Cuadernos de Ufologia - 2a Epoca - No 13

Magazine Overview

Title: Cuadernos de Ufología
Issue: 13, 2ª Epoca
Date: 1992
Publisher: C.d.U.
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish

This issue of Cuadernos de Ufología delves into the complex world of UFO phenomena, with a strong focus on official investigations, international conferences, and the scientific analysis of sightings. The cover prominently features a dossier on the 'OVNIS: JORNADAS INTERNACIONALES 1991 (II)' (UFOs: International Conferences 1991 (II)), suggesting a deep dive into global UFO research and discussions.

Editorial: UFOs and "Defense"

The editorial section addresses the long-standing speculation surrounding the content of Spanish Armed Forces' 'official archives' concerning UFOs. It highlights the year 1992 as a pivotal moment, with events leading to greater accessibility of this information. The article details the efforts of researchers V.J. Ballester Olmos and Joan Plana Crivillén, who have been instrumental in pushing for the declassification of these documents. It traces the history of UFO information classification within the Spanish Air Force, from its confidential status in 1968 to being designated 'reserved matter' in 1979. The editorial recounts the persistent requests for declassification, the responses from defense officials, and the eventual agreement in 1992 to declassify the OVNI documentation, allowing for individual analysis of the case files while respecting sensitive defense data.

The editorial emphasizes that while the Spanish Air Force is naturally involved due to its role in air space surveillance, the lack of information has fueled rumors. It reveals that the declassified archive contains 66 dossiers, with explanations for 35 cases. The majority of reports date from the 1960s and 1970s. Notably, only 34 reports originated from military sources, with the rest from civilian witnesses. The article concludes that the official archive does not reveal the origin of UFOs, leaving all hypotheses open, and reassures that these phenomena pose no risk to national security, as stated by the Minister of Defense.

Dossier: UFOs, International Conferences 1991 (II)

This extensive dossier forms the core of the issue, presenting various aspects of UFO research and related topics:

Platillist Sects

Alejandro Agostinelli discusses 'Platillist Sects,' exploring groups that may have been influenced by or are associated with UFO beliefs.

UFOs: Reserved Matter

V.J. Ballester Olmos and Joan Plana Crivillén contribute an in-depth analysis of UFOs as 'Reserved Matter,' likely delving into the official stance and the challenges in accessing and understanding classified information.

Radio-physical Effects of Observations

Miguel Guasp examines 'Radio-physical effects presumably linked to observations,' suggesting a focus on the physical or electromagnetic phenomena associated with UFO sightings.

Brief History of an Extraterrestrial Mission (1974-1990)

Javier Sierra presents a historical account of an 'Extraterrestrial Mission,' spanning over a decade, which could be a case study or a narrative exploration of alleged extraterrestrial activity.

The OVNI Phenomenon in Galicia and its Relation to National Ufology

Manuel Carballal explores the OVNI phenomenon specifically within the Galicia region of Spain, examining its connection to the broader national ufological landscape.

Forum and Bibliography

Ufological Advances in the Canary Islands (The CATCAN Project)

Ricardo Campo details 'Ufological advances in the Canary Islands,' focusing on the CATCAN Project, indicating regional research efforts.

Bibliography

A bibliography section is included, likely listing sources and further reading for interested researchers.

Revision of Literature: Strangeness

Dr. Willy Smith (UNICAT) introduces the concept of 'strangeness' as defined by Dr. Hynek, a measure of the unusual or inexplicable aspects of a UFO report. The article elaborates on various scales of strangeness, including the nine-degree scale developed by Dr. Saunders, which categorizes sightings based on their complexity and unusual characteristics, ranging from simple lights to encounters with entities and abductions.

The article discusses the parameters used to assess strangeness, such as anomalous appearances, movements, detection by instrumentation, physical effects, and the presence of entities. It highlights the importance of dynamic parameters like acceleration and rapid changes in direction. The classification includes types of encounters, from simple sightings (Type 1-3) to landings (Type 6), occupants outside the craft (Type 7), communication with entities (Type 8), and interference or abduction phenomena (Type 9).

It also touches upon the work of V.J. Ballester and others in developing a coefficient for measuring strangeness based on seven factors that defy conventional explanation. The article critiques the limitations of existing scales and proposes a more comprehensive approach. The UNICAT system is presented as a sophisticated database for analyzing high-quality UFO cases, with a focus on the distribution of 'strangeness' values, showing a typical bell-shaped curve.

UFOs and "Defense" - Detailed Analysis

This section provides a more detailed account of the declassification process of UFO reports by the Spanish Ministry of Defense. It outlines the arguments presented for declassification, including comparisons with democratic countries' legislation. The response from the Ministry indicates that the classification of 'reserved matter' was maintained initially, but subsequent efforts led to the agreement to declassify. The article specifies the number of declassified reports (66) and their distribution across decades. It also notes the proportion of military versus civilian reports and the limited number of truly significant cases from an archival perspective.

