Cuadernos de Ufologia - 2a Epoca - No 06

Magazine Overview

This issue of *Cuadernos de Ufología* (Ufology Notebooks), number 6 from the 2nd Epoch, dated September 1989, is published by the editorial team of the magazine itself, with Julio Arcas, José Ruesga, and Ignacio Cabria serving as editors. The editorial board includes Ignacio Cabria, Enrique de Vicente, Pedro Redon, Ramón Navia, and Joaquín Abenza. The design is handled by Equipo A Prisma, with Matilde Gonzalez as secretary. The advisory board comprises V.J. Ballester (Valencia), Hilary Evans (England), and Willy Smith (United States). The magazine features a wide range of collaborators, including prominent figures in ufology like Antonio Ribera and Manuel Borraz Aymerich.

The cover headline proclaims, "El fenómeno OVNI un mito de nuestro tiempo" (The UFO phenomenon a myth of our time), suggesting a critical examination of the subject. The editorial team states that they are not responsible for the opinions of their collaborators.

Editorial: DE INFORMES OVNI (On UFO Reports)

The editorial, signed by Julio Arcas, José Ruesga, and Ignacio Cabria, addresses the recurring critique in international ufology that past UFO report catalogs, like UFOCAT, primarily serve to document popular rumor rather than providing sociological value. The editors argue that the increasing demands within the ufological community necessitate a higher standard of field investigation. They emphasize that UFO researchers should aim to identify anomalies within the framework of known science, seeking the most parsimonious, or 'terrestrial,' explanations first. Only when all conventional explanations are exhausted should a phenomenon be considered potentially anomalous. The editorial cautions against the manipulation of testimonies, tendentious language, and the distortion of data to support unproven hypotheses, such as extraterrestrial origins. It stresses that terms like 'ships,' 'landings,' and 'occupants' are mere presumptions that critical ufology cannot accept without solid proof, and their indiscriminate use signifies uncritical belief. The piece concludes by stating that these requirements—greater informational contribution, openness to criticism, and aseptic data presentation—are essential for ufology in the 1990s.

Conditions for Reports

This section outlines the conditions and data required for authors submitting articles to the magazine to improve its scientific and informational level. These include:

1. Presentation: A non-tendencious title, author names, and the definitive report date.
2. References: Circumstances of how the case came to the researchers' attention, press references, and previous investigators' findings, with an annex of press clippings.
3. Investigations: Details of interviews, complementary investigations, dates, time spent, and information on where primary source material is stored, along with illustrative materials like photos and maps.
4. Witnesses: Name, residence, age, family situation, profession, opinions, and hobbies. A psychological study or the investigator's assessment of sincerity is requested. Witness addresses should be provided separately for researchers.
5. Location: Exact location of the event, description of the area, and a map.
6. Date and Time: Degree of certainty and whether it was day or night.
7. Circumstances: Witness activities, atmospheric conditions, visibility, and any celestial bodies identified.
8. Phenomenon Description: Absolute and relative size estimates, internal coherence, development of the event, movements, directions, colors, and a drawing or graphic representation by the witness.
9. Duration: Estimation of the phenomenon's duration and form.
10. Technological Follow-up: Details of visual tracking (binoculars, radar), photos, sound recordings, and time measurements.
11. Complementary Witnesses: Search for additional witnesses in nearby areas and whether others observed anything.
12. Verifiable Evidence: Copies of footprints, photos, recordings, or specialized analysis. The magazine can provide contact information for specialized collaborators. Other physical or biological effects not verifiable by investigators should also be explained.

HISTORIA DEL INTERES SOCIAL POR LOS OVNIS EN ESPAÑA. Medios de comunicación y movimiento ufológico (History of Social Interest in UFOs in Spain. Media and Ufological Movement)

By Ignacio Cabria, this article is presented in two parts. The first part provides information on the history of UFO 'flying saucer' dissemination in Spanish media, while the second compiles data on radio and television programs and ufological movement activities, including publications, congresses, and research centers. Cabria notes that the lists are intended to be exhaustive but will inevitably be incomplete due to lost data over time or limited circulation.

He highlights the difficulty in distinguishing between genuinely functioning UFO research groups and fictitious ones. The article begins by analyzing the history of social interest in the UFO phenomenon, dividing it into two main areas: media (general and specialized press, radio, television) and the social movement (study groups, 'contactee' cults, organizations, publications, events).

The Day Flying Saucers Invaded the Press

This section, attributed to Antonio Ribera, discusses the initial media coverage of the Kenneth Arnold sighting in 1947. It notes that the event was not immediately published by the Spanish press, with the first known reference appearing in *El Correo de Galicia* on July 8, 1947. The article quotes the White House secretary, Charles Ross, humorously dismissing the sightings as a Pacific Coast juggler's trick. It also mentions General Arnold's speculation that the phenomena could be due to secret North American inventions or foreign inventions that had gone out of control, or even jet propulsion aircraft. The text points out that the press began to be the primary source of information for those captivated by extraterrestrial life, interpreting 'flying saucers' as evidence of alien civilizations. However, this idea was initially a minority view, with many Spaniards suspecting secret Soviet or American weapons. News was scarce for the next two years, with little indication of the phenomenon's origin. A brief mention in December 1949 linked the 'saucers' to inter-planetary vehicles, referencing an article by Keyhoe in *True* magazine. The extraterrestrial origin hypothesis is presented not as the idea of a single author but as a logical deduction that ignited the myth.

Mr. Marshall Brings Us Flying Saucers

The year 1950 saw increased attention due to the release of early books on flying saucers in the United States. *Solidaridad Nacional* published a headline on February 25th stating, "Flying saucers are piloted by beings from another planet." The article recounts the story of Captain Mantell's death, a classic UFO case. The text mentions a report in *7 Fechas* about a 'stone from space' found by Alberto Sanmartín, which was interpreted as having Martian origins. The journalist Fernando P. de Cambra also dedicated a report to a crashed saucer in Mexico, containing a calcined body, and concluded it was a new secret weapon. The spring of 1950 saw an effervescence of sightings in Spain, with reports from Avila, Almansa, Vic, Granollers, and other towns. The author cautions against interpreting this as an invasion psychosis, noting that many reports appeared in local newspapers and were unknown until researcher Antonio Ribera grouped them as an 'outbreak'.

The article discusses the contradictory news circulating, such as Australia having flying saucer models, Italy building one, and the US launching them from Alaska. It also mentions an Austrian inventor claiming to build these machines.

Other Sheep Not of This Fold

This section explores the religious perspective on UFOs. It suggests that the interest in 'aliens' may have stemmed from a desire to find other souls created by God. The Catholic doctrine was considered compatible with the possibility of inhabited worlds, leading to theological questions about whether extraterrestrials had souls, had received God's word, or if Christ had incarnated among them. Father Emilio Saura stated that redemption is not exclusive to humans and that God could incarnate multiple times. The text also touches upon the idea of extraterrestrials warning humanity about atomic weapons, drawing parallels to the movie *Ultimatum to the Earth*.

