Cuadernos de Ufologia - 2a Epoca - No 14

Magazine Overview

Title: Cuadernos de Ufología
Issue: Number 14, 2nd Epoch
Year: 1993
Publisher: Cuadernos de Ufología
Editors: Julio Arcas (Santander) and José Ruesga (Sevilla)
Advisors: V.J. Ballester (Valencia), Ignacio Cabria (Argentina), Hilary Evans (England), Willy Smith (United States)

This issue of *Cuadernos de Ufología* is dedicated to significant developments in the field, particularly concerning the declassification of official UFO reports by the Spanish Air Force and a comprehensive dossier on Ufology in Andalusia. The magazine emphasizes a commitment to rigorous investigation, ethical practices, and fostering a community of informed researchers.

Editorial: Ten Years of Progress

The editorial, titled "Ten Years of Progress," reflects on the magazine's decade-long journey. The editors express satisfaction with the growth in readership and the establishment of a dedicated group of researchers. They acknowledge the evolving landscape of ufology, noting shifts in investigative premises and, regrettably, a decline in ethical standards within the community. The editorial calls for a return to "fair play" and emphasizes the importance of critical analysis and rational investigation, even when facing criticism. The editors state their commitment to maintaining their critical line and promoting sound research methodologies.

Declassification of Official Reports

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to the declassification of official UFO reports by the Spanish Air Force. The article, authored by Julio Arcas and José Ruesga, details the historical context and the process that led to this decision. It highlights the role of V.J. Ballester Olmos, an advisor to *Cuadernos de Ufología*, in advocating for the release of these documents. The article includes excerpts from official documents, such as a memo from Colonel Alvaro Fernández Rodas, outlining the request for declassification. The Spanish Air Force's stance is presented as a move towards transparency, with the aim of dispelling myths about hidden secrets and promoting a more rational understanding of the phenomenon.

The Role of the Spanish Air Force

Angel Bastida Freijedo, Lieutenant Colonel of Aviation, contributes an article titled "The UFOs and the Air Force." He explains that the primary objective of the Spanish Air Force has always been national airspace security, not necessarily investigating the extraterrestrial origins of UFOs. He discusses the historical context, including the US Air Force's Project Blue Book, and explains why Spain did not establish a similar dedicated agency. The article details the normative framework for handling UFO reports within the military, emphasizing the shift towards classifying these cases as "classified material" and the subsequent process of declassification.

Considerations on Deposited Files

Further analysis of the declassified files is provided, including statistical data on the cases. The article discusses the methodology used for classifying the reliability of reports and witnesses. It notes that while the declassification process has begun, it is slow and meticulous, with efforts made to protect witness identities and national security information.

Case List for Declassification

A comprehensive list of UFO cases to be declassified by the Spanish Air Force is presented, including dates, locations, and brief descriptions. This list spans several decades, from the 1960s to the early 1990s, offering a glimpse into the historical scope of military investigations.

Dossier: Ufology in Andalusia

This section delves into the phenomenon of Ufology within the Andalusia region of Spain. It includes:

• "Ufology in Andalusia: Analysis of a Process" by José Ruesga Montiel and José Miguel Alcíbar, which examines the development and characteristics of ufological research in the region.
• "Manuel Osuna: 'Safari', his thinking..." by Antonio Petit Gancedo, exploring the work and ideas of a notable Andalusian ufologist.
• "Reinvestigation of the Sevillian Taxi Driver Case" by José Ruesga Montiel, which revisits a specific case.
• "Infrared Photography and the UFO Phenomenon" by Enrique Valls Girol and José Ruesga Montiel, discussing the use of infrared photography in UFO investigations.
• "Project Catares-Andalcat (List)" and "Catalog of Cases by Manuel Osuna" provide data and listings of cases from the region.

Other Articles and Features

• "A Methodological Starting Point: The Diad UFO-Witness" by Daniel Alberto Perissé, discusses the relationship between the ufologist and the witness, highlighting potential biases and the importance of rigorous investigative techniques.
• "My Friend Aimé Michel" by V.J. Ballester Olmos, offers a personal reflection on the work of the influential ufologist Aimé Michel.
• "The Case of 'Trancas': A Classic Has Fallen" and "From Stumbling to Falling: The Case of 'Trancas'" by Dr. Roberto Banchs, critically re-examine a well-known case.
• "Colloquium with Lieutenant Colonel D. Angel Bastida Freijedo" presents an interview where Bastida discusses the declassification process, the nature of UFO reports, and the challenges of investigation.
• "Portuguese Yearbook" announces the upcoming publication of an annual yearbook by the Portuguese National Commission for UFO Research (CNIFO).
• "Pilot Casuistry" by B. Manuel Carballal, is a call for data on UFO sightings by pilots.
• "Reports on Magnetic Compasses" by Eric Herr, seeks information on UFO reports involving magnetic compass disturbances.
• "UFO Congress in Sheffield" announces an upcoming conference organized by the Independent UFO Network.
• "New Encounters" provides information on upcoming European UFO research events.
• "Russian Ufology" details the activities of the Scientific Research Center "Aura-Z" in Moscow and its new journal.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the official investigation and declassification of UFO phenomena, particularly within Spain. There is a strong emphasis on the need for scientific rigor, methodological soundness, and ethical conduct in ufological research. The editorial stance is one of critical inquiry, advocating for transparency and a rational approach to understanding the UFO phenomenon, while also acknowledging the contributions of dedicated researchers and the importance of community collaboration. The magazine positions itself as a platform for serious investigation, aiming to move beyond speculation and sensationalism towards a more grounded understanding of the subject.

