Cuadernos de Ufologia - 2a Epoca - No 11

Magazine Overview

Title: Cuadernos de Ufología
Issue: Nº 11, 2ª Epoca
Year: 1991
Publisher: C.d.U.
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish

This issue of *Cuadernos de Ufología* presents a dossier on "Negative Cases" and explores the state of ufology in Spain, the scientific approach to the phenomenon, and the influence of journalism. The cover features a stylized title and a black and white image of a silhouetted figure and a UFO.

LA UFOLOGIA ESPAÑOLA: TENDENCIAS Y MOMENTO ACTUAL

Jose Ruesga Montiel reflects on the current state of ufology in Spain, noting that a significant percentage of ufological groups are inactive or have disappeared within a few years. Of the active groups, only a small fraction engage in scientific methodology, while others focus on collecting cases without critical analysis. The author identifies three main tendencies: the skeptical, the scientific approach emphasizing critical evaluation, and the collector who is satisfied with mere compilation. He also acknowledges the valuable, though often unrecognized, work of private researchers. Ruesga Montiel states that *C.d.U.* was founded to foster a serious, evidence-based approach to the UFO phenomenon, aiming to concentrate efforts and encourage constructive collaboration.

I - ELEMENTOS BASICOS: PANORAMA SOBRE EL FENOMENO OVNI

Willy Smith of the UNICAT Project discusses the importance of establishing a clear definition for the UFO phenomenon to facilitate study. He references Dr. J. Allen Hynek's definition, which describes a UFO as an object or light whose appearance, trajectory, and behavior do not suggest a conventional explanation and remain unidentified after thorough examination. Smith explains that UNICAT focuses on identifying invariant characteristics, termed "parameters," which are essential components of a UFO incident. These parameters are categorized into Environment, Witness, UFO, and Entities. The article details various parameters for each category, including identification and qualification aspects, and illustrates the interrelationships between these components using a diagram (Fig. 1).

II - LOS PRACTICANTES

This section categorizes individuals involved in ufology into five types:

• Merchants: Primarily motivated by financial gain, they write books, articles, and appear in media. Many lack formal education and may have a superficial interest in the phenomenon.
• Investigators: Serious students with a genuine desire to understand the phenomenon and find viable explanations. They are often rationalists and work diligently, though sometimes in isolation.
• Adventurers: Seek fame, power, and glory rather than the truth of the phenomenon. Their writings often lack verifiable references and they can be quick to adopt popular hypotheses.
• Aficionados: Possess a strong interest in UFOs for leisure and are the primary consumers of UFO literature and merchandise, often accepting purported messages from extraterrestrials readily.
• Believers: Blindly follow the directives of others, accepting basic premises without question. They often view ufology as a religion and can be intolerant of dissenting opinions.

The article also briefly mentions the "secret university" group, composed of serious scientific researchers who observe the phenomenon but are hesitant to participate actively due to professional constraints.

III - LAS EXPLICACIONES

Jerome K. Clark's assertion of three main schools of thought in ufology (extraterrestrial, psychosocial/neo-skeptical, and geophysical) is discussed. The author, however, proposes a broader classification. He outlines:

• Scientific Approach: Emphasizes in-depth study, systematic methods, and evidence-based conclusions, citing researchers like V.J. Ballester Olmos and projects like UNICAT.
• Political Ufology (U.P.): Individuals who use ufology for personal gain, public exposure, and intellectual stimulation without necessarily believing in the phenomenon. They often lack scientific training but present strong opinions.
• Skeptical Approach: Characterized by the belief that UFOs do not exist and all cases are misinterpretations or hoaxes. The author criticizes this approach as unscientific, as it dismisses potential evidence without thorough investigation.

The article further defines science and its branches (natural sciences, pseudo-sciences, exact sciences) and questions where ufology fits within this framework, suggesting it is currently a proto-science that could evolve into either a true science or a pseudo-science.

