Cuadernos de Ufologia - 2a Epoca - No 12

Magazine Overview

This issue of Cuadernos de Ufología, identified as Number 12, 2nd Era, 1992, is published by C.d.U. and features a cover headline announcing a dossier on OVNIS: JORNADAS INTERNACIONALES 1991 (UFOs: International Conferences 1991). The magazine is edited by Julio Arcas and Jose Ruesga, with a board of advisors including V.J. Ballester, Ignacio Cabria, Hilary Evans, and Willy Smith. The design is credited to Equipo a Prisma, with Matilde Gonzalez and Merche del Rio handling secretarial duties. The publication originates from Spain.

Editorial Stance and Introduction

The editorial, titled "1992: TAMBIEN UFOLOGICO?" (1992: Also Ufological?), reflects on the persistent nature of the UFO phenomenon as the 21st century approaches. The editors acknowledge two main interpretive lines: one upholding the existence of an original phenomenon yet to be scientifically explained, and another that views UFOs through a lens of mythology and human psychology. They propose a "middle path" of serious, objective, and critical work, aiming to avoid extremes of belief or skepticism. The editorial highlights the organization of the 1991 International Conferences and the upcoming publication of the first C.d.U. monograph as significant milestones. It emphasizes the importance of collective effort, specialized knowledge, and reader collaboration in advancing ufological research.

Key Articles and Features

El Periodismo Como Generador de Informes Sobre Ovnis Con Ocupantes (2)

This article by Dr. Roberto Banchs examines the role of journalism in generating reports about UFOs with occupants, focusing on the 1968 wave in Argentina. It details the case of Olga Rosell de Montironi in San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, who reported seeing a luminous, car-sized object with possible occupants. The article contrasts the initial newspaper report with the witness's later testimony, highlighting discrepancies and the potential for journalistic embellishment or misinterpretation. It also discusses the possibility of natural phenomena or industrial emissions as explanations for some sightings, referencing the industrial zone of San Lorenzo.

El Polimorfo Ovni de San Lorenzo (S.F.)

This section provides a detailed account of the San Lorenzo sighting from July 5, 1968, based on Olga Rosell de Montironi's testimony. It describes a luminous object that changed shape and color, emitting red filaments and a smaller object. The article includes a sketch made by the witness and discusses meteorological conditions at the time, noting a cold temperature with frost, yet the witness felt heat. It also addresses the discrepancy regarding the presence of occupants, which Olga Rosell later denied seeing.

Un Aterrizaje en la Avenida General Paz

This article investigates a sensational news report from September 4, 1968, claiming an OVNI landed on Avenida General Paz in Buenos Aires, and two occupants were captured. The report caused widespread public commotion and a media frenzy. However, investigations by military, police, and defense authorities found no evidence to support the claims. The article suggests that the sensational news was likely a rumor generated by the media itself, possibly as a publicity stunt for the newspaper 'La Razón', which was trying to catch up with other media outlets reporting on UFOs.

¿Marcianos en Buenos Aires? Conmocion Por Una Version Sobre Aterrizaje de un Plato Volador

This piece further explores the Avenida General Paz incident, detailing how the story evolved and spread through various media channels. It includes an interview with journalist Eliseo Castiñeira de Dios, who explains how the initial report might have originated from a journalist's attempt to fill space, leading to a collective psychosis. The article concludes that the event was likely a rumor generated by the media, lacking any factual basis.

Noctámbulos Seres en General Rodríguez

This report recounts an incident from March 9, 1972, near General Rodríguez, Argentina, where a truck driver named Luis Ezequiel Bracamante claimed to have encountered an OVNI with three occupants. The driver reported seeing a luminous object and beings with unusual features. The article includes interviews with witnesses at the 'Namuncurá' restaurant, where the driver sought refuge, and discusses the inconsistencies and potential unreliability of the testimony, suggesting the event might have been fabricated or misinterpreted.

Busqueda de Vida Extraterrestre

This short piece announces NASA's ambitious ten-year project, starting October 12, 1992, to search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). The project will utilize powerful radio telescopes to scan for radio transmissions from other civilizations, focusing on 800 stars similar to the Sun within a hundred light-years radius, as well as a broader sky survey.

Objeto Sobre Santpedor

A brief report from August 25, 1991, describes an encounter by Enrique, a resident of Sabadell, Spain, who observed a series of bright, rapidly appearing and disappearing flashes of light while driving near Santpedor. The object appeared to be moving at extremely high speed.