The Invaders Can Arrive at Any Moment

This section discusses the media's role in popularizing UFOs. Television series like *Los Invasores* (The Invaders) used popular mythology, including 'men in black,' to convey the idea of alien presence. The scientific program *Misterios al descubierto* (Mysteries Uncovered) treated the UFO topic critically but allowed for the possibility of existence. The space race, particularly the moon landing, significantly influenced the belief in extraterrestrial life and the arrival of flying saucers. The year 1968 also saw a boom in science fiction cinema, with films like *2001: A Space Odyssey*. The summer of 1968 witnessed an explosion of UFO sightings reported across Spain, fueling speculation about an imminent alien 'invasion.' Magazines like *Garbo* and *Gaceta Ilustrada* featured prominent headlines about flying saucers. The collection *Cíclope, la incógnita del espacio* (Cyclops, the Mystery of Space) was published in 1969.

Conclusions on Media and UFOs

This concluding section summarizes the diffusion of the UFO topic during two key periods: the early 1950s and the lead-up to the 1968-69 wave. It notes the media's openness to UFO rumors, their transformation into 'facts and evidence,' and how this media coverage has historically fueled ufology. The author argues that the media's sensationalist and often uncritical treatment of UFOs has created a belief system that feeds on itself, leading to phenomena like the 1968-69 wave.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores the history and social impact of UFO phenomena, with a particular focus on Spain. There's a strong emphasis on media analysis, examining how newspapers, radio, and television have shaped public perception and contributed to the UFO mythos. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, encouraging rigorous investigation and a move away from uncritical acceptance of sensational claims, as evidenced in the main editorial. The magazine also touches upon the intersection of ufology with religion, science fiction, and historical events, providing a broad perspective on the subject. The recurring theme is the complex relationship between media, public belief, and the scientific study of unexplained aerial phenomena.

This issue of the magazine, identified by the number 12, focuses on the phenomenon of unidentified flying objects (UFOs), with a particular emphasis on a mass sighting over Madrid, Spain. The cover headline, "Objeto Volador No Identificado, SOBRE el CIELO de MADRID," and the sub-headline, "MILLARES DE PERSONAS CONTEMPLARON EL FENOMENO EN EL CENTRO DE LA CAPITAL," immediately establish the central theme.

The Madrid UFO Sighting

The lead article describes an extraordinary event where thousands of people in Madrid witnessed a strange object in the sky. The sighting occurred in the late afternoon, causing significant traffic disruptions along major avenues like José Antonio and Serrano. Eyewitness accounts described the object as having a conical or trapezoidal shape. The article notes the division of opinions among the public regarding the nature of the phenomenon.

UFOs and Science Fiction

The issue explores the connection between UFO phenomena and science fiction, referencing William Cameron Menzies' film "Invaders from Mars" (1953). The film's narrative of "marcianos capturan terrestres" (Martians capturing Earthlings) is interpreted as a symbolic reflection of the anxieties of the Cold War and McCarthyism era, where the fear of infiltration and loss of personality was prevalent. The article posits that fantasy, even if perceived as unlikely, is anything in which one believes.

The Ufological Movement in Spain

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to analyzing the ufological movement in Spain. The author discusses the challenges in finding correlations between UFO sightings, media dissemination, and the activities of ufological organizations. It is noted that thirty years of ufology are insufficient for a comprehensive study, but certain trends are observable.

The ufological movement, as it is understood today, began to gain clear momentum in 1968, coinciding with increased media coverage of space-related topics and a rise in public interest. During this period, study groups emerged, publishing bulletins and magazines. The article observes that the creation of these groups did not directly correlate with short-term fluctuations in UFO sightings, suggesting a certain inertia in the interest of young investigators. This inertia is also noted during the decline of activity in the 1980s, where the rate of UFO sightings remained below the level that would typically generate new information. This "drought" of sightings led some ufologists to shift their focus to related topics, while older investigators grew more skeptical, and new studies emerged on marginal aspects of UFO investigation.

The author highlights the short lifespan of most groups formed during peak periods of UFO information, and even shorter lifespans for their publications. Those centers that have persisted over the years are often sustained by a central figure who keeps the flame alive, even during periods of decline.

Historical Data on Spanish Ufology

The magazine provides extensive data on the history of ufology in Spain, including lists of associations, groups, publications, radio programs, and television shows that have addressed the UFO theme. These lists offer a detailed chronological overview of ufological activity.

Associations and Ufological Groups

Pages 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 list numerous Spanish ufological associations and groups, detailing their names, locations, directors, founding dates, and sometimes their dissolution dates. These range from early groups like "BURU" (founded in 1954) to more recent ones. The lists include organizations like the "Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios," "Centro Investigador de Objetos Volantes Extraterrestres," and many others spread across various cities in Spain.

Magazines and Bulletins

Pages 5 and 6 present a comprehensive list of magazines and bulletins related to ufology or containing partial UFO content. This includes publications such as "Boletín CEI," "OVNI," "Ciclope," "Stendek," "Karma - 7," and "Mundo Desconocido," along with their editors, locations, types (member bulletin, commercial magazine, subscription-based), periodicity, and publication dates. The earliest listed publication is "Boletín CEI," starting in 1959.

Congresses and Conferences

Pages 7 and 8 detail a long series of congresses and conferences focused on UFOs in Spain, dating from 1968 to 1989. These events, often organized by the listed associations, include seminars, symposiums, and weeks of study. Notable events include the "I Congreso Nacional de Ufología" in 1977 and various "Simposium UMMO" events.

Radio Programs

Page 9 lists radio programs that have featured UFO-related content. These programs, broadcast on various national and regional radio stations, cover a range of topics from "La Hora del Misterio" to "Objetivo Ovni" and "Más Allá Medianoche." The list includes details on the program's duration, start and end dates, and the director.

Television Programs

Page 10 provides a list of television programs that have addressed the UFO theme. These programs, aired on different Spanish television channels, include documentaries, fiction series, debates, and variety shows. Examples include "Divulgación Científica," "Telefilm de ficción," and "Debate ('Los Extraterrestres')." The list includes the program's content, director, channel, broadcast time, and dates.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the unexplained aerial phenomena, the public's fascination with them, and the organized efforts to study and disseminate information about UFOs. The editorial stance appears to be one of thorough documentation and historical analysis, presenting a wide array of data on ufological activities in Spain. There's an underlying acknowledgment of the public's interest and the cultural impact of UFO phenomena, as seen through the lens of science fiction and societal anxieties. The magazine aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the ufological landscape in Spain, from individual sightings to the broader organizational and media context.

This issue of the magazine focuses on the TVE program "En Familia" and its coverage of the UFO phenomenon, titled "EL "FENOMENO" EN FAMILIA". The program, directed and presented by Iñaki Gabilondo, is noted for its unusual consideration of the topic. The magazine provides a detailed review of the program, highlighting the diverse range of guests and their contributions.

Program 'En Familia' and its Guests

The program featured a variety of witnesses and experts, including:

• D. Carlos Dolz de Espejo: A retired Lieutenant General, representing a high-level official perspective.
• D. Juan Ignacio Lorenzo: An Iberia pilot who testified about a UFO incident explained by authorities as confusion with the planet Venus.
• D. José Antonio Silva: A well-known journalist and pilot who witnessed a multiple UFO observation near Madrid airport.
• D. Pablo Díaz Moreda: An air traffic controller interested in the phenomenon, who also observed the incident reported by Mr. Silva.
• Father Antonio Felices: A Dominican priest who shared his UFO experience over Valladolid.
• Dª Próspera Muñoz Jiménez: An abductee who recounted her experience with simplicity.

The magazine also mentions other witnesses of UFO observations in Málaga in 1982, who described their experiences and opinions on the extraterrestrial identity of UFOs.