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" (Ufology Notebooks) focuses on two main areas: the critical analysis of ufological investigation methods and a historical retrospective of ufology in Andalusia, Spain. The magazine explores the complexities of investigator-witness interactions, the potential for errors in data collection, and the evolution of ufological research in Spain.

The Investigator-Witness Dynamic

The articles delve into the psychological and methodological aspects of ufological investigations. The concept of the "ufologist's error" is introduced, defined as a methodological flaw arising from the improper use of questionnaires. This error is presented not as a constant but as something that varies between ufologists and cases. The text emphasizes the need for ufologists to engage in introspection to understand individual differences and how these might influence the data collected. The interaction between the ufologist and the witness is described as a complex social dynamic, influenced by factors such as the witness's credibility, the ufologist's expectations, and the interview setting. The article suggests that a prolonged interview can foster affection, potentially compromising objectivity. It also highlights how the ufologist's demeanor can influence the witness's testimony, leading to potential biases.

The issue contrasts the OVNI-witness dynamic with the witness-ufologist dynamic, noting that while both involve intelligent parties, the latter is a permanent, mutual observation during the investigation. The text questions whether the "second transformation" – the interaction between the witness and the ufologist – has been adequately considered in the field, suggesting that the number of perceived OVNIs might be as numerous as the combination of witnesses and ufologists.

Case Study: Tenerife UFO Case (Los Rodeos, 1990)

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to analyzing a UFO sighting that occurred in Tenerife on October 27, 1990. The case, involving a witness named Julio Domínguez, describes a large, elongated object with yellowish lights moving slowly and silently. The witness initially described it as a line of lights, later perceiving a faint outline. The article critically examines the case, noting the witness's initial ambiguity and the sensationalized reporting by some media outlets. The investigation involved contacting various official bodies, including the military (FAMET, Guardia Civil), the airport authorities, and the meteorological center. All these entities reported no unusual activity, no flight records corresponding to the sighting, and no anomalies in their electronic equipment. The airport was closed at the time of the alleged sighting, making official records unlikely. The article also touches upon rumors of 'humanoids' seen by another witness in the same area, which were linked to the UFO sighting by some media.

The author, Ricardo Campo, concludes that the case is a "probable fraud." This conclusion is based on the witness's refusal to complete a detailed questionnaire, which the author interprets as an attempt to conceal the truth. The article also notes the influence of sensationalist ufological literature on potential witnesses and the tendency for local phenomena to be sensationalized in the Canary Islands.

Historical Analysis: Ufology in Andalusia

Another major section provides a detailed historical overview of ufology in Andalusia, Spain, from its origins to the 1990s. The authors, José Ruesga Montiel and José Miguel Alcibar Cuello, present ufology in Andalusia as a significant contributor to the field, characterized by both individual efforts and collective endeavors.

Early Stages (Pre-1968): The Pioneers

This period is described as one of scattered case collection by a few interested individuals. Key figures like Manuel Osuna Llorente, Joaquín Mateos Nogales, Andrés Gómez Serrano, and Ignacio Darnaude Rojas-Marcos are highlighted. Osuna is portrayed as a dedicated field investigator, while Darnaude is characterized as a methodical analyst. The early research was often individualistic, with a tendency to equate OVNIs with extraterrestrial spacecraft (the HET - Extraterrestrial Hypothesis).

Integration and Coordination (1969-1973)

This era saw the emergence of more organized groups and a greater emphasis on teamwork. The HET remained a popular explanation, but younger researchers, often university-educated, began to advocate for a more scientific and rigorous approach. Groups like AEONI (Agrupación de Estudios sobre Objetos No Identificados), RNC (Red Nacional de Corresponsales), and ADIASA (Agrupación de Investigadores Aficionados sobre Astronomía) were formed in Seville. The RNC, in particular, is noted for its extensive network and its role in preserving Andalusian ufological memory. This period also saw the publication of the first unified questionnaire and the establishment of the "Boletín Informativo Andaluz" (Andalusian Informative Bulletin) as a common platform for research.