Varios Ovnis Sobrevolan Ribamontan Al Mar

This article details sightings by residents of Loredo, Cantabria, Spain, who have reported seeing unidentified flying objects over the valley for several years. The objects are described as large, circular craft with luminous aureolas and multicolored lights, moving slowly at low altitude. Despite frequent sightings, no photographs have been obtained.

Observaciones de Pilotos

This section features testimonies from experienced pilots about their encounters with unidentified aerial phenomena:

• Comandante Carlos García Rodrigo (Iberia): Recounts an observation in the summer of 1985 where he and his crew saw a stationary grey object, the size of a lentil, that grew larger and appeared to be a spherical metallic craft with a distinct symbol. The object was not detected by radar.
• Comandante Ignacio Lorenzo Torres (Iberia): Describes an incident where a large, luminous, globe-shaped object with vein-like structures moved erratically and communicated through light signals.
• Comandante Gregorio Ramos (Iberia): Reports seeing a green light that transformed into a large, soap-bubble-like object with a smaller dark shadow, which then disappeared at high speed.

Creacion de un Nuevo Centro Ufologico

This section announces the formation of CIEC (Centro de Investigación de Enigmas Científicos) in La Laguna, Tenerife, a group of university students dedicated to researching UFOs and paranormal phenomena with a serious and objective approach.

Seminario Sobre Tecnicas de Investigacion en Ufologia

Details are provided for an upcoming seminar in early 1992, organized by the Valencian Association of Parapsychological and Ufological Investigations, aimed at training future UFO investigators and introducing newcomers to the field. The seminar covers general ufology, field and cabinet investigation techniques, and the psychological aspects of sightings.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue include the persistent nature of UFO phenomena across different decades and continents, the complex relationship between journalism and UFO reporting, the credibility of witness testimony, and the scientific and investigative approaches to ufology. The editorial stance, as expressed in the introductory piece, favors a rational, objective, and critical investigation of UFOs, acknowledging the psychological and sociological aspects while seeking factual evidence. The magazine promotes rigorous research and encourages collaboration among enthusiasts and professionals.

This issue of "OVNIS" is a special edition focusing on the "Jornadas Internacionales 1991" held in Santander, Spain, from October 7 to 11, 1991. Organized by CUADERNOS DE UFOLOGIA and sponsored by Caja Cantabria, the event gathered a diverse group of UFO researchers and enthusiasts from Argentina, the United States, Spain, and Great Britain. The magazine details the various presentations given during the conference, covering a range of topics related to UFO phenomena, contactees, and the scientific and psychological aspects of these experiences.

Key Events and Presentations

The magazine outlines the schedule and speakers of the "Jornadas Internacionales." On Day 7, Dr. Willy Smith, a physics and astronomy professor, discussed "Del libro azul al Proyecto UNICAT." Day 8 featured Hilary Evans, who spoke on "OVNIS: A passage to the land of dreams." Javier Sierra presented "A brief history of Spanish contactee movements" on Day 9, while Carles Berché addressed "Sects and Contactism." Alejandro C. Agostinelli, a journalist, also presented.

Other notable speakers included Miguel Guasp, who discussed his "Theory of UFO Process," and Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos, whose conference on "Radio-physiological effects presumably linked to UFO observations" was read by Guasp. A special tribute was paid to Antonio Ribera, with interventions by Ballester Olmos, Julio Arcas, and José Ruesga. Dr. Richard Haines, a scientific investigator, presented on "55 aerial sightings with electromagnetic effects."

The event also included plenary lectures and discussions on various theories and reports related to UFO phenomena. The organizers aimed to present UFO research from both physical (evidence, films) and psychosocial (beliefs, contactism, sects) perspectives, warning against manipulation by charlatans.

Special Focus: Sects and Contactism

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to an in-depth analysis of "Sects and Contactism," authored by Carles Berché. This section explores the phenomenon of UFO contactee groups and their evolution into destructive sects (SD).

Definitions and Concepts

Berché defines a sect as a group following a specific ideology or leader, forming a compact and closed structure. He distinguishes between UFO contactee groups and destructive sects, highlighting the latter's use of coercive persuasion techniques like brainwashing to des-structure individuals.

Characteristics of Destructive Sects

The article lists nine key characteristics of destructive sects:
1. Cohesive Group: Strong internal cohesion, often in closed communities.
2. Charismatic Leader: A leader who establishes contact and dictates doctrine, though not always strictly necessary.
3. Doctrine: A specific belief system, often ET-based, which is presented as irrefutable.
4. Pyramidal and Totalitarian Structure: Hierarchical organization with a central leader.
5. Total Adherence: Demands breaking ties with society and living in closed communities, with dependence on the group.
6. Suppression of Liberties: Individual freedoms, privacy, and will are suppressed.
7. Rejection of External Society: The outside world is viewed as hostile.
8. Proselytism: Active recruitment of new members.
9. Activities: Including fundraising, work camps, therapies, and meditation.