D. Joaquín Goyenechea, a lawyer, testified about an alleged pre-arranged sighting in Peru, though the images were not available for broadcast due to foreign operator permits.

D. Manuel Bautista, Vice-President of INTA, and D. Juan José Benítez, an investigator and journalist, provided expert opinions.

Government Classification of UFOs

A central theme is the classification of UFO information by the Spanish government. Teniente Coronel D. Juan Trinidad Espinosa, representing the Estado Mayor del Cuartel General, explained that the classification of UFOs as "CONFIDENCIAL" was established in 1969, not 1979 as commonly believed. The 1979 date marked a ratification of this classification. The reasons cited for this secrecy included:

• Respecting witness identities: Protecting individuals who wished to remain anonymous.
• Operational Security: Incidents involving Alert and Control Services and the use of aircraft.
• Technical Reasons: Avoiding public alarm by not presenting a nuanced view, especially given the public's strong association of UFOs with extraterrestrial spacecraft, for which there was no definitive evidence.

Colonel Trinidad expressed surprise that the classification had not been reconsidered, especially for cases involving the Air Force. He also suggested that some cases might be reconsidered and declassified in the future.

Expert Opinions and Analysis

• D. Manuel Bautista offered a measured perspective, acknowledging that while most cases had conventional explanations, a residue of inexplicable events remained. He suggested that science currently lacks the adequate tools to address the UFO phenomenon fully.
• Juan José Benítez commented on government information, comparing it to the Bárdenas Reales case and disagreeing with the official explanation. He stated that military silence is logical as they lack answers for taxpayers.

The magazine expresses hope that political and military powers will acknowledge the public's maturity to handle truthful information and recognize the value of experienced UFO researchers.

UFO Events and Activities

The issue also covers several UFO-related events and activities:

• EXPO OVNI Y JORNADAS DE UFOLOGIA EN LA CORUÑA: An exhibition of photographs, documents, and films about the UFO phenomenon, which proceeded despite threats and vandalism. It included a series of conferences by known investigators like Javier Sierra, Luis José Grifol, B. Manuel Carballal, and Licerio Moreno.
• CURSILLO SOBRE TECNICAS DE INVESTIGACION DE INCIDENTES OVNI: Organized by C.I.F.E. of Murcia, this course aimed to disseminate the fundamentals of scientific ufology. It covered field investigation, witness interviews, physical evidence analysis, and the importance of standardized methods. The course materials were compiled into a reference guide.
• JORNADAS SOBRE OVNIS EN VINAROS: A cycle of conferences held in Vinaroz, sponsored by the local council.

Case Studies and Analysis

• LAS LUCES DE RAÑADOIRO (Asturias): Reports on strange nocturnal phenomena in the Rañadoiro region, with witness accounts from Valentin Menéndez, Anselmo, Salvador Martínez, and Edmundo Fernández. These accounts describe various lights and objects, some of which exhibited unusual behavior.
• ROCKY OVNIS (Valencia): An account of strange lights appearing over Valencia, initially interpreted as UFOs, but later explained as powerful spotlights from a discotheque event. The article notes that such events can create new sources of false UFO sightings.
• EL 'CONTACTO' QUE NUNCA LLEGO: Describes a large gathering in the Ucanca valley, Tenerife, organized by the radio program "Espacio en Blanco," to await the appearance of extraterrestrial craft. Despite the large turnout and expectations, only stars were visible.

UFO Definitions and Methodology

Claude Maugé presents an essay on defining "OVNI" (Unidentified Flying Object). He discusses the difficulty in establishing a precise definition and explores different approaches:

• Phenomenological definition: Based on a set of characteristic descriptors.
• Investigation-driven definition: Based on the analysis of individual cases (e.g., Condon, Hynek).
• Process-oriented definition: Defining the phenomenon through a scientific approach to the signal.

Maugé proposes a dialectical approach, distinguishing between "pre-OVNI" (an object or phenomenon perceived by a witness but not identified) and "cuasi-OVNI" (an object or phenomenon that is identified as a potential UFO but lacks definitive proof).

Publications and Information

The issue also includes sections on:

• UFOLOGIA EN GALICIA: A call for information from investigators in the Orense and Pontevedra provinces.
• PUBLICACIONES ESPECIALIZADAS: Information on available publications like "Cuadernos de Ufología" and "VIMANA."
• LIBROS: A recommendation for the book "OVNIs, Sí, Pero..." by Miguel Peyró.
• LISTADO ANUAL DE INFORMES OVNI (W.A.U.R.L.D.): An annual listing of UFO sightings, requesting support from readers to compile data.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the public's fascination with UFOs, the challenges of investigating and defining the phenomenon, the role of media in disseminating information, and the complexities of government secrecy surrounding UFOs. The editorial stance appears to be one of promoting scientific inquiry, encouraging open discussion, and advocating for greater transparency from authorities. The magazine aims to provide a platform for serious ufological research and discussion, distinguishing itself from mere speculation or sensationalism.

Title: Cuadernos de Ufología
Issue: 41
Date: August 1977
Publisher: UFO-press
Country: Argentina
Focus: UFOs with occupants, ufological methodology, and case analysis.

Article 1: ESTUDIO DE LOS INFORMES SOBRE OVNIS CON OCUPANTES EN ARGENTINA by Dr. Roberto Banchs (CEFAI - ARGENTINA)

This article by Dr. Roberto Banchs from CEFAI (Argentina) discusses the study of UFO reports that include the presence of occupants. Banchs emphasizes the extraordinary nature of these reports, which often challenge conventional scientific explanations. He argues that while skepticism is necessary, it should not preclude a thorough investigation of all rational avenues before resorting to purely hypothetical explanations. The article highlights the importance of an interdisciplinary approach and the need to consider the witness's personality and socio-cultural context, especially when dealing with encounters involving humanoids.

Banchs outlines the project's methodology, which focuses on visual UFO sightings with occupants in Argentina, within a 300-meter range. The study excludes cases of solitary entities or repeated contacts with the same person. It prioritizes reports that have been disseminated by the press and have basic informational parameters, while also considering reports that have been subsequently challenged by the witness. The study establishes categories for the association between UFOs and occupants, based on J.A. Hynek's classification: explicit relation (occupant observed inside a UFO), direct association (entities entering or exiting a UFO), and deduced association (entities observed away from the object).

The article stresses that the more extraordinary the report, the greater the demand for evidence of its authenticity. It also touches upon the concept of 'contraencuesta' (counter-investigation) as a method to verify older cases, noting that such investigations can be reliably conducted and are encouraged for other researchers.

Article 2: EL OVNI NO ERA MARTE - La Confusión de los Escépticos by B. Manuel Carballal

This article by B. Manuel Carballal examines a specific case reported in the Spanish newspaper 'La Voz de Galicia' on July 9, 1986, concerning a supposed UFO sighting in La Coruña. Numerous witnesses reported observing a 'large white-orange light' that moved and stopped intermittently. The newspaper published a photograph and initially suggested it was a UFO. However, a subsequent investigation, including interviews with the Agrupación Astronómica de La Coruña, revealed that the phenomenon was a weather balloon launched at 23:00 hours, which exploded around 01:00 hours. The balloon's trajectory was northwest, while the reported 'OVNI' moved southwest.

Carballal highlights the confusion and misidentification, noting that the astronomical group's secretary, Eloy López Liñán, clarified that the group had not officially commented on the incident. Liñán stated that a member of the group had personally linked the sighting to the close approach of Mars, but he personally found it absurd to identify such an object with Mars, especially since Mars was visible under similar conditions on previous and subsequent days without causing similar public concern.