UFOs and "Defense" - The Path to Declassification

This part of the editorial details the specific actions taken by researchers, including V.J. Ballester Olmos's visits to the Air Force General Staff and his formal reports. It mentions the transfer of OVNI case files to the Air Operations Command and the eventual agreement by the JUJEM to declassify the documentation. The process of individual analysis of the files is described, with provisions for maintaining confidentiality of sensitive data.

UFOs and "Defense" - Analysis of the Archive

This section provides a quantitative breakdown of the declassified UFO reports, detailing the number of cases from different decades (1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1991). It also categorizes the reports based on the quality of investigation, distinguishing between those with formal investigations, extensive treatment, medium treatment, and brief reports. The article notes that a significant portion of the reports have conventional explanations, while others remain unexplained due to insufficient information.

Key Incidents and Cases

The issue presents several specific cases and incidents:

• A brief history of an extraterrestrial mission (1974-1990): A narrative account of alleged extraterrestrial activity over a 16-year period.
• The OVNI phenomenon in Galicia: An examination of UFO sightings in the Galicia region and their connection to national ufology.
• Ufological advances in the Canary Islands (The CATCAN Project): Research and findings from the Canary Islands.
• UFO reports from the Spanish Air Force archive: Details on the 66 declassified cases, including their distribution by decade and the level of investigation.
• The 'Strangeness' Scale: Discussion and application of various scales to categorize the unusual nature of UFO reports.

UFOs in the Ex-USSR

The issue touches upon ufological trends in the former Soviet Union, noting that despite the political changes, UFO research continued. It mentions conferences held in Tomsk and other locations, discussing themes like 'Periodic Phenomena in Nature' and 'UFOs and Science.' The article highlights the participation of scientists and researchers from various republics, benefiting from the absence of visa requirements. It also touches upon specific reports and hypotheses, including one about a 'Super-Mind' controlling human civilization and another about potential extraterrestrial evacuation plans.

Other Sections

• "Terraformación" en Arizona: An article about the Biosphere-II project, exploring the concept of isolated living environments for potential space colonization.
• "Círculos del Trigo" en Hungría: Reports on mysterious crop circles discovered in Hungary, with investigations into their cause and potential extraterrestrial origin.
• UFOs in the University Complutense: A historical note on a 1971 seminar at the Complutense University that addressed UFOs and their potential physical and socio-psychological motivations, marking an early attempt to bring the topic into academic discourse.
• Ufological Trends in the Ex-USSR: A review of conferences and research activities in the former Soviet Union, highlighting the continued interest in UFO phenomena.
• Observations in Guipúzcoa: A report of sightings of unusual aerial phenomena in the Guipúzcoa region of Spain.
• III World Ufological Congress: Information about the congress held in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1992, attended by international researchers and featuring discussions on various ufological topics.
• "Formation of Objects" Sightings: Reports of unidentified objects observed in formation in Punta Arenas, Chile.
• Letters and Communications: Sections for correspondence, including requests for information on crashed UFOs and contact with other researchers.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the official investigation and declassification of UFO phenomena, the scientific analysis of sightings through structured methodologies like 'strangeness' scales, and the exploration of various related topics such as alleged extraterrestrial missions, crop circles, and the historical context of ufology in different regions, including the former Soviet Union. The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous, scientific inquiry, aiming to move beyond speculation and toward a more evidence-based understanding of UFO phenomena, while also acknowledging the challenges posed by official secrecy and the need for international collaboration.

This issue of "OVNI JORNADA INTERNACIONAL" from 1991, specifically the "2ª Parte," delves deeply into the complex and often intertwined world of UFO phenomena, religious sects, and government involvement. The cover boldly announces that the Spanish military will declassify UFO reports previously classified as reserved material, a significant development for ufology.

Key Articles and Themes

The Military and UFOs: Declassification and Investigation

The lead article, "El Ejército desclasificará los informes OVNI declarados hasta la fecha materia reservada," highlights the Spanish military's move towards transparency regarding UFO information. Ufologist Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos is quoted, suggesting that while the declassification is important, the archives might not reveal groundbreaking information. The issue details historical instances of military and governmental involvement, including official notes and investigations into UFO sightings. A significant section discusses the period from 1968 onwards, detailing how the Ministry of the Air responded to public reports of UFOs, sometimes clarifying incidents and other times acknowledging their existence. The case of a Spantax Fokker 27 aircraft in 1968, a widespread wave of sightings in May 1968, and a notable event in Madrid in September 1968 are presented, along with the official explanations, which often pointed to meteorological balloons or celestial bodies like Venus.

