Cuadernos de Ufologia - 2a Epoca - No 07

Magazine Overview

Title: Cuadernos de Ufología
Issue: 7
Volume: 2ª Epoca
Date: January 1990
Publisher: Cuadernos de Ufología
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish

Editorial

"AL FINAL DE UNA DECADA" by Julio Arcas

Julio Arcas reflects on the end of a decade in ufology, noting the qualitative interrelation between the Voronezh incident and media response. He highlights that two decades of UFO research have brought consequences, including the influence of past events and a greater awareness of limitations and contradictions. Arcas focuses on two key aspects: changes in the interpretation of the phenomenon and new dissemination structures. He observes a tendency towards immobility but also significant shifts in approach, particularly the emergence of a 'ufology without UFOs' perspective, often termed 'psycho-social'. This new approach, he notes, is not from traditional detractors but from individuals who previously worked within established groups, lending it intellectual weight. He also points to an apparent decrease in reports or media permeability, necessitating a more critical spirit. Arcas contrasts the explosion of ufological publications in the mid-seventies with the subsequent crisis and disappearance of many in the following decade, which oscillated between sensationalism and rational thought. The appearance of "C.d.U." (Cuadernos de Ufología) is presented as filling this void, serving both to inform and as a platform for discussion. With eight years of experience across two stages, "C.d.U." is seen as a valuable instrument for a more rational and balanced study of the phenomenon in the Spanish language. However, Arcas cautions against triumphalism, advocating for a prudent 'wait and see' approach to the future.

Articles and Dossiers

4.- CENTELLAS O RAYOS EN BOLA by Luis Ruiz Noguez

This extensive article delves into the phenomenon of ball lightning, also known as 'centellas'.

Physical Characteristics: * Shape, Structure, and Size: Ball lightning can be spherical, oval, cylindrical, tear-shaped, or ring-shaped. Cylindrical forms are less common but can be large (e.g., 30 cm long by 15 cm diameter, or reports of over 100 meters). Tear-shaped ones are usually less than 20 cm. Spherical and oval shapes are more frequent. Some have a blue halo. Studies suggest average diameters ranging from 15 to 55 cm, with a ponderated average of 35 cm. * Color: There is no consensus on predominant colors, with reports of red, orange, yellow, white, green, violet, and purple. Purple and violet are often associated with cylindrical forms. Barry reports 60% as red or red-yellow, 15% yellow, and less than 2% blue. Color changes (e.g., red to white) are rare. * Odor: Reported odors are varied but generally unpleasant, including ozone, burning sulfur, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, 'rotten eggs', and sulfuric acid. About 25% of observers report odors, but it's suggested all might have one. * Heat: A small percentage of observers report heat emission or damage. Some disappearing ball lightning emits intense heat. Russian researchers estimate temperatures of 14,000°K, while others suggest 4,000-5,000°K, or even 200°C. * Sound: Contradictory reports exist; some disappear silently, others with an explosion. About 25% report sound, often described as a buzzing sound like bees. * Movement: Various types of movement are described: cloud-to-cloud, cloud-to-ground, ground-to-cloud, horizontal trajectories, spiral movements, and stationary positions. Some movements are attributed to wind, but instances of movement against wind or stationary behavior despite wind are noted. Rotational speeds can be high, while translational speeds are typically 1-2 m/s horizontally, increasing when falling from clouds. * Duration: Average lifespan is 5-10 seconds, but reports range from 80 seconds to 15 minutes. Longer durations are often associated with stationary phenomena. * Decay: Two modes: explosive and silent. Explosive decay is more common (80% for red, 90% for yellow). Sometimes a color change precedes explosion. The surroundings are often undamaged, suggesting implosion. Silent decay involves a decrease in brightness and diameter. Residues like smoke, fog, tar, soot, or 'angel hair' have been reported. * Density: Descending movements suggest higher density than air, while ascending ones suggest lower density. This does not imply the same composition as air. * Radiation: Some theories propose nuclear explanations. Others focus on luminous radiation, requiring thousands of watts for visible brightness. Experiments with oxygen and nitrogen show high luminous efficiency. The hypothesis is that a critical field of 1-2 KV/cm could replenish the decay of metastable excitation. Electrodynamic forces within the sphere could explain its dynamic behavior. * Magnetic Field: Calculations suggest magnetic fields of at least 150 Gauss could impede bell ringing. One study estimated a magnetic field of 150 Gauss. * Energy: Energy density calculations based on a case where water was boiled suggest around 170 J/cc. Other estimates vary widely, from 2 x 10-3 to 2.4 x 107 J/cc, indicating multiple phenomena might be involved.

Theories and Associations:

Ball lightning has been confused with the Moon, meteors, birds, St. Elmo's Fire, and UFOs. Some authors link them to OVNIs, suggesting they could be plasmas formed in the stratosphere or impact points of wave beams. Theories include agglomerative, Leyden jar, chemical, nuclear, and plasma models. Hypotheses of hallucinations, optical illusions, and positive afterimages (phosphenes) are also discussed, particularly linking them to the flash of lightning.

Frequency and Significance:

Ball lightning is considered not rare, with over 100 photographs of rosary-like ball lightning and lightning phenomena. It is estimated that about 107 ball lightning events occur daily worldwide, observed by approximately 5% of the population. Studies by McNally and Rayle support their existence. Rayle's research surprisingly found a similar frequency to ordinary lightning, with 44% of those reporting ball lightning also reporting physical traces of lightning.

Ball lightning can occur independently of thunderstorms, during earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, windstorms, tornadoes, cyclones, and storms. They are often associated with high-altitude locations and occur frequently in July and August.

19.- VORONEZH (CCCP) by V.J. Ballester Olmos

This section likely discusses the famous Voronezh incident involving alleged UFO sightings in the Soviet Union.

26.- PAPELES DE ARNOLD

This refers to papers or writings by Arnold, possibly relating to early UFO cases.

30.- REFLEXIONES EN TORNO A LA EVOLUCION DE LAS MANIFESTACIONES OVNI by J. Miguel Alcíbar Cuello

This article reflects on the evolution of UFO manifestations over time.

34.- 1979: ANALISIS DE UNA OLEADA CON LA PERSPECTIVA DE UNA DECADA by Joaquín Abenza y Mª José García

An analysis of a 1979 UFO wave, viewed from a decade's perspective.

42.- FORUM

A section for reader contributions or discussions.

52.- DOSSIER: LA NUEVA UFOPATIA (II)

This is the second part of a dossier on 'New Ufopathy'.

• 53.- LA MISTERIOSA CONDUCTA DE LOS CIENTIFICOS SOCIALES by Alejandro C. Agostinelli Discusses the mysterious behavior of social scientists regarding ufology.
• 56.- ASPECTOS PSICOLOGICOS DE LA UFOLOGIA by Hilary Evans Explores the psychological aspects of ufology.
• 60.- LA UFOLOGIA FUNCIONA COMO UN SISTEMA DE CREENCIAS by Claude Maugé Argues that ufology functions as a belief system.
• 65.- EL MISTICISMO DE LA ABDUCCION by Paolo Toselli Examines the mysticism surrounding alien abductions.
• 68.- LA UFOLOGIA ARGENTINA EN EL DIVAN by Heriberto Janosch y Alejandro Agostinelli Presents a psychoanalytic view of Argentine ufology.

74.- COMUNICADOS

Announcements or communications.

• 75.- ABDUCCIONES EN ALEMANIA Y LOS PAISES DE LENGUA ALEMANA by Ulrich Magin Discusses abductions in Germany and German-speaking countries.
• 78.- LERIDA: LA POLICIA HABLO CON UN OVNI by M. Borraz Aymerich Reports on a case where police allegedly spoke with a UFO in Lérida.
• 81.- EMILCIN: UNA VISION RETROSPECTIVA by W.C.P.E.V. A retrospective look at the 'Emilcin' case.
• 90.- UFOPATAS DEL CONO SUR: UNA LEVE MEJORIA by Alejandro Agostinelli Discusses a slight improvement among 'Ufopaths' in the Southern Cone.

96.- BIBLIOGRAFIA

A bibliography section.

• 99.- CASOS OVNI DETECTADOS POR RADAR by Joan Plana Crivillén Details UFO cases detected by radar.

102.- CARTAS

Letters from readers.

