Cuadernos de Ufologia - 2a Epoca - No 16-17

Magazine Overview

Title: Cuadernos de Ufología
Issue: Nº 16-17, 2ª Epoca
Year: 1994
Publisher: Cuadernos de Ufología
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish

This double issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" is dedicated to two major themes: the UMMO phenomenon and the declassification of Spanish military UFO archives. The cover features a striking image of a man at a desk, with the magazine's title prominently displayed. The main headline announces a dossier titled "UMMO: LA HISTORIA INTERMINABLE" (UMMO: The Endless Story).

Dossier: UMMO: LA HISTORIA INTERMINABLE

The extensive dossier on the UMMO case delves into its complexities, starting with an article by Ignacio Cabria García titled "UMMO: EL FIN DE LA TRAMA" (UMMO: The End of the Plot). García discusses the impact of the magazine's previous dossier in 1988, which brought renewed attention to the UMMO contact. He notes that while serious ufologists had long suspected the UMMO phenomenon to be a fraud, with José Luis Jordán Peña often cited as a potential author, this had not been formally documented. The 1988 dossier aimed to provide a critical analysis of the fraud. Following this, Carles Berché accused Jordán Peña of being involved in the fraud through shared paranoia, sparking controversy. The UMMO followers responded by defending Jordán Peña and organizing meetings. García highlights that the 1988 dossier was a significant event that contributed to the eventual unraveling of the mystery. He points out that a group of young ufologists has since conducted in-depth research, leading to surprising results. The article reveals that in April 1993, Jordán Peña confessed to being the author of the fraud in a letter, explaining the intricate plot. However, some individuals who were involved resist accepting that they were manipulated for over 25 years by a single person, suggesting the possibility of other collaborators.

García further explores the psychological aspects, suggesting Jordán Peña's actions were part of a psychosocial manipulation experiment. He describes a complex and pathological personality that manipulated people without ethical scruples. The article notes Jordán Peña's past as president of the ufo entity Eridani A.E.C. in the 1970s, where he presented a skeptical stance towards extraterrestrial explanations for UFOs, and later became a vocal critic of ufologists. He also represented a radical skeptical wing within the Spanish Society of Parapsychology. The author questions how researchers in both ufology and parapsychology could have been systematically deceived.

The dossier aims to unravel the UMMO story to its conclusion, providing documentation that debunks sensationalist speculations and demystifies the legend, restoring rational thought. The issue also includes various communications and articles related to UMMO, such as "Terremoto en Ummo: Los hilos del montaje" (Earthquake in Ummo: The Threads of the Setup) by José Juan Montejo and Carles Berché, "No perdamos el Hilo... de San José de Valderas" (Let's Not Lose the Thread... from San José de Valderas) by Carles Berché i Cruz, "Memorias de un Ummólogo que nunca lo fue" (Memories of an Ummologist Who Never Was) by José A. Cezón, and "Ummo: El derrumbe de un mito" (Ummo: The Collapse of a Myth) by Luis R. González.

Other contributions include "Buawaigaai ayuyisaa 'Argentina'..." by Alejandro Agostinelli, "Ummo: ¿'n castillo rojo en España?" (Ummo: A Red Castle in Spain?) by Renato Marbic, "Francia: Hay Ummo en tus ojos" (France: There is Ummo in your Eyes) by Alejandro C. Agostinelli, and "Los Humoristas se afanan frente al asunto Ummo" (The Humorists Tackle the Ummo Affair) by Boris Chourinov. There are also articles on telephone exchanges with a supposed ummite, an essential bibliography on Ummo, and a discussion of a potential Spanish "Ummo" case. The role of extraterrestrials in our culture and specific incidents like the radar incident at Montevideo airport are also explored.

LOS ARCHIVOS OVNI MILITARES SON YA DE DOMINIO PUBLICO (Military UFO Archives Are Now Public Domain)

This section features an article by V.J. Ballester Olmos titled "Balance de un año de Desclasificación Oficial" (Balance of a Year of Official Declassification). It details the Spanish Air Force's decision in April 1992 to declassify its UFO information, following the precedent set by the United States. The article outlines the process, mentioning key figures like Admiral Gonzalo Rodríguez Martín-Granizo and Lieutenant General Ramón Fernández Sequeiros. The first declassified expediente, comprising three sightings from 1962, was made available in September 1992. The article notes that the archives contain information on 66 cases, with 35 expedientes declassified by the time of publication, covering 30 original cases. The process involved analyzing documentation, including witness testimonies, official reports, and meteorological data. The article also discusses the role of Lieutenant Colonels Angel Bastida and Enrique Rocamora in managing the declassification process.

Another article, "EL ANSIADO ACCESO A LA INFORMACION OFICIAL" (The Long-Awaited Access to Official Information), provides further details on the declassification. It mentions that the first expediente was approved on September 25, 1992, and that the material is available for consultation at the Air Force General and Historical Archive. The article includes charts and diagrams related to UFO sightings and their potential explanations, such as astronomical phenomena (Venus, stars, meteors) and meteorological events.

UN CASO FOTOGRAFICO LLENO DE DUDAS (A Photographic Case Full of Doubts)

Written by Ricardo Campo, this article examines a UFO sighting that occurred on November 8, 1990, in San Fernando de Maspalomas, Gran Canaria. The witness, Jesús María Artiles Artiles, reported observing a grey, cloud-like object with small spheres. The case is notable for the photographic evidence provided, but also for its numerous inconsistencies and the witness's evasiveness. Campo highlights the difficulties in verifying the case due to the loss of original negatives and the witness's unreliable accounts regarding the photographer and the photographic materials. The article also mentions an analysis conducted by MUFON, which found no evidence of the small spheres and concluded that the "cloud" object was likely moving, but could not provide a conventional explanation. The author suggests that the witness may have associated the sighting with a subsequent military aircraft exercise in the area.

Other Sections

The issue also includes "COMUNICADOS" (Communications), "PAPELES DE ARNOLD" (Arnold's Papers), "FORUM," and "BIBLIOGRAFIA" (Bibliography), as well as a "CARTAS" (Letters) section. The magazine lists its editorial team, advisors, collaborators, and representatives in various countries.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the critical investigation of UFO phenomena, the debunking of hoaxes and myths, and the importance of official documentation and declassification. The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous, evidence-based research, aiming to separate fact from speculation and to provide a rational perspective on UFOlogy. The magazine actively engages with controversial topics like the UMMO case, seeking to present a comprehensive and critical analysis. The declassification of military archives is presented as a positive step towards transparency and a demystification of the UFO subject, suggesting that military organizations have not historically possessed privileged information beyond what civilian researchers have already uncovered.

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" is a dense exploration of ufological and parapsychological topics, primarily focusing on the Ummo affair and significant UFO events in Spain. It also announces the formation of a new ufology society and features a critical publication.

Society Andalusian of Parapsychology and Ufology "Logos"

The magazine reports on the formal constitution of the "Sociedad Andaluza de Parapsicología y Ufología 'Logos'" in Seville on November 29, 1993. Key figures present at the founding included José Luis Hermida Alvarez, Juan Sánchez Gallego, Enrique Valls Girol, José Miguel Alcíbar Cuelo, and José Ruesga Montiel. The society's statutes include a clause preventing individuals involved in businesses related to parapsychology from becoming members, a detail highlighted as honorable. Enrique Valls Girol was named President, José Lucena as Secretary, and Paqui Cardenal González as Treasurer. The society aims to fill a void in active research in Seville, which had seen a decline since 1983. They have established a collaboration with "Cuadernos de Ufología," which was to be materialized in an event at Expo Juventud in 1993. Interested parties can contact them via post at Apartado de Correos, 5076, 41080 Sevilla.