The article also includes a note from Joaquim Perea defining an investigator as someone who seeks solutions to mysteries, rather than preserving their enigmatic nature. It also mentions that the newspaper's initial report was accompanied by a photograph, and that the reporters had accessed three similar photographs.

Article 3: INVESTIGACION RETROSPECTIVA O EL PSEUDOATERRIZAJE DE "EL PLANTIO" DE 1968 by V.J. Ballester Olmos

This article by V.J. Ballester Olmos presents a retrospective investigation into a reported UFO landing in 'El Plantío', Madrid, in August 1968. The case, initially investigated by Manuel Salazar Serrano, involved a minister's finca and a purported 20-meter diameter disc-shaped object with windows, which allegedly landed, left a burned circle, and then ascended vertically. The report included testimonies from Alfonso Garcia, a bar owner, and others.

However, Ballester Olmos's investigation, conducted years later, revealed significant discrepancies and fabrications. He contacted the primary witness, who admitted that the story was largely invented. The witness and his friends had been at a party and saw a light in the sky, which they described as a 'white spotlight' resembling an isosceles triangle. There was no landing, no burned circle, and no official investigation by the Guardia Civil or the Ministry of the Air. The initial report, which included details about the object's size and the burned circle, was apparently exaggerated or fabricated by ufologists.

Ballester Olmos concludes that the case was a result of naivete, wishful thinking, or lack of expertise, and that Salazar was mistaken in his assessment. The article serves as a cautionary tale for researchers, emphasizing the need for caution and skepticism when investigating extraordinary claims.

Article 4: Classification of UFO Phenomena (from page 2 diagram and related text)

The magazine includes a diagram and accompanying text that categorizes UFO phenomena. Key distinctions are made:

• Pre-OVNI: Initial observations that may or may not be UFOs.
• Falso OVNI = OVI: Identified as a misinterpretation of a known object or phenomenon (natural or artificial), or a psychological phenomenon (hallucination, delusion), or a hoax.
• Cuasi-OVNI: Cases that remain unidentified by experts, even after investigation. These are considered UFOs in a broader sense.
• Fenómeno OVNI en sentido restringido: Cases that are not identified by experts but are considered UFOs in a restricted sense.
• Verdadero OVNI: Cases that are fundamentally inexplicable and may involve unknown natural phenomena, non-human intelligence, or phenomena beyond current human comprehension.
• Pseudo-OVNI: Cases that were initially classified as casi-OVNI but are later identified due to scientific progress or further investigation. This category also includes cases that were once considered inexplicable but are now understood within existing scientific frameworks.

The diagram illustrates the flow of investigation, from initial observation to expert analysis, and the potential outcomes, including identification as a false OVNI, remaining unidentified (casi-OVNI), or being classified as a true OVNI.

Article 5: List of UFO Cases in Argentina (III - LISTADO DE CASOS DE OVNIS EN ARGENTINA)

This section provides a detailed list of 63 UFO cases reported in Argentina from 1949 to 1988. Each entry includes the date, location (province and specific place), type of report (SC - unconfirmed, PM - first-hand report, II - investigation in progress), time of day, and the name of the witness(es) or informant(s). The list also includes a section on other locations related to these cases and codes used for classification.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue consistently emphasizes the importance of rigorous methodology, critical analysis, and skepticism in the study of UFO phenomena. It advocates for interdisciplinary approaches, including psychological and sociological perspectives, alongside physical sciences. The magazine aims to move beyond sensationalism and to provide a more scientific and evidence-based understanding of UFO reports. The editorial stance appears to be one of cautious investigation, seeking to debunk hoaxes and misidentifications while remaining open to the possibility of genuinely unexplained phenomena. The focus on case studies, particularly from Argentina, suggests a commitment to detailed, empirical research within the field of ufology.

Title: FORUM
Issue: IV
Volume: IV
Issue Date: April 1989
Cover Headline: NATURALEZA DE LAS IDENTIFICACIONES (Nature of Identifications)

This issue of FORUM magazine delves into the complex nature of unidentified phenomena, aiming to categorize and explain various reported sightings. It presents a comprehensive list of locations associated with such events, along with brief descriptions of the phenomena observed and their proposed explanations, ranging from meteorological occurrences and psychological factors to outright hoaxes and journalistic fabrications.

Catalog of Identifications

The magazine features a detailed list (numbered 04 to 61) of locations across Argentina and potentially other regions, each paired with a description of a reported event. These descriptions include phenomena such as probable mirages, false suns, psychic disturbances, lenticular clouds, journalistic fraud, sightings of military aircraft, contradictory reports, phantom visions, military exercises, and even fabricated stories. The explanations provided often attempt to rationalize the sightings through known natural or man-made causes, though the sheer volume and variety suggest a persistent underlying mystery.

Specific Investigations and Articles

'INVERSIONES TERMICAS... INTELIGENTES' by Carlos Batet Cros: This article discusses the ongoing debate surrounding UFO sightings, noting that despite scientific skepticism, credible witnesses (national security agents, aviators, military personnel, astronomers) continue to report inexplicable events. It touches upon the concept of 'reserved information' and how documented cases are often distorted. The author highlights the Tibidabo sighting in Barcelona on March 6, 1989, involving a phantom presence observed by numerous citizens and initially dismissed by authorities as an optical phenomenon due to atmospheric conditions. The article also mentions other sightings in Catalonia, including one on March 20th from Gerona and surrounding areas, described as a 'sonda balloon' or meteorological phenomenon. It further reports on sightings on March 21st in various comarcas of Catalonia, attributed to 'thermal inversions.'

'El piloto J.A. Silva. Arriba OVNI del Tibidabo': This section references pilot and journalist J.A. Silva and his involvement with the Tibidabo UFO sighting. It details observations made in the Horta area of Barcelona and extends to Molins de Rey, Olesa, and Esparraguera, with a notable observation from Miguel García at the 'Turó de l'Home' observatory.

'OVNIS EN TELEVISION ESPAÑOLA': This piece reports on the phenomenon being discussed on television, specifically on Iñaki Gabilondo's program 'En Familia' on April 21, 1989. It mentions the participation of experts and witnesses, including priest Antonio Felices and pilot José Antonio Silva, who wrote about his experiences in 'Mística y misterio de los OVNIs.' The article also features pilot Juan Ignacio Lorenzo, a former skeptic who became a believer after a personal encounter.

'UNA INVERSION TERMICA "INTELIGENTE"': This article revisits the case of a UFO sighting reported by the newspaper 'La Vanguardia' on October 25, 1980, in Lérida. It describes how police officers witnessed a bright, silent object that descended and hovered, even responding to police signals with its lights. The object was estimated to be about 2,000 meters high with a diameter of 50 meters. The article also mentions a similar sighting of a triangular object with powerful lights on the same night near Bilbao and Albacete.

'LOS OVNIS Y LA CIENCIA TERRESTRE' by Bernardino Sánchez Bueno (CECOP - Portugal): This article critically examines the scientific approach to UFO research. It references the 'Robertson Report' from 1953, which concluded that UFOs could be explained by natural phenomena. The author also discusses the 'Green Bank equation' (or Frank Drake equation) which estimates the number of potential extraterrestrial intelligences in the galaxy. The article quotes Henry Durrant and a commentary on 'Le dossier des OVNIs,' questioning why scientists would spend time on something that doesn't exist. It also references a statement by former UN Secretary-General U Thant, who considered the UFO problem highly important.