The Genesis of Contactee Sects

The article traces the origins of contactee sects, starting with George Adamski's alleged contact in 1952 and his book "Flying Saucers Have Landed." It mentions other early figures like Dr. Williamson, Desmond Leslie, Truman Bethurum, and Ashtar Sheran. The rise of organizations like the Adamski Foundation and the Aetherius Society is noted. Eugenio Siragusa and his Fraternidad Cósmica are discussed, including his arrest for fraud. The influence of ET messages and the concept of a "doctrinal body" (DR) and "personal myth doctrine" (DMP) are explained.

Medical-Legal Aspects of Sects

• This section delves into the psychological and manipulative techniques used by sects, including:
• Brainwashing: A complex technique involving isolation, fusion with the group, cutting off affective ties, censorship of external information, clichés and dogmas, lack of leisure, distinctive internal language, and a hostile view of the outside world.
• Suppression of Individuality: Fostering group dependence and a common project, leading to infantilization and potential sexual deviations.
• Physical Weakening: Insufficient diet, lack of rest, excessive activity, and sensory stimulation techniques that impair judgment and reasoning.
• Annulling Critical Capacity: Blaming members for failures and making the ET doctrine indisputable.
• Clichés: Specific guidelines for every situation, justifying actions and beliefs.
• Fear and Violence: Instilling fear of losing group security, punishment, and the hostile outside world, often coupled with physical violence.

The article provides specific examples of abusive practices within sects like Misión Rama and Jordi Boronat's "Misión Extraterrestre," detailing physical abuse, financial exploitation, and manipulation of sexual relationships.

Catalog of Canary Islands UFO Cases (CATCAN)

The C.I.E.C. (Center for the Investigation of Scientific Enigmas) is compiling a catalog of UFO case histories in the Canary Islands (CATCAN). They are requesting material from witnesses and researchers and are also working on a project called "Antiquités 2" to review journalistic information on UFO cases published in Canary Islands newspapers from 1974 to 1980.

European Encounters of Lyon

An announcement for the sixth edition of the European Encounters of Lyon, dedicated to UFO phenomena, scheduled for May 1-3, 1992. The event aims to foster dialogue between researchers and scientists interested in UFOs from various European countries and beyond.

Study on UFO Photos

Jesús Suarez García is conducting a study on alleged UFO photographs and is seeking contributions from anyone with such information.

Important Notice

CUADERNOS DE UFOLOGIA is implementing an OCR program and scanner, requesting collaborators to include a half-page summary (preferably in English) with their submissions, ensure good print quality, use white paper, avoid carbon paper, use high-resolution dot matrix printing, and maintain clear character spacing.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes a serious and objective investigation of UFO phenomena. It emphasizes the importance of scientific rigor, critical analysis, and the distinction between genuine phenomena and psychological or manipulative constructs. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, encouraging evidence-based research while cautioning against unsubstantiated claims and the exploitation of beliefs by cults and charlatans. There's a clear concern about the psychological impact of UFO beliefs and the potential for manipulation within contactee groups and sects.

This issue of "OVNIA JORNADA INTERNACIONAL" from October 1991 focuses on the intersection of psychological disorders, religious sects, and UFO phenomena. It features articles on psychiatric disturbances within sects, a detailed analysis of UFO sightings with electromagnetic effects, and a tribute to a prominent ufologist.

Trastornos Psiquiátricos en las Sectas (Psychiatric Disorders in Sects)

This section, authored by Eduardo González Arenas, explores the psychological profiles of individuals involved in sects. It identifies two main categories:

1. Alucinaciones Psíquicas (Psychic Hallucinations)

These are characterized by a lack of sensory input, where the individual experiences phenomena like telepathy or imposed orders without actual sensory perception. They can occur independently or be linked to sleep deprivation or sensory isolation, such as during meditation.

2. Personalidades Patológicas (Pathological Personalities)

This category describes personality alterations that do not necessarily imply illness but lead to specific behaviors. Two key types are discussed:

• The Leader: Often exhibits paranoia, an inflated sense of self, egocentrism, lack of self-criticism, authoritarianism, and intolerance. They may be fanatical, leading them to dominate sects or political groups. Their private lives are often ascetic, marked by suspicion and susceptibility.
• The Dependent: Characterized by a lack of self-confidence and an inability to assume responsibility. These individuals allow others to make decisions for them, subordinating their own needs. They experience dissatisfaction, seeking automatic fulfillment. Psychoanalytic causes often point to overprotective mothers.