Questionnaire for Data Collection

Pedro Maldonado from C.I.F.E. in Ceuti (Murcia) is seeking information on questionnaires specifically designed to study UFO sightings, abductions, and contactee experiences. The goal is to compile a useful "Questionnaire-Guide" for new researchers and enthusiasts, aiming for methodological rigor. The results are intended for publication in "Cuadernos de Ufología."

"El Ojo Crítico" - A New Editorial Endeavor

This section announces the launch of "El Ojo Crítico," a new publication aiming to provide a critical and rigorous perspective on anomalous phenomena. The editors recall their previous publications, "Fénix" (1984) and the magazines "Fénix" (1985) and "Verne" (1988-1990), which also sought to analyze phenomena critically. They express concern over the current sensationalism and commercialization in the paranormal field. "El Ojo Crítico" will be a non-profit publication intended to address aspects of esoteric and ufological "picaresque" that are often overlooked in commercial circuits. The objective is to invite researchers to engage in critical reflection. Interested individuals can receive the first 12 issues by sending 1000 pesetas plus shipping costs via cash on delivery to Apartado de Correos 1177, 15080 La Coruña, Spain.

Press Articles on Occupant Casuistry

Dr. Roberto E. Banchs from Buenos Aires, Argentina, is requesting collaboration from "Cuadernos de Ufología" readers to compile press articles (clippings, etc.) concerning UFO occupant casuistry in Argentina. He is particularly interested in articles published in other regions that might have covered this topic. This effort is part of a larger compilation of references being prepared with collaborator Richard W. Heiden. Those wishing to participate should write to Casilla de Correos, 9 - Sucursal 26, 1426 Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Contacts Regarding Ummo

This section seeks information on potential telephone and postal contacts related to the Ummo phenomenon, as well as any unknown investigations, published or unpublished, concerning the affair. Interested parties should direct their communications with the reference "Asunto Ummo" to Apartado 1319, 28080 Madrid.

Revista "Ufomanía" - An Informative Bulletin

Didier Gómez, editor of the bulletin "Ufomanía," is seeking information exchanges and subscribers for his publication. "Ufomanía" is published four times a year, with approximately 20 pages per issue, priced at 70 francs. The A-4 format bulletin covers topics such as humanoid landings, close encounters, and ufological news. The current issue (No. 4) includes articles on landings in Meuse, encounters in Bacqueville, and a survey on UFO sightings. Interested individuals can write to Didier Gomez, 09 bis rue Fontarabie, 75020 Paris, France.

"Andreas" Has Returned to Ponape

This article is a tribute to Andreas Faber Kaiser, a prominent figure in ufology and parapsychology, who passed away. The author, Julio Arcas, reflects on his long-standing friendship and collaboration with Kaiser, highlighting his intellectual curiosity, integrity, and pioneering work in divulgation. Kaiser's contributions include the magazine "Mundo Desconocido" and books based on declassified US government documents concerning UFOs, such as "El Archivo de la CIA." The article also mentions Kaiser's interest in ancient civilizations and his book "Sobre el secreto," which explored the island of Pohnpei and the mystery of Nan Matol. The author draws a parallel between Kaiser's passing and the mythical return of the Immortals to Ponape, as described by H.P. Lovecraft.

Navacerrada-94: New Collective C.D.U. Encounter

This section discusses the state of UFO study and divulgation in Spain, posing questions about how to approach the subject and its future. It highlights the formation of collectives that aim to foster collaboration and objective analysis. The "Colectivo C.d.U." (Colectivo de Divulgación Ufológica) is presented as one such group, which has been informally integrated with the publication "Cuadernos de Ufología" since 1987. An encounter held in Navacerrada on May 21-22 brought together investigators and enthusiasts to discuss new projects, organizational systems, and the future of ufology in the country. The meeting aimed to consolidate collective actions and foster a critical yet open approach to research.

The UFO Phenomenon at "Expo Juventud"

This report details the participation of the "Sociedad Andaluza de Parapsicología y Ufología" and "Cuadernos de Ufología" at "Expo Juventud" in Seville from December 23, 1993, to January 2, 1994. This event attracted over 260,000 visitors, and the ufology group organized a stand showcasing graphic, informational, and bibliographical aspects of the phenomenon in the Iberian Peninsula. Several researchers, including José Luis Hermida, Enrique Valls, José Ruesga, Juan Sánchez, and Miguel Hermida, were present to discuss updated UFO studies and related topics.

A Quarter of a League from the First Extraterrestrial Voyage

This article reflects on the 25th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing. It debunks the myth of a communication blackout due to extraterrestrial sightings, explaining that the interruption was due to a private astronaut request. The author uses this event to comment on humanity's capacity for self-deception.

Phenomenon in Ayamonte (Huelva)

Residents of Ayamonte, Huelva, reported observing colorful lights, identified as possible "flying saucers," near the international bridge over the Guadiana River. The lights remained stationary for several minutes. Witnesses ruled out aircraft due to the altitude and distance. The article includes a response from the Air Command of the Strait, dated February 7, 1994, stating that no "unidentified traffic" was recorded in the area on the reported dates. The "S.A.P.U. 'Logos'" had consulted the Air Command regarding the sighting.

Introduction to the Ummo Dossier

This section introduces a dossier on the Ummo phenomenon, which has spanned 28 years and involved extensive investigation by researchers in Spain, France, and Argentina. The author notes that while many have accepted the extraterrestrial origin of the Ummo messages, skepticism has also existed. The dossier aims to unmask the alleged fraud, both national and international, to prevent future generations from wasting time on it. The author, Carles Berché, states his intention to extensively cover the "Ummo" theme in "Cuadernos de Ufología."

Ummo: The Interminable Story (Dossier)

This dossier begins the in-depth examination of the Ummo affair, which started with a series of letters and documents attributed to an author from the planet Ummo. The article highlights the 28 years of investigation and the diverse analyses undertaken by linguists, doctors, biologists, and physicists. It notes the widespread recognition of the Ummo symbol and the attempts by some "skeptics" to identify the alleged author of the "fraud." The dossier promises to reveal details of the investigations conducted both before and after the alleged confession of José Luis Jordán Peña, aiming to definitively close the chapter on this "phenomenal and fantastic fraud."

Ummo: The Threads of the Montage

This article by José Juan Montejo and Carles Berché delves into the Ummo case, questioning the confession of José Luis Jordán Peña as the sole instigator. It aims to explain the "obscure aspects" of the "phenomenal and fantastic fraud" by presenting investigative details from before and after Peña's alleged confession. The authors express hope that this will bring closure to a debate that has occupied Spanish ufology for nearly 30 years.

Ummo: Temporo-Spatial Situation

This section provides context for the Ummo case, tracing its origins to Madrid in the late 1950s. It mentions Fernando Sesma's role in organizing discussions about flying saucers and the emergence of early contactees. The article details Sesma's reception of letters and calls, some with symbolic content, and the involvement of individuals like Alberto Sanmartín and Professor Lorsomorombi. It also touches upon the alleged encounter with a "martian" and the subsequent investigation of a stone with markings. The narrative follows the development of contactee phenomena linked to Sesma and the group "BURU."

The UFO Phenomenon in "Expo Juventud"

This section details the participation of the "Sociedad Andaluza de Parapsicología y Ufología" and "Cuadernos de Ufología" at "Expo Juventud" in Seville from December 23, 1993, to January 2, 1994. This event attracted over 260,000 visitors, and the ufology group organized a stand showcasing graphic, informational, and bibliographical aspects of the phenomenon in the Iberian Peninsula. Several researchers, including José Luis Hermida, Enrique Valls, José Ruesga, Juan Sánchez, and Miguel Hermida, were present to discuss updated UFO studies and related topics.

