of 1977-1978 is highlighted as particularly active for Chilean ufology, influenced by the Valdés case and other reported incidents. The media, including general interest magazines and television programs, began to cover UFO phenomena more extensively. Argentine investigators like Fabio Zerpa and the Núñez father-son duo gained prominence in Chile through television appearances.

The influence of Steven Spielberg's film "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" (released in Chile in July 1978) is noted as a factor in the increased reporting of UFO cases. The issue also touches upon the political climate in Chile during the late 1970s, suggesting that UFO reports might have been used as a distraction from political tensions with Argentina.

Several specific cases from the 1980s are mentioned:

• February 1980: A surge in UFO cases in central-southern Chile, with Armando Valdés reportedly being a witness again.
• 1982: Andrés Rojas-Murphy, associated with "Las Últimas Noticias" and the children's magazine "Pillán," published articles on UFOs, often citing George Adamski and Joseph Blumrich.
• May 1979: Pilot Danilo Catalán of the Chilean Air Force (FACH) pursued a black triangle-shaped object in his F-5 fighter jet near Antofagasta.
• June 1979: A reported false case of a couple experiencing a temporal displacement and appearing in Santiago, Chile, which was later revealed to be a publicity stunt for the Argentine film "Che OVNI."
• March 1984: Merchant Eduardo Zaror reported a large UFO sighting in Villarrica, also witnessed by carabineros.
• August 1985: A highly publicized UFO sighting in the V region and Santiago, transmitted live on television, which initially led some astronomers to suggest it was a UFO.
• March-April 1988: A case in Iquique involving alleged extraterrestrial remains discovered by Humberto Poggini on Chanavaya beach. These remains were later identified as shark skulls.

The role of novelist Juan José Benítez is discussed, noting his influence on a less critical form of ufology in the 1980s and 1990s. The issue also critiques the statistical methods used by some ufologists, like Jorge Anfruns, for their lack of rigor and corroboration.

The 1990s: The "Explosion of Credulity"

The 1990s are characterized as a decade of "media explosion" in Chilean ufology, with dedicated individuals and groups emerging. The press, particularly "La Tercera," provided significant coverage. The decade saw the rise of specialized magazines and the export of cases for publication abroad.

This era is described as one of "shocking credulity," with extravagant ideas and a theoretical free-for-all. The proliferation of pseudoscience and ignorance is linked to the preceding cultural blackout period (1973-1990).

Notable figures and phenomena from the 1990s include:

• Boris Campos: An advocate of interpreting the Bible through a UFO lens.
• Patricio Borlone: A former Air Traffic Controller who speculated about extraterrestrials building the Moai statues.
• Nueva Ufología: A bulletin published between 1996 and 1997, offering a critical perspective on prevailing ufological ideas.
• Revista "Revelación": Described as the most outlandish publication on UFOs, featuring sensationalist claims such as Charles Chaplin being abducted by aliens.
• Osvaldo Muray: A journalist who wrote about alleged "strange" phenomena near his home, later identified as rabbit hunters' lamps.
• Nelson Mancilla: A sociologist who made sensational claims about different "ethnicities" of extraterrestrials.
• Raúl Gajardo: A retired carabinero who confused stars with static UFOs and claimed UFOs were from the Pleiades.
• Mario Dussuel: A psychiatrist who proposed that UFO "investigators are being investigated" by superior intelligences, based on photographic anomalies.

The issue also discusses the formation of UFO investigation groups like AION, ESIO, and Ovnivisión. Jorge Anfruns is presented as a central, albeit controversial, figure, criticized for his uncritical approach, alleged plagiarism, and statistical manipulation. His "Chile-CAT" catalog is mentioned as an example of his selective data presentation.

Casuistry and New Investigators

The latter part of the issue delves into specific cases from the 1990s:

• November 1990: A UFO sighting near Limarí, reported by witnesses including carabinero officers.
• February 1994: Miner Juan Tabe claimed to have found fragments of a "spaceship" near Limarí, which were later analyzed and found to be primarily copper.
• October 1995: A "flap" or mini-wave of UFO sightings, with a notable incident at Cerro San Cristóbal.

The text also introduces new investigators and their approaches, highlighting the ongoing debate between critical and uncritical ufology. The formation of organizations like AION and Ovnivisión is discussed, along with their strategies for gaining media attention. The article notes that while many investigators pursue ufology as a hobby, some resort to sensationalism to sustain their activities.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the history of UFO sightings and investigations in Chile, the influence of media and popular culture on public perception of UFOs, and the critical evaluation of ufological claims. The editorial stance appears to be one of skepticism towards uncritical ufology, emphasizing the need for scientific rigor and evidence-based analysis. The issue highlights the sensationalism, pseudoscientific claims, and lack of critical thinking prevalent in some segments of Chilean ufology, while also acknowledging the genuine interest and dedication of some researchers. The narrative consistently contrasts the more sensationalist or conspiratorial approaches with a call for more grounded investigation.

This issue of "La Nave de los Locos" (Issue Nº 9, May 2001) is a critical examination of ufology in Chile, authored by Diego Zúñiga. The publication delves into the history, key events, prominent figures, and the social and media dynamics surrounding UFO phenomena in the country, particularly from the mid-1990s to the early 2000s.

Key Incidents and Cases

The article details several significant UFO-related events and phenomena in Chile:

• The Robert Leighton Sighting (October 8th): A commercial engineer reported seeing a white, incandescent object emitting a buzzing sound, which then ascended rapidly and disappeared. The object left a mark on the ground, later analyzed as a grass fire residue. This case is described as an 'open case' investigated by Rodrigo Fuenzalida.
• The 1995-1998 Oleada: A period of numerous UFO sightings, many attributed to misidentifications of Venus. This surge is linked to the extensive coverage given by the newspaper 'La Tercera' and a journalist's addiction to the topic, creating a fertile ground for such reports.
• Public Belief Study (June 1996): A study by Desuc and COPESA revealed that 54% of Chileans believed in extraterrestrial life, ranking it above only religious figures and miracles.
• DGAC Communiqué (April 4, 1997): The General Directorate of Civil Aeronautics (DGAC) issued a press release about a UFO sighting on March 30th, with a repeat on March 31st. Ufologists reacted with euphoria, though the communiqué noted the object was not detected by radar and its size and distance were unknown.
• CEFAA Creation (October 3, 1997): The Committee for the Study of Anomalous Aerial Phenomena (CEFAA) was officially established. While initially welcomed, its critical and scientific stance later alienated some segments of the ufological community.
• Jaime Rodríguez's Influence: The Ecuadorian ufologist is noted for promoting what the author calls 'despicable ufology' in Chile, gaining a following among faithful believers.
• Villarrica Volcano Sighting (November 1997): Vicente Constant and Cristián Garcés filmed a strange object near the Villarrica volcano. Initial speculation suggested a speed of 120 km/s.
• Cerro Las Mollacas Incident (October 7, 1998): An object reportedly crashed on the hill, but investigations by Carabineros found nothing. Ufologists attributed it to extraterrestrial craft, while others suggested a tourist attraction motive.
• FIDAE 2000 Event (March 30 - April 1, 2000): This event featured conferences on UFOs with international figures like Richard Haines and Jean Jacques Velasco, aiming to present the topic seriously.
• The 'Chupacabras' Phenomenon (April 2000): The appearance of the 'chupacabras' in northern Chile is discussed, with the author critiquing ufologists for promoting sensational theories over more mundane explanations like stray dogs.

Media and Ufological Community Dynamics

The article extensively analyzes the role of the media in shaping the UFO narrative in Chile. It points out how newspapers and television programs have often sensationalized events, contributing to the public's fascination with the unexplained. The author criticizes the tendency of some ufologists to seek validation from official sources and their reliance on unverified claims. The creation of organizations like AION and Ovnivisión is discussed, along with their congresses and symposia, which are portrayed as opportunities for self-promotion rather than rigorous scientific inquiry.

The author also highlights the emergence of more critical voices and publications, such as "La Nave de los Locos," which aim to provide a more grounded and scientific perspective on UFO phenomena, often challenging the established ufological community.

Critique of Ufology

Zúñiga expresses a strong critical stance towards much of Chilean ufology. He argues that many self-proclaimed ufologists are more enthusiasts than investigators, lacking scientific rigor and often resorting to speculation. He points out the tendency to attribute unexplained phenomena directly to extraterrestrial craft without sufficient evidence. The author contrasts the sensationalist approach of many ufologists with the need for methodical investigation and critical analysis, suggesting that the field often prioritizes mystery and personal recognition over factual accuracy.