EL PERIODISMO COMO GENERADOR DE INFORMES SOBRE OVNIS CON OCUPANTES (1)

Dr. Roberto Banchs examines how journalism can generate UFO reports, particularly those involving occupants. He notes the slow pace of scientific communication compared to the rapid dissemination of journalistic accounts. Banchs discusses the case of Wilfredo H. Arévalo's alleged sighting at Lago Argentino in 1950, highlighting that the case was published without thorough investigation and that subsequent attempts to locate the witness were unsuccessful. He also points out the coincidence with reports of a German "flying top" (UFO) developed by engineer Schriever, suggesting that the Lago Argentino case might have been influenced by journalistic imagination or even fabrication. The article references the difficulty in verifying such cases and the role of sensationalism in ufological reporting.

LA PEONZA VOLADORA DE LAGO ARGENTINO

This section delves deeper into the Lago Argentino case, first reported in the newspaper *La Razón* in 1950. The author details the alleged sighting by Wilfredo H. Arévalo and the accompanying sketch of the object. He notes that the case gained notoriety but was never properly investigated. The article highlights the suspicious timing of the report, appearing shortly after news of the German "flying top" developed by Schriever, and questions the existence of Arévalo himself. The investigation suggests that the case might be a product of journalistic invention rather than a genuine UFO sighting.

PRIMAVERA DE 1958 EN TANDIL: EXTRAÑO RELATO DE UN ESCOLAR

This article investigates a reported UFO sighting in Tandil, Argentina, in the spring of 1958, as mentioned in *La Razón*. A schoolboy allegedly saw a cylindrical object and a strange being. However, extensive research in local archives and inquiries with journalists and historians yielded no corroborating evidence. The article suggests that the report might be a journalistic fabrication, especially given that local newspapers had previously dismissed similar sightings as misidentifications of Venus. The lack of any verifiable details or journalistic follow-up leads the author to conclude that the case is likely a product of journalistic invention.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently emphasizes a critical and scientific approach to ufology. It highlights the need for rigorous investigation, clear definitions, and evidence-based analysis, while cautioning against sensationalism and unsubstantiated claims, particularly those generated by journalism. The magazine appears to favor researchers who adhere to scientific methodology and expresses skepticism towards anecdotal evidence and speculative hypotheses. The editorial stance promotes a disciplined and analytical exploration of the UFO phenomenon, distinguishing it from mere belief or commercial exploitation.

Title: Cuadernos de Ufología
Issue: 5
Volume: 1
Date: April 1989
Publisher: Cuadernos de Ufología
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish

This issue of Cuadernos de Ufología presents a diverse range of articles and reports related to UFO phenomena, investigations, and historical cases. It includes detailed accounts of sightings, witness testimonies, scientific analyses, and discussions on the nature of UFOs.

"Plato Volador" en Azul...

This section details a UFO sighting in Azul, Argentina, on July 24, 1962, reported by fruit vendor Ramón "Marciano" Farinella. Initially described as an "umbrella" with red and blue lights, Farinella later described it as a round "flying saucer" that descended near his stall. His son, Alberto, and neighbors also witnessed something. The local radio station LU 10 Radio Azul interviewed Farinella, and the story was amplified by Radio Colonia and the Saporiti News Agency. Farinella's account evolved, with later versions describing the object as round and descending to about 2 meters above the street. He denied seeing any human figures inside. The article notes that other witnesses, like Agustina Paganin de Giarusso, saw something high in the sky, possibly an airplane. The newspaper "El Tiempo" of Azul published a satirical poem about the incident, and the police reportedly denied any abnormal phenomena. Regional newspapers like "Nueva Era" of Tandil also questioned the veracity of the report, suggesting it might have been confused with the passage of a Comet IV airplane.

The Problem of Perception

This section discusses the psychological and physiological aspects of UFO sightings, emphasizing how perception can be unreliable and influenced by various factors. It suggests that misinterpretations of common phenomena, like aircraft, can lead to UFO reports. The article also touches upon the potential for 'breaks' in witness testimonies due to memory issues or reluctance to share experiences. It contrasts the initial reports with later, more fantastical versions, suggesting media amplification played a role.