The Link Between Contactism and Sects

Another major theme explored is the delicate boundary between "contactism" (the belief in communication with extraterrestrials) and religious sects. The article "La leve frontera entre el contactismo y las sectas" suggests that psychological aspects of the UFO world will be analyzed at the International UFO Conferences in Santander. The issue presents testimonies from individuals who claim to be in contact with extraterrestrial beings or cosmic entities, often presenting themselves as divine messengers or beings with a mission to guide humanity. Figures like "Rael" (Claude Vorilhon) and "Maestro Habba" (Iván Ernesto Karica), who claims to be the son of Jesus and Dzajim, are featured, illustrating how these beliefs can form the basis of new religious movements. The concept of a "cosmic consciousness" and the idea of extraterrestrial beings influencing human destiny are central to these narratives.

The Rise of UFO-Based Religious Movements

The magazine extensively covers the sociological and historical development of UFO-related cults and sects. It traces the evolution from early contactee experiences to more organized movements, often drawing parallels with historical religious phenomena. The influence of figures like George Adamski and Eugenio Siragusa is examined, along with the formation of groups like the "Hermandad Cósmica Hamir" and "Grupo ALFA." The article "LAS SECTAS PLATILLISTAS: Hacia una sociología de la creencia OVNI" by Alejandro C. Agostinelli provides a detailed analysis of these movements, highlighting their common themes: a critique of traditional religion and science, a belief in extraterrestrial saviors, and often a millenarianist outlook predicting a global catastrophe or a new era. The role of media in popularizing these beliefs is also discussed, with examples of how science fiction and sensationalist reporting have contributed to the mythos.

Testimonies and Personal Accounts

Several personal testimonies are included, offering firsthand accounts of alleged encounters and communications with extraterrestrial beings. These accounts often describe spiritual awakenings, messages from cosmic entities, and visions of advanced civilizations. Some testimonies, like that of Sergio Todica, who claims to be the "Father of the Universe," showcase the more extreme and individualistic manifestations of these beliefs. Others, from members of groups like "Grupo ALFA" and the "Fundación Para el Encuentro Cósmico (FUPEC)," illustrate the collective nature of these movements and their shared doctrines.

Historical Context and Sociological Analysis

The issue provides a historical perspective on the UFO phenomenon, linking it to broader societal trends and anxieties. The article "BREVE HISTORIA DEL MITO OVNI" explores how the concept of extraterrestrials has been integrated into religious and spiritual frameworks, sometimes referred to as "ancient astronauts." The influence of figures like Erich von Däniken is noted, as is the way media and popular culture have shaped the public's perception of UFOs. The sociological analysis extends to the "platillistas" sects, examining their internal dynamics, recruitment strategies, and the psychological impact they have on their followers. The magazine points out that these sects often offer a sense of purpose and belonging to individuals disillusioned with conventional institutions.

The Role of Media and Popular Culture

Throughout the issue, the significant role of media in shaping the UFO narrative is emphasized. From early newspaper reports and the coining of terms like "flying saucer" to the influence of science fiction films and television series, the media has played a crucial part in disseminating and evolving UFO beliefs. The article "El papel de los medios en la génesis ovni" highlights how media coverage can amplify sightings and contribute to the formation of collective beliefs and even mass hysteria.

Critical Perspectives and Warnings

While exploring the phenomenon, the magazine also offers critical perspectives and warnings about the potential dangers of these movements. The analysis of "sectas platillistas" points out that some groups can be destructive, leading to the erosion of individual identity and critical thinking. The issue touches upon the manipulation tactics employed by some cult leaders and the psychological vulnerabilities that make individuals susceptible to such influences. The potential for these beliefs to offer an escape from reality or to foster irrationality is a recurring concern.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of "OVNI JORNADA INTERNACIONAL" adopts a stance that is both investigative and critical. It aims to document and analyze the UFO phenomenon and its cultural impact, particularly its intersection with religious and pseudo-religious movements. While acknowledging the existence of reported sightings and the public's fascination with the topic, the magazine also scrutinizes the sociological and psychological underpinnings of these beliefs. There is a clear effort to provide historical context, present expert opinions, and offer a balanced view that includes critical perspectives on the potential for manipulation and irrationality within UFO-related cults. The editorial stance appears to be one of informed inquiry, seeking to understand the phenomenon without necessarily endorsing all its claims, and highlighting the societal implications of these beliefs.

This issue of DOSSIER OVNI, published in 1992 by JORNADA INTERNACIONAL, focuses on the investigation of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) within Spain, particularly concerning the involvement of military and governmental bodies. The magazine delves into official procedures, witness testimonies, and the challenges of information access and classification.