'COMENTARIOS ACERCA DE LA INVESTIGACION DEL CASO PROSPERA MUÑOZ' by Angel Alberto Díaz (Argentina): This section focuses on the investigation of a specific case involving Prospera Muñoz. It details the methodology, including personality studies and clinical analysis, and discusses the psychological profile of the witness, noting a diagnosis of 'Psiconeurósis' (Neurosis). The author explores the potential causes of this neurosis, including childhood experiences and environmental factors, and questions whether the UFO phenomenon could have triggered or exacerbated a pre-existing condition.

'EL ENTORNO FAMILIAR' and 'CONTRASTAR RESULTADOS': These sections analyze the family environment of the witness and the results of contrasting testimonies. The author notes that many abduction witnesses are diagnosed with neurosis, questioning if this is a constant or a result of the investigation process itself. The description of a humanoid entity is also provided, detailing its physical characteristics, clothing, luminosity, locomotion, and associated UFO presence.

'La nueva Ufopatía (1)' by Julio Arcas Gilardi: This piece introduces a new approach to ufology, termed 'Nueva Ufología,' which expands the discussion beyond the traditional dichotomy of alien intelligence versus natural phenomena. It highlights the work of Alejandro Agostinelli in compiling a dossier on this subject, aiming to overcome the limitations of information availability due to translation issues for Spanish-speaking readers.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently questions the conventional scientific dismissal of UFO phenomena, emphasizing the credibility of numerous witnesses from diverse professional backgrounds. It highlights the tendency to explain away sightings with meteorological or psychological rationalizations, often implying that these explanations are insufficient or deliberately used to obscure the truth. The editorial stance appears to favor a more open-minded investigation into UFOs, acknowledging the limitations of current scientific understanding and the possibility of phenomena that transcend known physics. There's a recurring theme of 'reserved information' and the deliberate distortion of facts. The magazine champions the right of the public to know and understand these events, suggesting that the phenomena themselves may be extraterrestrial in origin, given their anomalous nature and the lack of terrestrial explanations.

This issue of the magazine, titled "LA HIPOTESIS PSICO-SOCIOLOGICA Y LA ULTIMA CRUZADA DE LOS CONTRADICTORES DEL MITO" (The Psycho-Sociological Hypothesis and the Last Crusade of the Myth's Contradictors), features articles by Alejandro César Agostinelli and Michel Monnerie, exploring a shift in ufological thought.

The Psycho-Sociological Hypothesis and the Last Crusade of the Myth's Contradictors

Alejandro César Agostinelli, a journalist and publicist from Argentina, presents the core ideas of the Psycho-Sociological Hypothesis (HPS). He contrasts this with the older, 'mechanistic' ufology, which was heavily focused on the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (HET). Agostinelli notes that the 'golden age' of HET-focused ufology, where speculation about extraterrestrial visitors was rampant, has passed. The new wave of ufologists, influenced by figures like Michel Monnerie, Jacques Scornaux, and Thierry Pinvidic, are adopting a more rational and socio-cultural approach.

Agostinelli highlights that the HPS views UFO phenomena as a reflection of social and cultural myths, drawing parallels to historical beliefs and the collective unconscious, reminiscent of Carl Jung's work. This perspective suggests that the 'witness' is an instrument, and the phenomenon itself is a manifestation of the social imaginary, transforming into a palpable subjective reality.

Thierry Pinvidic is cited as emphasizing that the HPS is a 'falsifiable' hypothesis, a key characteristic of scientific inquiry. This approach allows for a broader range of interpretations and has gained traction among ufologists seeking a more rigorous methodology.

The article discusses the 'delicate equilibrium of doubt' that the new ufologists are trying to maintain, acknowledging the complexity of the subject without resorting to premature conclusions.

The Great Demolisher's Yawn

This section, attributed to Michel Monnerie, reflects on the evolution of ufology. Monnerie, a French ufologist, is presented as a pivotal figure who questioned the prevailing extraterrestrial explanations. His work, particularly his book "Et si les OVNI n'existaient pas?" (What if UFOs didn't exist?), is described as having shaken the foundations of traditional ufology. The article suggests that Monnerie's skepticism, while initially controversial, paved the way for a more critical and analytical approach.

Monnerie's shift towards a psycho-sociological explanation is detailed, where he proposed that UFO phenomena could be entirely understood through social and psychological dynamics. This perspective was met with resistance from traditional ufologists but was embraced by a new generation of researchers.

The text mentions the "Grand Ufodrome" (Great Ufodrome), a metaphorical space representing the collective imagination of UFO enthusiasts, and how Monnerie's ideas acted as a disruptive force, challenging long-held beliefs.

The Last Images of the Shipwreck?

This section discusses the impact of the 'nouvelle vague' of French ufology, which recognized Michel Monnerie's significant contribution. Ufologists like Jacques Scornaux acknowledge Monnerie's courage in publicly voicing ideas that were previously only discussed privately. Scornaux, while initially maintaining a distinction from extreme positions, found common ground with Monnerie's rational approach.

The article highlights how Monnerie's skeptical stance, stemming from his background in orthodox scientific ufology, caused a shock within the European ufological community. It notes that while some dismissed his ideas, others began to consider the socio-psychological aspects of UFO reports.

The text lists several European ufological publications that reflected these debates, including Inforespace, Ovni Présence, Magonia, and Cenap Report. It suggests that while some ufologists saw Monnerie's work as a sign of ufology's decline, the new generation of French researchers embraced his impact.

Noah's Ark, Part Two

This section continues the discussion on Monnerie's influence, noting that his second book did not, as he speculated, mark the end of ufology. Instead, it spurred further reflection and debate. The article contrasts Monnerie's initial skepticism with the continued interest in UFO phenomena, even as new explanations emerged.

It is mentioned that Monnerie's successors have generated valuable insights by rescuing his critiques from dismissal due to 'anger or frivolity.' The skeptical stance of Monnerie, who came from a scientific ufology background, caused a profound shock in the European ufological community. The article points out that those who didn't believe there was reason for concern were mistaken, as the 'psycho-sociologist syndrome' did cross French borders.

The text describes how Monnerie's work provided a crucial stepping stone, even if its immediate consequences were eclipsed by broader debates in European ufology. Publications like Inforespace, Lumieres Dans La Nuit, Ovni Présence, Magonia, Ufología y Ufo Phenomena-UPIAR, and Cenap Report became platforms for these discussions.

While some ufologists with fragile convictions saw Monnerie's reductionism as sufficient to signal the 'shipwreck' of traditional ufology, the new generation of French researchers received the impact with a benevolence that was unexpected, transforming his controversial model into an excellent excuse to subject ufology to an exhaustive critical review.

Increasing the Great Martian Fear

This section examines the psycho-sociological trend that began to emerge from Monnerie's doctrine. It discusses the book "La grande peur martienne" (The Great Martian Fear) by Gerard Barthel and Jacques Brucker, which aimed to debunk the 1954 French UFO wave. Their extensive surveys suggested that many cases from that wave had been subjected to journalistic distortion and that the percentage of ground sightings was very low.

Despite these findings, the skeptical duo's work was largely ignored by French-speaking ufologists. The article notes that their book received little attention, even from those who might have been expected to critique it. Instead, the focus shifted back to the teachings of Michel Monnerie.