Phenomenon in Ayamonte (Huelva)

Residents of Ayamonte, Huelva, reported observing colorful lights, identified as possible "flying saucers," near the international bridge over the Guadiana River. The lights remained stationary for several minutes. Witnesses ruled out aircraft due to the altitude and distance. The article includes a response from the Air Command of the Strait, dated February 7, 1994, stating that no "unidentified traffic" was recorded in the area on the reported dates. The "S.A.P.U. 'Logos'" had consulted the Air Command regarding the sighting.

Aluche: Antecedents and Consequences

This article examines the Aluche UFO landing case of February 6, 1966, in Madrid. It presents conflicting witness testimonies, particularly from José Luis Jordán Peña and Vicente Ortuño, regarding the object's appearance and behavior. The article discusses the physical traces found at the site, including scorched earth and indentations. It also explores the potential influence of the Ummo affair on the case and the role of various individuals and publications in its dissemination. The authors investigate the possibility that the Aluche event was a staged hoax, possibly orchestrated by Jordán Peña and others to lend credibility to the Ummo phenomenon.

Ummo: Situation Temporo-Spatial

This section provides context for the Ummo case, tracing its origins to Madrid in the late 1950s. It mentions Fernando Sesma's role in organizing discussions about flying saucers and the emergence of early contactees. The article details Sesma's reception of letters and calls, some with symbolic content, and the involvement of individuals like Alberto Sanmartín and Professor Lorsomorombi. It also touches upon the alleged encounter with a "martian" and the subsequent investigation of a stone with markings. The narrative follows the development of contactee phenomena linked to Sesma and the group "BURU."

Aluche: Antecedents and Consequences

This article examines the Aluche UFO landing case of February 6, 1966, in Madrid. It presents conflicting witness testimonies, particularly from José Luis Jordán Peña and Vicente Ortuño, regarding the object's appearance and behavior. The article discusses the physical traces found at the site, including scorched earth and indentations. It also explores the potential influence of the Ummo affair on the case and the role of various individuals and publications in its dissemination. The authors investigate the possibility that the Aluche event was a staged hoax, possibly orchestrated by Jordán Peña and others to lend credibility to the Ummo phenomenon.

From Aluche to Valderas: 17 Months of Reports

This section details the period following the Aluche incident, focusing on the growing influence of Fernando Sesma and the emergence of new contactees and investigators interested in the Ummo phenomenon. It describes the reception of Ummo messages, including letters and telephone calls, and the increasing complexity of the information provided. The article highlights the involvement of individuals like Enrique Villagrasa and Dionisio Garrido, who received extensive reports from the Ummo sources. It also touches upon the alleged attempts by Ummo to contact other prominent figures and the growing skepticism surrounding the authenticity of the messages.

San José de Valderas - Santa Monica: The Masterpiece?

This article investigates the UFO sightings and alleged landings in San José de Valderas and Santa Mónica, Madrid, in 1967. It discusses the reports published by Fernando Sesma and the subsequent investigations, including the role of photographer Antonio Pardo. The authors analyze the photographic evidence and note the striking similarities between the images, suggesting they may have been taken by the same individual. The article also explores the connections between these events and the Ummo affair, questioning whether they were genuine sightings or part of a larger orchestrated effort to promote the Ummo narrative.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the Ummo affair, its alleged origins, investigations, and potential fraudulent aspects. The magazine also covers significant UFO sightings and landings in Spain, emphasizing critical analysis and the need for rigorous research. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, seeking to debunk sensationalism and uncover the truth behind anomalous phenomena, particularly in the context of the Ummo case. There is a clear intention to present a detailed, investigative approach to these complex topics.

This issue of UFO magazine, published in Spain, focuses on the complex and often controversial Ummo phenomenon, with a particular emphasis on the San José de Valderas UFO incident and the alleged involvement of Jordán Peña. The cover headline, "UMMO SE CONSOLIDA, SALIANO SE OCULTA," sets the tone for an exploration of these intertwined cases.

The San José de Valderas Incident and Jordán Peña's Role

The article delves into the San José de Valderas case, suggesting that Jordán Peña may have been the photographer responsible. Evidence cited includes the camera's film edges, similar to those used by Jordán, who also had a small photographic laboratory. Despite numerous witnesses present, no one was seen between the camera and the object. When investigators Ribera and Farriols revisited the site a year later, their color photographs revealed people in the area, which were not apparent in the original context.

Jordán Peña later admitted to "adorning" the Ummo myth with a false landing, claiming to have obtained highly resistant polyvinyl fluoride sheets, cataloged for NASA. He also mentioned the plastic film and metal fragment found in Santa Mónica, which he suggested might have contained a lamina. This material was analyzed by the INTA (National Institute of Aerospace Technology), which identified the plastic as polyvinylidene fluoride, not polyvinyl chloride as initially reported. The metal fragment was found to be over 99% nickel.

Analysis of Materials and INTA Report

The INTA report, dated October 15, 1968, concluded that the plastic film was made of polyvinylidene fluoride with iron and cadmium pigment, and the metallic fragment was nickel of high purity. Javier Giménez Clavijo, an engineer involved in the analysis, clarified that the plastic was polyvinylidene fluoride, attributing the initial report of polyvinyl chloride to a transcription error. He also noted the specific applications of polyvinylidene fluoride, including in satellites and X-ray plates.

The Saliano Case and Ummo Connections

The article discusses the Saliano case, where an extraterrestrial claimed to be from the planet Auco. The Ummo group, in a report to Sesma, claimed to have met Saliano in December 1966, confirming his extraterrestrial origin and arrival on Earth in 1946. However, the article suggests that Saliano was a hoax, with multiple individuals adopting the persona. It is mentioned that a supposed genuine Saliano contactee later confessed that Ummo itself was a fraud.

Ummo Communications and Theories

The magazine explores the nature of Ummo communications, which were often presented as detailed messages about their planet and civilization. The article questions the originality and scientific rigor of these reports, pointing out potential errors and similarities to existing scientific theories. For instance, the Ummo description of their planet Ummo is compared to a geological study of Earth by Bullen, and their theories on multiple universes and space-time are linked to concepts developed by physicists like Penrose, Veneziano, and Klein.

Parallels with Science Fiction and Other Phenomena

The issue highlights parallels between Ummo literature and science fiction, referencing Jorge Luis Borges's "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" and Norman Spinrad's "The Solarians." The Ummo concept of a 'toroidal corridor' in their spacecraft is compared to similar designs in science fiction. The Ummo dwelling, XAABI, is also shown to resemble architectural designs by Richard Foster.

The "Confession" and Future Implications

A significant development discussed is the alleged confession by Jordán Peña in April 1993, where he claimed to have orchestrated the Ummo affair to study the genesis of a myth and test his theory of paranoia. This confession, triggered by an audio-visual proof provided by Mercedes Carrasco, a former collaborator, revealed the extent of the deception and the involvement of various individuals.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently questions the authenticity of the Ummo phenomenon, suggesting it was a carefully constructed hoax involving multiple individuals and possibly influenced by science fiction and existing scientific theories. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical investigation, aiming to uncover the truth behind these complex and often sensational claims. The recurring themes include the nature of evidence, the psychology of belief, the role of media in shaping narratives, and the potential for deception in ufology and parapsychology.

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" (Issue No. 3, September 1988) is titled "UMMO: XX años de paranoia compartida" and delves deeply into the controversial Ummo case. It presents a detailed, critical examination of the phenomenon, its key figures, and the surrounding investigations, particularly focusing on the role of José Luis Jordán Peña and the photographic evidence from San José de Valderas.

The Ummo Phenomenon: A Deep Dive

The article begins by questioning the narrative surrounding the Ummo case, specifically highlighting the alleged 'miraculous cures' and the complex web of claims and counter-claims. It references the extensive work of Ignacio Darnaude and his UMMOCAT database, which catalogs information related to the case. The general opinion among ummologists, as expressed by Antonio Ribera, was that no single hypothesis fully explained Ummo, with possibilities ranging from genuine extraterrestrial contact to a secret scientific group or even a disinformation campaign by intelligence agencies.