Specific Examples and Critiques

• The 'ET Autopsy' Video: The broadcast of an ET autopsy video, sold with the magazine 'Conozca Más,' is cited as an example of media sensationalism that fueled public interest.
• The 'Chupafraude' Article: An article titled 'Chupafraude?' is mentioned, suggesting that the attacks attributed to the chupacabras were prosaically explained by the presence of stray dogs.
• The 'OVNI' TV Program: The program 'OVNI' on Televisión Nacional is noted for its investigative approach, but the author implies that some of its content might have been sensationalized.
• The 'Carta de La Serena': A letter sent to the President of Chile by ufologists requesting government collaboration and access to military information is presented as an example of their demands for official recognition.
• The 'Ovni' Radio Play: A radio play simulating an alien landing was broadcast by Radio Romance, which the author suggests was an example of how easily the public could be misled.
• The 'Chupacabras-OVNI' Connection: The author questions the often-unclear link between chupacabras reports and UFO sightings, attributing the diffusion of these improbable stories to ufologists themselves.

Conclusion

The article concludes by summarizing the evolution of ufology in Chile, emphasizing the enduring nature of the 'flying saucer' myth and the central role of the media in its perpetuation. Zúñiga reiterates his critique of the ufological community, highlighting a lack of critical thinking and a tendency towards sensationalism. He suggests that the field needs to embrace scientific methodology to gain credibility and move beyond speculative narratives.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the critical analysis of ufology in Chile, the influence of media on public perception of UFOs, the distinction between genuine investigation and sensationalism, and the importance of scientific methodology. The editorial stance is clearly skeptical, aiming to debunk myths and expose what the author views as pseudoscientific practices within the ufological community, while acknowledging the enduring social fascination with the phenomenon.

Title: Ovnis-Cobetes un fenómeno que se repite
Issue: Año VIII / Nº 06-0997
Publisher: Año Cero
Date: June 1997

This issue of Año Cero magazine delves into the recurring phenomenon of unidentified aerial phenomena (UAPs), specifically focusing on 'rocket-like' sightings observed in Chile. The article, authored by CIFOV (Círculo de Investigadores de Fenómenos Aéreos Anómalos), presents a detailed analysis of several cases, primarily from 1997 and 2000, proposing a rational explanation rooted in known aerospace technology and atmospheric effects.

The Case of 1997: Reñaca and Quilpué

The article begins by detailing a significant sighting on February 10, 1997, involving a luminous object captured by simultaneous video recordings from Reñaca and Quilpué, approximately 11 kilometers apart. The phenomenon, observed shortly after sunset, was described as a bright, elongated, and inclined figure. The media, including the Spanish magazine Año Cero, covered the event, often with sensationalist reporting. The video footage, captured on VHS 8mm cameras, showed a brilliant body with an extended luminous appendix. The Reñaca recording provided a magnified view, revealing a small illuminated body at the upper extreme of the larger illuminated figure. The article notes that some details, initially perceived as solid black masses, were likely artifacts of the camera's focus and movement.

The Case of 2000: Central Coast Sightings

Another series of sightings occurred on February 17, 2000, along the central coast of Chile, with at least six video recordings obtained from locations like El Tabo, Isla Negre, El Quisco, and Casablanca. One recording, by Jaime Muñoz, captured the object losing its trail, appearing momentarily as a small, glowing body before disappearing. María Soledad Cuesta also provided a video recording.

Hypothesis: Rocket Explanations

The core of the investigation by CIFOV centers on the hypothesis that these observed phenomena are not extraterrestrial craft but rather large rockets. Several circumstantial patterns link the 1997 and 2000 events: simultaneous sightings from distant locations, appearance degrees above the horizon after sunset, a prolonged and bright inclined figure that disappears, apparent lack of displacement, and occurrences on the central coast of Chile during February (summer in the Southern Hemisphere).

The article elaborates on the visual characteristics, comparing the phenomenon to a comet. It suggests that the bright, pointed appendix is a luminous trail caused by hot gases expelled from the rocket's combustion chamber and nozzle. The 'Tyndall effect' is invoked to explain the orange hue of the trail as sunlight interacts with atmospheric particles and the expelled gases. The bright, white 'fuselage' is attributed to specular reflection of sunlight off a polished surface, similar to how a magnifying glass concentrates light.

Analysis of Object Characteristics

• Detailed analysis of the video recordings reveals several key characteristics:
• Simultaneous Sightings: Objects are seen from distant locations, suggesting they are large or at a significant altitude.
• Post-Sunset Appearance: Sightings occur after sunset, often when the sun is low on the horizon.
• Shape and Luminosity: The objects are described as prolonged, bright, and inclined, resembling a comet with a distinct body and luminous trail.
• Apparent Static Nature: Observers often perceive the objects as stationary, though this may be due to their distance and the limitations of video recording.
• Location and Timing: Consistent sightings on the central coast of Chile during February point to specific environmental or operational factors.

The article discusses the 'lupal effect' (magnifying effect) caused by atmospheric conditions, particularly near the horizon, which can distort the perceived size and shape of objects. The chromatic difference between the white body and the orange trail is explained by solar reflection and the nature of the materials involved.

Debunking 'Giant UFOs' from Satellite Images

A significant portion of the article addresses the 'giant UFO' sightings, which were widely circulated online and in ufological circles. Juan Jorge Faundes, a Chilean journalist, presents his research debunking these claims. He analyzed infrared images from the NOAA GOES-8 satellite, which captured large, bright objects. Faundes's investigation, supported by NOAA, concluded that these 'giant UFOs' were, in fact, the Moon. He meticulously compared the position, size, shape, and illumination of the Moon with the observed 'objects' in the satellite images, demonstrating a perfect correlation. The article emphasizes that infrared images capture temperature, not visible light, which explains why the Moon appeared as a bright object in these recordings.

The Baikonur Hypothesis and Other Cases

The article also touches upon the 'Baikonur' hypothesis, which suggested that some UAPs might originate from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Russia, given the increased space activity there. However, a specific mission on February 10, 1997, was ruled out as a match for the observed phenomena over Chile.

Another case discussed is a video recording from Curacaví in 2000, initially thought to be a UAP. However, the CEFAA later identified it as the flight path of a Ladeco Boeing 727, illustrating how distant aircraft can appear as small luminous points.

Scientific Methodology and Conclusion

CIFOV's approach emphasizes rigorous analysis, cross-referencing data, and seeking official explanations. They highlight the importance of accurate timing and location data to connect sightings with known aerospace events. The article concludes by stating that while the rocket hypothesis is strongly supported by the evidence, they await further confirmation or refutation from official sources. The ongoing investigation aims to depersonalize ufology and provide rational explanations for observed phenomena.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes a rational and scientific approach to ufology, aiming to demystify unexplained phenomena. The editorial stance favors explanations based on known science and technology, such as rockets, atmospheric effects, and misidentification of celestial bodies like the Moon. The publication encourages critical thinking and personal experimentation to verify findings, as demonstrated by Faundes's study. There is a clear skepticism towards sensationalist reporting and a preference for evidence-based conclusions, even when they debunk popular UFO theories. The recurring theme is the repetition of certain types of sightings, suggesting a pattern that can be analyzed and understood through scientific methods.

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" (pages 118-137) focuses on the state of ufological research in Chile, featuring articles by prominent figures in the field. The magazine explores the challenges posed by pseudoscientific approaches, the need for scientific rigor, and the role of official organizations in investigating anomalous aerial phenomena (UAP).

Luis Altamirano: Personal Account of a UFO Sighting

Luis Altamirano recounts a sighting of two enormous, cigar-shaped UFOs that hovered silently and then performed incredible evolutions, changing shape and color. He estimates their size at 150 meters long and 25 meters wide, with an altitude of approximately 8,000 meters. The data and photographs were handed over to the Air Technical Intelligence Center (ATIC) of the U.S. Air Force, with uncertain results. Altamirano laments the lack of serious, academic studies in Chile due to a lack of knowledge and funding, attributing this partly to the pseudoscientific nature of many Chilean ufologists who lack academic training and rely on witness accounts, sometimes embellished with "delirious imagination."

He expresses hope that future generations of researchers will adopt a scientific spirit, avoiding deception by charlatans and those who profit from such accounts, thereby elevating ufology in Chile.