Genesis of Trends (1974-1979)

This period was marked by the proliferation of small, often disconnected, amateur groups. While Seville remained a hub for ufological activity, many of these groups focused on localized research and personal experimentation, with limited contribution to the broader field. The article mentions the "El Condesito" case in Rociana, Huelva, investigated by Manuel Osuna, as a significant event from this time. The "Boletín Informativo Andaluz" ceased publication, leading to a period of fragmentation within the Andalusian ufological community.

Later Developments and Publications

The magazine also touches upon later developments, including the "Ciclo de Ufología Andaluza" (Andalusian Ufology Cycle) in May 1973, a significant event that brought together intellectuals, professionals, and researchers. However, the article suggests that the tensions and challenges associated with organizing such events contributed to the eventual disintegration of the unified Andalusian ufological movement. The issue also references the publication of "Cuadernos de Ufología" itself as a means to preserve the fruits of this collective effort and make information accessible for the future.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the critical examination of ufological methodology, the importance of rigorous scientific investigation, the psychological dynamics of witness-investigator interactions, and the historical evolution of ufological research in Spain, particularly in Andalusia. The editorial stance appears to be one of advocating for a more scientific, objective, and evidence-based approach to ufology, while acknowledging the challenges and complexities inherent in the field. The magazine emphasizes the need for transparency, collaboration, and a critical evaluation of both phenomena and the research conducted on them. There is a clear skepticism towards sensationalism and unsubstantiated claims, as demonstrated in the analysis of the Tenerife case.

This issue of 'DOSSIER' (pages 40-59) provides an in-depth historical account of ufology in Andalusia, Spain, spanning from the 1970s to the early 1990s. It focuses on the evolution of investigative methodologies, the contributions of key figures, and the development of ufological organizations.

Historical Context and Key Figures

The issue begins by examining early ufological hypotheses and critiques of investigative methods, referencing figures like Luis R. González and his methodological discussions. It highlights the work of Manuel Osuna, a significant investigator whose personal invitations for a public event in Umbrete in December 1975 marked a singular moment. Osuna's work, though influential, is noted to have been somewhat overshadowed by internal team dynamics and his declining health.

The Sanlucar la Mayor case of March 1975, involving a supposed UFO landing and photographs, is discussed as a significant event that brought the local GEU (Grupo de Estudios Ufológicos) to public attention. The case was later revealed to be a hoax, underscoring the importance of critical analysis.

The late 1970s saw the emergence of AOC (Agencia OVNI Chevallier) in Villa del Rio, which contributed to the growth of ufological interest in the region. The reactivation of RNC (Red Nacional de Corresponsales) also played a role, with the incorporation of younger researchers like José Miguel Alcíbar, who focused on electromagnetic and physiological effects.

In 1979, RNC launched 'OVNI: Ufología Informativa', a bulletin that introduced theoretical and analytical studies. RNC's integration into CEFO (Coordinadora de Estudios sobre el Fenómeno OVNI) led to collaborations with other researchers. The issue also mentions a brief, unsuccessful attempt at associationism by SAFUP.

The CATARES Project and Transition Period (1980-1982)

The early 1980s marked a transitional phase for ufology in Andalusia. The unification of researchers within CEFO, combined with the cataloging efforts of RNC and the contributions of various groups and individuals, led to the creation of the CATARES project. This project aimed to compile and standardize UFO case data, building upon earlier work by RNC Barcelona-Sevilla and José Luis Guillerna Grijalba.

CATARES focused on regional cataloging, encouraging interest in specific areas, refining information through surveys, and identifying areas of high observation frequency for deeper study. The project was initially vigorous within CEFO, with IIEE proposing computerization of the data. However, broader collaboration proved difficult due to divergences and an inability for Spanish researchers to work together effectively.

Despite these challenges, RNC continued to develop CATARES, amassing over 1,200 observations, including significant contributions from Manuel Osuna. The project's legacy includes the ongoing informatization of its data under the ANDALCAT initiative, with the collaboration of Dr. Willy Smith.

Post-Osuna Era and Evolution of Ufology (1983-1991)

Following Manuel Osuna's death, Andalusian ufology experienced a period of crisis in the early 1980s, coinciding with the decline of specialized publications. However, 'OVNI: Ufología Informativa' evolved into 'Cuadernos de Ufología', a publication aimed at researchers, fostering cohesion and critical discussion.

The period saw the emergence of new centers and researchers, with groups like GEIFO of Huelva and CEP (Centro de Estudios Parafísicos) becoming active. CEP published 'Amaltea', which offered a critical perspective on the direction of 'Cuadernos de Ufología'.

By the late 1980s, formal ufological associations became less prevalent, with a shift towards individual research, particularly in the Jaén region. In Seville, veteran researchers integrated into a critical methodology aligned with 'Cuadernos de Ufología', while younger researchers sometimes dismissed previous achievements.