104.- PUBLICACIONES RECIBIDAS

List of received publications.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores UFO phenomena from various angles, including scientific analysis, psychological interpretations, historical cases, and societal reactions. The editorial stance, as expressed by Julio Arcas, emphasizes a move towards critical thinking and a more rational approach to ufology, while acknowledging the field's evolution and the need for robust dissemination platforms. The dossier on 'La Nueva Ufopatía' suggests a focus on contemporary or evolving aspects of ufological study, including the psychology of belief, the role of social scientists, and specific case analyses. The detailed examination of ball lightning indicates a commitment to thoroughly investigating anomalous phenomena, even those with naturalistic explanations, by scrutinizing their physical properties and reported occurrences.

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" features a prominent cover story detailing the alleged UFO landing in Voronezh, USSR, in 1989. The headline, "Soviet scientists officially confirm the landing of a UFO and the debarkation of extraterrestrials," signals the sensational nature of the content. The magazine, published in Spain, focuses on ufological investigations and reports.

The Voronezh Incident: The Landing That Came From the Cold

The main article, written by V.J. Ballester Olmos, delves into the widely reported incident in Voronezh. Olmos, an experienced ufologist with contacts in the Soviet Union, presents the case based on information from the Tass agency and other press outlets. The event, which occurred on the evening of September 27, 1989, involved a dark red sphere-shaped object that hovered over a park before landing on legs. The object was described as being 15 meters long, 4 meters wide, and 7 meters high.

From the object, three to four-meter-tall beings with small heads and three luminous eyes emerged, along with a robot-like entity. They were described as wearing silver suits and dark boots. The beings reportedly used a ray gun, which caused one of the child witnesses to disappear temporarily.

Local geophysics laboratory scientists discovered a 20-meter diameter circle in the landing area, containing four indentations. A mysterious dark stone was also found, which preliminary analysis suggested was anomalous. Investigators used a technique called "biolocation" to trace the path of the beings.

Witness Testimony

The primary witnesses were children from a nearby secondary school: Julia Sholojova, Vasia Surin, and Zhena Blinov, aged 12-13. They reported that the craft descended at least three times over several days. Their accounts were crucial in piecing together the events.

Expert Analysis and Skepticism

V.J. Ballester Olmos expresses some skepticism about the case, noting that the details have become less consistent over time. Recent statements from the survey team leader, Silanov, suggest the rock fragments found were not abnormal. Initially, many witnesses were reported, including adults, but it later emerged that only children had directly observed the landing. Olmos also points out that the case deviates from the typical UFO landing stereotype, with giant beings or automatons being an anomaly. The repetitive nature of the phenomenon and the reported aggressiveness are also considered unusual.

Radiation and Scientific Investigation

Despite the skepticism, the presence of radioactivity in the area is noted as uncommon. The emission of fission products is not what would be expected from the propulsion system of a highly advanced civilization. A commission of scientists, led by Dr. Igor Sarotsev, vice-rector of Voronezh University, conducted analyses of soil and vegetation samples from the landing site. They found no anomalies, although the presence of Cesium, a radioactive isotope, was slightly higher than average. The article contrasts this with the plutonium-based generators used in the Galileo probe, highlighting the technological gap.

Ball Lightning Theories and Research

The magazine also includes extensive sections discussing various scientific theories and research related to ball lightning, a phenomenon often compared to UFOs. This includes:

Chemical and Physical Explanations

Several hypotheses are presented, including:

• Combustion of hydrocarbons: Theories by Fher and Barry suggest that ball lightning could be caused by the combustion of methane or other hydrocarbons, requiring specific atmospheric conditions and the presence of these substances in a less-than-combustible density.
• Lewis and von Elbe's energy equation: This equation is used to calculate the dimensions of a spherical flame based on energy, diameter, specific heat, density, and temperature changes.
• Hildebrand-Hildebrandson's combustion hypothesis: Further investigated by Nauer and Plante, this theory suggests combustion as the cause.
• Thornton and Benedicks' hypotheses: These propose the formation of nitrogen oxides catalyzed by ordinary lightning or ozone decomposition.
• Oxygen spheres: The idea that ball lightning could be hot molecular oxygen produced by lightning is discussed, though the rapid dissipation of such spheres is noted.
• Powell's work: Members of the Laboratory of Self-Sustaining Luminosities have been active in this field. Powell suggests electronic excitation of nitrogen and oxygen, which emits visible light at lower temperatures.
• Rayleigh's "active nitrogen": This phenomenon of nitrogen phosphorescence can persist for a long time after the excitation source ceases.
• Smirnov and Toepler's theories: These suggest ball lightning is an electrical or electrochemical phenomenon.
• Thornton's ozone theory: This posits that ball lightning is composed of ozone, which rapidly decomposes into oxygen.
• Radioactive models: Theories involving unstable, short-lived species produced by relativistic electron beams are considered.

Other Theories

• Antimatter meteorites: Ashby and Whitehead proposed that ball lightning could be produced by the annihilation of antimatter meteorite fragments, explaining their ability to pass through closed windows.
• Water flow and cavitation: Koldamasov suggested that high-speed water flow through nozzles could produce luminous discharges.
• Electromagnetic waves and standing waves: The theory proposed by Cerrillo and later elaborated by Kapitza suggests that lightning can create electromagnetic waves, which, upon reflection, can form standing waves. In the antinodes of these waves, ionized gas can resonate, leading to the formation of a ball of light. This theory attempts to explain how ball lightning can move and enter structures.
• Charge separation in dust: Edward L. Hill suggested that lightning flashes induce charge separation in clouds, dust, and other particles, leading to small discharges that create the illusion of a ball of light.

Experimental Production of Ball Lightning

Several attempts to produce ball lightning in laboratories are mentioned:

• Manwaring (1965): Produced light balls in open air using 75 MHz radiofrequency, with a duration of about half a second.
• Powell (Brookhaven National Laboratory): Used a 30 KW source at 75 MHz to create luminous spheres in a glass cylinder, lasting 0.5 to 1 second. Experiments showed that luminosity varied with gas composition (O2/N2, N2O) and pressure.
• Bendix Laboratories: Created small plasma regions by focusing microwaves, but these balls of light did not move like ball lightning.
• Radio Frequency Company: Program to create ball lightning in a laboratory setting, producing spheres up to 35 cm in diameter that disappeared when the energy source was removed.

Notable Figures and Research

The article extensively details the life and work of physicist Pjotr L. Kapitza, who elaborated on Cerrillo's theory. It covers his education, his work with Ernest Rutherford at Cambridge, his return to the USSR, his political difficulties, and his eventual reinstatement and significant scientific contributions, including work on low temperatures and the development of the Sputnik. Kapitza shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978 for his work in low-temperature physics.

Other researchers and their contributions are cited, including Singer, Brand, Norinder, McNally, Reyle, Hobana, Barry, Mathias, Powell, Silberg, Brown, Browne, Leonov, Dmitriev, Jans, Kohl, Gaea, Winchester, Kogan-Beletskii, Davidov, Altschuler, House, Hildner, Hill, Sowby, Blair, Morris, Goodlet, Golka, Bass, Shapiro, Tha Paw-U Kyaw, Mankin, Callahan, Benedicks, Klass, Ritchie, Dobear, and Stenhoff.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout the issue is the investigation into the nature of ball lightning and its potential connection to UFO phenomena. The magazine presents a wide range of scientific theories, experimental results, and witness accounts, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the subject. The editorial stance, as indicated by the "NOTA DE LOS EDITORES" section, emphasizes the importance of quality, originality, and exclusivity in submitted material, particularly for reports on UFO cases. The editors encourage detailed and well-documented reports, suggesting a commitment to rigorous ufological research.

This issue of 'Conocer' magazine, dated 1989, focuses heavily on UFO phenomena, with a particular emphasis on investigations and reports originating from the Soviet Union. The cover features a drawing of a UFO and highlights opinions from three astronauts on extraterrestrial life, alongside a section dedicated to 'The Phenomenon in the Media'. The magazine explores various UFO cases, scientific approaches to ufology, and the public's perception of these events.

The Voronezh Incident and Soviet Ufology

The magazine dedicates significant attention to the Voronezh UFO incident, where children reported seeing a luminous sphere and a strange being. The article questions the reliability of the children's testimony, suggesting possible prior influences. It notes that the incident received publicity in Soviet media, including the Czech magazine 'Actualidad Soviética' and the agency AFP, which reported on a UFO pursuing a train and the establishment of a committee to study extrasensory phenomena. The appearance of beings and grass impressions forming an 8-meter circle near Moscow is also mentioned.