Military and Official Investigations

The issue features extensive interviews and statements from high-ranking military officials. Lieutenant General Carlos Castro Cavero of the Air Force is quoted stating that the Ministry of the Air collects and analyzes UFO data, acknowledging that while most cases have reasonable explanations, some remain unexplained. He personally believes in the existence of UFOs, considering them non-terrestrial. Commander Antonio Munáiz Ferro-Sastre, an investigative judge for UFO sightings in the Canary Islands Air Zone, discusses the investigation process initiated in 1974, including reports of spectacular luminous phenomena and an encounter with an uncontrolled craft.

The role of the Junta de Jefes de Estado Mayor (JUJEM) in classifying UFO information as 'reserved matter' is highlighted, a decision made in 1979 that restricted access for researchers. This move is partly attributed to the sensationalist tone of a 1977 book by journalist Juan José Benítez, which published twelve official Air Force reports, leading to an overwhelming number of requests and interviews that strained the authorities.

The publication details the procedures followed by the Air Force, including the designation of an investigating judge for UFO sightings and the confidential treatment of information. It notes that while most reports have conventional explanations, a residue of strange cases persists, though not necessarily supporting the extraterrestrial hypothesis.

Specific Incidents and Cases

Several specific incidents are detailed:

• November 11, 1979: A TAE Super-Caravelle aircraft encountered two strange lights near Ibiza, which were also detected by radar. A Mirage F-I fighter was scrambled from Los Llanos Air Base.
• February 28, 1974: A Portuguese radar detected an object moving at high speed and changing direction over northern Portugal and adjacent Spanish territory for about an hour.
• March 13, 1979: An unknown radar trace (KL-553) was detected by the Vigilancia Aérea Nº 5 squadron in Sierra Aitana, Alicante, with a high speed and unusual heading.
• July 28, 1975: Radar operators, a sub-officer, and a corporal observed an object moving slowly near a military complex, described as oval with lights and a nozzle.
• January 1, 1975: Four soldiers witnessed a truncated cone-shaped object emitting light jets near Quintanaortuño, Burgos, followed by the appearance of four identical objects and a burned area with holes.
• April 18, 1977: Two young men near Port de la Selva, Gerona, reported a disc-shaped object flying at low altitude and high speed, possibly pursued by a military jet.
• June 22, November 19, 1976, and March 5, 1979: Thousands in the Canary Islands observed spectacular luminous phenomena, later identified as ballistic missile launches from submarines.
• July 30, 1975: In Alborache, Valencia, a labrador named Feliciano Vidal witnessed a bright light and an object, subsequently experiencing vision problems and a surprising improvement in his health, while his dog and donkey died.

Involvement of Other Branches and Organizations

The magazine also examines the roles of other branches of the Spanish armed forces and civilian organizations:

• Ejército de Tierra (Army): While no specific UFO investigation department exists, the Army has received reports from soldiers and has occasionally sent information to the Air Force. However, they generally deny maintaining UFO archives.
• Armada (Navy): The Navy is involved in cases where ship and submarine crews are witnesses. Reports are sent to the Air Force, but the Navy is described as the most closed-off branch regarding UFO information, with strict administrative silence.
• Guardia Civil (Civil Guard): The Civil Guard has a history of collecting and archiving UFO-related information since 1953. While initially denying official documentation, they later acknowledged its existence, though not for public dissemination. They cooperate with researchers to a degree, but fear that full disclosure might imply official acceptance of UFOs.
• Policía Nacional and Policías Locales (National and Local Police): These forces occasionally receive UFO sighting reports from citizens and sometimes witness phenomena themselves during routine patrols. Their reports are usually forwarded to higher authorities, but few reach the level of official investigation by the Air Force. Local police are generally more accessible and cooperative with UFO researchers.

Radiobiological Effects of UFO Encounters

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to the potential radiobiological effects of UFO encounters. It discusses the concept of radiation, distinguishing between non-ionizing (microwaves, infrared) and ionizing (X-rays, gamma rays) radiation. The article details how ionizing radiation can cause cellular damage, leading to effects such as cancer, shortened lifespan, and specific syndromes like bone marrow aplasia, gastrointestinal syndrome, and central nervous system damage, depending on the dose received.

Several cases are analyzed in this context, including:

• Feliciano Vidal case (July 30, 1975): Suggests X-ray or gamma-ray radiation exposure.
• B. Cash-V. Landrum case (December 29, 1980): Symptoms correlate with ionizing radiation and microwave exposure.
• A. Bermúdez case (July 4, 1969): The adult's clinical picture is analogous to the absorption of lethal radiation.