Distinguishing or Not, That Is the Question

This section delves into the concept of 'indistinguishability' in ufology, a key challenge that has been debated in advanced ufological circles. It refers to the difficulty in differentiating cases that have already been explained from those still labeled as UFOs. Similarities in seemingly trivial aspects (location, duration, conditions, time of day) and 'typical' UFO case characteristics (landing traces, humanoid sightings, radar contacts, electromagnetic effects, psycho-physiological effects) suggest a non-specific nature of UFO reports.

This absence of discernible elements could indicate that the phenomena are not unique or that they differ from Identified Flying Objects (IFOs). The text references Allan Hendry's 1979 study, which proposed a 'non-revolutionary' theory for UFO reports that bore a striking resemblance to Monnerie's ideas. Hendry suggested that a small percentage of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) might belong to a phenomenon or family of phenomena that science could not yet explain.

Simultaneously with Monnerie, Hendry's statistical analysis revealed shared traits between UFO and IFO cases, suggesting that ufologists might have been studying the same phenomena all along. The article implies that IFOs could be responsible for the majority of reported cases.

The Lost Evidence

This section discusses the work of Rubén "Gurú" Morales, an Argentine ufologist who critically analyzed the book "El gran temor marciano" by Barthel and Brucker. Morales argued that the authors, like some HET proponents, were leading witnesses to their conclusions, rather than objectively investigating. He criticized their methodology, suggesting they were trying to prove a pre-existing theory rather than discovering the truth.

Morales pointed out that the authors' approach was flawed, as they dismissed cases based on the perceived unreliability of witnesses, a tactic he found similar to medieval inquisitors. He argued that the authors' own biases prevented them from objectively assessing the evidence.

The text also touches upon Aimé Michel's critique of the psycho-sociological approach, where he expressed concern that it might lead to dismissing cases based solely on the perceived unreliability of witnesses. Michel argued that only 'trustworthy' individuals could see 'incredible things,' implying that the very definition of 'untrustworthy' was based on their reporting of such phenomena.

The Message of the New Ufology

This section explores the implications of the 'new ufology' movement, which is characterized by its rational and scientific approach. The neo-ufologists are not necessarily denying the existence of original phenomena but are questioning the traditional interpretations and methodologies used to study them.

The article highlights the shift from a focus on extraterrestrial craft to a consideration of the psychological and social dimensions of UFO reports. It suggests that this new approach, while challenging to traditional ufologists, is bringing a refreshing intellectual rigor to the field.

The text mentions that the psycho-sociological approach requires patience and a willingness to re-examine assumptions. It emphasizes that the study of UFO phenomena offers ample material for reflection, particularly regarding the role of the human perceiver and the influence of social imaginary.

Contact in France (or the story of a "tête à tête" with the new ufologists)

Alejandro C. Agostinelli recounts his personal encounters with prominent figures in the 'new ufology' movement in France and Italy. He describes his initial approach to this field, which was through personal contact rather than academic literature. Agostinelli details his conversations with key figures like Jacques Scornaux, Thierry Pinvidic, and François Louange, as well as Italian ufologists.

He shares his experiences during visits to Paris in 1983, 1985, and 1988, where these interviews took place. Agostinelli expresses gratitude for the hospitality and assistance he received, particularly from Jacques Scornaux and the translator Françoise Jozón. He notes that these interactions provided him with firsthand insights into the evolving landscape of ufological research.

Morals of the First Approximation

Agostinelli describes his first meeting with Jacques Scornaux in Paris in 1983. He recounts the initial difficulty in reaching Scornaux and the subsequent lunch meeting that also included Thierry Pinvidic and François Louange. Agostinelli admits to feeling insecure during his first trip to Europe, given his then-limited background in ufology. He expresses that his ufological curriculum was less extensive at the time, and he could hardly believe he was meeting these prominent figures.

Post Scriptum: The Master's Truth

In this concluding section, Agostinelli reflects on the search for a definitive 'truth' in ufology. He suggests that perhaps the 'truth' is not found in the pronouncements of self-proclaimed masters but in the innocence of those who have not been initiated into the complexities of the field. He posits that perhaps the 'contradictors of the myth' – those who challenge established beliefs – are the ones who might ultimately be closer to the truth.

Agostinelli acknowledges the possibility of misinterpretations, such as mistaking the planet Venus for a UFO. He concludes by emphasizing the enduring nature of doubt and the solitary journey of inquiry that began at the outset.

Notes

The notes section provides biographical information about Alejandro Agostinelli, his role as compiler of the dossier, and his journalistic background. It also lists references to articles, books, and reports cited throughout the text, including specific publications and authors related to ufology and the psycho-sociological hypothesis. These references offer further context and sources for the claims made in the articles.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the paradigm shift in ufology from the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (HET) to the Psycho-Sociological Hypothesis (HPS). The editorial stance clearly favors the HPS, advocating for a more critical, rational, and scientifically grounded approach to studying UFO phenomena. It emphasizes the importance of psychological and socio-cultural factors in understanding witness reports and the cultural construction of the UFO myth. The issue champions skepticism, rigorous methodology, and the idea that the study of UFOs can be enriched by insights from the social sciences. There is a clear critique of older, less analytical forms of ufology that relied heavily on speculative extraterrestrial explanations.

This issue of 'Le gépan' (likely a dossier or special report related to the GEPAN organization) delves into the French ufology scene of the 1980s, with a particular focus on the evolution of theories and methodologies. The content is primarily in Spanish, suggesting it might be a Spanish-language publication or translation discussing French ufology.

Key Articles and Themes

The GEPAN Organigram and Claude Poher

The cover prominently features an organigram of GEPAN, the French agency for the study of unidentified aerial phenomena, and identifies Claude Poher as its first director. This suggests an exploration of the organizational structure and early leadership of GEPAN.

Encounters with Parisian Ufologists

The narrative begins with the author's experiences meeting with Parisian ufologists, including François and Jacques. The author initially presents his work on Argentine UFO cases, but it's critiqued for methodological deficiencies. The discussion quickly shifts to the ideological currents within French ufology, with a focus on the aggressive humor of humanoid entities and its potential connection to political violence in Latin America. The author notes a shift in thinking among some ufologists, moving away from strict dualistic parapsychology towards a more folklorological and critical approach to the material reality of UFO experiences.

The Search for UFO Literature in Paris

A humorous anecdote describes the author's unsuccessful search for UFO books in FNAC stores in Paris, highlighting the scarcity of traditional UFO literature and the prevalence of occultist materials instead. This leads to a reflection on the difficulty of finding definitive answers in ufology.

Revelations of the Second Approximation

This section details a second trip to Europe in June 1985, involving a dinner with notable French ufologists like Michel Piccin, Claude Maugé, Michel Costé, and others from Denmark and Argentina. The author notes the presence of figures who were either retiring from the field or had differing views on the nature of UFO phenomena. Michel Piccin, a former president of GEOS, is described as having a cynical humor and a critical stance on the extraterrestrial hypothesis, having previously debunked a case involving Frank Fontaine. Jacques Scornaux is also mentioned in this context, having previously called for a more rigorous scientific approach to French UFO cases.

The Psychosociological Model and its Influence

Michel Costé discusses the impact of the psychosociological model on ufology, suggesting it has opened ufologists' eyes to the importance of human sciences alongside exact sciences. This model encourages a more critical attitude, moving away from blind belief in extraterrestrial origins.