3. Delirios Paranoicos Sistematizados (Systematized Paranoid Delusions)

Two subtypes are relevant to sect leaders:

• Idealistas Pasionales (Passionate Idealists): Driven by mystical, social, or political ideologies, they feel compelled to transmit them, founding associations and writing pamphlets. They are characterized by relentless proselytism.
• Delirios de Afiliación (Delusions of Affiliation): Involve a conviction of aristocratic, royal, or messianic ancestry, or even extraterrestrial origins.

The article also recounts the history of Eduardo González Arenas, who founded an excursionism group in 1970 that evolved into Edelweiss in Madrid. This group allegedly indoctrinated children with homosexual practices, linking them to perfection and evacuation to other planets in 1992. Children were taught that mothers symbolized impurity and imperfection. González Arenas claimed to be an ET controlling everything.

The author concludes that the problem of sects is fundamentally legal and judicial. He expresses concern that focusing on UFO-related sects distracts from serious ufological research, which should prioritize radar data, testimonies, and field investigations. He believes that topics like abductions and humanoids are too theoretical and may detract from genuine UFO research.

Sectas y Contactismo. Bibliografía Consultada (Sects and Contactism. Consulted Bibliography)

This section provides an extensive list of books and other publications related to sects, anthropology, and ufology, categorized into:

• A- Obras sobre sectas y antropología (Works on sects and anthropology): Includes books by Pepe Rodríguez, Pilar Salarrullana, and Bryan Wilson.
• OTROS (Others): Mentions personal archives of the author.
• B- Obras sobre ufología (Works on ufology): Lists articles from "CONTACTOS EXTRATERRESTRES" and "CUADERNOS DE UFOLOGIA", as well as other publications.
• OTROS (Others): Includes works like "Observando OVNIS en Montserrat".
• C- Obras sobre Psiquiatría (Works on Psychiatry): Features books on psychiatry and law, psychopathology, and psychoanalysis.

Homenaje a un Viejo Maestro D. Antonio Ribera (Tribute to an Old Master D. Antonio Ribera)

This article is a tribute to D. Antonio Ribera Jordá, a significant figure in Spanish ufology, particularly for the 'second generation' of researchers. It highlights his diverse interests, including underwater exploration, space, literature, and UFOs. The tribute was presented at the International UFO Congress in 1991. Ribera, in his address, reflects on his childhood influences, his early attempts at writing, and the development of his personality as an investigator and writer. He identifies seven core traits: curiosity, enthusiasm, attraction to the unusual, investigative drive, aspiration for self-improvement, a certain naivety, and a cult of the body and physical culture. He also mentions his literary pursuits, including translating over two hundred books. Ribera acknowledges his work in various fields, such as underwater exploration, founding the CRIS and CEI, and expeditions. He concludes by stating that his writing was a substitute for his unfulfilled desires to be a poet and musician.

Revisión de Cincuenta y Seis Avistamientos Aéreos que Presentan Efectos Electromagnéticos Atmosféricos (Review of Fifty-Six Aerial Sightings Presenting Atmospheric Electromagnetic Effects)

This extensive report by Dr. Richard F. Haines (USA) analyzes 56 aerial UFO sightings that involved electromagnetic effects. The introduction emphasizes the value of pilot reports due to their training, experience, and motivation for accurate observation. Haines has analyzed numerous cases from different periods, including 283 cases from 1942-1952, 40 from 1950-1954, and 72 from 1973-1979.

The report focuses on the third conclusion from his previous analyses: that some UFOs possess electromagnetic radiation characteristics capable of interacting with and interfering with aircraft avionics.

Introduction to the Data

The database of 56 cases spans 45 years (1945-1990) and represents 1.5% of his personal collection of nearly 3,600 pilot sightings. The article presents details on:

• Annual Distribution: No cases were found for fifteen years, with a peak in 1952, a significant year for ufology.
• Time of Day: Figure 1 shows that most E-M effects occurred between 8-9 PM and midnight-1 AM, with a bimodal distribution, similar to earlier findings.
• Geographical Location: The 56 cases occurred in 24 countries and 19 US states, with 89% in the Northern Hemisphere and 61% in the Western Hemisphere. These locations were not attributed to known magnetic anomalies.
• Aircraft Type: Table 3 categorizes the aircraft involved, noting that most military cases occurred before 1960. Private planes are less likely to have advanced electronics susceptible to UFO interference.
• Aircraft Models: Table 4 lists 41 different aircraft types, with 41% powered by combustion engines.
• Number of Witnesses: An average of 2.7 witnesses per case.
• Duration of Sighting: Figure 2 illustrates the duration, with most sightings lasting from seconds to a few minutes, though some extended to hours.
• Number of UFOs: The number of UFOs varied from one to thirteen.
• UFO Shape: Table 5 summarizes shapes, including angular, large, and luminous objects.
• UFO Movement: Tables 6A, 6B, 7A, and 7B detail UFO movements relative to aircraft, with categories like 'hovering,' 'approaching,' 'departing,' and 'circling' being most common.
• E-M Effects on Aircraft Systems: This is the core focus. The report categorizes effects on electrically powered systems, magnetically operated systems, engine malfunctions, and hydraulic systems.