The article emphasizes that while many UFO cases have conventional explanations, the study of potential radiation effects on witnesses and animals is a complex and ongoing area of research.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are government secrecy surrounding UFO phenomena, the challenges faced by researchers in obtaining official information, the systematic investigation procedures (or lack thereof) by various Spanish state institutions, and the potential physical and biological consequences of UFO encounters. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, aiming to uncover the truth behind UFO sightings while acknowledging the limitations imposed by official classifications and the complexity of the subject matter. The magazine advocates for greater transparency and continued research into the phenomenon.

This issue of OVNI, published in 1992, focuses on the "Misión Rama" extraterrestrial contact movement and its historical trajectory from 1974 to 1990. It also delves into several UFO incidents and their potential health implications, particularly concerning radiation exposure.

Analysis of Feliciano Vidal Case

The article begins by examining the case of Feliciano Vidal, who experienced diplopia (double vision) and a remission of his arthrosis. The author, Miguel Guasp, suggests that Vidal's diplopia was likely caused by exposure to intense light and heat, rather than ionizing radiation, due to its immediate onset. However, the remission of his arthrosis is attributed to low-dose X-ray exposure, estimated between 50-100 rad. Furthermore, the article posits that the skin cancer observed in Vidal's animals was induced by a high dose rate of radiation, possibly from an electromagnetic spectrum that included visible light, infrared, X-rays, and gamma rays, delivered over a short duration.

Other UFO Incidents and Health Effects

The magazine presents several other UFO encounter cases with reported physical effects:

• Emiliano Velasco (July 17, 1975, Pedrosa del Rey, Spain): Reported a cylindrical object that emitted a flash, leading to vision loss, double vision, and eventually death from cervical arthrosis complicated by a brain tumor. The author suggests the initial vision problems were caused by the 'soft' part of the electromagnetic spectrum, while the brain tumor might have been a probabilistic effect of the 'hard' radiation.
• Calixto Delgado Polo (August 8, 1975, Aznalcóllar, Spain): Witnessed a red light that approached him, described as a disc with a double dome. He subsequently lost 9 kg in 25 days and suffered severe headaches and hearing loss. The hearing loss is tentatively linked to microwave impact, while the hum might be sonic or ultrasonic.
• Rosal de la Frontera (June 30, 1975, Huelva, Spain): A woman and her children observed a luminous object. The children experienced reddened eyes, and the mother reported vision loss and weight loss.
• Mauricio Gnecco (July 4, 1969, Anolaima, Colombia): A group witnessed a luminous object. Arcacio Bermúdez, one of the witnesses, became ill with fever and bloody diarrhea, dying eight days later. Medical diagnosis was gastroenteritis, but unofficial reports suggested symptoms similar to lethal gamma ray exposure (around 400 rad).
• Cash-Landrum Incident (December 29, 1980, Dayton, Texas, USA): Betty Cash, Vickie Landrum, and her grandson Colby encountered a diamond-shaped object emitting intense light and heat. They experienced burns, vision loss, nausea, diarrhea, and hair loss, with medical treatment indicating severe burns.

The article emphasizes that while radiation sickness symptoms can be similar to other conditions, the consistency across these cases points towards radiation as a potential cause.

The Misión Rama Movement

The issue dedicates significant space to the history and evolution of "Misión Rama," a contactee movement founded in Peru in 1974 by Sixto Paz Wells.

Origins and Early Development

Initiated by members of the Instituto Peruano de Relaciones Interplanetarias (IPRI), Misión Rama claimed contact with extraterrestrials from Ganymede. The movement gained traction through media coverage, particularly after reporter Juan José Benítez published his book "OVNIS: S.O.S. a la Humanidad." Early communications were reportedly received via automatic writing, with messages often conveying a sense of urgency and impending catastrophe.

Expansion and Structure

The movement expanded internationally, with significant groups forming in Spain. The article details the organizational structure, which evolved into a hierarchical system with various commissions (entry, social project, healing, communication analysis, evaluation, correspondence). This structure is described as becoming increasingly rigid and bureaucratic over time.

Doctrinal Evolution and Controversies

Initially focused on an imminent catastrophe, Misión Rama's doctrine evolved, incorporating concepts of a cosmic battle between 'White' and 'Black' brotherhoods and emphasizing the spiritual evolution of humanity. The movement also promoted the idea of preparing for a 'Great Catastrophe' and establishing 'base communities.' Controversies arose regarding the movement's increasingly radical postulates, including the encouragement for members to abandon their families and earthly possessions. The case of Olga Caballé and her husband Antonio Solla is highlighted as an example of the negative impact of these radical ideas.

Dissolution and Legacy

By 1990, Misión Rama began to show signs of decline, with Sixto Paz eventually dissolving the movement. The article suggests that the movement's rigid structure, internal conflicts, and the leader's own evolving stance contributed to its downfall. Despite its dissolution, the article notes that the core ideas and the influence of Misión Rama persisted, with Sixto Paz planning a new mission, "Misión Humanidad."