Jordán Peña's Confession and Role

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to José Luis Jordán Peña, a central figure in the Ummo affair. The text details his alleged confession and the circumstances surrounding it, suggesting that external pressures, possibly including a video that implicitly acknowledged his involvement, may have led him to admit his authorship of the Ummo reports. The article explores the idea that Jordán might have been acting as an informant ('topo') for the receiving group or even as an agent of Ummo itself, tasked with self-incrimination.

Farriols's interpretation of Jordán's communications is discussed, suggesting a dual messaging strategy. Jordán's insistence on his sole authorship is presented, along with his dismissal of writing new Ummo reports to avoid further suspicion. The article notes that Jorge Barrenechea was one of the few who accepted Jordán's version at face value.

The San José de Valderas Incident

The San José de Valderas UFO sighting, which occurred on June 1, 1967, and produced photographic evidence, is critically examined. The article presents analyses by Claude Poher and later by William Spaulding and Fred Adrian of the GSW (Ground Saucer Watch). Both analyses concluded that the 'UFO' was a small, flat object, likely a model measuring less than 20.3 cm in diameter, with a symbol on its underside. The photographic evidence was deemed to be a hoax, with the object being a small plastic maquette suspended by a thin thread, and the symbol being drawn with ink. The analysis suggested the camera was positioned very low to create the illusion of altitude.

Hypotheses and Investigations

The issue explores various hypotheses regarding the Ummo phenomenon:

1. Extraterrestrial Theory: Jordán's confession is seen by some as a self-discrediting operation by the ummites themselves. However, the article dismisses this as a sophism to cover up errors and contradictions, arguing that the Ummo knowledge was merely a vulgarization of contemporary scientific understanding.
2. Intelligence Service Theory: This hypothesis suggests the involvement of intelligence agencies.
3. 'Prank' Hypothesis: The idea that Ummo was a large-scale prank initiated by Jordán and his collaborators (Ortuño, Carrasco, Marisol) is considered, but the subsequent developments suggest the prank became too serious to be dismissed lightly.
4. 'Experiment' Hypothesis: Drawing on social psychology principles, this theory posits that Ummo was an experiment in social dynamics, possibly involving the manipulation of beliefs and perceptions. The article notes that Jordán himself spoke of creating a 'myth' and a 'secret group of study of false extraterrestrials'.
5. Paranoia Hypothesis: The article touches upon the idea of 'shared paranoia' as a potential explanation, particularly in light of Jordán's writings on the 'Anubis Syndrome'. While acknowledging Jordán's peculiar personality and the observations of those close to him, the article states there is no definitive proof of significant personality disorders.

Personal Accounts and Ufological Community Dynamics

The issue includes personal reflections from ummologists like José A. Cezón and José Juan Montejo, detailing their experiences within the Spanish ufology scene. Cezón expresses disappointment with the egoism, lack of collaboration, and scientific rigor among Spanish ufologists, as well as their susceptibility to rational criticism. He recounts his early impressions of ufology as science fiction and his interactions with various figures in the Ummo case.

The article also touches upon the internal dynamics of ufological groups, such as the CEI (Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios) and Eridani A.E.C., highlighting rivalries and differing approaches to investigation. The role of correspondence and interviews in gathering information is emphasized, with numerous footnotes referencing specific letters, articles, and interviews that form the basis of the analysis.

Technical and Scientific Analysis

Beyond the photographic analysis of the San José de Valderas incident, the issue briefly mentions other technical aspects, such as the analysis of audio recordings of alleged ummite communications. The article notes that the frequencies emitted did not correspond to human voices, and while a vocoder was considered, its existence at the time of the recordings was debated.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the critical examination of UFO cases, the psychological aspects of belief and delusion (paranoia), the history of ufology, and the internal politics and dynamics of ufological communities. The editorial stance is clearly skeptical, favoring rational analysis and scientific scrutiny over uncritical acceptance of extraordinary claims. The article aims to debunk the Ummo case by presenting evidence of hoaxes and questioning the motivations and methods of key figures involved. The overall tone is one of disillusionment with the more sensationalist and less rigorous aspects of ufology, while still acknowledging the complexity and enduring fascination of cases like Ummo.

This issue of the magazine, titled "UMMO: EL DERRUMBE DE UN MITO" (UMMO: THE COLLAPSE OF A MYTH), delves into the complex and controversial Ummo phenomenon. The cover story, presented as a "DOSSIER," suggests a critical re-examination of the alleged extraterrestrial contact case.

The Eridani Association and Early Incidents

The article begins by recounting events related to the Eridani association, including incidents involving contactees like Franco Muela, J. A. Cezón, and J.J. Montejo. It mentions threats and difficulties that led to Eridani's closure, with various explanations ranging from economic problems to suggestions from the 'ummitas' themselves. A notable incident involved a warning from 'Saliano' about 'black sheep' infiltrating Eridani. Another event described is the discovery of a suspected ummite micro-transmitter used for espionage at Eridani's headquarters.

The Ummo Myth: A Persistent Enigma

Despite decades since its inception, the Ummo affair continues to be a subject of discussion, with new books published and persistent rumors about the identity of the alleged 'typist' behind the messages. The Ummo symbol has even appeared in art, indicating its cultural penetration. The article notes that the Ummo myth has been assimilated into popular culture, citing its appearance in art and its association with other UFO cases.

Critical Analysis of Ummo Documents

Luis R. González, the author, presents a detailed analysis of the Ummo phenomenon, highlighting the work of various researchers who have pointed out contradictions and inconsistencies. He mentions Oscar Rey Brea, Claude Poher, and the GSW for demonstrating the falsity of certain Ummo photos. Ignacio Cabria is credited with providing a history of Spanish contactism. Carles Berché is noted for publicly presenting Ummo's contradictions and proposing a 'shared paranoia' hypothesis. Ballester Olmos and Javier Sierra are mentioned for their work on Ummo's messianic tendencies, and J.J. Montejo and his colleagues are cited for exposing how some journalists allegedly exploited the Ummo case.

González focuses on the genesis of the Ummo affair, identifying the first document received by Fernando Sesma in February 1966 as the foundational piece. He emphasizes the historical importance of this document, which he states is representative of the subsequent production.

The First Ummo Document: A Detailed Examination

The article dissects the first Ummo document received by Fernando Sesma in February 1966. It outlines the document's structure, covering presentation, planetary characteristics, geography, physiology, linguistics, telepathy, and a promise of future contact. The author notes that the document was designed to capture attention with its seemingly scientific and methodical language, contrasting with more mystical or poetic extraterrestrial messages.

Planetary Data and Geography

González scrutinizes the planetary data provided by the Ummits. He points out that the description of Ummo's geography, including a large continent and lakes, is not particularly original. The map of Ummo is criticized for its lack of cardinal points and apparent inconsistencies, particularly regarding the size of the largest lake relative to the continent. The description of 'OAK-OEI' (volcanoes emitting incandescent columns) is also analyzed, with the author suggesting it's a poetic description of natural gas eruptions.

Physiology and Linguistics

The article discusses the Ummit's explanation for their physiological similarity to humans, attributing it to universal biogenetic laws. The Ummit's primary difference is their communication via telepathy. Their language, described as 'BI-LENGUAJE,' is analyzed, with examples provided. The author questions the complexity and potential for misunderstanding in this dual-language system, especially when translating concepts like 'France' without prior context.

Telepathy and Potential Threats

The Ummit's explanation of telepathy is examined, including a description of a telepathic illness and its treatment. The article notes the Ummit's warning about terrible diseases and their expeditious method of dealing with them, which involves killing the patient. This is interpreted as a way to establish the 'inhumanity' of their existence in the minds of humans.