Roderick Bowen: Diagnosis of a Reality

Roderick Bowen analyzes the dynamics of UAP investigation in Chile, describing it as largely driven by personal efforts and group interests, often based on imported conspiratorial or commercial views of the phenomenon. He notes a lack of standardized theories and a prevalence of errors due to individualism, conflicts of interest, and a disregard for verifiable phenomena. Bowen acknowledges some commendable efforts, such as the critical ufology publication "Nave de los Locos" and the work of groups like AION, CIFOV, and CEFAA.

He points out that Chile has a high number of cases suitable for study but suffers from significant deficiencies among researchers, including commercial sensationalism, religious influence, lack of psychological evaluation of perceivers, and a low level of professionalism. Bowen identifies issues such as misjudging the source or opportunity for communication, inflexible beliefs, and a lack of ethics.

He suggests that solutions require collective participation, but currently, individual approaches or negations prevail. The challenge is to create stable forums for discussion and solution projection with a capacity for self-criticism.

Bowen, born in 1974, studied Public Administration and has a background in politics and defense studies. He founded the "Equipo Superior de Investigación Ovnilógica" (ESIO) in 1998 and has participated in numerous seminars and talks.

Pedro Muñoz: UFOs, a Reality That Evades Us

Pedro Muñoz discusses the broad spectrum of definitions for "investigator" in Chile, ranging from casual observers to those using scientific methodologies. He likens the structure of ufological involvement to a pyramid, with a large base of casual investigators, a middle layer of ufological journalists and autodidacts, and a small apex of those with scientific research knowledge. He notes that serious investigations are often basic and lack glamour, making them less appealing.

Muñoz believes that UFOs exist and present an intriguing mystery. He acknowledges that while many cases are reported in Chile, fewer are genuine, and more are believed than are actually real. His own position has evolved, recognizing his limitations and focusing on what he can do with his available resources, particularly his expertise in geographic information systems and remote sensing to study the spatial distribution and patterns of UFO phenomena.

He advocates for a spatial perspective to unify research and emphasizes the importance of conferences and congresses for comparing notes and fostering collaboration. Muñoz also touches upon the "Angol Paradox," where despite ideal conditions for investigation, ufologists failed to gather significant data.

He expresses concern that despite the apparent reality of UFOs, humanity is no better prepared to confront it than 40 years ago. He criticizes ufology for its pseudoscientific tendencies, its susceptibility to rumors, and the tendency of some to believe they possess absolute truth. Muñoz calls for dedicated specialists, effective dissemination tools, and a focus on scientific evidence rather than sensationalism.

He highlights "La Nave de los Locos" as a critical ufology publication and encourages the fostering of local research publication.

Cesar Parra: "Incredibly Stupid Men and Their Flying Machines"

Cesar Parra offers a critical and somewhat ironic perspective on ufology, comparing its cycles to those of 19th-century spiritualism. He views UFOs as the paranormal "relevo" of the current century, a fashionable collective unconscious. Parra draws parallels between key figures and events in ufology and spiritualism, such as Kenneth Arnold and the Fox sisters, and commercial ventures in ufology with fraudulent spiritualist mediums.

He criticizes the commercialization of ufology, the "profit motive," and the tendency towards sensationalism, citing examples of cults and groups that have emerged. Parra notes that Chile's ufological landscape has lagged behind, influenced by the Cold War context and a lack of critical thinking among its practitioners. He describes Chilean ufologists as "self-made" individuals with diverse professions, often lacking scientific rigor, leading to the "anti-scientific symbol par excellence" characterization by John Rimmer.

Parra expresses dismay at the persistence of outdated views, such as the link between UFOs and hard-line contactism, even within the military. He mentions the government's involvement in cases like the "abduction" of Armando Valdés and the establishment of CEFAA, which he suggests is more driven by "popularity" than by a genuine assessment of aerial security risks.

He concludes that much remains to be done in Chilean ufology, suggesting a need for a sociology, psychology, and epistemology of ufology, and a critical history of the field. Parra also poses provocative questions about the demographics of ufologists and potential links between fascism and commercial ufology.

Editorial: Officially Behind the UFOs

This section discusses the creation and activities of the CEFAA (Committee for the Study of Anomalous Aerial Phenomena) in Chile. It details how the DGAC (General Directorate of Civil Aeronautics) became involved after witnessing anomalous aerial phenomena in Arica in March 1997. The CEFAA was officially created in October 1997 to investigate such reports, particularly those from aviation personnel, to assess potential risks to air safety.

The committee operates with a scientific and pragmatic spirit, avoiding sensationalism and commercial interests. Its methodology involves assessing the credibility of the source and the strangeness of the phenomenon, utilizing psychiatric assessments and physical evidence analysis. The CEFAA maintains transparency by presenting pending cases and aims to provide objective information.

Gustavo Rodríguez: CEFAA's Work and Relations

Gustavo Rodríguez elaborates on CEFAA's operational framework and its interactions with researchers and groups. CEFAA investigates reports of anomalous aerial phenomena sent by DGAC personnel and pilots, aiming to determine if they pose a risk to national air operations. The committee is open to responsible reports supported by photographic or video evidence, maintaining strict confidentiality of informants.

CEFAA does not confirm or deny the existence of UFOs but acknowledges anomalous aerial phenomena that lack scientific explanation. The committee has participated in international events like FIDAE 2000, organizing seminars and workshops to foster scientific understanding and collaboration. It has established communication with international organizations such as CRIDOVNI (Uruguay), NIDS and SSE (USA), and SEPRA (France).

CEFAA: Official Activities and Notable Events

Gustavo Rodríguez details CEFAA's activities, including its participation in FIDAE 2000, where it organized an international seminar on anomalous aerial phenomena. This event brought together academics, ufologists, and international experts like Dr. Richard Haines and Jean Jacques Velasco. The workshop aimed to unify conceptual definitions, agree on research methodologies, and explore new theories. Key conclusions included the acknowledgment of anomalous aerial phenomena as real, the need for a more appropriate term than "unidentified flying object," and the importance of rigorous scientific analysis of evidence.

CEFAA also expressed concern about the loss of valuable private archives and advocated for the creation of non-profit foundations to preserve them. The group called for international cooperation among governments and institutions to advance research.

CEFAA: Official Status and Criticisms

Rodríguez further discusses CEFAA's official mandate and its reception within the ufological community. The committee's work is seen as contributing to a better understanding of conventional phenomena and avoiding superstition. CEFAA has faced criticism, particularly from those seeking official validation for their cases. The article addresses a critique published online by Raúl Núñez, who accused CEFAA of becoming "classist" and accepting only "titled" advisors. The response suggests that the committee's focus is on scientific rigor and that its conclusions are based on evidence.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical assessment of ufology in Chile, the dichotomy between scientific and pseudoscientific approaches, and the official efforts to investigate UAP through organizations like CEFAA. There's a consistent emphasis on the need for rigorous methodology, evidence-based analysis, and a move away from sensationalism and unsubstantiated claims. The editorial stance appears to favor a scientific, pragmatic, and transparent approach to the study of anomalous aerial phenomena, while acknowledging the inherent complexities and mysteries of the subject.

This issue of the magazine, titled "Cuarenta años de Ovnis en el Ejército del Aire 1962-2001" (Forty Years of UFOs in the Air Force 1962-2001), is a comprehensive historical review of the Spanish Air Force's involvement with Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) over four decades. The content is primarily analytical and documentary, focusing on official actions, reports, and the military's perspective on the phenomenon.

Article 1: CEFAA: Oficialmente tras los Ornis

This article, written by Gustavo Rodríguez, critiques an article by a journalist named Núñez, who allegedly misrepresented the CEFAA's (Spanish Committee for the Study of Anomalous Aerial Phenomena) interactions with Chilean researchers. Rodríguez defends the CEFAA, stating that information was shared openly and that Chilean representatives had opportunities to contribute. He also refutes Núñez's claims about international researchers and the Paihuano case, asserting that the CEFAA found no concrete evidence of a UFO crash in that incident. The article suggests that Núñez's claims are based on speculation and that the CEFAA's focus is on concrete issues related to air traffic safety, collaborating with international institutions.

A statistical dossier from CEFAA as of June 2001 is presented, detailing the origin of reports (68.0% civilian, 27.0% aeronautical) and conclusions (17.9% planets-meteorites, 8.4% balloons-aircraft-satellites, 53.7% insufficient data, 10.5% pending).