A significant event in 1990 was the Andalusian meeting in Granada, organized by CEP, aiming to coordinate and strengthen unified research efforts. This led to the creation of 'Investigación OVNI', a bulletin focusing on field investigations and presenting a stance distinct from the critical approach of 'Cuadernos de Ufología'.

Case Studies and Methodological Reflections

The issue presents detailed case studies, including the investigation of the "Carretera Sevilla-Carmona" case from November 1977. This case involved a taxi driver's sighting and was re-examined years later, highlighting the challenges of re-enquiries and the importance of comprehensive data collection and analysis.

Manuel Osuna's personal journey into ufology is explored, starting from his interest in 'foo fighters' and 'flying saucers' after reading about them in an engineering magazine. His early correspondence and investigations, particularly at the 'El Condesito' farm in Rociana, Huelva, are detailed. Osuna's approach to psychophony and his belief in the possibility of intelligent contact are discussed.

His later years were marked by declining health and disillusionment with certain aspects of the ufological community. The issue recounts his experiences with collaborators, his literary passion, and his eventual passing in November 1982. The text emphasizes his integrity and his dedication to research.

Final Reflections (After 25 Years)

The authors reflect on the history of ufology in Andalusia, asserting that it has contributed significantly to the broader Spanish ufological community. They highlight the high percentage of cataloged cases originating from Andalusia and acknowledge Manuel Osuna as a particularly active private investigator. The enduring influence of RNC as a group is also noted.

The authors defend Andalusian ufologists against criticisms of simplistic approaches, arguing that their contributions have been substantial and that any shortcomings are reflective of broader issues within international ufology. They call for a continued effort to improve the field and achieve greater scientific recognition.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue include the historical development of ufology in Andalusia, the importance of rigorous investigation and critical analysis, the challenges of collaboration among researchers, and the personal dedication required in the field. The editorial stance appears to be one of advocating for a more scientific and methodical approach to ufology, while acknowledging the contributions of past researchers and the inherent complexities of the phenomenon.

Notable Quotes

André Maurois: "El hombre verdaderamente viril, ama el choque de los espíritus igual que los héroes antiguos, amaban el entrechocar de las armas."

Manuel Osuna: "¿Cómo es que siempre estáis a la escucha?" - "Os convocamos mentalmente cuando queremos."

Manuel Osuna: "Se había producido un "leve" contacto."

Manuel Osuna: "Las "entidades" contactantes podían tener tanto miedo o más que nosotros, a un encuentro."

Manuel Osuna: "Pueden tener mayor nivel tecnológico, pero no necesariamente mayor nivel cultural (y de ahí el temor al contacto)."

Manuel Osuna: "Cuando se va perfilando un juicio al parecer fundado, viene pronto a derrumbarse..."

Manuel Osuna: "Era un caballero."

Manuel Osuna: "Era en definitiva un hombre honrado, que se fijó una hodegética (*) y la siguió."

Manuel Osuna: "No era vanidoso, lo he dicho antes."

Manuel Osuna: "Osuna podía ser obstinado y testarudo hasta la obcecación..."

FAQ

• What was the significance of Manuel Osuna in Spanish ufology? Manuel Osuna was a pioneering investigator whose work, particularly concerning the 'El Condesito' case, significantly contributed to the study of UFO phenomena in Andalusia and Spain. He was known for his detailed case reports and his involvement in various ufological groups.

• What is the CATARES project? CATARES was a project focused on cataloging UFO sightings and encounters in Andalusia, aiming to unify criteria for storage and information exchange among researchers. It was a collaborative effort involving several ufological organizations.

• What were the main challenges faced by ufologists in Andalusia during the 1970s and 1980s? Ufologists in Andalusia faced challenges such as individualistic tendencies, lack of cohesive group work, funding issues, and the gradual decline of specialized publications. Despite these obstacles, dedicated researchers continued to investigate and document UFO phenomena.

• What role did 'Cuadernos de Ufología' play in the Spanish ufological community? 'Cuadernos de Ufología' served as a crucial publication for maintaining cohesion among researchers and improving the critical level of active ufology. It was a platform for sharing investigations and methodological discussions.

This issue of "DOSSIER" (Issue 1, Volume 1, dated November 1992) focuses on a significant UFO sighting case in Seville, Spain, titled "EL TESTIGO" (The Witness). The magazine delves into the testimony of Antonio González Morales, a taxi driver, who reported a UFO encounter on November 15, 1977, near Carmona. The publication also includes extensive cataloging of UFO sightings in Andalusia and an article on infrared photography in UFO research.

The Witness: A Taxi Driver's Account

The central piece details the experience of Antonio González Morales, a 43-year-old taxi driver from Seville. He describes himself as having a healthy appearance, medium height, and gray hair, married with children, including a son who plays for Real Betis Balompié. Despite admitting to a low level of formal education, he is communicative and articulate. He readily identified his observation as a UFO, stating he had no other logical explanation and had not seen anything similar before or since his 1977 sighting.