Scientific Inconsistencies

González highlights several scientific inconsistencies in the Ummo documents. He questions the stated distance to their star, Wolf 424, noting discrepancies with astronomical measurements. The Ummit's explanation involving a 'decidimensional and isodynamic space' is presented as a way to reconcile these differences. The planet's radius and lack of polar flattening are also discussed, with the Ummit's explanation involving magnetic contraction being dismissed as pseudoscientific.

Linguistic Analysis and Cultural Bias

The author criticizes the Ummit's linguistic choices, noting their proficiency in European languages but their apparent neglect of more widely spoken languages like Chinese and Hindi. This is seen as a reflection of a Eurocentric bias.

The Role of Media and 'New Journalism'

The article explores the role of media, particularly the magazine '2001,' in promoting the Ummo myth. It discusses how the magazine, described as a pioneer of scientific-fantastical journalism in Argentina, helped popularize the Ummo story. The author analyzes articles that questioned the authenticity of Ummo evidence, such as the photos from San José de Valderas, and points to the involvement of figures like Antonio Ribera and Eduardo Azcuy in the debate.

Borges and the Nature of Fiction

Jorge Luis Borges's short story "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" is used as a literary parallel to the Ummo phenomenon. The author suggests that both Ummo and Tlön represent the creation of imaginary worlds with a degree of internal coherence. Borges's exploration of how fiction can influence reality is contrasted with the Ummo affair, which is presented as a case where a fictional narrative may have been presented as reality.

The Ummo Affair as a Hoax or Literary Creation

González posits that the Ummo affair, rather than being genuine extraterrestrial contact, may have been a sophisticated hoax or a literary project. He draws parallels between the meticulous planning of Ummo's messages and the concept of creating fictional worlds. The author suggests that the Ummo phenomenon might have originated from a desire to create a compelling narrative, with the author(s) seeking to generate astonishment and credulity rather than scientific truth.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue include the critical examination of UFO phenomena, the analysis of alleged extraterrestrial communications, the role of media in shaping public perception, and the philosophical implications of distinguishing between reality and fiction. The editorial stance is clearly skeptical, aiming to deconstruct the Ummo myth by highlighting its internal contradictions and potential origins as a human-created narrative or hoax. The issue encourages critical thinking and a discerning approach to extraordinary claims.

This issue of Phénomèna, titled "UMMO: ¿Un castillo rojo en España?" (UMMO: A red castle in Spain?), dated March-April 1992, delves into the complex and often controversial Ummo phenomenon, particularly its impact and reception in Argentina and Spain. The magazine explores the origins of Ummo communications, the individuals who received them, and the cultural and societal implications of these extraterrestrial claims.

The Ummo Phenomenon in Argentina

The article details how the Ummo phenomenon, which originated in Spain and France, also found fertile ground in Argentina. It highlights the role of magazines like '2001' in disseminating Ummo messages and the reactions of its readers. Fernando Sesma Manzano is credited with igniting interest in Argentina, while Ariel Ciro Rietti, an early recipient of Ummo letters, is presented with his 'detector de OVNIs' (UFO detector). The magazine discusses the publication of '¡Guerra de los Antartes!', a science fiction comic influenced by Ummo themes, and the initial efforts to integrate UFOlogical and cultural exchange between Spain and Argentina.

Key Figures and Investigations

Several key figures are central to the narrative. Ariel Ciro Rietti, a receptor of Ummo letters, is shown with his equipment. The article mentions Héctor Germán Oesterheld, a renowned comic writer, and his work that shared thematic elements with the Ummo narrative. Roberto Martínez, a former editor, recounts how the Ummo affair provided ample material for the magazine, saving them the effort of 'inventing stories'. The text also introduces the prominent Argentinian ufologist Adalberto Ujvari and investigator Martha González, who became deeply involved in the Ummo case.

Ummo Communications and Ideology

The magazine examines the nature of Ummo communications, noting that letters often arrived sealed from different parts of the world, sometimes containing unusual items like mirrored aluminum fabric. The Ummo's political leanings, including their alleged support for Che Guevara and social revolution, are discussed, alongside their critique of Earth's societal structures. The Ummo ideology is characterized as a form of scientific pragmatism, emphasizing collective integration over individualism, and drawing parallels to communist systems. Their commentary on issues like AIDS and their views on influential thinkers like Bertrand Russell are also presented.

The Cañuelas Clinic and Controversies

A significant portion of the article is dedicated to the "Planta de Investigación Científica Argentina Internacional de Neurología" in Cañuelas, Argentina. This clinic, run by Carlos Eduardo Jerez, was associated with Ummo and claimed to use advanced technology for treating serious illnesses. The article details Jerez's background, his claims of extraterrestrial influence, and the eventual closure of the clinic by authorities due to lack of proper licensing and accusations of charlatanism. The role of ufologists like Pedro Romaniuk and the involvement of figures like Jacques Vallée in investigating this case are also mentioned.

Skepticism and Interpretation

Throughout the narrative, skepticism and alternative interpretations of the Ummo phenomenon are present. The article notes that some Ummo letters were written in French, suggesting potential issues with communication or intent. The possibility of hoaxes and deliberate manipulation is raised, particularly in relation to the 'Men in Black' encounters and the 'Cañuelas clinic' case. The author questions the validity of the Ummo claims, suggesting that the phenomenon might be a complex interplay of human psychology, belief systems, and perhaps even deliberate deception, rather than genuine extraterrestrial contact.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue include the nature of belief, the psychology of contactees, the role of media in shaping public perception of UFO phenomena, and the blurring lines between science fiction, reality, and delusion. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, presenting the facts and testimonies while also highlighting inconsistencies, skepticism, and alternative explanations. The article encourages readers to critically examine the evidence and consider the human elements that contribute to the enduring mystique of phenomena like Ummo.

This issue of Phénomèna, dated March-April 1992, focuses on the 'Ummo affair' with a comprehensive bibliography and an in-depth analysis of its origins and potential manipulation. The cover story, titled 'UMMO: BIBLIOGRAFIA ESENCIAL,' highlights the essential aspects of this complex case.

The Ummo Affair: A Critical Examination

The article begins by questioning the origins of the Ummo phenomenon, noting that while many believe it to be extraterrestrial, there are strong indications of human manipulation, particularly by the Soviet KGB. The authors suggest that the Ummo communications, which began in the mid-1960s, were strategically used to spread propaganda and influence public opinion, especially in Spain during the Franco regime.

Key Figures and Their Roles

Several individuals are identified as central to the Ummo affair. Jean-Pierre Petit, Martine Castello, and Antonio Ribera are presented as key authors who have extensively documented and analyzed the case. The article also lists historical figures admired by the alleged Ummites, including Juan XXIII, Martin Luther King, Karl Marx, Albert Schweitzer, Bertrand Russell, Gandhi, Che Guevara, Helder Camara, and Leon Tolstoi. The selection of these figures, many associated with progressive or revolutionary movements, is seen as evidence of a political agenda.

The KGB Connection

A significant portion of the analysis is dedicated to the alleged involvement of the KGB. The article points to several factors: the timing of the Ummo communications coinciding with Soviet geopolitical interests, the use of themes and language consistent with Soviet propaganda, and the staging of events like the Voronezh UFO landing. The 'twin universes' theory, a scientific concept originating in the Soviet Union, is also cited as evidence of a Soviet connection.

Staged Events and Disinformation

The Voronezh UFO incident in 1989 is presented as a prime example of a staged event. The article suggests that the reports of a UFO landing, widely disseminated by Soviet news agencies TASS and Novosti, were fabricated to create a sensation and further the Ummo narrative. Similarly, the photos of the San José de Valderas landing are described as having been demonstrably faked.