Article 2: Los Miembros del Comité

This section introduces the members of the CEFAA committee, listing its director, General de Brigada Aérea Ricardo Bermúdez Sanhueza, and its executive secretary, air traffic controller Gustavo Rodríguez Navarro. It also names two internal consultants (geophysicist Carlos Leiva Sajuria and sociologist Dagoberto Benítez Jiménez) and several external consultants, including psychiatrist Mario Dussuel Jurado, electrical engineer Andrés Bravari Quinlan, space plasma physicist Marina Stepanova, computer expert José Eugenio Fourt, correspondent Pablo Henríquez Faundes, and collaborators José Lay Lagos and Luis Riquelme. Brief biographical details are provided for Gustavo Rodríguez Navarro, highlighting his career as an air traffic controller and his long-standing interest in UFO phenomena since the 1970s.

Article 3: SE CONSIDERA FALSO UN SUPUESTO MANUAL PARA LA RECUPERACIÓN DE OVNIS ESTRELLADOS (SOM1-01)

Authored by Philip J. Klass, this article discusses a joint declaration by respected ufologists denouncing the "Majestic Twelve Special Operations Manual (SOM1-01)" as a fraud. The document, purportedly for military teams recovering crashed UFOs and their occupants, was received by Don Berliner in 1994. Klass notes that while the declaration correctly identifies the manual's flaws (e.g., inappropriate content for its stated purpose), it is considered 'candid' by some. The authenticity of the document has been defended by Robert Wood and his son Ryan, while others like Berliner, Mark Rodeghier, and Richard Hall disagree. The article lists several ufologists and intelligence professionals who have expressed skepticism.

Article 4: Cuarenta años de Ovnis en el Ejército del Aire 1962-2001

This is the main historical analysis by Joan Plana Crivillén, detailing the Spanish Air Force's official involvement with UFOs from 1962 to 2001. It emphasizes objectivity and impartiality, aiming to present the reality of significant events and internal aspects of the Air Force's actions concerning UFOs and civilian investigators.

Introduction

The study reconstructs the historical implication of the Spanish Air Force in the UFO issue, from its beginnings to the present. It aims to objectively present the reality of events, including lesser-known internal aspects and collaborations with civilian investigators.

First Historical Antecedents

Since the Spanish Air Force is responsible for national airspace control, it has been the primary body for UFO investigations. Other military branches and the Guardia Civil have occasionally been involved. The earliest known documents mentioning UFO sightings date back to 1962. In the late 1960s, the Ministry of the Air maintained a cautious stance, issuing press releases to inform the public promptly and objectively, usually avoiding alarmism. Notable press releases include one from March 16, 1968, about a sighting near Villa Cisneros, and another from September 6, 1968, concerning a probable weather balloon mistaken for a UFO near Madrid.

Official Investigations and Information Gathering

In April 1969, the Air Force released details of an investigation into a UFO sighting. The article mentions analyses of materials from alleged UFO incidents conducted by the National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA) in 1966 and 1968, which found the substances to be unusual but natural or artificial. A significant document from November 14, 1967, proposed the creation of an 'Information and Analysis Center' within the Air Defense Command to study UFO cases and exchange information internationally, a suggestion that was not implemented.

Prior to December 1968, official investigations were occasional. However, in May 1968, Spanish government sources informed the US Embassy in Madrid that no UFO investigations were being conducted in Spain. Conversely, US intelligence agencies like the DIA and CIA had collected dozens of UFO observations in Spain independently.

In July 1968, due to frequent press reports, aeronautical centers confirmed that no official UFO study body existed in Spain and expressed skepticism. On November 23, 1968, a seminar in Valencia led to a captain recounting a UFO sighting, resulting in a reprimand for not obtaining prior authorization.

The Ministry of the Air Initiates UFO Study

On December 5, 1968, the Air Force Press Office issued a significant press release requesting public cooperation in reporting UFO sightings. The release stated that the Ministry had radar capabilities to detect objects and that most registered UFOs were identified as meteorological balloons or aircraft. Subsequent notes aimed to prevent confusion from sensationalist news reports.

On December 26, 1968, the Chief of Staff of the Air Force established Circular Order 9266-CT, outlining procedures for investigating citizen reports of UFOs, classifying the information as 'Confidential.' This order mandated the appointment of a military investigating judge. However, between the 1960s and early 1990s, a standardized form for collecting UFO observation data was lacking.

Relevant collaborations with other state, civilian, and military organizations are noted. By December 1968, UFO information was centralized under the 'Carpeta 1700' designation. The circulars from December 1968 likely stemmed from the inquietude caused by a wave of UFO sightings across Spain from July to October 1968.

Media Coverage and Public Perception

The extensive media coverage of UFOs in the late 1960s and early 1970s, amplified by the TV series 'The Invaders,' created a climate of sympathy for the extraterrestrial hypothesis. This heightened public sensitivity led to the reporting of almost any unusual stimulus as a UFO. The article notes a risk of public manipulation through the UFO myth, potentially influencing social, political, economic, military, and religious spheres.

The Air Force leadership perceived a potential for public nervousness and alarm, leading to the classification of UFO-related information as 'confidential.'

Specific Cases and Explanations

On January 8, 1975, the Air Force Press Office denied evidence of UFOs landing in Bardenas Reales, Navarra, attributing the observed lights to optical effects from the moon's halo. However, the press simultaneously reported the appointment of a military judge for the case, creating a contradiction. The article suggests this was an attempt to downplay the event, possibly due to pressure from the Army.

On January 8, 1975, another report detailed UFOs sighted near Quintanaortuño (Burgos) by soldiers. An 'Clarification' later suggested this report was not official, though subsequent investigation by the Air Force indicated it was. The article posits that the 'Clarification' was motivated by pressure from the Army to avoid contradicting the Air Force's official stance.

These cases, along with others, likely prompted the Minister of the Air to update UFO regulations in January 1975. A handwritten draft of new instructions was created but not implemented due to its similarity to existing 1968 norms.

Covert Actions and Minimization Efforts

The article suggests that some high-ranking Air Force officials may have covertly intervened in specific UFO cases between 1968 and 1975. These actions reportedly aimed to minimize sightings, reassure witnesses, and provide conventional explanations to prevent public alarm.

On August 26, 1975, the Air Force issued a press release regarding UFOs in the Canary Islands, similar to the 1968 Madrid release. General Carlos de Castro Cavero, head of the Canary Islands Air Zone, stated that while most cases had reasonable explanations, some remained unexplained, and he personally believed in non-terrestrial origins for UFOs.

His successor, General Carlos Dolz de Espejo y González de la Riva, noted in 1976 that two spectacular phenomena sighted in the Canary Islands that year might be attributed to 'experiences from other powers.' Later, it was confirmed that sightings from 1974 to 1979 were indeed luminous phenomena from 'C-3 Poseidon' ballistic missile tests, magnified by meteorological conditions.

Decline in Official Investigations

Over time, the 1968 Circular Order 9266-CT regarding UFOs fell into disuse, likely due to its perceived marginality and the Air Force's operational priorities. Official investigations became rare, typically reserved for cases with significant public impact or direct orders from superiors.

Nefarious Events

On October 20, 1976, the Chief of Staff of the Air Force received journalist Juan José Benítez, who was granted access to twelve UFO reports from the Air Force archives, with personal identities redacted. This access was granted unilaterally by the Chief of Staff, despite opposition from other high-ranking officers who feared the documents contained unsubstantiated opinions and could be used sensationally. Benítez signed an agreement not to misuse the documentation or reveal sources.

Later, Benítez requested permission to send copies of the official UFO documents to the King, which was denied by the Air Force, citing official channels. Benítez subsequently published a series of articles and a book titled "OVNIS: Documentos oficiales del Gobierno español," which the journalist later described, perhaps inaccurately, as the "first official UFO declassification."

The article criticizes Benítez's handling of the information, citing a letter from the Chief of Staff expressing displeasure over the sensationalist use of the documents and the implication of the Ministry of the Air. The letter clarifies that the 'Confidential' stamp was to protect witness identities, not military information, and that Benítez's claims of irrefutable proof of UFO existence were an overstatement.