Chalac: Landing in a Tobas Indian Village

This article investigates a reported UFO landing in a Tobas indigenous village called "Chalac" in Formosa, Argentina, on February 21, 1965. Reports from the newspaper "La Provincia" described two similar aircraft landing, with three figures emerging from one. However, subsequent research, including inquiries to the National Institute of Anthropology, found no record of a place named "Chalac" associated with Tobas communities. The article suggests the rumor might be a conflation of different reports or a misinterpretation of natural phenomena.

Hypotheses About the Origin of the Rumor

This section speculates on the origin of the "Chalac" rumor, suggesting it might stem from a confusion of reports or a sensationalized account. It references a comment by a Tobas indigenous person about being remembered only during elections. The article also connects the event to the "Campo del Cielo" (Field of the Sky) meteorite impact site in Formosa, suggesting that the legend of this ancient event might have been reinterpreted in a modern, technological context.

"Flight 19" Finally Resolved?

This article reports on the alleged discovery of the wreckage of five US Navy TBM Avenger aircraft, known as "Flight 19," which disappeared in 1945. Explorers from the company "Proyecto de Búsqueda Científica" claim to have found the planes off the coast of Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Robert Cervoni, director of the company, stated that four of the five planes were in surprisingly good condition. The planes disappeared during a training exercise in the area known as the Bermuda Triangle.

Electromagnetic Effects

This brief section notes that American ufologist Eric Herr is seeking information on UFO cases involving compasses or "detectors" reacting to the phenomenon. He is willing to cover the costs of materials sent to him.

Project FAECOM

This is a brief announcement regarding the change of address for Project FAECOM, a group dedicated to parapsychological studies.

Study on "Contactism"

Argentine investigator Alejandro Agostinelli is conducting a study on the international "contactist" movement and is seeking information, especially about dangerous or destructive cults. He requests readers to write to him with any relevant details.

Bibliographical Material

This section lists several books on UFOs available for sale or exchange by an Argentine ufological group. Titles include works by J.G. Fuller, V.J. Ballester Olmos, A. Michel, A. Ribera, G. Lehr, A. Paluzie, R. Banchs, M. Hourcade, F. Edwards, and others.

Change of Address

This is a notification of a change of address for Cartes Berché Cruz.

Pilots Spot a UFO

This report details an incident on April 21, where pilots of an Alitalia flight from Milan to London reported seeing a UFO. Alitalia confirmed the sighting, stating the object was at a higher altitude than their plane and posed no danger.

Strange Glow

This article describes a strange glow observed on the night of January 9 in a vast region of the east coast of Entre Ríos province, Argentina. Witnesses, including Dr. Claudio Mac Loughlin, reported a powerful, incredibly bright light that illuminated the entire field and moved silently. Mac Loughlin, a doctor, emphasized the unusual nature of the phenomenon and his reluctance to jump to conclusions.

Physiological Effects

This report details an incident in Salta, Argentina, where a railway station chief, Adrián Natividad Calpanchay, experienced a terrifying encounter with a luminous object, presumably a UFO, hovering about 30 meters above the tracks. He reported severe headaches and stomach pains, and the object moved away at high speed. Calpanchay was hospitalized for several days due to the physical effects.

Translator for Russian

This section appeals for collaborators who can translate Russian texts related to ufology, as such translations are rare and valuable for the magazine's activities.

The Last Event That Charles Fort Would Have Collected

This article discusses an unidentified object found in Avila, Spain, on February 26, 1989. The object, weighing about three kilograms and resembling ice, was analyzed. The analysis revealed it to be normal ice contaminated with fecal matter and high levels of oxidizable substances and ammonium. The article notes that while such falls are usually attributed to meteorological phenomena, ufologists sometimes link them to UFOs.