UFOs in Galicia

Another section by Manuel Carballal discusses the phenomenon of UFOs in Galicia, Spain, and its relationship with national ufology. It highlights the importance of ufologists and researchers in documenting and analyzing UFO cases, suggesting that the visibility of UFO sightings in a region is often dependent on the presence of active investigators.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently explores the intersection of UFO phenomena with potential physical and psychological effects on witnesses, often linking these to radiation exposure. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical investigation, attempting to apply scientific methods to analyze extraordinary claims. The magazine presents detailed accounts of alleged encounters and their consequences, encouraging readers to consider the evidence and its implications. There is a recurring theme of analyzing the sociological and psychological aspects of contactee movements like Misión Rama, questioning their origins, doctrines, and ultimate impact.

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" (Ufology Notebooks) delves into various aspects of UFO research, with a particular focus on the phenomenon in Galicia, Spain, and a detailed refutation of a military explanation for a famous case in Argentina. The publication presents statistical data, case analyses, and discussions on the methodology and philosophical underpinnings of ufology.

Casuística OVNI en Galicia (UFO Casuistry in Galicia)

The article "Casuística OVNI en Galicia" highlights that UFO cases in Galicia encompass a wide range of typologies, from classic "flying saucers" to strange parallelepipeds, landings, and alleged abductions. It notes that while many cases can be rationally explained by phenomena like meteorites or thermal inversions, a significant portion remains unexplained. The authors emphasize that the statistical analysis of UFO cases is often conditioned by the geographical area of the collector and the media's interest. They observe that provinces with less reported casuistry tend to have cases of greater clarity or spectacularity, suggesting these are more likely to be reported in the media. The article also points out that La Coruña has the highest number of reported cases, attributed to the greater presence of researchers from that area in the Spanish ufological community.

Methodology and "Positive Cases"

The publication introduces its methodology, which differs from some other ufological approaches. Instead of labeling resolved cases as "Negative Cases," CATAG defines them as "Positive Cases" (CP), inspired by the idea that the investigator's mission is to find answers to existing mysteries. This perspective frames resolved cases as successful investigations.

"Hot Zones" and Psychological Factors

The text discusses the concept of "hot zones" in relation to UFO interest and statistical studies. It suggests that the presence of investigators and media coverage, such as congresses and publications, can influence witnesses, making them more prone to report experiences. This sociological influence might lead to misinterpretations, with common objects like Venus being associated with UFOs.

The Trancas Case: Refutation of Military Explanation

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to refuting the military explanation for the Trancas, Argentina, UFO case, presented by architect Roberto Banchs. The author, Daniel Alberto Perisse, a Captain of Frigate (R), meticulously analyzes Banchs' hypothesis, which attributes the 1963 sighting to military maneuvers. Perisse systematically debunks this by:

• Location Discrepancy: The alleged military exercises took place in "La Lagunilla," over 150 km north of Trancas, and not in the immediate vicinity.
• Timing: The exercises in La Lagunilla began on October 24th, several days after the Trancas incident on October 21st.
• Unit Composition: The units involved in the exercises (Infantry Regiments 17 and 19, Artillery Group 5, and Communications Battalion 5) did not possess armored vehicles, contradicting Banchs' claim of "armored vehicles" and "Sherman tanks."
• Lack of Evidence: There was no mention in press reports of anti-aircraft artillery or searchlights being used, as suggested by Banchs.
• Property Rights: The alleged military exercises on private property would have required authorization, which was not mentioned.
• "Fumígenos" (Smoke Projectiles): The use of smoke projectiles at night to obscure a "flying saucer" is deemed illogical and inconsistent with their typical tactical application.
• "Cylinders" and "Searchlights": The description of "fumiginous cylinders" and searchlights is challenged based on their size, function, and the expected effects of intense light.
• Memory Degradation: The article highlights the unreliability of witness testimony over time, noting that Banchs' explanation relies on a flawed interpretation of events that occurred decades prior.

Perisse concludes that the military hypothesis for the Trancas case is incoherent and unprofessional from a military standpoint, suggesting that Banchs may have misinterpreted military procedures due to a lack of specialized knowledge.

Contactism in Galicia

Another section, "Contactismo en Galicia," explores the phenomenon of "contactees" – individuals who claim to have had encounters with extraterrestrial beings. It notes that this aspect of ufology has garnered more popular attention than traditional UFO investigation. The article highlights the founding of the first Spanish delegation of the "Centro de Estudio Fraternidad Cósmica" in Vigo in the mid-1970s, which played a significant role in popularizing contactee narratives through radio programs and interviews. It also mentions the founding of RAMA groups in La Coruña, inspired by Juan José Benítez's work. The text points out that Eugenio Siragusa, Fernando Magdalena, and Sixto Paz were influential figures in this movement. The section also touches upon the UMMO affair, mentioning two cases from Galicia that were investigated and later revealed to be sophisticated hoaxes.