González Morales mentions two previous landing cases in Seville province: one in Benacazón on January 29, 1976, and another involving a traveler named Adrián Sánchez, which he mistakenly believed occurred closer to his own experience (it actually happened in 1974). The article suggests his knowledge of these cases likely came from press reports, as his recall of basic details aligns with public information.

The Incident

On the night of the sighting, around midnight, González Morales was driving three passengers (two men and a woman, who were siblings, with the woman being the wife of one of the men) from Parque Alcosa towards Carmona. Approximately 8-10 kilometers past the San Pablo Airport, he observed a strange luminous object to the left of the road. He described it as "like two plates facing each other, totally black, and around its edges, a light like butane flame." He first noticed it above a group of eucalyptus trees and then saw the object cross the road in front of his vehicle, making an arc and stopping abruptly. He then noticed another similar "apparatus" on the ground about 150-200 meters away, with only its upper part visible, as if the first object had been cut in half. The flying object stopped a bit closer than the one on the ground, which was situated among olive trees.

When he pointed out the object to his passengers, the man in the front seat told him not to stop, as they were not interested in such things. He continued to Carmona, dropping the passengers at the entrance to the town. On his return journey to Seville, he stopped at a gas station before the location of the objects, but the attendant had seen nothing due to the late hour and proximity to Seville.

He later discussed the event with colleagues at the airport but couldn't contact the control tower due to the late hour. The next day, he contacted Radio Nacional de España to report the sighting and see if anyone else had witnessed it or if any traces could be found. He noted that it took two months for anyone to investigate, first a meteorologist named Marvizón, and then a man from a club in Salteras or Olivares. The news was broadcast on the radio a week after the event, not the following day. Later, a journalist from Diario ABC contacted him for an interview.

Elaboration of Data in the Survey

The interviewer's primary concern was to fix concrete data about the observation and assess the witness's reliability. The survey confirmed that the witness picked up three people, not a couple. Regarding the object, the witness stated that the most striking aspects were its light and unusual shape, and that there was no noise. He confirmed that his car radio and the car itself (a diesel) experienced no interference or unusual behavior. He estimated the object's size to be about 4-5 meters in diameter, comparable to a car. He fixed this estimate based on his experience measuring distances at night. He clarified that the object was about 200 meters from the car and at an altitude of approximately 200 meters relative to the car and the olive trees.

He identified drawing number 2 as representing the object he saw. He also indicated the trajectory of the OVNI and the position of the two objects on drawing number III. He stated he had only heard about UFOs through the press and the radio program "No estamos solos." He found the lack of noise and the presence of a second object on the ground particularly strange. He also expressed surprise at the two-month delay in any investigation, noting that by then, any potential traces would have been washed away by rain.

He recalled that near the location, there was a high-tension power line. He found no explanation for what he saw, reiterating it was "a UFO, because it was very strange." He dismissed the possibility of it being a helicopter due to the absence of noise. He mentioned that the incident caused him considerable teasing from his colleagues. He expressed concern that it took so long for anyone knowledgeable to investigate. He could not recall the names of the other witnesses but remembered dropping them at the entrance to Carmona, on the road to El Viso. He gave permission to use his name publicly.

Interviewer's Comments

On the Witness: The interviewer found the witness to be a healthy individual who consistently recounted his experience. Despite his low education, he was open and did not embellish his story. His interest in the phenomenon seemed natural, though he wasn't an avid reader on the subject. He had no prior involvement with UFO research groups. His immediate conclusion of a UFO was likely influenced by the radio program "No estamos solos," to which he contacted the station. The interviewer believed his motivation was a desire for confirmation rather than publicity.

On the Objects: The description of the objects was similar to that provided to another investigator, Benvenuty, with the notable omission of presumed pilots. The interviewer considered this omission to be a sign of the witness's veracity, as a fabricated story might have included such details. The witness focused on the forms, maneuvers, and especially the lack of sound.

On Size and Distance Estimates: The interviewer calculated the object's dimensions and distances based on the witness's estimations, finding them to be reasonably accurate with a small margin of error. The witness estimated the object to be the size of a car (4-5 meters in diameter) and about 200 meters away. Calculations based on these figures yielded an angle of inclination of 30 degrees and distances of 200.42 meters (straight line) and 175.22 meters (projection on the ground).

Monograph 1: From the Blue Book to Project UNICAT

This section discusses the content of the "Blue Book," noting its vastness and its historical role in controlling information about UFOs. It highlights the work of Dr. Willy Smith and Joseph Allen Hynek on "Project UNICAT," which aimed to analyze UFO incidents. The text also touches upon the Canary Islands' rich UFO casuistry, mentioning specific incidents and the concept of "interpretative errors" that often lead to the dismissal of conclusions. Manuel Borraz Aymerich's analysis of cases like "Las Rosas" and photographic evidence from Tenerife is also mentioned. The monograph is available for 1,200 pesetas.