Huexitla and Costa de Barlovento

This section presents historical accounts of unusual weather phenomena, including large hailstones and other atmospheric events, from Mexico in 1785 and Spain in the 1980s. It references the work of William R. Corliss and his compilation of strange phenomena, suggesting natural explanations for these events.

II International Congress of Penedes

This report covers the 2nd International Congress of Ufology held in El Vendrell, Spain, from October 12-14, 1990. It highlights the participation of various ufologists and researchers, including Colin Blay, who discussed crop circles in England, and Leon Brenige, who presented findings on a Belgian UFO wave. The congress also featured a round table discussion and an interview with Dr. James Mc Campbell of MUFON.

Circles in the Wheat Fields of England

Colin Blay discusses the phenomenon of crop circles appearing in English wheat fields, describing them as perfect circles formed by the inclination of the wheat stalks. He suggests they may be related to new energy forms, cabalistic signs, or ancient megalithic sites and telluric lines.

Belgian Wave

Leon Brenige, a physicist from the Free University of Brussels, reports on a significant wave of UFO sightings in Belgium on November 29, 1989, with up to 110 cases recorded in a single day. The objects were often described as triangular platforms with white lines and a central red light. Brenige emphasizes the need for scientific evidence before concluding they are extraterrestrial.

Interview with Leon Brenige

In this interview, Leon Brenige discusses his background as a physicist and his involvement in ufology, particularly following the Belgian UFO wave. He expresses a scientific approach, emphasizing the need for data and avoiding premature conclusions about the nature of UFOs.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores UFO sightings, witness testimonies, and investigative efforts. There's a recurring emphasis on scientific analysis and a critical approach to sensationalism, while acknowledging the complexity and mystery of the phenomenon. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, encouraging detailed reporting and analysis, but also cautioning against unfounded speculation and the conflation of UFO phenomena with unrelated events. The magazine also highlights the importance of international collaboration and the exchange of information within the ufological community.

This issue of the magazine covers the proceedings of the II International Congress of UFO Phenomena held in El Vendrell, Spain, from October 12-14, 1990. The cover features a photograph of several men and the main headline 'EL FENOMENO Y SU SIGNIFICADO' (The Phenomenon and Its Significance).

Congress Proceedings and Key Speakers

The congress featured a variety of speakers and topics related to ufology.

Bertil Kuhlemann (Sweden)

Kuhlemann, an informatician, presented a disorganized talk covering various aspects of the phenomenon. He discussed 'physical aspects of the phenomenon,' including human senses and electromagnetic fields. He also touched upon 'star people' – individuals with defined characteristics who have had experiences since childhood. Kuhlemann theorized about the 'visitors' intentions,' suggesting they seek minerals, samples, scientific studies, and even 'honeymoons.' He proposed that only the black race is indigenous to Earth, with others being implanted races from destroyed planets. He described these beings as 'warrior races' needing help to overcome their nature, with assistance from 'White Brotherhood' (working on souls) and 'Cosmic Brotherhood' (physical help). He noted that the phenomenon's characteristics are often met with denial ('it doesn't exist'), despite scientific manifestations. Kuhlemann also presented statistical work from UFO-Sweden, detailing monthly distributions, hourly patterns, object and witness numbers, and phenomenon duration. He concluded by stating his belief that by 1991, the UFO phenomenon should be officially accepted, receiving a standing ovation.

Contact with 'Bedroom Visitors'

When asked about the intentions of 'bedroom visitors,' Kuhlemann acknowledged the difficulty of physical confirmation. He suggested that these intelligences express themselves through rare phenomena, initially through mediums and hand imposition, questioning whether they are real or products of human imagination.

Psychology and Abductions

Kuhlemann affirmed the relevance of psychology to abductions and expressed belief in the 'E.T.' hypothesis, suggesting multiple lives in different dimensions. He advocated for 'taking a stand' by actively changing things, even if individual problems are too large to tackle alone.