Advanced Aerial Devices Reported During the Korean War

A review of Dr. Richard F. Haines' book, "Advanced Aerial Devices Reported During the Korean War," is presented. The book details numerous UFO sightings reported by military personnel during the Korean War (1950-1954). The review notes that Haines' work compiles over 40 sightings, many from declassified documents, and covers a specific historical and military context.

Forum: Debates on Ufology and Skepticism

The "Forum" section features several opinion pieces and debates:

• "Donde los Autores Hablan de la Teoría del Residuo" (Where Authors Speak of the Residue Theory): This piece critiques the "residue fallacy" in ufology, arguing that unexplained cases should not be automatically accepted as proof of phenomena. It emphasizes the scientific method's reliance on repeatability and peer review, and criticizes the tendency of some believers to constantly shift the goalposts with new unexplained cases.

• "Concluyendo" (Concluding): This short piece reiterates the critique of the residue fallacy, framing it as a dogma that prevents believers from changing their minds. It argues that if believers cannot prove the existence of phenomena, skeptics also cannot definitively prove their non-existence, advocating for a neutral stance until sufficient evidence is presented.

• "¡Galileo, Mon Amour!" (Galileo, My Love!): This piece defends the idea of maintaining an open mind, suggesting that science is not infallible and has made mistakes. It argues against the dogmatism of skeptics who dismiss possibilities outright, advocating for the benefit of the doubt and acknowledging that future scientific understanding might reveal new truths.

• "Comentarios sobre el Informe 'Revisión de Cincuenta y Seis Avistamientos Aéreos que Presentan Efectos Electromagnéticos Atmosféricos' de R.F. Haines" (Comments on the Report 'Review of Fifty-Six Aerial Sightings Presenting Atmospheric Electromagnetic Effects' by R.F. Haines): This critique of Haines' report raises several objections. It argues that the report's statistical methodology is inadequate, that the analysis is not fully developed, and that it fails to highlight key findings. The reviewer suggests the report exhibits a pseudoscientific bias by presenting cases as definitive proof of anomalous aerial intelligence without sufficient rigor.

• "Avances Ufológicos en Canarias: El Proyecto CATCAN" (Ufological Advances in the Canary Islands: The CATCAN Project): This article details a research project by the C.I.E.C. (Canary Islands Center for Ufological Studies) to create a comprehensive catalog of UFO sightings in the Canary Islands. The project involves ordering existing documentation, compiling case parameters, analyzing data, and seeking collaboration from investigators. The methodology includes classifying cases by type, evaluating their "strangeness" and "information volume," and attempting to identify patterns and correlations.

Bibliography

The issue concludes with a bibliography listing various books and publications related to ufology, military exercises, and related topics.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes a critical and analytical approach to ufology. It emphasizes the importance of rigorous investigation, statistical analysis, and the scientific method. While acknowledging the existence of unexplained phenomena, it strongly advocates for rational explanations and debunks unsubstantiated claims, particularly those based on the "residue fallacy" or lacking empirical evidence. The publication appears to favor a skeptical but open-minded stance, encouraging detailed research and discouraging dogma from any side. There is a clear effort to differentiate between genuine unexplained cases and those that are hoaxes, misidentifications, or products of media sensationalism. The magazine also highlights the historical development of ufology in Spain, particularly in Galicia, and the role of various research groups and individuals.

This issue of Cuadernos de Ufología (CdU), Volume 2, Issue 2, published in 1990, is primarily a review of the Journal of UFO Studies, Volume 2, from the J.A. Hynek Center for UFO Studies (CUFOS) in Chicago, USA. The magazine also includes reviews of ufological books and a section for reader correspondence.

Review of Journal of UFO Studies (Vol. 2)

The Journal of UFO Studies is described as a high-level, scientifically rigorous publication. This issue contains several notable articles:

• 'Desorden Post-Traumático y traumas anómalos: Similitud entre Abducciones OVNI informadas y exposición a contaminantes tóxicos invisibles' by John Wilson.
• 'Revisión de la ufolo gía en Australia' by Keith Basterfield, V. y P. Godic, and Mark Rodeghier.
• 'Características de la personalidad de los testigos de avistamientos OVNI' by June Parnell and Leo Sprinkle.
• 'Proyecto Omega: Estudio Psicológico de los informantes de aducciones OVNI y encuentros OVNI' by Kenneth Ring and Christopher J Rosing.

A significant portion of the journal (around 80 pages) is dedicated to a forum on 'Tectonic Stress Theory', presented by Dr. Michael Persinger, with contributions from other investigators like Paul Devereux, Michael Grosso, David Jacobs, Chris Rutkowski, and Michael Swords, including responses and summaries of their intellectual exchange.