Infrared Photography and the UFO Phenomenon

This article, authored by Enrique Valls Girol and José Ruesga Montiel, explores the use of infrared photography in UFO research. It explains that infrared film captures radiation beyond the visible spectrum, related to temperature. The article details how infrared images differ from visible light images, with the former capturing emitted radiation and the latter reflected light. It discusses the challenges of interpreting infrared images due to mixed radiation and the need for specialized equipment and techniques. The authors emphasize that infrared photography can reveal phenomena not visible to the naked eye and is particularly useful for detecting heat signatures, which can be emitted by objects moving at high speeds due to atmospheric friction.

Cameras and Accessories

Any camera can be used, but interchangeable optics are ideal. The article advises on handling infrared film, emphasizing the need for complete darkness to avoid light leaks and the importance of using a camera body that is not made of plastic, which can allow infrared light to pass through. It also provides a table for adjusting light meters for different Kodak infrared films and filters.

Focusing Adjustments

Focusing with infrared photography is critical. The article outlines three methods for achieving proper focus: visual focusing and transferring the focus to the infrared scale, moving the entire camera away from the subject by 0.25% of the subject-to-objective distance, or moving the camera backward by 0.25% of the objective-to-film distance. It notes that when using filters like Wratten #87 or #25, the exposure relies solely on infrared radiation, requiring careful focus adjustment.

Color Changes in Infrared

A table illustrates how different subjects appear in infrared, with green vegetation appearing reddish, sick vegetation appearing bluish-green, and healthy vegetation appearing magenta. This phenomenon is attributed to the different temperature emissions of these subjects.

Storage and Conclusions

The article provides guidelines for storing unexposed and exposed infrared film, recommending refrigeration for unexposed film and cool, dry conditions for exposed film. The conclusions emphasize the importance of taking multiple shots with different apertures and meticulously recording all photographic data, including camera settings, filters used, and any observed infrared emissions from the surroundings. It highlights that infrared photography is a delicate but valuable tool for UFO research, requiring rigor and impartiality.

Bibliography

A list of consulted works related to infrared photography and UFOs is provided.

Of Ufologists, Believers, and Contactees: A History of UFOs in Spain

This section introduces a new book that aims to provide a comprehensive history of UFO studies in Spain. The book, over 250 pages long, covers the casuistry, explanatory hypotheses, and the evolution of UFO research in the country. It is presented as a critical and well-documented work that offers a unique perspective on the history of ufology in Spain. "Cuadernos de Ufología" is offering a special price of 2,600 pesetas for its subscribers.

PROYECTO CATARES - ANDALCAT: CATALOG OF ANDALUSIA

This extensive catalog lists alleged UFO sightings in Andalusia, Spain, by year and month, from 1804 to 1990. It provides a numerical count of sightings for each month and a total for each year. The data is presented in a tabular format, showing the distribution of observations.

GENERAL CATALOG OF UFO CASES KNOWN TO DATE BY MANUEL OSUNA LLORENTE

This section, compiled by José Ruesga Montiel, presents a chronological catalog of UFO cases reported in Spain. Each entry includes the date, location, province, and a brief description or reference to its inclusion in a specific work. The catalog spans from the early 20th century to the 1990s and includes cases from various regions of Spain.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around eyewitness testimony, the scientific investigation of UFO phenomena, and the cataloging of historical sightings. The magazine adopts a serious and analytical approach, presenting detailed case studies, expert opinions, and technical information. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry into the UFO phenomenon, encouraging rigorous research and critical analysis while acknowledging the challenges and complexities involved. The inclusion of both detailed case reports and extensive catalogs suggests a commitment to documenting and understanding UFO activity in Spain.

This issue of the magazine, titled "DEL TROPEZON A LA CAIDA DEL CASO TRANCAS" (From the Stumble to the Fall of the Trancas Case), features a prominent article by Dr. Roberto Banchs (Argentina) that critically examines the famous Trancas UFO case from 1963. The cover headline, "CASO 'TRANCAS' UN CLASICO HA CAIDO" (Trancas Case: A Classic Has Fallen), suggests a refutation or re-evaluation of the case's established significance.

The Trancas Case: A Classic Has Fallen

Dr. Roberto Banchs addresses the Trancas case, which occurred on October 21, 1963, in Villa de Trancas, Tucumán, Argentina. He highlights its importance in ufology, citing its inclusion among significant events by Antonio Ribera and its characterization as an "unassailable case" and "irrefutable proof" by journalist Eduardo Azcuy. The case is noted for the quality and quantity of witness testimony, prolonged visual observation, and the discovery of physical residues.