Analysis of E-M Effects

• Electrically Powered Systems: 78% of the 65 E-M effects involved electrical systems. This includes radar systems, which require power and can have direct contact with the object.
• Magnetically Operated Systems: The magnetic compass is a primary focus. The report details how UFOs can cause compasses to deviate, spin erratically, or point towards the UFO. Experiments by McCampbell are cited, showing the relationship between magnetic field strength, distance, and compass response.
• Engine Malfunctions: Nine cases (16%) reported engine stoppages or power loss, often occurring when the UFO was in close proximity. The article suggests that electrical system interruptions are the most likely cause.
• Hydraulic Systems: No cases of hydraulic system failure due to UFO proximity were reported, likely due to the nature of fluid dynamics.

The report concludes that the observed phenomena are not merely optical but involve some form of electromagnetic radiation. The inverse square law is presented to explain how the strength of radiation decreases with distance from the source.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently explores the darker aspects of human psychology, particularly in the context of cults and their manipulative tactics. The editorial stance appears critical of unsubstantiated claims within ufology, advocating for rigorous, data-driven research while acknowledging the importance of witness testimony. There's a clear distinction drawn between empirical ufology (radar, statistics) and more speculative areas like abductions. The publication also aims to honor significant figures in the field, such as Antonio Ribera, and provide a platform for detailed research, like Dr. Haines's analysis of electromagnetic effects in UFO sightings.

This issue of OVNIS magazine, published in 1991, delves into various aspects of unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP), with a particular focus on electromagnetic effects experienced by aircraft and pilot reports. The cover prominently features a diagram illustrating the 'Inverse Square Law of Electromagnetism' and the magazine's title, 'OVNIS', along with 'JORNADA INTERNACIONAL 1991'. The issue explores the scientific and anecdotal evidence surrounding UAP, including detailed case files and theoretical discussions.

Electromagnetic Effects on Aircraft

The magazine presents extensive tables (Tabla 1 and Tabla 2) cataloging numerous cases of aircraft encountering UAPs between 1945 and 1990. These tables meticulously document the date, aircraft type, speed (IAS), altitude, object shape, speed estimate, and crucially, the reported electromagnetic (E-M) influences. Common E-M effects include:

• Radio and Radar Interference: Many reports detail disruptions to radio communications and radar systems, ranging from static and signal loss to complete silence.
• Engine Malfunctions: Several instances describe engines failing, sputtering, or experiencing irregular operation during UAP encounters.
• Electrical System Failures: Reports include the loss of electrical power, instrument malfunctions, and unusual behavior of aircraft systems.
• Navigational System Issues: Compasses, gyroscopes, and other navigational aids are noted to have been affected, sometimes spinning erratically or pointing in incorrect directions.
• Unusual Sensations: Some pilots reported experiencing 'strange tingling' or a sense of being 'traversed by an electrical current'.

The object characteristics are also detailed, including shapes described as spheres, discs, ovals, triangles, and cigar-shaped objects, often accompanied by lights of various colors (amber, white, red, green, blue, orange, yellow). Behaviors range from hovering and circling to rapid ascents, descents, and sudden disappearances. Speeds are estimated to be high, and altitudes can reach significant levels.

Case Studies and Analysis

Interferencia de cubierta de plasma (Plasma Sheath Interference): This section discusses how a plasma sheath surrounding an object could interfere with radio transmissions, drawing parallels to re-entry vehicles. It notes that while natural atmospheric plasmas are random, UAP-related plasmas might not be. The text questions how a plasma ball could penetrate a closed aircraft cabin without dissipation.

Interrupción de Energía y los AAO (Power Interruption and UFOs): A comparison is made between the number of UFO reports from the Project Blue Book era and Federal Power Commission reports on power failures, suggesting a potential correlation.

Efectos causados por el operador (Effects Caused by the Operator): The possibility that pilots themselves might have caused the reported effects due to emotional states or forgetfulness is considered, but dismissed for cases involving multiple crew members.