Annexes

The document includes several annexes:

• Annex 1: Notification to the US Embassy in May 1968 about the non-realization of UFO investigations in Spain.
• Annex 2: Compilation by the CIA and DIA of UFO sightings in Spanish territory in the 1950s and 1970s.
• Annex 3: Informative Note from the Air Ministry Press Office, December 5, 1968, requesting public information on UFO sightings.
• Annex 4: Circular from the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, General Luis Navarro Garnica, establishing norms for written UFO observation reports from citizens.
• Annex 5: Handwritten "Instructions for information regarding sightings of supposed UFOs" by General Mariano Cuadra Medina.
• Annex 6: A list of US Navy 'C-3 Poseidon' ballistic missile launches between 1974 and 1979, correlating with reported UFO sightings in the Canary Islands.
• Annex 7: A page from a document (page 156) discussing the handling of information provided to Benítez.
• Annex 8: Informative Note from the III Air Region, September 29, 1977, a reminder to the public.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the historical evolution of official UFO investigations within the Spanish Air Force, the tension between official secrecy and public information, the role of media in shaping public perception, and the challenges of distinguishing credible sightings from misidentifications or hoaxes. The editorial stance is analytical and historical, aiming to present a factual account of the Air Force's actions and policies regarding UFOs, often highlighting the military's efforts to manage information and prevent public alarm. There is a clear emphasis on official documentation and a critical view of sensationalist journalism in the field of ufology.

This document, titled "Cuarenta años de Ovnis en el Ejército del Aire" (Forty Years of UFOs in the Air Force), chronicles the Spanish Air Force's involvement with Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) from the 1960s to the 1990s. It details the evolution of official policies, investigations, and the complex relationship between the military, the public, and UFO researchers.

Historical Context and Early Investigations

The narrative begins with the establishment of procedures in December 1968 by the Air Staff to regulate the reporting and investigation of UFOs. These regulations aimed to centralize information and were followed by reports from various air regions. However, by the mid-1970s, compliance with these directives seemed to wane.

A significant event occurred in 1976 when then-Lieutenant General Galarza authorized the delivery of documents to journalist Juan José Benítez. This action, later described as an "amarga experiencia" (bitter experience) by a security official, led to the publication of Benítez's book "OVNIS: Documentos oficiales del Gobierno español." General Emiliano José Alfaro Arregui criticized Benítez's use of 'confidential' stamps for propaganda, stating the documents had no scientific or military value and that Benítez's actions fueled unnecessary controversy.

The Benítez Controversy and Increased Secrecy

The release of documents to Benítez, coupled with his subsequent publications, triggered a flood of requests for information from civilian researchers and media outlets. In response, the Junta de Jefes de Estado Mayor (JUJEM) decided in March 1979 to classify UFO-related matters as "materia clasificada" (classified material), effectively increasing secrecy.

Internal Reports and Recommendations

Throughout the period, internal reports highlighted the challenges and implications of handling UFO information. An October 1980 report from the Air Force's Public Relations Office (ORP) to the JEMA pointed out the historical involvement of the Air Force, the impact of Benítez's publications, and the outdated regulations. It proposed updating regulations, creating a UFO archive, reconsidering security classifications, and facilitating non-secret information.

Parliamentary Inquiries and Public Interest

Parliamentary interest in UFOs grew over the years. In October 1980, Deputy Enrique Múgica inquired about a specific UFO incident involving a TAE Supercaravelle. In September 1983, Deputy Gabriel Elorriaga asked about a luminous phenomenon observed in eastern Spain, which the Air Force confirmed but ambiguously attributed to a meteor or space debris, while civilian investigators identified it as a missile launch.

In March 1985, Senator Juan Francisco Serrano Pino questioned the government about UFO investigations, classification, and responsibility. The response confirmed the existence of procedures and that UFO matters were considered "materia clasificada" since 1979.

Transition Towards Transparency

By the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was a growing sentiment within the Air Force that maintaining strict secrecy was becoming inconvenient. Investigators like V.J. Ballester and J. Plana actively engaged with military officials, advocating for the desclassification of UFO documents. They argued that UFO information did not pose a national security threat and that secrecy created a false image of the Air Force.

In May 1991, Colonel Alvaro Fernández Rodas, head of the Security of Flight section, submitted a significant report recommending the desclassification of UFO archives. He noted that SEGVU held 55 UFO cases from 1962-1988, with investigations significantly decreasing after 1980. The report emphasized that military jurisdiction laws might have reduced the Air Force's responsibility to investigate unless directly involved.

Desclassification Efforts and Ongoing Debates

In response to these efforts, the Air Force began a process of reviewing and desclassifying documents. In July 1991, the SEGVU requested all existing UFO documentation from various commands. By August 1991, some commands responded, providing available information. In October 1991, the Minister of Defense himself inquired about the status of UFO investigations, leading to a detailed report from the Air Staff.

European parliamentary interest also emerged, with MEP Tullio Regge requesting information and Spanish UFO cases for a proposed European UFO observation center.

Notable Cases and Research

The document highlights two significant monographs on UFOs created by Air Force officers: one by Captain Antonio González de Boado Campillo in 1967 and a more extensive one by Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Munaiz Ferro-Sastre between 1979 and 1981, detailing a method for investigating aerospace phenomena.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes throughout the article are the evolution of official policy regarding UFOs in the Spanish Air Force, the tension between secrecy and transparency, the impact of public interest and media coverage, and the persistent efforts by researchers to access and understand military-held UFO data. The editorial stance appears to be one of historical documentation, presenting a detailed account of the Air Force's complex and often contradictory approach to the UFO phenomenon over several decades, culminating in a gradual move towards greater openness.

This issue, titled 'Cuarenta años de Ovnis en el Ejército del Aire' (Forty Years of UFOs in the Air Force), delves into the historical involvement of the Spanish Air Force with Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) or Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAPs). It chronicles the evolution of official investigations, the challenges faced, and the eventual process of declassification.

The Dynamic Towards Declassification

The article details the significant shift in the Spanish Air Force's approach to UFOs, particularly starting in 1992. On January 15, 1992, by order of the JEMA (Chief of the Air Force Staff), Lieutenant General Ramón Fernández Sequeiros, the Air Operations Command (MOA), under the command of Lieutenant General Alfredo Chamorro Chapinal, took charge of managing and processing all UFO-related matters. This included the crucial task of drafting new regulations for the investigation and classification/declassification of UFO files.

The responsibility for UFO matters was assigned to the Intelligence Section of the MOA's Staff (INT/EM/MOA), led by Lieutenant Colonel Angel Bastida Freijedo. This section diligently reviewed, organized, and computerized the previously disorganized UFO material accumulated over the years.

In March 1992, Lieutenant Colonel Bastida produced two key informative notes. The first, dated March 9, outlined the 'Management and Processing of UFO-Related Matters,' including military regulations, private information requests, and a draft of the future IG-40-5 (General Instruction).

The second note, dated March 13, titled 'Proposal for the declassification of files related to "Sighting of strange phenomena in national airspace,"' contained two annexes: one on military regulations and another, a 33-page list of existing UFO files, detailing date, location, reporting officer, witnesses, and case summaries. This note also provided a detailed description and analysis of the historical documentation on UFOs within the Air Force, presenting arguments for public access to classified information. This proposal was approved on April 13.

J.J. Benítez's Proposition and the Role of the Royal Household

The article highlights an unusual proposition made by journalist J.J. Benítez to JEMA Ramón Fernández Sequeiros in February 1992. Benítez proposed that the Air Force provide him with all UFO files so he could publish them in a book, with the proceeds going to a charity presided over by the Queen. Benítez claimed that General Sabino Fernández Campo, Head of the Royal Household, had expressed enthusiasm for the idea. However, General Fernández Campo clarified that Benítez had spoken to him after writing the letter, he had not yet consulted the Queen, and he had significant doubts about the proposal, stating that he could not support the idea.

This maneuver by Benítez, which allegedly involved misrepresenting the Royal Household's stance, was seen as an attempt to obtain UFO files by circumventing the official declassification process.

The Official Instruction IG-40-5

On March 31, 1992, JEMA Ramón Fernández Sequeiros approved the General Instruction 40-5 (IG-40–5), presented by the MOA. This instruction replaced the outdated 1968 regulations and established updated norms for handling UFO sightings, including investigation methodology and reporting procedures. The IG-40-5, comprising 28 pages, was distributed to all Air Force units in June 1992.

The instruction was divided into four parts: the first outlining the general framework, the second detailing the duties of reporting and investigating officers, the third providing a detailed witness questionnaire (influenced by USAF and CEI questionnaires), and the fourth containing the cover page for expediente/official informant's judgment.

The IG-40-5 was activated three times (twice in 1993 and once in 1995). However, it was not applied in two other instances despite official information existing, one involving a phenomenon near Noya in 1997 later identified as an aircraft, and another involving a luminous phenomenon in 1999 identified as a Chinese rocket re-entry.

Official Declassification and the Role of CEI

On April 14, 1992, a historic meeting of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JUJEM) formally agreed to the generic declassification of UFO matters. Following this, UFO phenomena were treated as 'Internal Reserve' material within the Air Force, with the JEMA empowered to determine the classification level of individual cases. This decision was communicated to the relevant Air Force commands on April 29, initiating the review and declassification process.