Banchs details the events as reported by witnesses Jolié del Valle Moreno, Argentina de Jesús Moreno, and Nallibe (Yolanda) Moreno Ebaich. The family was gathered at their finca, Santa Teresa, when unusual lights were observed. The initial hypothesis of a railway accident or repair crew was considered but dismissed. The witnesses described a set of five lights, appearing and disappearing intermittently, illuminating the finca. They also reported seeing human-like silhouettes near the lights.

The article emphasizes the psychological aspects of witness testimony, discussing how memory can be influenced by emotions, cultural conditioning, and the passage of time. Banchs references studies on memory retention and degradation, including those by Ebbinghaus, Wolff, and Smith, to argue that while memory can fade, emotional impact can also preserve or distort recollections.

Banchs critically analyzes the refutation of the Trancas case by Captain (R) Daniel Périssé. He points out Périssé's reliance on secondary sources and a single witness's account from seven years after the event, while ignoring other evidence and earlier investigations. Banchs disputes Périssé's claims regarding the physical evidence, specifically the nature and location of the collected residues (a white powder analyzed as calcium carbonate and potassium carbonate) and the absence of a reported "cone of light" of one meter in height.

Banchs also addresses Périssé's interpretation of the phenomena as military maneuvers, particularly the use of searchlights. He argues that the characteristics of the observed lights and the reported heat increase within the house are not fully explained by this hypothesis. Banchs suggests that the physical evidence, such as flattened vegetation, supports the idea that an object was on the ground.

The Olvidos de Périssé (Périssé's Omissions)

This section focuses on perceived flaws in Captain Périssé's critique. Banchs accuses Périssé of omitting the earlier 1971 investigation and misrepresenting the nature of the physical evidence. He also criticizes Périssé's understanding of psychological concepts related to memory and his reliance on limited information, particularly from newspaper reports.

The Saying of Psychoanalysis

Banchs delves into the psychological impact of unusual events on witnesses. He explains that traumatic or unusual experiences can lead to memory distortions, amnesia, or the creation of a "psychic reality" that may not align with objective facts. He notes that the emotional state of the witnesses during the Trancas event likely influenced their perceptions and recollections.

The Validity of Testimony and the Counter-Investigation

Banchs defends his use of the term "contraencuesta" (counter-investigation), explaining its origin in French ufology and its meaning as a new investigation of older cases. He argues that Périssé's critique is based on a misunderstanding of this term and a rigid interpretation of memory degradation.

The Phenomena of Trancas

A diagram of the Trancas site is presented, illustrating the location of the finca, the railway tracks, and the positions of the observed lights and silhouettes. The diagram helps to visualize the spatial aspects of the reported event.

Soviet UFO Research

The issue includes a section on Soviet ufology, reviewing the book "CIENCIA SOVIETICA E INVESTIGACION OVNI" (Soviet Science and UFO Research) by Yuri V. Platov and Vladimir Rubtsov. The authors, described as respected scientists, present a balanced view, acknowledging the existence of unexplained phenomena while cautioning against premature conclusions about extraterrestrial origins. They note the growing scientific interest in UFOs in Russia and China. The book reportedly reviews classic cases, discusses the limitations of current evidence, and criticizes the uncritical acceptance of certain types of reports, such as alien abductions.

The Soviet researchers suggest that many UFO sightings can be explained by known phenomena like rocket launches or natural events. However, they acknowledge that a small percentage of cases remain unexplained, and they propose that science will eventually resolve the UFO problem.

Os OVNI na Epoca Contemporânea (UFOs in the Contemporary Era)

This section briefly introduces a work by Bernardino Sánchez Bueno and Pedro Martínez, suggesting it covers contemporary UFO phenomena and adheres to traditional ufological perspectives, such as the extraterrestrial hypothesis and the idea of flying machines.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue strongly advocates for a rational, scientific approach to ufology, emphasizing rigorous investigation and critical analysis of evidence. Dr. Banchs, the primary author, champions the concept of "contraencuestas" as a valid method for re-examining older cases. The editorial stance is critical of unsubstantiated claims and speculative theories, particularly those that rely on anecdotal evidence or ignore contradictory data. There is a clear effort to debunk or provide alternative explanations for phenomena, as seen in the detailed refutation of Captain Périssé's arguments regarding the Trancas case. The inclusion of Soviet research suggests an interest in international perspectives on UFOs and a belief that scientific inquiry, even from different ideological systems, can contribute to understanding the phenomenon.

Title: Cuadernos de Ufología
Issue: 13
Volume: 1
Date: 1993
Publisher: Cuadernos de Ufología
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish

This issue of Cuadernos de Ufología delves into various aspects of ufological research, featuring critical analyses of past cases, discussions on contemporary phenomena like crop circles, and letters to the editor reflecting on the state of ufology in different regions.