Internal Dynamics of French Ufology

The issue explores the internal dynamics and historical development of French ufology, tracing the evolution from early survey groups like LDLN to the formation of organizations like CIGU and the French Federation of Ufology (FFU). Criticisms are raised about the FFU's top-down structure and its resistance to change.

The Role of AESV and OVNI Présence

The Association d'Etude sur les Soucoupes Volantes (AESV) and its publication OVNI Présence are highlighted as significant platforms for the 'new ufology,' fostering new research and debates.

Jacques Scornaux's Perspective

Jacques Scornaux, a Belgian ufologist, is presented as a well-prepared researcher who approaches UFOs from the perspective of human sciences. His work is characterized by its critical analysis and emphasis on methodological rigor. He co-authored 'A la búsqueda de los OVNI' (In Search of UFOs), a significant revision of the topic. Scornaux discusses his position within the ideological spectrum of ufology, placing himself in the 'center-left,' and acknowledges the influence of Michel Monnerie's ideas, albeit with a critical distance.

Michel Monnerie's 'Confessions of a Ufologist'

Michel Monnerie shares his personal journey in ufology, describing his initial fascination with the extraterrestrial hypothesis and his subsequent disillusionment. He recounts his efforts to organize research and discipline the field, eventually concluding that many cases were fabricated or based on flawed data. Monnerie introduces the concept of 'sueño-despierto' (waking dream) to explain how real-world observations can be transformed into UFO narratives influenced by the prevailing mythos. He explains his shift towards psychosociology and psychoanalysis as a means to understand the psychological underpinnings of UFO beliefs.

The 'Waking Dream' Concept

Monnerie elaborates on his 'sueño-despierto' concept, explaining that it applies to cases where conscious or unconscious influences transform real events into UFO scenarios. He notes that the term was initially met with resistance from specialists and ufologists, partly due to its association with mental illness, but argues it's a valid framework for understanding certain types of UFO reports.

Critiques and Evolution of Ufology

The articles touch upon the ongoing debates within ufology, including the distinction between UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) and OVNI (Objets Volants Non Identifiés), and the challenges of finding clear explanations for unexplained cases. Scornaux expresses a belief that while UFOs might exist, their nature makes them incredibly difficult to discover and understand.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the evolution of ufological thought, the critical examination of evidence and methodologies, and the influence of psychological and sociological factors on the interpretation of UFO phenomena. There's a clear emphasis on moving beyond simplistic extraterrestrial explanations towards more nuanced and scientifically rigorous approaches. The editorial stance appears to favor critical inquiry, methodological soundness, and an open-minded yet skeptical approach to the subject matter, acknowledging the complexities and potential for self-deception within the field of ufology.

This issue of Magonia, dated April 1984, features a prominent article titled "El pensamiento vivo de Thierry Pinvidic, o el sueño-despierto de un ex-homo ufologicus" by Marcial Nikopol. The magazine delves into the evolving theoretical frameworks of ufologists Thierry Pinvidic and Bertrand Méheust, exploring their contributions to understanding UFO phenomena.

Thierry Pinvidic: From "Le Noeud Gordien" to Psycho-Sociology

The article traces Thierry Pinvidic's intellectual journey, beginning with his book "Le Noeud Gordien, ou la fantastique histoire des OVNI" (1979). Initially, Pinvidic grappled with the transition from the 'extraterrestrial hypothesis' (HET) to more complex models, acknowledging the need to accommodate diverse UFO case reports. He was influenced by Jacques Vallée and the rationalist approach of Karl Popper. Pinvidic's work evolved significantly by 1979, leading him to critique "system thinking" in ufology and advocate for a more nuanced approach. He later collaborated with Bertrand Méheust on the "Proyecto Magonia," which aimed to investigate the subjective components of UFO experiences. Pinvidic also shifted his academic focus, moving from medicine to psychology, seeking greater affinity with ufological studies.

His approach became increasingly psycho-sociological, emphasizing the need to analyze UFO phenomena within their cultural and psychological contexts. The article highlights Pinvidic's emphasis on the "falsifiability" of hypotheses, a key tenet of Popperian scientific methodology. He proposed that the "null hypothesis" in ufology should be the non-existence of a specific, original UFO phenomenon, and that research should focus on attempting to falsify this null hypothesis.

Act I: "Miseria de la Página en Blanco" (1979)

This section details Pinvidic's early work, including the fictionalized account of Mr. Dubois's UFO encounter. This narrative serves as an example of the kind of case that Pinvidic sought to analyze, highlighting elements that would later be interpreted through a psycho-sociological lens.

Act II: "El Rompecabezas Chino" (1982)

Here, the article delves into Pinvidic's methodological considerations, particularly his adherence to Popper's criteria for scientific inquiry. He discusses the importance of formulating testable hypotheses and the concept of falsifiability, distinguishing it from verifiability. Pinvidic applies these criteria to classic UFO hypotheses (HET), suggesting that many are either falsified or not yet verifiable.

Act III: "¡Oh Estereotipo, Que Estas en Todas Partes!"

This part of the article discusses Pinvidic's later research, including his work on the "Proyecto Magonia." He emphasizes the importance of studying UFO reports from non-Western contexts to understand the cultural variations and influences on UFO beliefs. His research in Algeria, for instance, revealed how local folklore and religious beliefs shaped the interpretation of UFO phenomena.

Bertrand Méheust: The Folklorist of UFOs

The issue also features an article by Rubén "Gurú" Morales on Bertrand Méheust, a philosopher and ufologist known for his book "Soucoupes volantes et folklore." Méheust's work posits that UFO sightings and close encounters share striking similarities with ancient myths, legends, and folklore. He argues that these similarities are not coincidental but reflect a deeper, collective unconscious that resurfaces in modern times.

El Camino Meheust

Méheust aligns himself with Jacques Vallée's view that UFOs represent a developing folklore, offering insights into contemporary beliefs. He highlights the "theatricality" of UFO experiences, suggesting they are staged events that resonate with archaic themes. Méheust points to the common elements in abduction reports, such as the ovular room, the beings, and the medical examinations, as echoes of ancient shamanic initiation rituals and symbolic representations of the feminine.

Una Imaginería Arcaica

Méheust contends that despite technological advancements, the sacred sentiment persists in contemporary Western culture. He draws parallels between modern UFO reports and medieval folklore, noting how motifs like mysterious lights, encounters on roadsides (evoking places where demons were believed to lurk), and paralysis experienced by witnesses mirror ancient legends. The "EM effect" (engine stoppage, lights out) is linked to ancient beliefs about gnomes extinguishing lights.

La Estratificación del Mito

Méheust analyzes the evolution of UFO myth, tracing its roots back to medieval Christian imagery obsessed with the devil. He connects the marks left on bodies, animal transports, and magical objects in ancient lore to modern abduction accounts. The shift from the sexual symbolism prevalent in medieval demonology to the more detached, sadistic interactions described in modern raptos is noted as a reflection of contemporary societal changes.

Un Revelador Colectivo

Méheust suggests that UFO imagery functions as a "collective revealer," expressing a hidden dissatisfaction with the established order and a desire for transformation. He contrasts the ancient shamanic torture, aimed at spiritual elevation, with the modern abduction scenario, where the suffering seems to emphasize the sadism and indifference of the alien experiencers. He also touches upon the diminishing role of sexuality in contemporary UFO narratives, questioning if it signifies a broader shift in human consciousness.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The central theme of this issue is the re-evaluation of ufology from a scientific and sociological perspective. Both Pinvidic and Méheust advocate for moving beyond simplistic extraterrestrial explanations towards a deeper understanding of the psychological, cultural, and folkloric dimensions of UFO phenomena. The magazine appears to support a more critical and analytical approach to ufology, emphasizing the importance of rigorous methodology and interdisciplinary research.