The article notes that this declassification was predicted by V.J. Ballester and J. Plana in 1991, though their predictions were not initially heeded. The declassification itself was not widely publicized outside military and civil circles involved in the process.

A civilian team from the CEI (Center for Objective Study), with over 30 years of experience in UFO research, began collaborating informally with the MOA in the summer of 1992. Their contribution included providing experience, archives, and scientific analysis to offer a more comprehensive view of the phenomenon than the limited number of collected files provided. This collaboration, characterized by mutual trust and objectivity, was informal and did not involve a formal legal agreement.

The Declassification Process and its Impact

The MOA began the progressive declassification of UFO reports in September 1992. While the Air Staff initially favored a block declassification, the MOA's preference for a gradual, individual release of files prevailed.

The declassification generated media interest, with some, like J.J. Benítez, commercially exploiting it by reissuing books. The article also mentions the CEI's continued involvement, providing information and analysis, and visiting the MOA's UFO archive.

Official Considerations and Limitations

The Spanish Air Force acknowledged that UFOs had been sighted and detected over national territory. However, their investigations were primarily focused on assessing potential threats to national security, air traffic, or aviation safety, rather than determining the nature or origin of the phenomena. The article points out that the Air Force lacked a dedicated organism for UFO analysis, leading to sporadic and incomplete follow-ups, minimal case studies, and poor archival management.

Despite the potential military and security implications of UFOs, the Ministry of Defense and the Air Force showed limited interest in in-depth study. This led to missed opportunities for information that could have been valuable. In some cases, phenomena initially classified as UFOs were later identified as foreign intelligence activities or military exercises.

The article emphasizes that the Spanish Air Force never engaged in the debate about extraterrestrial beings or participated in international conspiracies to conceal UFO presence. The official stance was that UFOs did not pose a direct threat to national security or defense, and the focus remained on ensuring air navigation safety.

Historical Context and Previous Investigations

The article traces the history of UFO investigations within the Air Force, noting articles published in the 'Revista de Aeronáutica y Astronáutica' (RAA), the official organ of the Air Force, dating back to the 1960s and 1970s. These articles, written by Air Force officers, discussed topics such as extraterrestrial life, space travel, and UFO sightings.

It also mentions the limited involvement of the Superior Center for Defense Information (CESID) in UFO matters, noting that in 1992, CESID had to request information from the MOA to respond to an inquiry, indicating their lack of prior engagement with the topic.

Conclusion

The issue concludes by reiterating that the Spanish Air Force's analysis of UFOs is primarily driven by security concerns. While the declassification process has made a significant amount of information available, the fundamental nature and origin of unexplained phenomena remain subjects of ongoing interest and speculation, with the Air Force's role limited to ensuring national security and air safety.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the official investigation and declassification of UFO phenomena within the Spanish Air Force. The editorial stance appears to be one of presenting a factual, historical account of the military's involvement, highlighting the bureaucratic processes, the challenges of investigation, and the eventual shift towards transparency. There is a clear emphasis on the security-driven nature of the investigations and the limitations of the Air Force's mandate in exploring the deeper scientific or extraterrestrial aspects of the phenomena. The article also underscores the role of civilian researchers and journalists in pushing for greater openness and contributing to the understanding of the subject.

This document, titled "Cuarenta años de Ovnis en el Ejército del Aire" (Forty Years of UFOs in the Spanish Air Force), is a detailed account of the declassification process of Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) files by the Spanish Air Force. Authored by Joan Plana Crivillén, it chronicles the historical involvement of the Air Force with the UFO phenomenon, the challenges faced during the declassification, and the eventual release of information.

The Declassification Process

The declassification process, initiated in 1992, was a lengthy and complex undertaking, largely managed by the Mando Operativo Aéreo (MOA), later renamed Mando Aéreo de Combate (MACOM). The process was initially hampered by limited personnel and time, with only one individual dedicating partial time to it. The process was logical and inevitable, taking many years to complete, with the last expediente appearing in 1999, although the main process concluded in 1998.

Interruptions and delays were frequent, directly linked to the multiple professional obligations of the responsible personnel. The Air Force cited two main reasons for maintaining the classification of certain information: national security (to prevent the revelation of prototype aircraft or to avoid public panic) and the protection of the privacy of witnesses and military instructors. However, the document notes that the security reason was rarely applied in practice, and confidentiality primarily concerned the identities of witnesses and judges, not the content of their statements.

The process was overseen by the Sección de Inteligencia of the MOA (later MACOM), which analyzed each expediente chronologically, proposing declassification or other actions. These proposals were then sent to the JEMA (Jefe del Estado Mayor del Aire) for approval. Once declassified, copies were made with sensitive data (identities and addresses) removed. These copies were then deposited at the Central Library of the General Air Staff in Madrid for public consultation for one year before being transferred to the Historical Archive of the Air Force in Villaviciosa de Odón.

Initially, an expediente consisted of a 'Cover Memorandum' summarizing the case. From the summer of 1994, to expedite the process, the 'considerations' and 'notable aspects' sections were excluded, and an index was added. Despite bureaucratic errors leading to occasional issues like lost pages, the process was generally well-managed. In 1994, a system of numbering all pages within each expediente was implemented to improve control and prevent loss.

Key Personnel and Changes

The declassification process continued through various command changes. Teniente Coronel Enrique Rocamora Aniorte was the direct head of the UFO matter from April 1993 to the summer of 1999, succeeding Teniente Coronel Bastida. In December 1996, the MOA was renamed MACOM, and the UFO matter became the responsibility of the 1st Section (Operations) of its General Staff. The document highlights the professionalism and dedication of Bastida and Rocamora. In the summer of 1999, Coronel Rafael Muñoz Pastor took over responsibility for the UFO topic.

Formalization of Classification and Access

In December 1992 and March 1993, discussions took place regarding the formal definition of 'Limited Diffusion' classification and public access to UFO-related documents. It was concluded that UFO Normative documents older than 10 years would be declassified. The IG-40-5, an internal operational document, would not be publicly accessible. Declassified UFO case files would be fully accessible, with the Public Relations Office (ORP) of the General Air Staff in Madrid being the sole point of contact for information requests.

Statistics and Findings

Between 1992 and 1998, a total of 82 UFO expedientes, comprising 122 cases and approximately 1,900 pages of documentation, were declassified. Two additional expedientes were declassified in 1996 and 1999, concerning UFO Normative documents and lists of cases, respectively. The document presents provisional conclusions based on the analysis of 122 cases: 80% were explained by natural or conventional means, 13% lacked sufficient information, and 7% remained unexplained (UFOs).

The distribution of cases by decade showed the 1960s with 39 cases, the 1970s with 47, the 1980s with 28, and the 1990s with 8. Geographically, 72% of cases were from the Peninsula, 23% from the Canary Islands, and 5% from the Balearic Islands.

Categorization of cases included: Astronomical (35 cases), Aerospace (38 cases), Meteorological (4 cases), Psychological (13 cases), and Miscellaneous (8 cases).

Criticisms and Controversies

The declassification process faced criticism, particularly from sensationalist media and journalist J.J. Benítez, who accused the Air Force of manipulation and intentional concealment. Benítez's book "Materia Reservada" was particularly critical. The Air Force's Public Relations Office (ORP) initially considered not receiving Benítez but continued to do so. The document suggests Benítez's criticism stemmed from envy, competition, or fear of his own past activities being exposed.

A notable incident involved a planned Tele 5 television program in 1993 featuring a debate between Benítez and investigator V.J. Ballester Olmos. The program was ultimately censored and not aired as planned due to its controversial nature, with Benítez later claiming military intervention. A revised version, focusing solely on Benítez, was eventually broadcast.

Sensationalist investigators were accused of spreading false information and creating a negative public opinion towards the declassification process and the researchers involved. A written protest signed by hundreds of 'investigators and students of the UFO phenomenon' was submitted to the JEMA in 1994, criticizing the MOA's reliance on the CEI for analysis. However, the document claims most signatures were obtained deceptively, and the protest was dismissed.

Defense of the Process

The document strongly defends the Air Force's declassification efforts. It highlights positive feedback received, such as a letter from a collective of 32 rational investigators expressing gratitude for the seriousness and sincerity of the MOA's work. The Air Force maintained that its intention was to make all documents available to the public and that any errors or lost documents were unintentional bureaucratic issues, not deliberate concealment.