Articles and Features

Analysis of G.D. Thayer's Case Study of Seven Islands (29/6/54) as a Target for W. Smith's Criticisms

This article, authored by Manuel Borraz, critically examines Willy Smith's critique of G.D. Thayer's analysis of the Seven Islands UFO case from 1954. Smith's critique, published in his work "Del Libro Azul al Proyecto UNICAT," is presented as potentially misinterpreting Thayer's findings. Borraz addresses Smith's points, particularly the suggestion that Thayer proposed a mirage of Mars as an explanation. Borraz argues that Thayer's analysis focused on an atmospheric mirage of the landscape due to thermal inversion, not a planetary mirage. He points out discrepancies in Smith's claims, such as the alleged date of the Mars observation and its direction relative to the UFO sighting. Borraz contends that Smith's criticism is based on a misreading or misrepresentation of Thayer's work, particularly regarding the explanation of the phenomenon as a rare, natural event possibly caused by the aircraft's passage through specific atmospheric conditions.

The "Marvelous" System Doesn't Work

Carles Batet, in this section, expresses skepticism towards the sensationalist claims surrounding crop circles, particularly those attributed to David Chorley and Dong Brower. Batet argues that while these artists may be skilled, their creations are not the mysterious phenomena often portrayed. He suggests that the intricate designs are the result of human ingenuity rather than extraterrestrial or paranormal activity. Batet criticizes the tendency to attribute such phenomena to extraordinary causes, emphasizing that a serious approach to ufology should not be swayed by such sensationalism. He concludes by stating that the mystery of the universe will persist, and life would lose its meaning if all mysteries were solved.

Letters to the Editor

This section contains several letters from readers, offering diverse perspectives on ufology:

• Ricardo Campo (La Laguna, Tenerife): Campo discusses the nature of Cuadernos de Ufología (CdU) as a publication, suggesting it might be too internal or a "cult" magazine for serious researchers. He proposes the creation of a more commercially oriented, widely distributed magazine to increase the dissemination of ufological research, while potentially maintaining CdU as an internal bulletin.
• Andrés Fragoso Torbellino (Utrera, Sevilla): Torbellino responds to an article about lights seen in Portugal on July 15, 1979. He suggests that the phenomenon was likely a meteor, as concluded by Cassiano José Monteiro, rather than zodiacal light as proposed by Luis Ruiz Noguez. He also notes a potential overlap with Spanish observations in Valencia de Alcántara.
• Manuel Borraz (Barcelona): Borraz addresses a UFO incident in Paraguay reported in "Espacio y Tiempo" magazine. He suggests that the observed phenomenon, which affected aircraft instruments, could be explained as a misidentification of the planet Venus. He notes that witnesses only described a light, not the detailed 'disk with windows' depicted in the article's illustrations, and calls for a re-examination of the case.
• Letter from CNIFO (Porto, Portugal): This letter, likely from Joaquim Fernandes of CNIFO, announces the upcoming publication of an annual yearbook titled "ANOMALIA." This publication aims to disseminate critical and interdisciplinary research on Portuguese ufology. It will be distributed via annual subscription and will include contributions from academics. The letter also mentions plans for CNIFO to organize university-level conferences on anomalous phenomena to dignify the study of these subjects.

Open Letter to UFO Researchers in Spain

This letter, also from Manuel Borraz, addresses the state of ufology in Spain, particularly in the Canary Islands. He describes it as a chaotic mix of "extraterrestrial ships," pseudoreligion, and sentimentalism. Borraz emphasizes the urgent need for Spanish ufologists to publish their field research and theoretical work in widely circulated magazines. He questions whether the public's demand for sensationalist content should deter serious and objective ufology from becoming more commercial. He also notes the prevalence of magazines prioritizing economic profit over rigorous content.

Observations by Pilots and EM Effects: A "Perfect Case" in Paraguay?

This section, authored by Manuel Borraz, revisits the UFO incident in Paraguay from June 8, 1991. He details how the UFO was observed from a Paraguayan Airlines plane, a Cessna, and the control tower at Asunción airport, and how it affected the automatic direction finder (ADF) of the Cessna and was detected by radar. Borraz proposes that the phenomenon could be explained as a misidentification of the planet Venus, which was in a position consistent with the reported sightings. He highlights that witnesses only described a light, not the detailed craft illustrated in the article, and calls for a thorough re-evaluation of the case.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes a critical and analytical approach to ufology. It encourages rigorous investigation, challenges sensationalism, and seeks to differentiate between genuine mysteries and misinterpretations or hoaxes. There is a clear emphasis on scientific methodology and the importance of evidence-based conclusions. The publication also serves as a platform for debate and the exchange of ideas within the ufological community, particularly in Spain and Portugal, advocating for greater dissemination and academic integration of the field.