Pedro Crespi (Ex-chief of Puig Major radar base)

Crespi inaugurated the event by discussing radar systems, including manual alert and control squadrons, and the Semi-Automatic Aerial Control (SATC) system. He explained Ground Control Approximation (GCA) and Ground Control Interdiction (GCI) radars, detailing experiences with unidentified echoes, including a flock of sheep and trucks in the Sahara. He described surveillance radars and the EVA (Air Surveillance Squadrons). Crespi recounted an incident where a stationary luminous point was observed, and an airplane confirmed it, revealing four points in a rhombus formation descending at an impossible speed. He also discussed how radar can be deceived by false traces. Crespi mentioned being sanctioned for discussing UFOs publicly and facing legal issues, attributing it to an expression he used. He explained that military UFO information is classified as 'Confidential Coded Information.'

John Spencer (BUFORA)

Spencer discussed the classic Hill abduction case, questioning the interpretation of such experiences and suggesting that dreams might facilitate them. He argued that while psychological explanations exist, the phenomenon might have real, physical origins. Spencer, Vice-President of BUFORA, emphasized a scientific approach to UFO research and explained his personal investigation of the 'Katherine' abduction case. He shared personal experiences of strange situations and sensations.

Abduction Credibility and Hypnosis

Spencer considered hypnosis a useful tool for alleviating pain but warned about the potential for manipulation and fantasies. He suggested using it only after gathering sufficient data and exploring other techniques first. He stated that abductions are not exclusive to developed countries, with reports coming from all over the world, though more are documented in developed nations due to better communication means.

Bertrand Meheust (Sociologist)

Meheust, a folklorist and author, presented his work on the sociological aspects of UFO phenomena. He argued that UFOs repeat science fiction stories and that abductions are influenced by folklore, lacking physical effects and relying on the witness's psychological state. He traced the history of abductions from 1947, noting the evolution from terrestrial phenomena to close encounters with occupants, hybridization, and 'ETs' implanting embryos. Meheust outlined a structure for abductions, including capture, introduction into a craft, medical examination, communication with 'ETs,' visits to mysterious places, and return. He also discussed the 'marginal existence' phase and the amplification of the phenomenon in the 1980s.

Sixto Paz (Contactee)

Paz, a contactee, spoke about his 'Mission Rama,' which he claimed had ended, preventing a 'catastrophe' and evacuations. He announced a new mission focused on integrating Earth and preparing humanity for planetary contact. His presentation was lengthy and engaging.

Fernando Salazar (Contactee)

Salazar, a contactee, performed musically with Guillermo Cazenave, offering a relaxing experience for the audience.

Enrique de Vicente

De Vicente discussed prophecies in a direct and engaging manner, though his presentation was brief due to time constraints.

Gustavo Bueno (Philosopher)

Bueno, following Rudolf Otto's terminology, considered the extraterrestrial as the 'numen actual' – a center of will and intelligence capable of linguistic relations with humans. He categorized extraterrestrials within 'demonic numina,' not in the Christian sense, but as non-divine, corporeal, or animalistic beings, potentially androids or zoomorphs. Bueno argued that the resurgence of demonology parallels the decline of Christianity, as Christ's presence had previously suppressed demons.

'The Humanoids' of the Cosmos

The article discusses how artists have imagined various extraterrestrial creatures. It explores the historical tendency to anthropomorphize the 'Other,' whether monsters, indigenous peoples, or extraterrestrials, often projecting human qualities and attributes onto them. The concept of 'humanities' of the cosmos suggests a projection of human desires and fears onto the unknown.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently explores the intersection of ufology with mythology, sociology, and psychology. There's a recurring theme of how human beliefs and societal conditions shape the interpretation of unexplained phenomena. The congress aimed to provide information to a diverse public, bridging the gap between speculative ufology and more serious investigation. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, encouraging critical thinking while acknowledging the cultural and psychological significance of the extraterrestrial myth.

Conclusion

The congress was deemed positive and necessary, providing information to a broad audience. While some criticized the repetition of topics and the emphasis on spectacle, the presentations by speakers like Spencer and Meheust were seen as valuable for serious future investigators. The issue highlights the ongoing evolution of the extraterrestrial myth, from early speculations about Martian canals to modern concepts of interstellar visitors and their role in humanity's future.