It is stated that the critical arguments against the process were unfounded. The Air Force had a clear objective to declassify UFO files and make them accessible, a goal achieved after nearly twenty-five years of secrecy. The document argues that it would have been illogical and counterproductive to declassify documents while simultaneously attempting to hide or manipulate information.

Lost and Missing Information

The document acknowledges that some UFO-related reports, particularly those from lower-level units or regional commands, may have been lost or misplaced over time due to bureaucratic reasons, changes in location, or destruction protocols. An estimated 20 cases with confirmed reports were believed to be lost.

Later Developments and Publications

The document mentions a monograph titled "El proceso de desclasificación de la documentación acerca de OVNI's en el Ejército del Aire" (The declassification process of UFO documentation in the Spanish Air Force) by Teniente Coronel Enrique Rocamora, presented in 1998. It also references an interview with Colonel Angel Bastida, the first head of UFO declassification at MOA, published in "Más Allá de la Ciencia" in 1999, where he shared his personal views on the process, criticisms, and the role of various individuals.

In 2000, J.J. Benítez launched an internet page, 'Only Eyes,' which reportedly included scanned UFO files declassified by the Air Force. The "Revista Española de Defensa" (RED) published an interview with V.J. Ballester in 2001, highlighting the Air Force's pioneering role in declassification and noting that 90% of military UFO cases are explainable by conventional reasons.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The overarching theme is the comprehensive and transparent declassification of UFO files by the Spanish Air Force, despite facing external criticism and internal bureaucratic challenges. The editorial stance is strongly in defense of the Air Force's actions, portraying the declassification as a positive and necessary step towards transparency, while dismissing criticisms as sensationalist or unfounded. The document emphasizes the dedication of military personnel involved and the ultimate success of making historical UFO data accessible to the public.

This issue of "Historia de la Investigación ufológica en la URSS" (History of Ufological Investigation in the USSR) delves into the official Soviet approach to studying anomalous aerial phenomena, commonly referred to as UFOs or 'fenómenos paranormales'. The content is primarily in Spanish, with a focus on scientific and military investigations conducted from the 1970s through the early 1990s.

UFO Investigations in Spain and the USSR

The article begins by referencing an investigation by V.J. Ballester and R. Campo, who analyzed declassified Spanish Air Force documents. They concluded that many historical UFO sightings in the Canary Islands, previously considered inexplicable, were actually the result of 'Poseidon C-3' ballistic missile launches by the US Navy. This declassification process, which lasted from 1992 to 1998, aimed to provide public access to these files, with the Spanish Air Force abstaining from definitive pronouncements on the nature of the phenomena.

The main focus then shifts to the Soviet Union's extensive program of UFO research. It highlights that by the mid-1970s, various public organizations were involved in studying 'the UFO problem,' leading to increased public interest. However, official Soviet bodies did not encourage public discussion and even prohibited references to these topics in military and academic institutions. Conferences organized by ufologists, such as F. Zigel and W. Azhazha, were popular but non-academic, attracting large crowds.

The Petrozavodsk Phenomenon and Official Response

A significant event that spurred official action was the 'Petrozavodsk phenomenon' on September 20, 1977. Residents of northwestern Russia observed a luminous phenomenon described as a 'medusa' and a bright semicircle. The event, lasting 10-12 minutes, was reported in the press and generated numerous inquiries to the Academy of Sciences. The phenomenon was also observed in neighboring Finland, with some photographic evidence. This incident led the President of the Academy of Sciences, Anatoly Aleksankov, to request an urgent, complex investigation involving the Ministry of Defense and the Military Industry Commission (MIC).

Soviet Research Program Development

The MIC, under L. Smirnov, initiated a comprehensive research program. In October 1977, a meeting of the Technical and Scientific Council (STC) recommended the inclusion of 'Investigation of paranormal atmospheric and spatial phenomena' in the 1978 defense plans. A group of experts was dispatched to Petrozavodsk to investigate. The program, officially launched in 1978 and continuing until 1990, was divided into two main themes: one under the Ministry of Defense focusing on the influence of paranormal phenomena on military operations and personnel, and another under the Academy of Sciences investigating the physical nature and mechanisms of these phenomena.

Methodologies and Findings

The military's approach involved creating two centers for UFO research, one in the Ministry of Defense and another in the Academy of Sciences. The Ministry of Defense focused on collecting information from various sources and analyzing potential influences on military equipment and personnel. The Academy of Sciences concentrated on the nature of paranormal phenomena, their development, and their relation to environmental and human factors. A key directive from the MIC in 1980 outlined procedures for military units to report observations, analyze data, and interact with the central research institute.

Over the program's 13 years, approximately three thousand reports of extraordinary phenomena were collected and analyzed. The majority were identified as 'multitudinous observations,' where multiple independent witnesses described the same event. Over 400 events were identified as extraordinary or paranormal. Notably, very few reports of 'UFOs' originated from near military units, suggesting that military personnel were more familiar with technical activities that could be mistaken for anomalous phenomena.

Explanations for Sightings

The article posits three main hypotheses for UFOs: human activity, natural terrestrial or atmospheric processes, and extraterrestrial civilizations. The extraterrestrial hypothesis, while intriguing, did not generate significant enthusiasm. The research concluded that most observed phenomena were explainable. A significant portion of the identified phenomena were linked to rocket launches and aerospace equipment tests. These often involved luminous gas and dust clouds dispersed in the atmosphere, visible from great distances, especially during twilight. Examples include phenomena associated with the launches of satellites like 'Kosmos 955,' 'Cosmos 1188,' 'Meteor-2,' 'Molnya-1,' and 'Cosmos 1581,' as well as missile launches from naval bases.

Another category of observed phenomena resembled 'flying objects' that appeared to float or drift. These were often associated with the launch of large atmospheric balloons used for research. The article details several instances, including a spherical object observed near Chita in 1982, which coincided with a balloon launch and ascended to high altitudes. Similar incidents were reported in Chukot, involving spherical objects observed by pilots.

Limitations and Conclusions

Despite the extensive research, the authors acknowledge that not all phenomena were fully explained, and a comprehensive model for most strange phenomena was still lacking. They emphasize that while many sightings have rational explanations linked to technical developments or sporadic natural events, a small percentage remain unidentified. The research also noted the absence of reports concerning UFO landings, pilot contacts, or abductions, which are common in ufological literature from other countries. This led the authors to suggest that either extraterrestrial visits to the USSR were non-existent during that period, or the extraterrestrial hypothesis itself was inconsistent.

The article critiques the sensationalism surrounding 'secret KGB files' and 'captured UFOs,' labeling much of this material as absurd. The authors conclude that while many people witness strange phenomena that cannot always be precisely identified as anthropogenic effects, there is insufficient evidence to support the presence of extraterrestrial forces. They suggest that the study of UFOs is a serious matter deserving of detailed investigation, acknowledging that while the extraterrestrial hypothesis may not be the answer, the phenomena themselves are real and significant, akin to classified space launches and other genuine mysteries.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the systematic investigation of UFO phenomena within the Soviet Union, the scientific and military efforts to explain these sightings, and the eventual identification of many events as conventional aerospace activities or natural occurrences. The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous scientific inquiry, aiming to demysthify anomalous phenomena through evidence-based analysis rather than speculation. The authors emphasize the importance of objective data and careful analysis, while acknowledging the existence of phenomena that defy easy explanation. They also express skepticism towards sensationalist claims of alien contact and cover-ups, advocating for a grounded approach to ufology.

This issue of A.R.P.A. - A.C.U.F.O. (pages 238-250) is dedicated to remembering the late ufologist Luis Martín Quemada and features several book reviews related to the field of ufology. The magazine is in Spanish and appears to be from the early 2000s, given the publication dates of the reviewed books.

In Memoriam: Luis Martín Quemada

The issue begins with a tribute to Luis Martín Quemada, who passed away at the age of 46 in Santa Cruz de Tenerife. The article, co-authored by Jaime Prieto and Ignacio Cabria, details Quemada's life and contributions to ufology. Born in Madrid in 1955, Quemada authored articles for the magazine VIMANA, was a lecturer, and participated in the organization of 'Operación Antiquites'. He was also involved in a radio program about UFOs in 1976. During his studies in Madrid in 1974, he collaborated with ERIDANI AEC on field investigations. He also contributed to the magazine Contactos Extraterrestres and the bulletin OZMA. In 2000, he moved to Santa Cruz de Tenerife, where he began reinvestigating UFO cases in the Canary Islands, a work tragically cut short by his death.