Scientific and Cosmological Claims

While the Ummo communications contained numerous scientific and technical details, the article suggests that much of this information was either derived from existing Soviet research or was part of the disinformation strategy. The 'twin universes' theory is highlighted as a key scientific element with Soviet origins.

The Spanish Context

Spain is identified as a crucial location for the Ummo affair, particularly during the Franco era. The article posits that the KGB used Ummo communications to subtly introduce ideas and influence the Spanish population, especially given the country's political climate and its position within the Western bloc.

The 'Ummo' Telephone Call

A significant section details a mysterious telephone conversation with someone claiming to be from Ummo. The call, characterized by a strange voice and vague, paranoid statements, is analyzed for clues about the nature of the phenomenon. The author expresses skepticism about the extraterrestrial origin, suggesting it might be a prank or another layer of manipulation.

Bibliography and References

The issue includes an extensive bibliography of works related to the Ummo affair, listing books, articles, and other publications. This section serves as a valuable resource for researchers interested in the topic.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the Ummo phenomenon, its alleged extraterrestrial origins, and the strong possibility of a Soviet KGB disinformation campaign. The editorial stance is critical and investigative, aiming to deconstruct the Ummo narrative and expose potential manipulation. The article emphasizes the need for critical thinking and a rigorous examination of evidence when dealing with such complex and often sensationalized topics. The authors are skeptical of the extraterrestrial claims and lean heavily towards a human-engineered origin, likely for political purposes.

This issue of 'UMMO informa a la Tierra' (UMMO Informs the Earth), published by Mundo Desconocido, features a prominent article titled "LO QUE PUDO HABER SIDO OTRO \"UMMO\" ESPAÑOL" (What Could Have Been Another Spanish \"UMMO\"), focusing on the \"DARO Case\". The magazine's cover also includes a smaller mention of Antonio Ribera and his book 'UMMO informa a la Tierra'. The issue is dated March 1979, Volume 20, Issue 33.

The DARO Case: A 'Perfect' Contact?

The main article details the \"DARO Case\", an investigation into a supposed UFO contact that occurred in Spain between 1990 and 1994. The contactee, Ismael Rodríguez Rodríguez, a Venezuelan executive living in Galicia, provided an unprecedented amount of evidence, including over 40 video recordings, numerous photographs, and audio recordings of his alleged encounters. He claimed to have interviewed extraterrestrials, visited their ships, and even recorded the sound of a UFO's engine and conversations with the beings. Many individuals prominent in Spanish ufology, such as Javier Sierra, José Mª Casas Huguet, Gabriel Carrión, J.J. Montejo, Germán de Argumosa, Salvador Freixedo, and Budd Hopkins, were involved in or aware of the investigation.

The article emphasizes that, unlike many other contactee cases, the DARO case was meticulously followed by investigators throughout its development. However, the responsible researchers, including the author, refused to publish the case commercially until the investigation was concluded, to avoid creating another \"UMMO\" situation. The case is presented as a potential key to understanding the mechanics of contactism, with significant parallels drawn to the UMMO phenomenon.

Chronology of a Contact

The narrative begins with the author's initial meeting with Ismael Rodríguez in March 1990, for a non-UFO related interview. The UFO experiences started in October of the same year. Initially, Rodríguez reported his TV turning on by itself, displaying messages from entities. The author, skeptical, advised him to record these phenomena. Rodríguez claimed his VCR malfunctioned during the contacts. He later provided an audio recording of a conversation with an entity he identified as \"DARO\".

Further developments included Rodríguez copying an alphabet from his TV screen, named \"Sorelbio\", which bore similarities to the UMMO alphabet. DARO allegedly provided information on \"parallel space-time displacements\" and other alien races, including \"ummitas\". The author placed advertisements seeking information about \"Sorel\" and \"Daro\". Martha González, an Argentinian contactee, responded, mentioning a similar experience with someone named \"Daro\".

Rodríguez also reported being followed by \"lights\" and claimed a personal encounter with DARO in February 1991. He described DARO as an extremely thin individual. Later, he claimed to have been visited by DARO and two other aliens on his TV screen, with DARO explaining that the author was not ready for physical contact.

Photographs of alleged \"foo-fighters\" or \"gray spheres\" were presented, purportedly taken by Rodríguez. Analysis of the photographic paper identified a specific lab, but attempts to verify Rodríguez's story there were unsuccessful. A linguist, José Alberto Gómez Creo, analyzed audio recordings of alleged conversations, but the results are not detailed in this section.

Fernando Magdalena, from the Center for Psychobiophysical Research, reported receiving a call from \"Daro\". In March 1991, Rodríguez claimed to have been pursued by UFOs and recorded an encounter, describing a luminous object hovering above his car. This recording included a \"pulsating\" or \"intermittent\" sound, similar to those reported by Swiss contactee Billy Meier. Rodríguez described being bathed in a bright light and finding himself in a luminous room facing an extraterrestrial named Argowe, who he identified as DARO's replacement.

Letters from individuals like Servando Martínez from Cádiz also mentioned \"Saro, Daro or Maro\" and communication via a special radio. The author himself began receiving calls from DARO and other entities.

In April 1991, news of a contact case in Caracas, Venezuela, from 1988, mentioned the term \"Sorel\", with messages from \"Unixitron\" having a similar pseudo-technological and esoteric structure to the DARO case.

By August 1991, Rodríguez was reportedly visiting a country house in Orense, Spain, where he had encounters with Argowe. He took photographs of what he claimed was a Panesfera ship. These photos were sent for analysis to New York. Argowe allegedly provided Rodríguez with \"fascinating\" messages on various topics, including \"orthotenic lines\", types of alien ships, and the \"hidden anatomy\" of humans. Some of these messages, particularly those on \"dialogues with Argowe\" concerning reincarnation and divinity, are compared to the UMMO reports.

In September 1991, Rodríguez reported a poltergeist-like phenomenon in his home. The article also notes the growing interest in the case from international researchers like Budd Hopkins, Wilson Sosa, Antonio Huneeus, and Wendell Stevens.

The Role of Extraterrestrials in Our Culture

This section, authored by Rubén \"Gurú\" Morales, explores the psychosocial and cultural impact of UFO phenomena. It argues that while many investigators focus on \"physical proof\", the reality of UFOs as a psychosocial and cultural phenomenon is undeniable. The author suggests approaching UFOs from a social psychology perspective, considering their role in technological civilization.

Cultural Phenomena

Human existence is seen as an interplay of individual, social, and cultural phenomena. Cultural phenomena, which span generations, are difficult to study due to their deep integration with value systems and belief structures. The perception of the anomalous, like UFOs, challenges established cultural conventions and can trigger feelings of anxiety and paralysis.

The Appearance of the Anomalous

The article uses examples of recognizing a car or a tiger cub to illustrate how the human mind categorizes the unknown. The moment of encountering something undefined, not fitting into pre-existing categories, is described as a critical point that can lead to a sense of unease.

The Psychic Aspect of UFOs

It is argued that UFO experiences are not merely objective observations but deeply personal and critical events for the individuals involved. The term \"witness\" is deemed inadequate for those who have experienced UFO phenomena, as they are intrinsically involved in the experience.

Radiography of an Abduction

Bertrand Meheust, a philosophy professor, is presented as a key figure in understanding UFO abduction accounts as cultural phenomena. His work interprets abduction narratives through psychoanalytic and cultural lenses, suggesting that elements like being aspirated into a ship, surgical examinations, and encounters with beings can be understood as symbolic representations of deeper psychological and cultural processes, such as guilt, initiation rituals, and the transition from a state of unconsciousness to consciousness.

Twilight States of Consciousness

The article discusses how \"twilight states of consciousness\", similar to somnambulism, can be induced through techniques like hypnosis or sofrology. These states allow individuals to access their subconscious and relive experiences, which can be valuable for therapeutic purposes but also potentially manipulated.