This issue of FORUM, dated 1989, delves into the psychological and investigative aspects of ufology. The magazine presents a critical perspective on the field, questioning the nature of UFO phenomena and the motivations of those involved.

Articles and Content

The Psychology of Ufology: Ufofilia and Ufología

The issue begins with an exploration of 'ufofilia' and 'ufología' as psychological conditions. Ufofilia is described as a contagious ailment, while ufología is presented as an incurable pathology characterized by egocentrism and a desire for leadership within research groups. The author, identifying with the latter, notes the difficulty in forming stable investigative centers and federations, citing examples like CADIU and CEFAI.

'I... like Icarus': A Psychological Interpretation of UFO Vocation

Dr. Roberto V. Paul, a psychiatrist, contributes an article titled 'Divagación alrededor de la vocación ufológica i... como ícaro*'. He draws parallels between the myth of Icarus and the UFO investigator's drive. Paul suggests that the UFO phenomenon might be a product of the unconscious, a regressive movement linked to internal crises. He posits that investigators, like Icarus, may be transgressing boundaries, seeking knowledge that leads to a form of punishment or expulsion, referencing the story of Adam and Eve.

Analysis of Negative UFO Cases

The core of the magazine is dedicated to a detailed analysis of several UFO cases, focusing on those deemed 'negative' or potentially misidentified. The article 'OVNIS, la Cuestión de los Casos NEGATIVOS (1)' by Manuel Borraz Aymerich examines specific incidents:

• Pobla de Montornés (Tarragona), 11/IX/76: This case involves a witness's account of a strange being, a metallic noise, and a luminous phenomenon. The analysis scrutinizes the witness testimony, the reactions of family members, and potential physical evidence like scratches on a wall and a displaced ashtray. The author also discusses a possible UFO sighting by neighbors around the same time.
• Talavera de la Reina (Toledo), 29/XII/76: This case, involving a military base, is mentioned as having potential electromagnetic effects.
• Archena (Murcia), 7/II/79: A brief mention of a case investigated by CIFE.
• Torrejoncillo (Cáceres), 6/IX/80: Another case investigated by IIEE.

The analysis of the Pobla de Montornés case critically evaluates the evidence, suggesting that phenomena like hypnagogic hallucinations could provide a more plausible explanation than a conventional UFO encounter. The author questions the methodology of the IIEE's investigation and highlights the subjective nature of witness testimonies.

Other Cases and Observations

The magazine also touches upon other reported UFO sightings from December 29, 1976, across Spain. These are largely interpreted as potential bolide (meteor) or re-entry events, based on journalistic reports. Cases from Falces, Talavera de la Reina, Carmona, Algeciras, and Lisbon are discussed, noting similarities in timing and descriptions but also highlighting inconsistencies that might point to different phenomena or misinterpretations.

Cases with Presumed Electromagnetic Effects

The issue further explores incidents involving alleged electromagnetic effects. Cases from Arrúbal (La Rioja) and several locations near Talavera de la Reina (Toledo) are presented. These cases share similarities with the earlier sightings, suggesting a common underlying phenomenon, likely a meteor. The article discusses potential explanations for reported effects on electrical generators and vehicle malfunctions, attributing them to coincidental occurrences or misinterpretations rather than direct UFO interaction.

Interpretations and Skepticism

The magazine adopts a skeptical yet open-minded approach. It contrasts the 'ufological' perspective, which readily accepts extraordinary explanations, with a more grounded approach that seeks prosaic explanations first. The author emphasizes the importance of rigorous investigation, questioning the reliability of anecdotal evidence and the potential for psychological factors like hypnagogic hallucinations to explain certain experiences. The article critiques the tendency of some ufologists to dismiss alternative explanations and highlights the limitations of current scientific understanding.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the psychological underpinnings of belief in UFOs, the critical analysis of UFO evidence, and the tension between scientific skepticism and the desire to believe in the extraordinary. The editorial stance appears to favor a rational, evidence-based approach, while acknowledging the persistent mystery surrounding some unexplained phenomena. The magazine encourages critical thinking and careful investigation, urging readers to question assumptions and consider all possible explanations before concluding that a UFO event has occurred.