Russian ufology is explored through the lens of various organizations and individuals. The history of organized UFO study in the Soviet Union is traced back to a 1967 meeting in Moscow, which led to the formation of a committee headed by General Porfiri A. Stoljarov and including Dr. Felix Zigel and writer Alexander Kasantzev. This committee aimed to combat pseudoscientific interpretations of strange phenomena. However, the press sensationalized its creation, leading to its suspension. The article highlights the role of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, which, while acknowledging anomalous phenomena, attributes them to natural causes rather than extraterrestrial origins. The Institute of Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radio Wave Diffusion (IZMIRAN) is mentioned as being involved in official studies.

International Connections and Media Coverage

The issue draws parallels between Soviet and Western ufological efforts, referencing the University of Colorado's UFO study under contract with the US Air Force. It notes that the Soviet media, including 'Estrella Roja' and 'Pravda', have commented on UFO sightings, sometimes with a humorous or skeptical tone. The article also mentions the influence of science fiction literature in the USSR and the tendency to mix parapsychology with UFO studies.

Other UFO Cases and Perspectives

Beyond the Voronezh incident, the magazine covers other UFO-related events. A photograph taken in Riga in 1968 is presented as a possible meteorological probe or UFO. Other reports include sightings in San José Valderas (Madrid) in 1967, a luminous object in the sky over Sóller (Baleares) described as an orange sphere with bubbles, and a similar orange, brilliant object observed over Pujol d'en Banya. The 'headless extraterrestrials' phenomenon is also discussed, with a report from the Urals region.

Scientific and Philosophical Considerations

Mexican astrophysicist Guido Munch is quoted discussing the possibility of extraterrestrial life and the implications of contact. He emphasizes the need to understand the probability of life organizing from inert matter to determine where to search. The potential philosophical, social, and religious impact of encountering another civilization is considered, with a reference to Stephen Hawking's work.

Ufology in Spain

The magazine also touches upon ufological activities in Spain, mentioning sightings in Menorca, including luminous flashes and circular craft. A report from 'Diario de Mallorca' describes a photographer who captured an image of a circular craft resembling a 'tapa of a soup tureen' among windsurfing sails.

Publications and Research

'Conocer' highlights a positive review of V.J. Ballester Olmos's book 'Los OVNIs y la Ciencia' in the 'Revista de Aeronáutica y Astronáutica', an official publication of the Spanish Air Force. This review suggests that the book contributes to establishing ufology as a scientific discipline. The article also mentions the work of Spanish researchers like V.J. Ballester and M. Guasp, who focus on the concept of 'oleadas' (waves) of UFO sightings and whether they represent inherent phenomena or accidental convergences of reports.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the scientific investigation of UFOs, the role of media in shaping public perception, the challenges of distinguishing between genuine phenomena and misinterpretations or hoaxes, and the international scope of UFO reports. The editorial stance appears to be one of cautious inquiry, encouraging skepticism while acknowledging the need for further research into anomalous phenomena. There is a clear effort to present a balanced view, incorporating both eyewitness accounts and scientific analysis, while also critiquing potential biases and methodological flaws in ufological research.

This issue of the magazine, identified by page numbers 31-39 and dated 1979, focuses on an analysis of a UFO 'wave' from the perspective of a decade. The primary articles are "1979: ANALISIS DE UNA OLEADA CON LA PERSPECTIVA DE UNA DECADA" by Joaquín Abenza Moreno and Mª José García Hernández, and "LOS SUCESOS DEL 7 DE FEBRERO" detailing specific incidents.

Theoretical Frameworks for UFO Waves

The article begins by discussing various theories attempting to explain the phenomenon of UFO 'waves' or 'oleadas'. It references the work of J.T. Ramírez and Barberó, who proposed that fluctuations in UFO sighting numbers over time are solely due to extrinsic factors, such as sociological influences and media attention, rather than the intrinsic nature of the UFO phenomenon itself. They suggest that a constant, low-level basal activity of UFOs exists, which is often masked by these 'pseudo-waves'.

F. Ares de Blas and D.G. López are cited for their hypothesis that if extrinsic factors like mass media diffusion and psychological motivations were removed, the distribution of UFO cases over time would be nearly flat, though they acknowledge minor irregularities that might point to an intrinsic phenomenon.

In 1981, Ballester and Guasp developed a genetic model of the 'oleada' phenomenon. They statistically demonstrated that the temporal distribution of information (termed 'social resonance') is influenced by sociological components, while the height of the histogram (number of reports) represents the actual UFO activity, independent of social conditioning. They argue that media impact on public awareness creates a wider temporal interval than the genuine UFO manifestation, leading to a distortion that masks the true, irregular nature of UFO activity.

The Concept of Basal Activity and Sociological Influence

The authors raise questions about the concept of a constant basal level of UFO activity, noting that the past decade has seen a scarcity of reports, challenging this notion. They suggest that the belief in a constant basal activity might stem from a priori beliefs, where only the 'tip of the iceberg' of UFO appearances is known, with many potential events going unreported or unobserved.

Ballester and Guasp's idea that genuine UFO behavior is irregular and sporadic is supported. This implies discontinuity in time and space, suggesting UFOs are rare, contingent events without a clear link to prior occurrences. The authors agree with the thesis that peaks in UFO activity are often caused by pseudo-waves amplified by media coverage (press, radio, TV), which sensitizes the public to events that might otherwise go unnoticed. The role of fraud and mystification is also mentioned.

The 1974 Iberian Wave and the "Adrián Sánchez" Case

A classic example cited is the Iberian UFO wave of Spring 1974, which exploded almost immediately after the extensive media coverage of Adrián Sánchez Sánchez's sighting in Aznalcollar, Sevilla, on March 20, 1974. This case, widely reported in print, radio, and television, led to a spectacular increase in reports to the CEI (Coordinadora de Estudios sobre el Fenómeno OVNI). The hypothesis presented is that this diffusion acted as a catalyst, creating a chain reaction.

This reaction involves mass-media amplification of significant cases (genuine or false), leading to more reports (including misidentifications, hoaxes, etc.). These reports then feed back into the media, creating a positive feedback loop. The 'senescence' or decline of a wave is attributed to public saturation and decreasing media interest.

The 1979 Wave: Analysis of Media and Incidents

The article then shifts focus to 1979, a significant year for UFO activity in Spain, according to the C.I.F.E. (Centro Investigador de Fenómeno Extraños). The authors, Joaquín Abenza Moreno and Mª José García Hernández, analyze the material collected by the C.E.F.O. from news agencies.

The Press and UFOs in Early 1979

February 1979 saw considerable media attention on UFOs, following a notable January and a busy previous year. The public's demand for information was high. The C.E.F.O. received eighty-four news items in February alone. Of these, 22% were sightings from that month, while the rest referred to past cases or opinion pieces. Half of the February sightings occurred between the 6th and 10th, with an epicenter on the 7th, concentrated in the Mediterranean region of Spain.

Many reports also related to attempts to understand 'unidentified flying objects', often focusing on continuous movement. The authors note that this period saw a 'fever of UFOs' and 'noise' that could confuse serious cases with fabricated ones.

Specific Incidents in February 1979

• February 4th: Two similar incidents occurred: one in Guitiriz (Galicia) where a house was filled with a bright light and electricity failed, and another in Granada where a powerful light caused streetlights to go out. These were reported in small local newspapers.
• February 5th: A family traveling between Litiago and Tudela (Zaragoza) reported a powerful, blinding light from a circular object with flashing lights, causing their car to stop. The object illuminated the area intensely and appeared to be observing them before disappearing.
• February 6th: Reports from Murcia, Alcantarilla, and Balsicas described objects moving erratically. Simultaneously, a strange object was seen flying at low altitude over Albaicin, Granada.
• February 6th-7th: The crew of the tanker 'Tamames' reported being surrounded by over 50 UFOs for six hours in the Mediterranean Sea, between Formentera and Cabo de Palos. The ship's radar detected numerous contacts, and the crew described large, bright lights and a sense of being surrounded.
• February 7th (21:30): The detailed case of Joaquín Sánchez Martín in Archena (Murcia) is presented. His car stopped inexplicably on a solitary road. He then witnessed a large, hovering disk with a central white light and rotating yellow-orange lights. The object caused him temporary paralysis and his car's engine failed. The object disappeared rapidly.
• February 7th (20:30): A similar sighting occurred in Peñíscola (Castellón), where a family observed an object over the sea, described as oval with a central light and intermittent lights at the ends.
• February 8th-9th: Ramón Compte, an astronomer at the Urania Observatory in Palma de Mallorca, reported significant and unusual fluctuations in the observatory's magnetic compass during the night.
• February 13th: Residents of Torrevieja reported seeing UFOs, including a case of a giant, plate-shaped object observed over the sea.