Efectos eléctricos y de presión (Electrical and Pressure Effects): Persinger's hypothesis about intense magnetic fields from tectonic plate movements generating luminous plasma balls is mentioned. However, the text questions how such plasma could travel to high altitudes and sustain itself for extended periods, noting that random distribution of such electrical events would be expected, contrasting with observed bimodal distributions.

Análisis de casos de pilotos en vuelo (Analysis of In-Flight Pilot Cases): The magazine reviews approximately fifty-six cases of E-M effects reported by pilots. It concludes that most cases showed behavior consistent with known physics, but a few (specifically dated 6-4-55, 8-31-58, 3-12-77) exhibited truly anomalous effects that warrant further investigation.

The 'Alerta OVNI de San José de Valderas' Event

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to the 'Alerta OVNI de San José de Valderas' event, which occurred around April 7, 1990. This event attracted considerable media attention and public interest.

• Media Coverage: Several newspaper clippings are reproduced, including from 'EL MUNDO', 'EL PAIS', and 'SUR ALCORCON' (DIARIO 16). These reports describe sightings of strange orange and green lights, some forming a V-shape, over the Bola del Mundo and San José de Valderas area. The media coverage highlights the public's curiosity and the presence of numerous eyewitnesses, including radio amateurs.
• Eyewitness Accounts: Reports from attendees describe seeing fixed lights, some of which were attributed to a television repeater. Others reported seeing five lights in a V-shape. There is a clear division in opinion, with some believing they witnessed UFOs and others attributing the lights to conventional sources.
• Antonio José Alés's Role: Antonio José Alés, a journalist and investigator, is presented as a key figure who organized and promoted the event. He is quoted discussing his investigation and the possibility of UFOs. The magazine notes his claims of having photographic evidence, though the publication of these photos is pending.
• Contradictions and Skepticism: The article critically examines Alés's statements, pointing out contradictions regarding the existence and publication of photographic evidence. It suggests that some sightings might have been misinterpretations of the television repeater or other conventional lights, especially given the lack of movement and the timing of the sightings coinciding with dawn.
• Historical Context: The event is linked to a previous alleged UFO sighting in the same area in 1967, where witnesses reported an object that did not emit light but had a specific shape and a mark on its underside.

Theoretical Discussions

Ley Potencia del Cuadrado Inverso (Inverse Square Law): The magazine includes a diagram and discussion related to the inverse square law, which describes how the intensity of a physical quantity (like light or radiation) diminishes with the square of the distance from the source. This principle is implicitly linked to understanding the behavior and detection of UAPs and their potential effects.

El futuro vale dos mil pesetas (The Future is Worth Two Thousand Pesetas): This section includes a brief, somewhat tangential, mention of a prediction about the future mayor of Madrid and a description of a person identified as a 'contactee' who spoke about 'hot energies' and contact at 5 AM. It also touches upon the concept of 'Ummo' and the 'Type One' UFO, described as an energy focus of inconsistent appearance.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the persistent reports of unexplained aerial phenomena, the electromagnetic effects these phenomena have on technology (particularly aircraft), and the challenges in distinguishing between genuine anomalies and misidentifications or hoaxes. The magazine adopts a stance that is both open to investigating unexplained phenomena and critical in its analysis, often pointing out inconsistencies in witness accounts and the claims of certain investigators.

There is a clear effort to present detailed case files and scientific data, juxtaposed with media coverage and anecdotal reports. The editorial stance appears to be one of cautious inquiry, acknowledging the existence of unexplained events while demanding rigorous evidence and logical explanations. The 'Alerta OVNI de San José de Valderas' event serves as a case study for examining how public interest, media amplification, and investigator claims can converge, sometimes leading to confusion and controversy. The magazine encourages further investigation into the genuinely anomalous cases, while also providing rational explanations for those that can be attributed to known causes.

This issue of the magazine focuses on the critical analysis of 'negative' UFO cases, exploring the challenges and methodologies involved in investigating unexplained aerial phenomena. It features discussions on specific cases, the nature of evidence, and the potential for misinterpretation.

The Problem of 'Negative Cases'

The articles delve into the concept of 'negative cases' in ufology, defining them as incidents where a conventional explanation is possible or the evidence is insufficient. The authors emphasize the importance of critical thinking, skepticism, and a scientific approach to avoid sensationalism and misinformation. The issue highlights the difficulties in distinguishing between genuine anomalies and misidentified natural phenomena or hoaxes.