This issue of DOSSIER magazine, identified by its page numbers ranging from 80 to 97 and dated 1989, delves into complex aspects of ufology, focusing on the interpretation of UFO sightings, electromagnetic effects, and the scientific methodology required for investigation. The cover prominently features a diagram illustrating the "Processes Responsible for the Appearance of False Effects in UFO Information," underscoring the magazine's critical approach to the subject.

Analysis of UFO Cases and Electromagnetic Effects

The magazine presents several detailed case studies, often highlighting instances where reported phenomena are scrutinized for their scientific plausibility. A recurring theme is the analysis of electromagnetic effects associated with UFO sightings. For example, a case from Arenas de San Pedro-Talavera del Río (Spain) describes a car experiencing engine and light failure, coinciding with the observation of a luminous object. The article questions the direct causality, suggesting potential misinterpretations or coincidences.

Another significant case discussed is the alleged landing at a military depot near Talavera de la Reina, which the magazine later dismisses as a fraud based on investigations by V.J. Ballester Olmos. The article also examines a power outage in Cuernavaca, Mexico, accompanied by unusual sky illumination, and other sightings involving bright lights in Portugal, Spain, and the United States.

The Zodiacal Light and Astronomical Phenomena

A substantial portion of the magazine is dedicated to explaining the zodiacal light, an astronomical phenomenon. Luis Ruiz Noguez (Mexico) provides a detailed account of its characteristics, observation, and scientific explanations, tracing its study from Jean Dominique Cassini in the 17th century to modern astronomical understanding. The article clarifies that the zodiacal light is caused by sunlight scattering off interplanetary dust and discusses its relationship with other atmospheric phenomena.

Scientific Methodology and Interpretation Challenges

The magazine critically examines the methods used in ufological research. Matías Morey Ripoll (Palma de Mallorca) contributes an article titled "Ufology and Models of Science," which explores the debate between viewing ufology as a natural science or a social science. It highlights the difficulties in studying UFOs directly, as they cannot be brought into a laboratory, making investigations reliant on witness testimony. The article emphasizes the importance of analyzing the entire testimony, including descriptive and narrative elements, and cautions against reducing it to mere physical descriptions or psychological factors.

Ripoll also discusses the "principle of indeterminacy" in ufology, suggesting that a purely physical approach may overlook psychological aspects, and vice versa. He advocates for a balanced approach that integrates various perspectives to understand the complex nature of UFO phenomena.

Book Reviews and Complementary Information

The issue includes reviews of books and publications relevant to ufology. "OVNIS, Peregrinos del silencio" by Roberto Banchs is reviewed, praising its novel approach to studying UFOs through ethology but noting its dense language. "El Ojo Escéptico," a publication from CAIRP (Argentina), is introduced as a journal dedicated to denouncing fraud and promoting objective research into pseudoscientific claims. The "UFO LEXICON" by Hilary Evans and John Spencer is also featured, described as a useful multilingual glossary for researchers working with international UFO literature.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical analysis of UFO reports, the distinction between genuine phenomena and misinterpretations or hoaxes, and the application of scientific methodology to ufological research. The magazine adopts a skeptical yet open-minded stance, encouraging rigorous investigation and discouraging sensationalism. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the psychological and sociological factors that influence witness testimony and the reporting of alleged UFO events. The editorial stance clearly favors evidence-based research and the application of established scientific principles to the study of unexplained aerial phenomena.