The 'Tamames' Incident: Parachutists or UFOs?

The 'Tamames' incident generated significant media attention. Alfonso Díez, a journalist, suggested the lights were parachutists with lanterns during military maneuvers. However, the ship's captain, José Luis González Rodriguez, insisted they were not parachutists, citing the distance at which the lights were visible (10 miles) and the strong radar contacts that did not correspond to any known aircraft or rescue vessels.

The Archena Case: Detailed Report

A detailed report on the Joaquín Sánchez case from Archena is included. The incident involved a Seat-850 car stopping, followed by the appearance of a luminous object. The witness described the object's shape, lights, and its rapid departure. The report notes the similarity to a case in Gorizia, Italy, on the same night. The investigation by C.I.F.E. found no physical evidence at the scene, but the witness's account was considered credible, and he reported recurring dreams with similar characteristics.

Mechanism of Information Feedback

Figure 3 illustrates a positive feedback mechanism for UFO information. It shows an 'incident inductor' (genuine or false) influencing 'media of communication' (press, radio, TV), which then propels 'first-generation' cases. These, in turn, influence more media, leading to 'n-th generation' cases. The process eventually leads to a decline as public interest wanes and media coverage ceases.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the sociological and psychological factors influencing UFO reports, particularly the role of mass media in creating or amplifying UFO 'waves'. The authors seem to lean towards the idea that many reported 'waves' are not indicative of genuine, continuous UFO activity but rather are phenomena driven by external influences. They differentiate between 'social resonance' and actual UFO events, suggesting that the former can obscure the latter. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical analysis, attempting to separate genuine phenomena from media-induced hype and misinterpretations, while acknowledging the possibility of unexplained events.

This issue of FORUM, published by CEFAI, focuses on investigations and analyses of UFO phenomena, with a particular emphasis on cases from Argentina and Spain. The issue features articles discussing various incidents, the methodology of UFO research, and the evolution of ufology.

INDAGACIONES POSTERIORES (Subsequent Investigations)

This section details follow-up investigations into UFO sightings. Several years after initial reports, the Ufology Section of CIFE reopened investigations into events around February 7, 1979. D. Joan Plana Crivillén contributed the case of Gorizia, Italy, while D. José Ruesga Montiel provided two cases from Sevilla, Spain, occurring on February 3 and 9. D. Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos confirmed that his archives did not contain Type I incidents (those near the ground) around that date.

The article summarizes the Sevilla incidents: one on February 3, 1979, near Olivares, where three red spheres were seen moving slowly in formation, illuminating the field. This event was accompanied by noise. Another incident on February 9, 1979, in San Jerónimo, involved punctual lights resembling stars, moving rectilinearly at high speed without sound, observed for 10 minutes. This case is compared to the Lubbock lights incident.

To rule out satellite re-entries as a cause, NORAD was consulted. The chief of Public Relations, D.W. Kindschi, confirmed that no artificial satellite re-entries occurred on February 7, 1979. The article concludes that satellite re-entries were not the cause for the sightings in Gorizia, Peñíscola, and Archena, and the phenomena's morphology and behavior did not suggest this explanation.

CONCLUSIONES

The trajectory of the February 7, 1979, cases suggests a line crossing the Mediterranean. If the same phenomenon was involved, there's a time discrepancy. The Peñíscola incident occurred an hour earlier than Archena, implying a SW trajectory, which contradicts the Gorizia sighting time. Possible explanations include witness error in time estimation, multiple UFOs, or a non-rectilinear trajectory. Additionally, only the Peñíscola case involved a direct flight path, while others exhibited varied movements.

DE LOS INCIDENTES OVNI CON OCUPANTES EN ARGENTINA (1949-1968) (On UFO Incidents with Occupants in Argentina)

This article by Luis Pacheco (FAECE-Argentina) discusses the work of Dr. Roberto Banchs of CEFAI, who attempted to provide logical explanations for incidents involving entities between 1949 and 1968. The article notes the controversy generated by Banchs's findings.

Pacheco clarifies that he received a personal response from Banchs, who stated his intention was not to start a polemic. Banchs addresses several points raised by Pacheco:

1. False Cases: Banchs explains that his classification of cases as false is based on thorough investigation, not arbitrary dismissal. He acknowledges that his conclusions might differ from other researchers but maintains his approach is based on evidence.
2. San Carlos-Mendoza Case (06): Cataloged as 'Psychic Disorder with Temporary Illusion,' Banchs notes that survivors denied the presence of occupants.
3. Trancas Case (19): Identified as 'Military Maneuvers-Artillery Elements,' Banchs points out that troop and armament movements were observed, but no one investigated the light beams or luminous tubes reported.
4. Cerro Las Rosas Case (29): Labeled 'Invented Story-Children's Prank,' Banchs cites a child's confession of a prank influenced by Superman adventures.
5. Arroyo Tapalqué Case (34): Classified as 'Rumor-Official Denial,' Banchs states that the event could not be fully verified, and an official denial was issued.
6. La Caldera Case (44): Labeled 'Probable Hallucination with Amnesic State,' Banchs suggests an internal hemorrhage as a cause, which Pacheco questions regarding the witness's ability to drive to the hospital.
7. Unanswered Cases: Cases like San Francisco Solano (24), Mendoza (37), Serodino (57), and Trapiche (49) were not answered due to extensive explanations or prior publication.
8. Llanca or Villa Bordeu Case (45): Banchs considers this an 'Invented Story,' attributing it to the witness's imagination, an accidental event, or a misinterpretation of a light. He dismisses the 'narcoanalysis' used. Pacheco questions why Banchs didn't address Fabio Zerpa's statement that he had been mistaken about this case.
9. Balvidares Case (46): Cataloged as 'Normal Persons Misinterpreted by Radial Suggestion,' Banchs presents the son's account of a balloon-like object and a woman. He notes that the Balvidares family learned about the Villa Bordeu incident from the radio on the day it occurred.
10. Venado Tuerto Case (52): Classified as 'Fantasy of Neurotic Type,' Banchs explains it as a neurotic childhood fantasy, with characters analogous to 'Star Wars.' He notes the child's narrative has symbolic origins and a socio-psychological correlation. He also addresses the BCG vaccination and tuberculin tests.
11. El Dean Case (56): Labeled 'Hysterical Type Fantasy,' Banchs bases this on psychological tests administered to the witness, suggesting a hysterical personality, though he acknowledges a painful family conflict might be a factor.
12. Winifreda Case (60): Considered a 'Possible Hoax,' Banchs questions the reliance on witness personality and neighbor's comments as evidence. He finds it weak to claim an OVNI based on such factors.
13. Manzano Amargo Case (59): Banchs concludes this case, investigated over a month, is a 'Hallucination of a Witness Suffering from Chronic Alcoholism.' He notes the reported altitude of 4,000 meters, but states the location is at 1,550 meters.

Pacheco critiques Banchs's methodology, suggesting he dismisses too many cases and adheres too rigidly to a psychosocial theory. He also notes that Banchs does not consider physical evidence like marks or animal deaths.

LA VERDAD SOBRE “UMMO

This issue of "UFO" magazine, dated from the 1980s, features a surreal cover painting titled "La nueva utopia" ("The New Utopia") with the subtitle "Una visión psicosocial" ("A Psychosocial Vision"). The content primarily explores the psychological and sociological dimensions of the UFO phenomenon, questioning the scientific community's engagement with the topic and proposing alternative explanations for sightings.

The Mysterious Conduct of Social Scientists: A Mere Matter of Fashion?

Alejandro Cesar Agostinelli (Argentina) probes the lack of interest from professional social scientists towards the UFO phenomenon. While it's understandable for 'hard' scientists to be dismissive due to a lack of material evidence, the author finds it curious that social scientists—psychologists, sociologists, historians, and anthropologists—also largely avoid the subject. He notes that many who do engage with ufology often develop this interest after defining their vocation in that field. The article suggests that social scientists might view UFOs as a topic that could lead to inexplicable residues in their research, or perhaps it's seen as a fleeting trend ('moda') in intellectual circles. The author draws parallels to how animated cartoons were initially dismissed as childish but later became subjects of serious academic study. He posits that professional interest in UFOs carries a stigma, risking the perception of being naive or credulous, which is considered an 'unforgivable crime' in academic environments.