Case Studies and Analysis

Several specific cases are examined in detail:

• Alcorcón and San José de Valderas (Spain): The issue scrutinizes the events of March 18, 1977, and April 7, 1990, questioning the role of journalist Anthonny Zeisson and the collective hysteria that reportedly occurred during the latter event. The analysis suggests that the reported UFOs in San José de Valderas were likely television lights, and criticizes the sensationalist reporting by some journalists.
• Archena (Spain): This case, reported in February 1979, involves four young individuals who claimed to have made contact with extraterrestrials through telepathy, reporting unusual lights and a cigar-shaped object. The investigation found the evidence to be scarce and unsatisfactory, with doubts about the existence of the witnesses themselves.
• Torrejoncillo (Spain): The September 6, 1980, incident is analyzed as a potential natural phenomenon, possibly a 'fire whirlwind,' due to physical evidence like burned vegetation. The article discusses the inconsistencies in witness testimonies and the difficulty in definitively classifying the event.
• Talavera de la Reina (Spain): Observations from December 29, 1976, are discussed, with a focus on the possibility of a meteor sighting. The article notes the potential for misidentification and the challenges in correlating multiple witness accounts.
• La Pobla de Montornés (Spain): This case from November 9, 1976, is presented as controversial, with a possible hypnagogic vision linked to UFO phenomena. The analysis suggests that while some evidence might be anomalous, it's difficult to establish a definitive link to UFOs.

Methodological Considerations

The magazine stresses the importance of a rigorous investigative methodology in ufology. It discusses the need for detailed information gathering, critical evaluation of witness testimony, and the use of scientific principles. The authors critique the tendency towards sensationalism and the lack of a standardized approach within the field.

Meteors and Misidentification

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to meteors and their potential for confusion with UFOs. The article 'METEORITOS' by Luis Ruiz Noguez provides a detailed explanation of meteors, meteoroids, and meteorites, their characteristics, origins, and the phenomena associated with them, such as fireballs and bolides. It highlights how the visual appearance and trajectory of meteors can lead to misidentification, especially when combined with witness expectations and media influence.

The Utopia of Consensus

The concept of consensus in ufology is explored, with the author expressing skepticism about achieving it. The article outlines three pillars of traditional ufology: the existence of UFOs as unexplained objects, the reliability of witness testimony, and the importance of the investigator's work. It contrasts this with a rationalist perspective that emphasizes psychological factors and the need for verifiable evidence.

Cataloging UFO Cases

The issue discusses the challenges of creating comprehensive UFO case catalogs. It proposes different types of catalogs based on the level of confirmation of explanations, ranging from 'confirmed' to 'possible' explanations. The authors emphasize the need for clarity regarding the certainty of each explanation.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue include the critical evaluation of UFO evidence, the importance of scientific methodology, the potential for misidentification of natural phenomena, and the critique of sensationalism and unsubstantiated claims in ufology. The editorial stance appears to be one of skepticism towards extraordinary claims, advocating for rigorous investigation and a preference for conventional explanations when supported by evidence. There is a strong emphasis on distinguishing between factual reporting and speculative interpretations, urging researchers to be objective and critical in their approach to the UFO phenomenon.

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" (Issue 11, Volume 11, 1991) focuses on UFO observations by Polish pilots and includes a critical review of a book by "Clark." The magazine, published in Spain, aims to provide objective information on unidentified phenomena.

Book Review: A Critical Examination

The review begins by addressing the perceived shortcomings of a book by "Clark," noting that it has received mixed reviews and that the reviewer found it difficult to provide a comprehensive critique due to the book's perceived flaws. The reviewer highlights that Clark's work is not among the best-referenced books for 1990, according to "Library Journal." The review criticizes the book's treatment of individual cases, noting that only 14% of the text is dedicated to significant incidents, while three notable hoaxes, particularly the "Gulf Breeze" case, are given disproportionate attention. The reviewer argues that "Gulf Breeze" is a decade-long fraud and that the author's analysis, especially of Dr. Bruce Maccabee's photographic analysis, is unbalanced, failing to adequately address criticisms of the case's authenticity.

The review also scrutinizes the book's essays, which constitute 37.8% of the text. While acknowledging the external contributions on ufology in other countries as valuable, the reviewer dismisses much of the remaining content as "chaff," citing obscure organizations and publications. The reviewer points out significant omissions, such as "Flying Saucers Review," and criticizes the author's "abusive" use of parentheses and the frequent use of "[sic]," suggesting a lack of clarity and academic rigor. The reviewer concludes that the book fails to address important topics and is marred by the author's inability to detach from his own convictions, ultimately questioning his objectivity.

Observations of UFOs by Polish Pilots

This section details several UFO sightings reported by Polish pilots, emphasizing that while not as numerous as in Western countries or the United States, some significant cases have occurred, particularly within the military.