The Journal is highly recommended, with ordering information provided: CUFOS, 2457 W. Peterson, Chicago, Illinois 60659, USA, for $18 (sea mail).

Book Review: Primer Diccionario Argentino de Ovnilogía

Manuel Carballal reviews 'Primer Diccionario Argentino de Ovnilogía' (First Argentine Dictionary of Ufology) by Ruth Gerstel, published in Buenos Aires in 1988. Carballal describes the work as kind and well-intentioned, aiming to unify the terminology of Argentine ufologists, and notes it was approved by the FAECE (Argentine Federation of Extraterrestrial Science Studies). However, he finds the content somewhat basic and the terminology scarce, reinforced by a modest bibliography limited to Spanish-language publications. Despite its simplicity, Carballal deems the dictionary necessary for any 'ufological community' seeking to establish basic terminology for communication in the complex field of ufology. He expresses hope that Gerstel's initiative will inspire other groups to define common terminological parameters. The book is recommended for bibliophiles and Spanish-speaking ufologists, particularly in Latin America.

Letters to the Editor (Cartas a Cartas)

This section features several reader contributions:

Oscar Alberto Alemanno from Rosario, Argentina, responds to a previous article and a letter from Mr. Banchs. Alemanno defends his research methodology and criticizes Banchs for taking his words out of context and for what he calls 'dirty play'. He clarifies his stance on the Olga de Montironi case, emphasizing the need for objectivity and caution when dealing with single-witness testimonies. Alemanno also questions Banchs' conclusions about the physical state of the phenomenon, particularly when Banchs himself acknowledges contradictory testimonies. He reminds Banchs that ufologists investigate testimonies, not UFOs directly, and that subjective data should not be treated as objective facts. Alemanno also points out discrepancies in Banchs' analysis and expresses concern about the direction some ufologists are taking, moving towards sensationalism and away from rigorous scientific inquiry.

José Miguel Naranjo Sánchez from Málaga, Spain, comments on a pilot's sighting reported in CdU, noting a discrepancy in the description of the object's markings compared to a television program featuring the same pilot. He praises the magazine's quality and presentation.

Angel Luis Chinea Felipe from Las Galletas, Tenerife, praises the magazine's new design and content, particularly the 'sensational' articles and the innovative white-on-black text for the 'Un Billete OVNI' article. He suggests expanding coverage of South American ufology, similar to what 'Stendek' used to provide, and expresses a desire for a photo section ('Foto-OVNI'). He reaffirms CdU as the best Latin-speaking ufology publication.

Mario Luis Bracamonte Báez from Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina, addresses the current 'drought' of UFO cases and suggests that instead of focusing solely on methodology, the community should adopt a unified investigative technique that can be adapted by different groups. He shares his personal experience of investigating UFO events by gathering rumors, suggestions, and then seeking out witnesses, gradually building a comprehensive picture by considering atmospheric conditions, local information, and witness personalities. He emphasizes the importance of collaboration and sharing findings with colleagues.

Luis R. González Manso from Málaga, Spain, writes an open letter to Spanish ufologists of the 'third generation' (Bruno Cardeñosa, Manuel Carballal, Josep Guijarro, and Javier Sierra). He expresses disappointment that instead of demystifying UFOs, these researchers seem to be preserving their mystery. He criticizes specific examples of their work, such as Cardeñosa's claims about crashed UFOs and 'cover-ups', Carballal's dismissal of a photographic case without proper examination, and Sierra's contradictory stances on UFO reports and his involvement in 'paranormal' investigations. Manso argues that these researchers often present witnesses as infallible and dismiss 'pseudo-skeptics' unfairly. He laments the shift from the 'benign extraterrestrials' of the past to the more ominous 'abductionist' and 'contactee' narratives, which he believes can be harmful. He references Jacques Vallée's 'Messengers of Deception' to highlight the potential dangers of contactee phenomena, including the erosion of rational thought, the promotion of rigid belief systems, and the potential for psychological harm to individuals. Manso appeals for responsibility and a more critical approach to avoid turning ufology into a 'Ufomancy' for personal gain or an 'opium for the masses'.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue reflects a strong emphasis on scientific methodology and critical analysis within ufology. There is a clear concern about sensationalism and the potential for misinterpretation or manipulation of evidence. The editorial stance appears to favor rigorous investigation, objective data collection, and a cautious approach to extraordinary claims, particularly regarding abductions and contactee phenomena. The 'Letters' section serves as a platform for debate on these issues, showcasing differing perspectives on research practices and the interpretation of UFO evidence. The magazine promotes a serious, scientific approach to ufology, contrasting it with more speculative or sensationalist trends.