The UFO and Donald Duck

Jacques Scornaux is quoted as saying that social scientists' current disinterest might be temporary, as 'humanologists' tend to shift their focus based on prevailing trends. The analogy is made to how the media initially treated animated drawings, which were later recognized for their cultural significance. The article highlights that while physicists might logically dismiss UFOs as impossible, it's less clear why human sciences specialists would extend this skepticism, especially when they are accustomed to maintaining a professional distance from their subjects.

"Alienologists" Blush

Scornaux finds it logical for physicists to dismiss UFOs, but questions why human science specialists also shy away, despite their practice of maintaining distance from subjects. The article suggests that for many, even studying mental illnesses can reveal signs of psychological imbalance, and perhaps the same applies to ufologists.

The Elephant Under the Rug

This section discusses the tendency of sociologists to focus on the more naive aspects of ufology, such as mystics and contactees, possibly to avoid appearing ridiculous themselves. Another hypothesis suggests that human science specialists might discover inexplicable phenomena (psychoide, parapsychic, quasi-physical, or physical) that could disrupt their established knowledge, leading them to 'sweep it under the rug.' However, the article counters that scientists are generally convinced of the non-existence of such phenomena, thus removing the fear of discovering something irreducible.

Humanoids Don't Bite

Bertrand Méheust is cited as observing that anthropologists' silence on UFOs is becoming a sociological curiosity. He notes that ethnologists readily travel to distant lands to study shamans but hesitate to investigate UFO witnesses closer to home. Méheust argues that while some may view UFO mythology as a degraded form of popular myths, this 'impoverishment' could be a collective revelation and a sign of the times. Mario Bunge is also quoted, emphasizing the importance of studying pseudoscientific and pseudotechnological phenomena as indicators of a culture's health.

Psychological Aspects of Ufology

Hilary Evans (England) explores the question of whether psychosocial factors can explain the UFO phenomenon. He argues that while psychological explanations are valid for a substantial part of UFO sightings, they are not the sole answer. Evans suggests that some UFOs may be natural phenomena, like ball lightning ('Rayo en Bola' or 'Balls-of-Light'), and points to Dr. Terence Meaden's research on crop circles, which suggests that plasma vortices could create luminous spheres or disc-shaped objects. However, Evans cautions that this plasma explanation cannot account for all UFO phenomena. He proposes that the 'UFO problem' is primarily a result of a lack of understanding of the psychological processes involved, stemming from an error in distinguishing between 'what is seen' and 'how it is interpreted.' Evans uses the analogy of a student seeing someone resembling Don Quixote and interpreting it as the character, or an adolescent seeing the Virgin Mary based on a familiar stereotype. He suggests that in these cases, the subject is in an altered state of consciousness where their subconscious mind substitutes a program, making the experience seem real. This is particularly true when the narrative is plausible within the witness's cultural framework. The article references Pierre Janet's work on hysteria, suggesting that subconscious minds can generate elaborate fantasies that are perceived as real by the individual.

Altered States

Evans begins an investigation into individuals experiencing anomalous phenomena, including UFO sightings, visions of the Virgin Mary, and encounters with supposed extraterrestrials. He posits that these experiences are not necessarily pathological and can occur in 'altered states of consciousness.' These states can be triggered by external factors (weather), social interactions (stress), psychological factors (sleep deprivation, fear), or deliberately induced states (hypnosis, meditation). He categorizes these states into 'Ensimismamiento' (self-absorption), 'Fuera-de-Si-mismo' (out-of-body experiences), and 'Super-Yo' (ecstasy, divine encounters). Evans notes that the interpretation of these experiences is heavily influenced by the individual's mental framework and cultural background; a phenomenon seen today as a UFO might have been interpreted differently in the past before the concept of extraterrestrial spacecraft existed.

The Plasma of Meaden

This section revisits Terence Meaden's theory that plasma phenomena, similar to ball lightning, can explain certain UFO sightings and crop circles. While acknowledging that plasma can be produced under specific conditions, Evans notes that scientific proof for Meaden's hypothesis is still lacking. He also points out that Philip Klass had previously suggested that ball lightning-related plasma could be responsible for many UFO reports. However, Evans reiterates that plasma alone cannot explain the entirety of the UFO phenomenon.

Ufology Functions as a System of Beliefs

Claude Maugé (France) proposes a classification system for UFO phenomena: 'preOVNI' (any observation labeled as UFO, real or not), 'OVI' (identified flying object), and 'cuasiOVNI' (an inexplicable observation that might be explained later or become a true UFO). He argues that ufology functions as a belief system, where the interpretation of phenomena is shaped by pre-existing frameworks and cultural narratives. Maugé's work, particularly his essay "OVNI-OVI: sur un certain état de la question," contributed to critical ufological discourse, emphasizing the need for a more rigorous approach to classifying and understanding UFO reports. The article notes that Maugé's concise discourse was highly valued by ufologists, even if they didn't fully agree with his arguments, leading to the circulation of his essay through photocopies.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently questions the scientific establishment's dismissal of UFO phenomena, advocating for a more open-minded approach that considers psychological, sociological, and natural explanations. There's a recurring theme of distinguishing between objective observation and subjective interpretation, highlighting how cultural context and individual mental states shape our understanding of anomalous events. The magazine appears to lean towards a critical yet open-minded stance, exploring various hypotheses from scientific skepticism to more unconventional theories, while emphasizing the need for rigorous investigation and a clear distinction between evidence and belief. The editorial stance seems to encourage a deeper, more nuanced understanding of the UFO phenomenon, moving beyond simplistic explanations or outright dismissal.

This issue of *Cuadernos de Ufología* (issue number 27, dated September 1983) is primarily in Spanish and focuses on the psychological and sociological aspects of ufology, with a particular emphasis on the Argentine scene. The magazine features interviews and articles that critically examine the motivations, methodologies, and beliefs of UFO researchers and witnesses.

Claude Maugé: From Extraterrestrial Hypothesis to Psycho-Sociological Analysis

The issue prominently features Claude Maugé, a professor of physics and psychology, who discusses his evolution from a believer in the extraterrestrial hypothesis to a proponent of a psycho-sociological approach to UFO phenomena. Maugé explains that his initial interest in ufology, sparked in the 1970s, led him to realize that many reported cases had questionable aspects or involved witnesses who had previously engaged in 'trickery'. This realization prompted him to study psychology to better understand the phenomenon.

Maugé highlights that while psychology has long studied psychic phenomena, these were often ignored by ufologists. He cites the work of Paolo Toselli and Bertrand Meheust as influential in shaping his views, particularly their attempts to explain UFO observations through known psychological and sociological factors. Maugé's current work involves re-examining 'classical' UFO cases to improve existing explanatory models and to see if these can be extrapolated to unexplained cases. He also expresses interest in studying the questionable behavior of well-known ufologists.

Maugé advocates for a critical approach, suggesting that the first step in ufology should be to 'clean up the mess' by debunking flawed theories and data, rather than immediately building new ones. He believes that ufology functions more as a belief system than a scientific one and that it's important to address the 'miseries of one's neighbor' (i.e., the errors of fellow ufologists) to establish a healthier foundation.

The 'New Mysticism' of Abductions

The magazine explores the evolving nature of abduction reports, noting a shift towards 'mysticism' in the 1980s, particularly in America. Unlike earlier cases, these new reports often resemble religious experiences, masked by technological jargon. Examples include the experiences of Whitley Strieber and Budd Hopkins, which are described as more akin to 'contact with another dimension' or inner journeys than traditional UFO sightings. The article draws parallels between these accounts and earlier reports of 'contactees' from the 1950s and 1970s, such as that of Jacques Bordas.

These experiences often involve themes of spiritual awakening, enhanced healing abilities, and a sense of being chosen. The article suggests that this new wave of abduction accounts may be a response to societal changes, such as advancements in genetics and embryo transplants. It also notes that while American abduction reports are prevalent, European cases, like those in Britain, show significant differences, and Italy has seen a rise in reported Marian apparitions, sometimes accompanied by 'celestial phenomena' similar to UFO sightings.