The Problem of Sects

Sofrology techniques are also used in sects for meditation and contact experiences. The article warns that individuals seeking psychological support might find refuge in sects, where their experiences are validated, but they can also be subjected to manipulation and indoctrination.

Who Can Have a Trance?

It is suggested that anyone capable of being hypnotized can potentially access twilight states of consciousness. These experiences, when not properly processed, can lead individuals to seek solace in sects.

Process of Genesis of New Beliefs in the Second Half of the 20th Century

This section outlines the \"spiritual, cultural, psychological, and social needs\" and \"shortcomings\" that arose in the latter half of the 20th century, contributing to the emergence of new belief systems, including those related to UFOs and contactees.

Spiritual Deficiencies:

Loss of \"divine image\" due to clergy involvement in politics, the relativization of heaven by space exploration, doctrinal lag of the church, dissociation between production and religiosity, and stereotyping of Christian rituals.

Spiritual Needs:

Recovery and redefinition of faith, seeking guidance, finding more tangible deities, active religious experiences involving the body, and a regression to archaic magical thinking (orientalism, sects).

Social Deficiencies:

Urban massification, factory work, decline of the patriarchal family, loss of community spaces, and consumerist economic systems.

Social Needs:

Overcoming alienation, forming \"select\" groups, returning to nature, seeking community experiences, and economic autonomy.

Psychological Deficiencies:

Isolation, individualism, competitiveness, distrust, anomie (crisis of values), and insecurity.

Psychological Needs:

Restoring connection with nature and the divine, embracing sexual pleasure, seeking substitute father figures, fantasies of a \"suprahuman\" ethic, fantasies of \"invisible companions\", seeking recognition as a unique individual, and eventual pathological refuge in paranoid conditions.

The Circular Time

This section discusses how ancient cultures resolved existential anxiety through circular cosmogonic myths and rituals, which marked a break from the linear progression of history. These rituals, often involving the dramatization of chaos and the struggle between good and evil, provided a sense of order and control.

The Fall of Adam and Eve

The Judeo-Christian tradition introduced a linear concept of time, beginning with the fall of Adam and Eve from paradise. This narrative instilled a sense of guilt and the awareness of historical progression, leading to the need for a divine figure (God) and the promise of an afterlife to justify earthly suffering.

A 'Dangerous Sect'

The article touches upon the rise of Christianity as a political force and its eventual establishment as the official religion, contrasting it with \"clandestine magics\" and folklore. It suggests that stories of gnomes, fairies, and devils are antecedents to modern extraterrestrial narratives.

Technolatry

The Industrial Revolution and subsequent technological advancements led to \"technolatry\", the idea that machines are superior to humans.

The Need for Belief

It is argued that every culture requires a system of beliefs to navigate the chaos of reality. These beliefs, whether religious or ideological, provide a framework for understanding the world and one's place in it.

Crisis: The Ones Before

The article posits that the crisis of the late Neolithic period, marked by humanity's growing awareness of its ability to dominate nature and enslave others, led to a sense of \"separateness\" and the need for new belief systems.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores themes of UFOs, extraterrestrial contact, and related phenomena, often drawing parallels between different cases and historical accounts. There is a clear interest in the psychological and cultural dimensions of these experiences, moving beyond purely physical evidence. The editorial stance appears to favor in-depth investigation and analysis, as evidenced by the cautious approach to publishing the DARO case and the critical examination of investigative methodologies and ethical considerations. The publication seems to position itself as a platform for exploring the more complex and nuanced aspects of ufology, including its intersection with psychology, sociology, and cultural studies. The recurring mention of UMMO suggests a continued focus on this particular phenomenon or its influence on subsequent cases. The magazine also seems to be critical of sensationalism and advocates for a more rigorous and thoughtful approach to the study of anomalous phenomena. The exploration of \"new beliefs\" and the \"genesis of new beliefs\" indicates an interest in how UFO phenomena contribute to or reflect broader societal shifts in belief systems.

This issue of Casuistica magazine, spanning pages 158-177, focuses on unexplained phenomena, particularly UFO incidents and the psychological and social aspects surrounding them. It features detailed case studies, analyses of skepticism and refutation, and discussions on the nature of belief and evidence.

Key Articles and Content

"Incidente Radar en el Aeropuerto de Montevideo"

This article by Milton W. Hourcade details a radar incident at Montevideo's Carrasco International Airport on December 25, 1990. Air traffic controllers Omar Vera and Alejandro detected two unidentified radar echoes. The incident was sensationalized on television, with the locutor Jorge Monsalve playing a key role in its presentation. The article critically examines the presentation, highlighting the lack of direct visual confirmation by the controllers and questioning the sensationalist approach.

"Huellas" de los Rodeos (Ceutí-Murcia)

Authored by Fco. A. García Sánchez, this report documents the discovery of seven unexplained footprints in a rural area near Ceutí, Murcia, Spain, on August 13, 1978. The footprints were found in a straight line, with the first and last being deeper than the others. The author speculates that these characteristics suggest a non-human entity that was either deposited or retrieved by a flying object, possibly for experimental purposes. Calculations are presented to infer the possible leg length and stride of the entity.

"Los Disidentes" and "Los Refutadores"

Dr. Willy Smith contributes two sections that delve into the psychological and social dynamics of UFO skepticism and denial. "Los Disidentes" categorizes those who reject UFO phenomena into "escépticos" (skeptics) and "refutadores" (debunkers). The "refutadores" are characterized by their aggressive, often ad hominem attacks on ufologists and their cases, rather than engaging in rational debate. Smith criticizes their methods, including "inversión de puntos de vista" (inversion of viewpoints), "fragmentación" (fragmentation of cases), and "información falsa o deformada" (false or distorted information).

Smith argues that debunkers often fail to present coherent alternative explanations and instead focus on discrediting the phenomenon and its researchers. He highlights the importance of scientific rigor and the potential for misinterpretation of astronomical phenomena, such as Venus, as a common debunking tactic.

"La Conclusion del Programa"

This section summarizes the findings and critiques of the television presentation of the Montevideo radar incident. It points out that the air traffic controllers did not see anything in the sky and that the radar detection was not reported to the appropriate authorities at the time. The author questions the sensationalism and the lack of rigorous investigation.

"Mi Opinion Personal"

Milton W. Hourcade offers his personal opinion on the Montevideo radar case, concluding that Jorge Monsalve lacks the credentials of an investigator and that the presentation was more journalistic than scientific. He criticizes the lack of proper notification to official UFO investigation bodies and highlights the potential for misidentification of radar echoes, such as birds or ground reflections.

"Los Perjuicios"

This section discusses the negative impact of refuters' campaigns on ufology and the scientific community. It suggests that their actions contribute to the delay of scientific understanding and can lead to the proliferation of hoaxes and sensationalist claims, which are often financially rewarded. The author notes the refuters' tendency to attack serious ufologists rather than addressing the more outlandish claims.

"La Importancia del Portavoz"

Drawing on the work of Pichón Riviere, this section explores the concept of the "portavoz" (spokesperson) in social psychology. A portavoz is an individual who, consciously or unconsciously, expresses the underlying concerns, fantasies, and anxieties of a group. The article suggests that individuals who report UFO experiences can be seen as portavoces for collective anxieties related to technological advancement and existential crises.

"La Separatidad en Nuestra Era"

This piece reflects on the modern human condition, characterized by isolation and a sense of separation resulting from societal changes like the transformation of the patriarchal family into the nuclear family, urban isolation, and environmental degradation. The discovery of atomic energy is presented as a pivotal moment, granting humanity the power of self-annihilation and marking a profound "fall" from which there is no return.

"Genesis de una Creencia"

This section discusses how current beliefs are formed, emphasizing the role of emerging implicit and explicit phenomena. It suggests that the rapid material and technological development of the 20th century led to a spiritual crisis, with science being erroneously seen as a replacement for faith. The article posits that rituals and religious practices failed to adapt, leading to a search for meaning in new forms of belief, including those related to extraterrestrials.