• August 1, 1958: Apoloniusz Cz. reported observing a bright, cigar-shaped object moving vertically. When he attempted to get closer, the object ascended rapidly, exceeding his aircraft's performance and reaching an altitude of over 16,000 meters.
• October 1, 1958: Two pilots flying at 4,000 meters observed a luminous oval object moving at a terrifying speed, estimated at 2,500 km/h. The object was also seen by people at the airfield, described as a fast-moving ball with a strange light.

The years following 1958 are noted as being blank in terms of known observations. However, in the mid-1970s, border guards were reportedly ordered to report any unidentified objects crossing the border, suggesting a similar directive for Air Force pilots.

• July 6, 1983: Captain Zbigniew Praszczalek and co-pilot Wieslaw Jucewicz were tasked with intercepting a signal. During the mission, they observed a strange object over the sea, described as a black, elongated cylinder about six meters long and two meters in diameter, moving along the coast in an elliptical path. It was estimated to be flying at approximately 500 km/h and was captured by several radar stations.
• December 2, 1983: Other observations from the Air Force's Flight Service indicated various objects flying alone or in groups between 10,000 and 15,000 meters, emitting red and white lights and leaving condensation trails. These were speculated to be meteorites, but were also witnessed by thousands of people.

Additionally, a civilian pilot from Mielcc reported an object with a bright light and flames behind it, flying low over his practice area.

Roman Kuiczewaki, a pilot from the Air Force's Minsk Mozowiecki unit, reported an object flying about 600 meters above them, emitting two bright orange-red jets of fire. The object itself was not clearly visible, but its proximity was striking due to the lack of noise.

The section concludes by stating that these collected data are significant due to their potential to discriminate between common phenomena and genuine UFOs, as the witnesses found no explanation for their observations.

Monograph of C.d.U.

This section announces "Monograph 1," which includes two extensive works: "Del Proyecto Blue-book al UNICAT" by Dr. Willy Smith, analyzing the UNICAT database and "Blue-book" cases, and "El Caso de los Gigantes de Galdar" by Manuel Borraz, a detailed examination of a famous incident in the Canary Islands. Interested parties can order these by sending 1,000 pesetas to "Cuadernos de Ufología" in Santander.

Letters to the Editor

Several letters are included:

• V.J. Ballester Olmos (Valencia) comments on the aeronautical-meteorological origin of falling ice blocks, citing an "Airline 92" article that describes human excrement frozen from high altitudes, corroborating his previous statements and demystifying such phenomena.
• Daniel Alberto Périssé (Buenos Aires, Argentina) expresses his satisfaction with "Cuadernos de Ufología," calling it the most interesting publication on unidentified phenomena in the peninsula and among the best worldwide. He praises its impeccable presentation, illustrations, elaborated content, and the opportunity for active participation. He also submits a collaboration titled "Un punto de partida metodológico: la díada Ufólogo-Testigo," which addresses the manipulation of witnesses by certain ufological currents.
• Daniel Bonilla Morón (Majadahonda, Madrid) praises the latest issue of "CdU" and expresses his willingness to subscribe to the monograph, despite the initial cost. He notes the magazine's punctuality issues but trusts the new computer system will improve it.
• Luis Pacheco (Rosario, Argentina) defends Oscar Alemanno against criticisms by Roberto Banchs, refuting claims of "impetuous youth" and "lack of academic formation." Pacheco states Alemanno is a consolidated individual with a degree in Social Communication and soon to be a psychologist, and that he does not hold an extraterrestrial stance but advocates for breaking from old structures. Pacheco also clarifies a quote about ufology being revolutionary, explaining it reflects a desire for a paradigm shift in thinking to analyze UFOs more precisely.
• Benito Sesmero Juárez (Pinto, Madrid) emphasizes the reality of the UFO phenomenon and the importance of objective and subjective perspectives. He criticizes the confrontations between researchers, deeming them unnecessary and advocating for the contribution of information and perspective to collectively understand the phenomenon.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" maintains its commitment to objective and critical analysis of the UFO phenomenon. The editorial stance is evident in the detailed critique of "Clark's" book, which highlights the importance of rigorous research and the dangers of bias and sensationalism. The inclusion of pilot reports from Poland underscores the magazine's dedication to presenting diverse eyewitness accounts, while the letters to the editor reveal ongoing debates and a strong community of researchers seeking to understand the complexities of UFOs. The magazine actively promotes a scientific and evidence-based approach, encouraging readers to engage critically with the material presented. The recurring theme is the pursuit of truth and clarity in a field often clouded by speculation and unsubstantiated claims.