Psychological Explanations for Abductions

The issue also considers psychological explanations for abduction experiences. It suggests that some cases might be manifestations of psychological disorders, such as 'delirium of the imagination,' where individuals maintain a coherent personality and intellect but experience fantastical narratives influenced by childhood myths and universal archetypes. The article also introduces the concept of 'ictus amnesico' (transient global amnesia) as a possible explanation for the 'lost time' reported by abductees, describing it as a temporary memory disorder that leaves the individual unaware of the missing period.

The author argues that invoking 'manipulative geneticists' or 'extraterrestrial beings' is unnecessary when psychological phenomena like 'fantasmas' or 'false memories' can account for these experiences. It is suggested that individuals seeking self-validation or an escape from mundane lives might be susceptible to developing such beliefs, or that ufologists themselves might be creating these narratives.

Argentine Ufology Under the Microscope

A significant section of the magazine is dedicated to an analysis of Argentine ufology by Heriberto Janosch and Alejandro Agostinelli. They present the findings of Dr. Ulises Banchecchi, a social psychiatrist who has spent fifteen years studying the internal, psycho-sociological dynamics of Argentine UFO groups. Banchecchi, who operated discreetly using pseudonyms, conducted extensive correspondence and attended numerous congresses.

Banchecchi's research suggests that Argentine ufologists, despite outward differences between 'mystics' and 'rationalists,' share fundamental psychological characteristics. He posits that they are often driven by a fascination with 'superior intelligences' and tend to project their own personalities onto their groups. He describes many ufologists as 'automatons' following a mental program, whether they consciously believe in these intelligences or have evolved to a more skeptical stance.

Banchecchi's study, which began in 1974, involved analyzing the writings and actions of ufologists. He notes that many ufologists were initially drawn to the field by the idea of communicating with superior beings, and that this core concept remains influential in their lives, regardless of their current level of belief.

References and Editorial Notes

The issue includes a comprehensive list of references, citing works by Claude Maugé, Jacques Scomaux, Paolo Toselli, Bertrand Meheust, and others. It also provides contact information for Claude Maugé and mentions the Belgian group SOBEPS. A small section titled 'Amigos Suscriptores' appeals for reader support to ensure the continuation of 'Cuadernos de Ufología.'

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the critical examination of ufological claims, the application of psychological and sociological frameworks to understand UFO phenomena and researchers, and the exploration of alternative explanations beyond the purely extraterrestrial hypothesis. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, encouraging a more scientific and self-aware approach to the study of UFOs, while acknowledging the complex psychological and social factors involved.

This issue of "Fenómenos Aéreos" (Vol. 1, Issue 1, April 1990) delves into the psychological aspects of ufology and presents a series of case studies, primarily focusing on alleged UFO sightings and abductions in Germany and Spain. The magazine explores the motivations and psychological profiles of ufologists, questions the authenticity of many reported incidents, and offers alternative explanations rooted in psychology, misinterpretation, or outright fraud.

The Psychology of Ufology

The interview with an unnamed individual (referred to as 'R.') provides a critical perspective on ufology. 'R.' posits that the concept of 'superior beings' in ufology arises from a sense of inferiority and insecurity, mirroring a child's reliance on a father figure. This search for external salvation is linked to unresolved issues with paternal authority, with many ufologists exhibiting problems in their relationship with their fathers. The 'mother ship' and 'hollow earth' concepts are also analyzed as symbols of maternal comfort and regression to the womb. The interviewee suggests that this psychological dynamic contributes to a collective 'group unconscious' within the ufological community, which sometimes manifests in discussions of 'ufological pathologies.'

Abductions in Germany and German-Speaking Countries

This section, authored by Ulrich Magin, examines several alleged abduction cases from Germany.

• Hans Bouchmann (16th Century): The case of Hans Bouchmann, who claimed to be abducted by duendes (elves/sprites), is presented as an early example that shares similarities with modern abduction narratives. While acknowledging the historical context, the author suggests that such experiences might be interpreted through the lens of psychological phenomena like epileptic fits or hallucinations, applicable even to 20th-century abductions.
• Horst Raps (1959): Horst Raps reported encounters with tall, slender beings near Lambertsheim. He published a book about his experiences, which are described as 'almost religious' and linked to the DUIST sect.
• Elisabeth Weindt (1950s): Elisabeth Weindt claimed contact with an extraterrestrial named Libena, leading to a journey to the moon in a UFO. Her story is characterized as a typical 'contactee' narrative, potentially explained by religious symbolism and psychological factors.
• Norbert Hoffmann (1962): Norbert Hoffmann reported being abducted by 'thin, strange men' in white suits, subjected to medical examination, and having skin samples taken. The author notes the similarity to Strieber's accounts and questions its authenticity, suggesting it might be influenced by published works.
• Eduard (Billy) Meier (since 1975): Billy Meier's claims of numerous contacts and space travels are presented, along with his founding of a ufo-logical sect. The author notes that Meier was accused of fraud and that his case, like many others, might be a simple deception.
• Andreas Schneider (1982): Andreas Schneider's alleged abduction by beings from 'planet Humo' is presented as a well-known German abduction case that is considered a clear fraud. Schneider's story, which includes telepathic contact and sightings of beings with elephant-like skin, is believed to be fabricated, possibly for financial gain, and he is described as a 'channel' or professional medium.
• Chris Owens and Pam Owens (1978): This case, originating from an American book, involves a US soldier stationed in Germany and his pregnant wife who reported an encounter with a red, elongated object and subsequent abduction by 75cm tall creatures. The author notes the similarity to other reported cases and suggests the witnesses might have been influenced by existing ufo literature.

Incidents of Lost Time

This section details several cases where witnesses experienced 'lost time' or blackouts during alleged UFO encounters.

• Group of Ufologists (1960s): A member of a ufo group near Wien experienced a blackout after observing a powerful light, waking up some distance away.
• Otto Billig's Investigation (1974): An incident near Hochheim involving four individuals who observed a saucer-shaped object is discussed. Otto Billig, an American psychiatrist, explained it as a hypnagogic vision.

Lérida: The Police "Spoke" with a UFO

This article details an alleged UFO sighting in Lérida, Spain, on October 18, 1980. Police officers and civilian witnesses reported seeing a bright object descend and hover over the Segre river. The object was described as approximately 50 meters in diameter, emitting an orange light, and remaining stationary for about an hour before ascending rapidly. The article notes that the event was reported in local newspapers, including "La Vanguardia" and "El Correo Catalán." The author, M. Borraz Aymerich, discusses the possibility of misinterpretation, suggesting that the object's behavior could be explained by astronomical phenomena like Venus, especially considering the observers' movement in a police car and the potential for collective suggestion. The article also mentions a similar incident in Sabadell and Albacete.

References and Notes

The issue includes extensive references to books, articles, and other publications related to ufology, as well as notes clarifying pseudonyms and providing background information on individuals and organizations mentioned.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the psychological underpinnings of ufology, the critical examination of abduction claims, and the potential for misinterpretation or fraud in UFO sightings. The editorial stance appears to be skeptical, leaning towards psychological explanations and questioning the validity of many reported phenomena. The magazine aims to provide a more critical and analytical approach to ufology, distinguishing between genuine phenomena and those that may be influenced by psychological factors, societal influences, or deliberate deception.

This issue of the magazine focuses on the "Emilcin" incident, a retrospective account of a UFO sighting and alien encounter that occurred in Poland. The main narrative revolves around the testimony of Jan Wolski, a farmer who experienced a close encounter with extraterrestrial beings and their craft.

The Emilcin Incident: Jan Wolski's Testimony

The incident took place on May 10, 1978, around 8 AM, near the village of Emilcin in Poland. Jan Wolski, a 71-year-old farmer, was driving his cart through a forest when he observed two men walking in the same direction. As his cart passed them, they jumped into the interior. Wolski noticed they had green skin.

Continuing his route, Wolski observed a white object rising above the trees. As his cart approached, the two passengers signaled for him to stop. They then proceeded towards the "capsule" and entered it via an elevator. Inside, Wolski saw two other similar creatures and was asked to undress for an examination. After the examination, he was taken back outside and quickly drove his cart home.

Details of the Incident

Following the event, villagers found unusual footprints and dew-covered grass. A 6-year-old boy reported seeing a "strange airplane" flying low over a barn.

Wolski recounted that he woke up shortly after 5 AM and took his cart towards Drabrows Kusmierska. He encountered the two individuals, described as moving like divers, with "fluid jumps." They eventually boarded his cart, sitting on the sides. The cart then proceeded towards a clearing where a white object was suspended in the air.