Title: Cuadernos de Ufología
Issue: Double issue 9-10, 2nd epoch
Date: September-December 1990
Publisher: CdU
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish

This issue of Cuadernos de Ufología features a robust debate on a specific UFO sighting, reader correspondence, and information on international ufological events. The central theme revolves around the identification of a phenomenon observed on August 10, 1989, in Andalusia, Spain, which the author, Jose Ruesga, identifies as a weather balloon launched from Sicily as part of the 'Odisea-89' program.

Correspondence and Debate

The issue opens with a letter from Rafael J. Molina Valiente, who expresses his disagreement with Ruesga's conclusion that the observed phenomenon was a weather balloon. Molina Valiente congratulates Ruesga for exercising his right to disagree and for reaffirming his personal beliefs, but challenges the assertion that he (Ruesga) criticized those who did not see what he observed. Ruesga clarifies that his intention was not to criticize but to explain his findings, which were corroborated by other observers and optical instruments. He emphasizes the principle of Occam's Razor, suggesting that the simplest explanation that fits all the facts should be preferred.

Ruesga details the 'Odisea-89' program, citing a report from the Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA). This program involved a balloon carrying scientific equipment for infrared astronomy, launched from Trapani, Sicily, on August 9, 1989. The balloon maintained an altitude of 36-40 km and carried 1,030 kg of scientific material in a gondola. The recovery of the payload was managed by personnel from El Arenosillo, with support from the Spanish Air Force and Civil Guard. Ruesga concludes that the object observed in Rota (Cádiz) on August 10, 1989, was indeed a weather balloon, not an extraterrestrial craft, attributing the misidentification to erroneous information held by some witnesses.

He expresses satisfaction in having contributed to informing the public truthfully, without resorting to speculation for personal gain. Ruesga encourages Molina Valiente to accept the results of impartial investigation, reinforcing the idea that "not everything that flies is a UFO."

Further correspondence includes V.J. Ballester Olmos correcting an erratum in his article about the 'Polvorín de Talavera' case, noting the correct date as December 29, 1976. Alejandro Agostinell praises the magazine's 'Great UFO Fiascos' dossier for its educational value and its potential to open the eyes of credulous individuals. He also commends the magazine's high international standard.

Luis Pacheco's article, "El pensamiento ufológico en la República Argentina," is discussed by Agostinell, who clarifies a point about his own statement regarding ufology being revolutionary or not. Agostinell explains that his remark was ironic and intended to highlight how ufology, in its pursuit of notoriety, has sometimes presented itself as a transcendent subject, a concept he illustrated with a cover design for UFO Press.

Javier Sierra writes to thank Carlos Batet for his article "La cordura de los locos," which offered reflections on his life of research and advice for younger investigators. Sierra notes that the younger generation of ufologists is attentive to the successes and errors of their predecessors and appreciates the open attitude of first and second-generation ufologists who collaborate and respect their work. He mentions that contributions from Montejo, Padial, and himself in the current issue demonstrate this collaborative spirit.

Joan Plana Crivillén congratulates the editorial team for the double issue, particularly the 'Great Fiascos' dossier. He also points out an error in the article "Oleada OVNI en Bélgica," where the F-19 aircraft is mentioned; he clarifies that the F-19 does not exist and that the secret stealth aircraft known initially as F-19 was actually the F-117A.

International UFO Events

The magazine announces the "OVNImadas Internacionales" (International UFO Days) to be held from October 7 to 11, 1991, organized by the Centro Cultural Caja Cantabria, with Cuadernos de Ufología as a collaborator.

Subscription Information

A subscription form for Cuadernos de Ufología is included, detailing the prices for different regions (Península, Canarias, Europa, and rest of the world) and providing contact information for subscriptions in Santander.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the critical analysis of UFO sightings, the importance of scientific methodology in ufological research, and the distinction between factual investigation and speculative theories. The editorial stance, as represented by Jose Ruesga, strongly advocates for a rational, evidence-based approach to ufology, cautioning against sensationalism and the uncritical acceptance of extraordinary claims. The magazine aims to provide a platform for serious discussion and accurate reporting within the field of ufology, as evidenced by its detailed analysis of cases and its commitment to correcting errors and clarifying information.