Quemada was a proponent of the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (HET) and expressed his views on the elusive nature of UFOs. He believed that technologically optimal civilizations might not emit external signals, and suggested that energy absorption in their environment might be the only detectable sign. He pondered whether black holes could be the dwelling places of extraterrestrial civilizations.

The article also mentions other key figures in ufology, including Professor Manuel Pedrajo, Keel, and Antonio Ribera, suggesting they might be having 'Grand Tertulias' (great discussions) in the afterlife.

Jaime Prieto recounts his first encounter with Luis Martín Quemada in Santander in 1974, describing him as an intellectual with a passion for ufology. They discussed UFOs, and Quemada, who was part of a research center called CIOVE, impressed Prieto with his knowledge. Quemada's initial responses to questions about UFOs were vague, but he also displayed an ironic sense of humor.

Ignacio Cabria further elaborates on their friendship, noting how Quemada opened up the world of ufology to him. They collaborated on a radio program about UFOs in Santander, which Cabria describes as a pioneering effort. Quemada was considered the rational mind of their group, despite being a believer in extraterrestrials. Cabria highlights Quemada's charisma and his ability to make people laugh, even through his clumsiness during UFO observation camps.

Luis Martín Quemada passed away from a cerebral hemorrhage. His death is mourned by his colleagues, who feel the loss of a shared passion and a significant part of their lives.

Bibliographical Reviews

¿Qué Sucedió Entonces? Bibliografía ufológica española (1954 - 2000) by Antonio G. Piñeiro

Reviewed by Matilde González, this book is praised as a significant bibliographic effort compiling personal research over many years. It provides an exhaustive list of books published in Spain (and in Spanish) on the UFO phenomenon and related topics. The work aims to be a useful guide for enthusiasts and collectors, reflecting the bibliographic aspects of the phenomenon in Spain. Each entry includes technical information such as the publisher, year of publication, thematic classification, and number of pages. It also features a chronological classification by publication year and various graphics. Additionally, it includes a compilation of foreign publications distributed in Spain. The reviewer considers it an essential and indispensable reference for both amateurs and specialists, and the most important work of its kind in Spain.

Transmutaciones y Transfiguraciones: La Mitopoyesis Ufológica by Martin S. Kottmeyer and Stefania Genovese

Reviewed by Ricardo Campo Pérez, this volume from the "Biblioteca Camille Flammarion" presents two award-winning essays. The first, by skeptic Martin S. Kottmeyer, offers a collection of citations and personal notes on the significant link between UFO mythology and the fears arising from atomic experimentation, particularly in relation to ET invasions in cinema and audiovisual media. The reviewer notes that while some consider the UFO phenomenon a puzzle, Kottmeyer's work reminds us of the crucial element of fear.

The second part of Kottmeyer's essay compiles references to nuclear fear in science fiction films, many of which focus on alien invasions, suggesting this as a line for future research. The final reflections offer conclusions attempting to explain the fear of nuclear tests, radiation, and atmospheric contamination that manifested in contactee and abduction phenomena, while also highlighting the lack of scientific logic in the catastrophic discourses of 'spokespersons' for cosmic intelligences.

Stefania Genovese's essay is described as an enjoyable review of ufology, from the antecedents of celestial visions to the semantic meanings of the term 'extraterrestrial' throughout history, with a marked psychosocial orientation. While not a novelty, it serves as a summary historical overview. The most interesting chapter, according to the reviewer, is 'El testigo y la percepción del fenómeno OVNI' (The Witness and the Perception of the UFO Phenomenon), where Genovese discusses psychologists' views on visual perception of ambiguous stimuli. This chapter helps situate the problem of observing unidentified phenomena and exposes the fallacies of 'air pilot lawyers' who claim to protect their 'testimonial honor' but merely display ignorance.

Para Entender a los Extraterrestres by Wiktor Stoczkowski

Reviewed by Ricardo Campo Pérez, this essay by French ethnologist Wiktor Stoczkowski fills an important gap in Spanish literature regarding extraterrestrial mythology. The book traces the origins of the belief in alien visits and the implicit worldview, exploring speculation about extraterrestrials in antiquity and 'archaeoastronomy'. Stoczkowski begins with a declaration of cultural relativism, focusing on the 'other' within our own society, such as contactees who believe governments hide alien bodies or practice astral travel. He rejects simplistic explanations for the presence of the occult and mysterious, suggesting it has always been present. The book examines the historical context and cognitive operations behind astroarchaeological theories, differentiating itself from other skeptical books by its depth of critique. It highlights how many ideas in occultism, such as other dimensions and lost civilizations, have ancient roots, tracing them back to the Theosophical Society founded in 1875. The reviewer notes the author's ability to organize understanding of the esoteric field and points out the influence of Madame Blavatsky and her disciples. The book also discusses the role of science fiction in the early 20th century in shaping these ideas.

Stoczkowski also exposes the fallacious tricks used by proponents of ancient astronaut theories, aiming to make readers take 'baffling conjectures' seriously. The reviewer emphasizes that for many mystery-mongers, the goal is to protect their 'business', where no fact can disprove a pre-accepted theory.

Chapter 9 discusses the origin of flying saucer mythology, proposing that UFOs are a complex web of consolidated beliefs and rumors. It highlights the interaction between sensationalist editor Raymond Palmer and the 'first witness', Kenneth Arnold, as well as the stories of Richard Shaver and the lemurians. The work also references historian Curtis Peebles' assertion that Palmer 'invented the flying saucers'. The reviewer notes that while these figures and their involvement in occult circles are significant, they may not fully explain the explosion of the flying saucer myth, but they offer a new perspective on these 'founding figures'.

Time Storms by Jenny Randles

Reviewed by Luis R. González Manso, this book explores the possibility that some incidents classified as evidence of alien visitation might actually be due to unknown natural phenomena affecting witnesses' space-time coordinates. While the presented cases are interesting, the reviewer finds the appeal to extraordinary physical effects to explain phenomena like teleportation excessive. The reviewer questions the likelihood of such phenomena occurring without more widespread evidence in today's world. The book is considered an interesting and novel viewpoint that could explain some cases, but requires further polishing and documentation to be plausible.

The Encyclopedia of Extra-Terrestrial Encounters: A Definitive, Illustrated A-Z Guide to All Things Alien edited by Ronald Story

Reviewed by Luis R. González Manso, this encyclopedia features contributions from over 400 entries by well-known figures in ufology, including Stanton T. Friedman and Carl Sagan. The reviewer highlights the contributions of Martin S. Kottmeyer for their depth and documentation, though largely based on his previous articles. Alvin H. Lawson's extensive comments on his theories are also noted. The editor aims to provide the American public with the core of psychosocial thought regarding UFOs, which has received limited coverage in the US. The entries cover a wide range of topics, including biographies of investigators, explanations of their stances on UFOs, and contact information. It also includes brief commentaries on major books related to UFO phenomena. While the selection criteria for cases are not always clear, including both recognized frauds and close encounters, the book attempts to include non-Anglo-Saxon material with mixed results. References to Latin American cases come from Scott Corrales, with sensationalist undertones. Spanish ufology is represented by the UMMO case (presented as a fraud) and the 1995-96 Galician wave, described as one of the most documented of the decade.

Despite the inclusion of some credulous material, such as a lengthy entry defending Eduard Meier's ideas, the book's tone is generally skeptical and impartial. It sometimes presents opposing viewpoints, such as on the Roswell incident. However, this is not always consistent, with a notable difference in the treatment of UFO sightings by American astronauts versus Russian cosmonauts. The reviewer also notes that some material may be outdated, as the book's long elaboration process means recent findings might not be included. The preface by Story suggests a shift in perspective, moving from easy mockery of 'contactees' and 'abductees' to a more intelligent examination of the phenomena's underlying meaning. The encyclopedia is presented as a good starting point for exploration, promising surprises for believers, agnostics, and skeptics alike.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the remembrance of a significant figure in Spanish ufology, Luis Martín Quemada, and a comprehensive review of recent and foundational works in the field. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, presenting diverse perspectives from skeptics and proponents of various hypotheses within ufology. There is a clear emphasis on bibliographic resources and scholarly analysis of UFO phenomena, with a particular focus on the historical and cultural context of beliefs surrounding extraterrestrials. The reviews highlight the importance of understanding the origins of these beliefs, the psychological aspects of perception, and the potential influence of societal fears, such as those related to nuclear technology. The magazine seems to advocate for a rational and scientifically-based approach to the study of anomalous aerial phenomena, while acknowledging the complexity and multifaceted nature of the subject.