Wolski was signaled to stop about 30-40 meters from the object. The object was described as being about 7-12 meters high. A slight buzzing sound was heard. The horse became agitated, and one of the beings took the reins to calm it. Wolski was instructed to disembark, and he, along with the two beings, approached the object.

They entered the object via a platform elevator. Inside, Wolski saw two other beings. He was asked to undress for examination. During the examination, the beings used small, grey, metallic-sounding plates. Wolski felt their touch was cold. The examination lasted about 12 minutes. He was then told to dress and was returned to the field via the elevator.

The Beings and the Craft

The creatures were described as being between 1.40 and 1.50 meters tall, slender, with delicate features. They wore full-body, elastic, black-grey suits. Their faces were green, with prominent cheekbones and almond-shaped, dark eyes without visible sclera. They had a small protuberance instead of a nose with two vertical openings. Their mouths were straight slits without lips, and they had white teeth. Their hands were green, thin, and delicate, with five webbed fingers. They had a "hump" on their shoulder blades, possibly from a rolled-up blanket under their suits.

The object was described as "a small bus" or "a barn roof." Its lower part was 3-4 meters from the ground. It was approximately 5 meters long, 3 meters wide, and 2.5 meters high. It appeared to be made of a single piece, with no visible seams or rivets. It had a vertical oscillation movement. The elevator platform was suspended by four thin cables and was about 1.30 meters by 1.70 meters. The interior was a rectangular room with dark grey walls, floor, and ceiling. There were benches along the walls, and two holes in one wall where a being manipulated a black rod. The beings communicated with a rapid, continuous sound, described as "ta-ta-ta-ta-ta..." or "bzoo-bzoo-bzoo..."

Investigations and Personality Assessment

Investigators examined Jan Wolski's personality and found him to be a solid, sincere, and honest individual. Neighbors described him as never drunk, a non-smoker, and free of bad habits. He was raised in the Catholic faith and invoked God as a witness to his testimony. Medical examinations revealed no mental disorders, and he was deemed to be in full possession of his physical and mental faculties, with a logical mind and strong resistance to suggestion.

Environmental Conditions

Weather conditions on the day of the incident (May 10, 1978) were described as very cloudy, with low cloud bases, light rain, and limited visibility due to fog. The temperature was between 6-7°C. Wolski's family reported cold, foggy, and humid conditions with light wind, while other sources suggested it had rained the previous night.

Related Events and Research

The article also mentions other related events, including the discovery of atypical footprints and holes in the ground with inscribed stones. It also touches upon the 11th annual congress of the Argentine Federation of Extraterrestrial Science Study (FAECE) and discussions on critical approaches to ufology.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently presents UFO phenomena and alien encounters as subjects worthy of serious investigation. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-mindedness, focusing on witness testimony, physical evidence, and scientific inquiry. The article emphasizes the credibility of the witness, Jan Wolski, through personality assessments and corroborating details. The recurring theme is the detailed examination of a specific UFO incident, aiming to provide a comprehensive account supported by various sources and investigations.

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" (Issue 93, dated 1989) focuses on a variety of ufological topics, including a congress held in Argentina, radar-detected UFO cases in Spain, and scientific research into crop circles. The magazine presents a blend of anecdotal evidence, scientific analysis, and skeptical viewpoints.

"GURU" AND PLATILLISTA FOLKLORE: SATAN IS SOUTH AMERICAN

The issue begins by detailing the organization and attendance of a UFO congress, noting the financial sacrifices made by provincial ufologists. The main cover story, attributed to Rubén "Gurú" Morales of the Commission of Ufological Investigations (CIU), explores the folklorological conception of UFOs, drawing parallels between local Argentine legends and ufological beliefs. Morales discusses phenomena like "cerros bravos" (brave hills) and abandoned mines used by the devil and witches, suggesting these could be bases for UFOs. He references legends from Famatina and the myth of the "great cave" of Cerro Uritorco, which supposedly leads to the lost city of Erks. Another legend mentioned is the enchanted Laguna Tagua-Tagua in Chile. Morales argues that these stories, often embellished and passed down orally, become local folklore, citing the "Vidal" case from 1968 as an example of how a UFO event can become a legend, potentially even a publicity stunt for a fictional film.

THE UFO AS POLITICAL CAMOUFLAGE

Journalist Alberto Frutos presents a paper titled "UFO Disinformation," linking cattle mutilations to chemical warfare experiences. Frutos suggests that "Yankees" might be conducting dangerous experiments using laser weapons and bacteriological agents against livestock, with "ghost helicopters" operated by technicians testing these systems. He also criticizes the lack of consideration for terrestrial explanations like satanic cults or scientific experiments in favor of alien theories.

CROP CIRCLES AND THEIR ETERNAL RETURN

Marcelo Fontanes reports on cases in Felicia and Colonia San José, Santa Fe, where "fairy rings" or crop circles appeared without direct UFO perception. The article discusses the common ufological belief that these circles are caused by extraterrestrial landings, linking them to the growth of the Calvatia Lilacina fungus. Luis Burgos of the Argentine Ovnilogía Foundation (FAO) presents his extensive record of fairy rings, some horseshoe-shaped, found in Esperanza, Buenos Aires. Burgos notes that the central opening of these circles often faces north. While acknowledging that some cases might be due to soil disease, he asserts that recurring circles appearing within 6 to 15 months are likely evidence of UFOs. The article critiques Burgos's adherence to outdated concepts and his defense of cases like the 1985 French balloon sighting.

ALLUSIONS AND CRITICISMS TO THE "VISITORS"

This section addresses the "greys" phenomenon and expresses skepticism. Juan Eduardo Faillá, a member of the CIU Directorate, discusses the "MJ-12" documents, suggesting they are part of a conspiracy by American intelligence services to conceal experiments, possibly related to unconventional aircraft or chemical warfare. Dr. Luis Alberto Reinoso, president of FAECE, echoes this sentiment in his critique of the "Informe Lear," condemning the naivety of North American ufologists and urging against being swayed by unfounded rumors. Other speakers include Angel A. Díaz on "psycho-geophysics," Juan Carlos Spadafora on precautions for UFO witnesses, and parapsychologist Néstor Salvatierra on mental contact with extraterrestrials.

THE LAST DAY'S COMMOTION

On the final day, Luis Dumeineux discussed a "marvelous white rain" event in Tucumán in 1983, later attributed to a meteor. Captain (RE) Daniel Perissé presented on the "ufologist-witness dyad," suggesting the investigator participates in the UFO incident through the psychosocial interaction of the survey. Oscar Alemanno, a psychology expert, questioned the scientific possibilities of ufology, arguing that ufologists lack a clear object of study and often rely on unverified accounts. He criticized the tendency to interpret phenomena through an extraterrestrial lens, citing the example of a human witness's account that was difficult to substantiate scientifically.

FAREWELL BALANCE

The closing section reflects on the congress, noting the camaraderie among attendees and the humorous anecdotes shared. It mentions a contentious FAECE assembly where the potential dissolution of the organization and the fate of its archives were discussed, along with resignations. The overall sentiment is that the Argentine ufological community is moving towards a more "hard" or skeptical stance, shedding older beliefs for new conventions, even if the information level remains low. The issue also touches upon the ongoing debate about the name of the FAECE.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

This section reviews the "Journal of UFO Studies," published by The Allen Hynek Center for UFO Studies. It highlights the journal's academic rigor, peer-review process, and its editorial board, which includes prominent figures like Dr. Michael D. Swords, Dr. Don C. Donderi, and Dr. Jacques Vallée. The review details the contents of the first volume (March 1989), including articles on hypnosis and UFO abductions, soil analysis of landing cases, and the relationship between science and the extraterrestrial hypothesis. A collective forum on abductions and book reviews are also mentioned. The subscription details and contact information for the journal are provided.

"The Circle Effects and its Mysteries"

This part reviews Dr. G. Terence Meaden's book, which investigates the phenomenon of crop circles, primarily observed in the United Kingdom. Meaden, a physicist and meteorologist, proposes a theory that these circles are caused by atmospheric plasma vortices. He suggests that under specific conditions, the electrical charges in a rotating vortex can generate intense electrical fields, leading to the formation of these symmetrical patterns. The review emphasizes that Meaden rejects explanations involving fraud, UFOs, or helicopters, and considers the phenomenon to be atmospheric. The book is described as an interesting read that helps clarify many unknowns about crop circles.