"Temáticas Nutrientes" and "Portavoces"

These sections outline categories of beliefs and the individuals or groups that articulate them. "Temáticas Nutrientes" lists areas like folklore, science fiction, religious literature, and esoteric literature. "Portavoces" identifies individuals with psychotic experiences, trance experiences, or those who experience a "no configuration of reality," as well as those who have visions of divine or fantastic beings, or telepathic contact.

"Emergentes Implícitos" and "Emergentes Explícitos"

These categories describe the manifestations of beliefs. "Emergentes Implícitos" include the "afloramiento" (emergence) of archaic imagery, magical thinking, and pathological characteristics of current culture. "Emergentes Explícitos" encompass visions of flying saucers, alien abductions, visions of divine figures, sightings of cryptids, telepathic contact, and the discovery of unexplained physical signs.

"Una Fe Contestataria"

This section posits that the belief in extraterrestrials serves as a modern form of spiritual quest, offering beings with advanced technology and sublime spiritual qualities, akin to cosmic angels. It suggests that the "witness of a UFO case" is someone who can assert, "I saw it, and it was a ship that you scientists cannot build! I know how these flying saucers are and you don't!"

"Comentarios"

This section offers commentary on the broader implications of UFO beliefs and the social psychology behind them. It suggests that the need for "retribalization" will lead to a growth in cults and new beliefs. The authors also note that extraterrestrials are not seen as a singular phenomenon but are integrated into a broader spectrum of beliefs, including apparitions of the Virgin Mary and demonic figures.

"La Conclusión del Programa"

This section summarizes the critical assessment of the television program that presented the Montevideo radar incident. It reiterates that the information presented was primarily journalistic and lacked rigorous investigation. The controllers did not see anything, and the radar detection was not properly reported.

"Los Escépticos"

This part distinguishes between "escépticos" (skeptics) and "refutadores" (debunkers). Skeptics, while not believing in UFOs, do not engage in aggressive debunking. They tend to critique sensationalized reports and media distortions. Their activities are not driven by financial motives, and they are not necessarily scientifically ignorant.

"Técnicas Deceptivas"

This section details deceptive tactics used in UFO debates, including "inversión de puntos de vista," "fragmentación," and "información falsa o deformada." These techniques are employed to discredit cases and researchers without providing substantive counter-evidence.

"Notas y Referencias"

This section provides a list of references and notes related to the articles, including books and magazine publications on ufology and related topics.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores the intersection of unexplained phenomena, belief systems, and social psychology. There is a critical stance towards sensationalism and unsubstantiated claims, particularly those promoted by "refutadores" (debunkers). The editorial stance appears to favor rigorous investigation and a nuanced understanding of eyewitness testimony, while acknowledging the limitations of current scientific explanations for certain phenomena. The magazine also touches upon broader societal anxieties related to technology, spirituality, and the human condition.

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" (Issue 14, 1993) is a Spanish publication dedicated to the investigation of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) and related phenomena. The magazine features a mix of investigative articles, book reviews, letters from readers, and discussions on the history and methodology of ufology.

Key Articles and Features

The Los Rodeos Footprint Case

The issue prominently features an in-depth investigation into a mysterious footprint case discovered on August 13, 1978, in Los Rodeos, Spain. Two members of C.I.F.E. (Centro Investigador de Fenómenos Extraños) stumbled upon seven unusual footprints in the desert terrain. The analysis suggested the prints belonged to the same foot, likely the right, and were spaced about 40 cm apart, indicating short legs relative to the stride. The being was estimated to weigh around 50 kg or less and was barefoot, leading to speculation about its nature. The investigation involved creating a plaster cast of one of the footprints, photographing the area, and examining the surrounding environment for signs of landing or other anomalies. The article notes the scarcity of fauna in the area and the lack of any known animal that could produce such tracks. The authors also touch upon the possibility of a connection to UFO phenomena, referencing a case where dogs disappeared from a nearby farmhouse without explanation.

Book Reviews and Discussions

"Entre Ufólogos, Creyentes y Contactados" by Ignacio Cabria: This book is reviewed, with the reviewer, Jean Pierre Tennevin, offering a critical analysis of Cabria's work on the social history of ufology in Spain. Tennevin discusses the different categories of ufologists (serious, deluded, rationalist) and critiques the socio-psychological approach, arguing that it can sometimes dismiss genuine phenomena too readily. He suggests that the complexity of UFOs might stem from other dimensions rather than solely terrestrial explanations.

"UFO, the Final Answer, Ufology for the 21st Century" by David Barclay and Therese Marie Barclay: This book is discussed in relation to the Fátima apparitions. The authors, Joaquim Fernandes and Fina d'Armada, critique Barclay's interpretation of Lucia dos Santos's description of the entity, arguing that it does not accurately reflect the original historical documents and may be influenced by modern media portrayals.

"L'Empire du Milieu Trouble par les OVNIS" by Shi Bo: This book, written by a Chinese author and published in French, is presented as an exploration of UFO phenomena from an Eastern perspective. It covers topics such as close encounters, hostile UFO behavior, large-scale aerial incidents, and abduction accounts, with a particular focus on the influence of Qi-Gong discipline.

"UFO: Contacto Alienígena" by Gilda Moura: Reviewed by Matilde González, a clinical psychologist, this book examines traumatic experiences of contactees and abductees. González discusses the psychological impact of these encounters, drawing parallels with mystical experiences and exploring concepts like the 'post-abduction syndrome' and Jungian psychology. The review raises the question of whether these experiences are real alien encounters or psychological manifestations.

Bibliographical Entries

Several bibliographical entries are included, highlighting other relevant publications in the field of ufology:

• "OVNIS: Testigos de Elite" by Manuel Carballal: Described as a collection of episodes featuring 'elite witnesses' like pilots and air traffic controllers. The review notes Carballal's attempt at neutrality but points out a tendency to dismiss skeptical explanations and a potential for adding details to original accounts.
• "ANOMALIA" (Vol. 1, 1993): A new publication from CNIFO (Comissao Nacional de Investigaçao do Fenómeno OVNI) in Portugal, aiming for serious and rigorous investigation of UFO phenomena.
• "Perspectivas Ufológicas" (Vol. 1, 1993): A new Mexican quarterly magazine focused on objective UFO divulgation, with an editorial line supported by independent scholars.

Letters to the Editor

The issue includes several letters from readers:

• Enrique M. Valls Girol writes a heartfelt tribute to the late investigator Andreas Faber Kaiser, remembering their friendship and shared passion for uncovering anomalous phenomena.
• Antonio González Piñeiro outlines a seven-phase model of how an amateur ufologist's interest evolves from childhood to maturity, detailing the progression from initial fascination to critical analysis and potential disillusionment.
• Ricardo Campo Pérez congratulates the magazine for its quality and its skeptical, scientific approach, encouraging them to continue their work.
• Juan J. Santana Ramírez also praises the magazine's line and encourages them to continue disseminating both the pros and cons of ufology.
• Pedro Maldonado Vicente comments on a recent issue, highlighting the value of reinvestigating old cases and proposing a call for researchers to share their methodologies and current projects.

Subscription Information

Information is provided for subscribing to "Cuadernos de Ufología" and other related publications, including the "AURA-Z" magazine and specific monographs.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the critical investigation of UFO phenomena, the analysis of witness testimonies, and the historical evolution of ufology, particularly in Spain. The editorial stance appears to favor a rigorous, scientific, and skeptical approach, while acknowledging the complexity and multifaceted nature of the subject. There is a clear emphasis on distinguishing between genuine investigation and sensationalism or unsubstantiated claims. The magazine also promotes open debate and the exchange of ideas among researchers and enthusiasts.