CASES OF UFOS DETECTED BY RADAR IN SPAIN

This article by Joan Plana Crivillén presents several cases of UFOs detected by radar in Spain. One significant case involves the Spanish Air Force's detection of an unidentified object in 1964 near Rosas (Gerona), which exhibited a rectilinear trajectory at over 2,000 Km/h and an altitude of 10,000 meters. Another case from 1967 describes three unknown echoes detected by air traffic control radar near Madrid, moving slowly. A case from 1975 details a stationary, unidentified echo detected at 24,000 meters altitude over the Mediterranean off the coast of Alicante. Another radar observation from the Canary Islands in 1975 noted a large trace moving at a speed calculated to be over 1,662 Km/h. Finally, a case from 1978 reports an object detected by Barcelona's secondary radar moving at an astonishing speed of 12,000 Km/h.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue reflects a growing trend towards skepticism within the Argentine ufological community, with a move away from purely spiritual or unverified claims towards more evidence-based investigations. There is a clear emphasis on scientific methodology, as seen in the review of the "Journal of UFO Studies" and the critical analysis of anecdotal evidence. The magazine also highlights the intersection of folklore and ufology, while simultaneously presenting scientific explanations for phenomena like crop circles. The editorial stance appears to favor critical inquiry and a grounded approach to understanding UFO phenomena.

Title: Cuadernos de Ufología
Issue: 15
Date: March 1986
Publisher: SOBEPS
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish
Price: 100 Ptas.

This issue of Cuadernos de Ufología delves into significant radar detections of large unidentified aerial phenomena, featuring detailed case studies and correspondence from researchers and subscribers.

DETECCION DE OBJETOS DE GRANDES DIMENSIONES

The lead article, "DETECCION DE OBJETOS DE GRANDES DIMENSIONES" (Detection of Large Dimension Objects), presents a significant case investigated by the author. On November 29, 1985, at approximately 10:30 PM, air traffic controllers in Barcelona detected a fixed echo on their primary ASR-7 radar screen, described as a large, luminous patch with unusual characteristics, exceeding 200 meters in size. Initially believed to be the San Lorenzo-La Mola mountain, its immobility was confirmed despite excellent meteorological conditions. Upon contacting air defense, it was revealed that the military radar EVA-4 in Rosas (Gerona) was also registering the unknown object, which remained stationary at an altitude of 8,000 meters until around 6 AM.

Later that night, on November 30, 1985, at 4:20 AM, a mobile and powerful primary echo suddenly appeared on the Barcelona Air Traffic Control radar screen, located 7.4 km north of Sabadell (Barcelona). This object was moving on a bearing of 180 (south) for a minute and a half at a speed of 90 km/h. Meticulous calculations indicated an extraordinarily large object, with a length estimated at approximately 9,000 meters (9 km) and an inappreciable width. At one point, about 50 seconds after the initial detection of this "monstrous echo," a secondary echo detached from its right extreme. This smaller echo, approximately 20 meters in size, moved on a bearing of 150 (southeast) at an estimated speed of 900 km/h for 15 seconds before disappearing. The primary object also disappeared suddenly after the minute and a half of observation. The large object was oriented with one extreme towards the east and the other to the west, presenting its widest face during its southward movement, covering about 2,250 meters. The smaller detached echo covered about 4 km.

Both echoes were estimated to be at an altitude of around 3,000 meters. The author notes that the Barcelona controllers could not determine the altitude, and the military radar operators from EVA-4, who also registered the objects, did not communicate it. The civil radar in Barcelona was verified and functioning correctly. The simultaneous capture of these three echoes by military radars, which have different operational characteristics, suggests that technical anomalies can be excluded as a cause for these registrations.

The article also briefly touches upon another case where an object emitted an identification code similar to commercial aircraft but one that did not exist. Calculations suggest this object covered approximately 195 km between Palma and Barcelona in about 90 seconds, an impossible feat for conventional aircraft. The emission of a secondary code, typically used by commercial planes, suggests an "intelligence" directing the object.

Letters to the Editor and Correspondence

This section features several letters from subscribers and contributors:

• Lic. Adalberto C. Ujvari (Buenos Aires, Argentina) responds to a previous article by Heriberto Janosch about the "UMMO" case. Ujvari defends the seriousness of his own research and criticizes Janosch's article, suggesting it was chosen for its form rather than its substance. He emphasizes the need for tolerance and open-mindedness in ufological research, stating that no one has yet proven the "what," "who," or "how" of the phenomenon, making it important not to disqualify honest inquiries.

• D. Fuentes (Madrid, Barcelona) writes to Julio Arcas, commenting on the current trend of serious researchers engaging with the OVNI (UFO) topic while also noting the rise of "illuminated" individuals and charlatans who mix UFOs with parapsychology, esotericism, and occultism into irrational cults. Fuentes stresses that science requires coherent methods and that scientists have a duty to debunk frauds and expose erroneous beliefs.

• Ricardo Campo (La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands) addresses Julio Arcas, expressing interest in a dossier on the H.P.S. (presumably a ufological concept or organization) in a previous issue. Campo suggests that instead of a dossier focused on gossip and personalities, the magazine should have provided concrete, allusive work explaining what H.P.S. is. He recommends that future material not be presented as a dossier but as separate articles.

• Javier Sierra (Madrid) writes to Julio, congratulating the magazine on its ascending quality and content. He questions the definitive removal of abstracts and suggests requiring authors to provide a 5-line summary, especially for English-language articles, to improve technical quality for foreign readers. He also criticizes the English quality of issue number 1.

• Javier Sierra (Madrid) also sends a second work, intended to be compared with Argentine ufological thought. He notes that in Argentina, only about 25% of those involved in UFO research conduct it seriously and methodically, with the remaining 75% being enthusiasts and believers. He praises the magazine's format, particularly the section for contrasting opinions, and advocates for a more open approach to different ideas until they are disproven.

• Luis Pacheco (Rosario, Argentina) comments on issue number 6, highlighting a work by I. Cabria as filling an important gap in the study of UFOs in Spain. He also corrects a minor errata in his previous comments, changing a time from 22:30 to 23:30. Pacheco then discusses the "humanoid morphological constant" and the Próspera Muñoz case. He argues that the drawing of the "entity" in the Muñoz case is strikingly similar to widely circulated "robot portraits" of UFO occupants, suggesting it's not a superficial resemblance and might indicate a methodological lapse or even a conscious fraud.

• Manuel Borraz Aymerich responds to a critique by C. Batet Cros regarding "Thermal Inversions... Intelligent." Borraz dismisses Batet's observations as arbitrary or inexplicable and states that the observations from March 21, 1989, likely originated from the experimental launch of a ballistic missile from southwestern France. He also suggests that the "morning star" was involved in the October 18, 1980, observations from Lérida. A detailed analysis of these observations is promised for a future issue.

Publications Exchange

Cuadernos de Ufología acknowledges and lists several ufological publications with their contact information and summaries of recent issues. These include:

• AL ENCUENTRO DE... (Ontinyent, Spain)
• BOLETIN GRUPO ALPHA (Sestao, Spain)
• ESTIGIA (Archena, Spain)
• FENOMENOS ANOMALOS (Madrid, Spain)
• FLYING SAUCER REVIEW (Kent, England)
• INFORESPACE (Brussels, Belgium)
• LA ALTERNATIVA RACIONAL (Bilbao, Spain)
• LOS HIJOS DE LA CIENCIA (Tarazona, Spain)
• MUFON UFO JOURNAL (Seguin, USA)
• ORBITER (Reading, USA)
• OVNI PRESENCE (Aix-en-Provence, France)
• Boletin de lo PARANORMAL (Puerto Real, Spain)
• RASSEGNA CASISTICA (Torino, Italy)
• SIDDHARTA (Valencia, Spain)
• SOBEPS FLASH (Brussels, Belgium)
• UFO CONTACT (Vinkelvej, Denmark)
• UFO-Rivista di Informazione Ufologica (Torino, Italy)
• VERNE (La Coruña, Spain)

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue highlights the ongoing debate and challenges within the ufological community, emphasizing the importance of rigorous methodology, critical analysis, and open-mindedness. There's a clear stance against unsubstantiated claims and a call for serious, scientific investigation. The magazine serves as a platform for exchanging ideas, presenting case studies, and fostering a more cohesive and methodologically sound approach to UFO research, particularly within Spain and Argentina. The editorial stance appears to be one of promoting a balanced perspective, acknowledging the complexities of the phenomenon while advocating for evidence-based conclusions and mutual respect among researchers.