The editorial stance seems to favor a nuanced view that acknowledges the persistence of unexplained phenomena while exploring their potential roots in human psychology, cultural narratives, and collective beliefs, rather than solely focusing on physical craft or extraterrestrial origins.

This issue of CdU (Comisión de Investigaciones Ufológicas) from March 1989, titled 'El Incomprensible objetivo del escepticismo español' (The Incomprehensible objective of Spanish skepticism), features a collection of articles exploring various facets of ufology, from psychological interpretations of sightings to the role of skepticism and optical phenomena.

Jean Méheust and the Folklore of Abduction

The lead article, based on the work of Jean Méheust, posits that the phenomenon of 'abduction' is essentially a form of clandestine folklore. Méheust argues that personal experiences, often vivid and deeply felt by witnesses, are frequently interpreted and consolidated through the lens of existing UFO narratives. He suggests that hypnosis, while often used to probe for repressed memories, can inadvertently create elaborate abduction scenarios by accessing a collective, imaginary 'freightic' layer of consciousness. The article highlights how the widespread use of hypnosis in the United States, in particular, has fueled the proliferation of abduction accounts, potentially leading to a paranoid logic where any unexplained absence or memory lapse is attributed to extraterrestrial manipulation. Méheust contends that these experiences, while subjective, reflect cultural content and allow individuals to synthesize dispersed elements of the era's atmosphere into dramatic narratives, acting as collective revealers of underlying cultural myths. However, the article acknowledges that for well-documented cases, a purely mythological interpretation has its limits, and Méheust concedes that unexplained physical phenomena might also be involved.

Del Electroshock al Sonambulismo: Alternative Explanations

Another section delves into less commonly invoked explanations for UFO experiences, such as 'natural electroshocks' and 'non-ordinary states of consciousness' (ENOC). Natural electroshocks are described as rare phenomena caused by energetic releases from the Earth's crust or globular lightning, which, at close range, could induce a temporary state of altered consciousness in individuals, potentially leading to disorientation and a subsequent rationalization of the experience as an abduction. The concept of ENOC is linked to studies of somnambulism from the late 19th century, where individuals, particularly those with a hysterical or highly emotional disposition, could lose awareness of reality and experience vivid, internalized fantasies. These states could manifest as sleepwalking, explaining physical marks or contusions observed on some witnesses. The author emphasizes that these interpretations do not necessarily label witnesses as delusional but rather as individuals whose cultural backgrounds and psychological predispositions allow them to synthesize and dramatize collective motifs.

Conclusions... Ma Non Troppo

Rubén "Gurú" Morales offers concluding thoughts, reaffirming that UFO encounter narratives primarily represent subjective experiences that are real to the protagonists, regardless of their objective validity. He notes that historians and folklorists often elude the idea of subjective embodiment of beliefs, dismissing such phenomena as marginal curiosities. Morales suggests that viewing these 'abductions' as creative processes that provide culture could lead to a re-evaluation of romantic psychologists' theories about the unconscious mind communicating with a superhuman reality. He proposes that UFO encounters should be understood as the unfolding of collective cultural meanings, positioning the ufologist as a modern folklorist.

The Spanish Skepticism Debate

Alejandro Cesar Agostinelli contributes an opinion piece from Argentina, critiquing the state of skepticism in Spain. He argues that the Spanish rationalist ufological current, particularly the group 'Alternativa Racional a las Pseudo-ciencias' (ARP), has adopted a petulant and dogmatic stance, engaging in a 'frenetic/desperate combat' against ufologists. Agostinelli contrasts this with the more gradual and less aggressive approach of French skeptics like Monnerie. He criticizes ARP's tendency to dismiss UFO phenomena outright, often with flimsy arguments, and their reluctance to engage in serious debate with ufologists who might offer valuable insights. The article suggests that ARP's approach, while perhaps stemming from a rationalist background, is counterproductive and hinders a more nuanced understanding of the UFO phenomenon. It calls for a more open dialogue between critical ufologists and skeptics, advocating for mutual respect and a willingness to consider different perspectives.

"Moscas Voladoras" vs. UFOs

Luis Ruiz Noguez explores the phenomenon of 'Moscas Voladoras' (flying moths), also known as 'Muscae Volitantes,' which are often mistaken for UFOs. He explains that these are not actual objects but rather optical phenomena caused by small particles of dirt or blood capillaries on the retina, or by light diffraction. These can appear as small points of light or larger, undefined glows, especially when viewed against a dark sky. Noguez distinguishes these from 'Fosfenos,' which are luminous sensations produced by internal stimuli, such as mechanical excitation of the retina or physical blows. He also touches upon the scientific concepts of interference and diffraction of light, illustrating how these principles can create patterns that might be perceived as anomalous objects. The article includes detailed diagrams explaining wave interference and diffraction patterns, suggesting that many reported UFO sightings could be attributed to these natural optical effects.

Case Report: Badajoz Sighting (July 15, 1980)

Manuel Borraz Aymerich reports on two UFO sightings that occurred in Badajoz, Spain, in July 1980. The second sighting, observed by a merchant and his family, involved a luminous object that changed shape from melon-like to crescent moon, then bean-shaped, and finally triangular. The object displayed lights and underwent a series of transformations, including a descending light that rejoined the main body. This process repeated several times over approximately two hours. The initial report in the local newspaper 'Hoy' treated the sightings seriously, but the article hints that a 'small detail' regarding the true identity of the objects was overlooked.

Discrepancies: The February 2nd Phenomenon

B.M. Carballal addresses Casiano José Monteiro regarding the UFO phenomena reported on February 2nd, 1988. Carballal defends his investigation against accusations of sensationalism, stating that his team gathered extensive information from various sources, including ufologists, researchers, witnesses, scientists, and even official bodies like the Guardia Civil. He explains that while initially considering the 'bolide' (meteor) hypothesis, further investigation led to a retraction of that conclusion. Carballal asserts that their only 'sin' was to suggest the possibility that the luminous phenomena observed in several Spanish provinces might not be easily explained as bolides. He emphasizes that their work was based on comprehensive information gathering, not mere press clippings, and expresses his anticipation for Monteiro's article on the subject.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue of CdU consistently explores the tension between subjective experience and objective analysis in ufology. It highlights the psychological and cultural factors that shape UFO reports, particularly abductions, while also presenting skeptical viewpoints and scientific explanations for perceived anomalies. The magazine advocates for a more open and constructive dialogue between different factions within ufology, emphasizing the importance of critical thinking and a willingness to consider all plausible explanations, whether they be psychological, folkloric, optical, or potentially physical. The editorial stance appears to favor a nuanced approach that acknowledges the reality of witness experiences while rigorously examining their potential causes, encouraging a move beyond simplistic categorization and towards a deeper understanding of the phenomenon and its cultural implications.

This issue of 'UFOs Y LA CIENCIA' (UFOs and Science) from April 1989, published by Plaza y Janés Editores, focuses on the scientific approach to ufology and presents case studies and book reviews.

Article 1: UFO Sightings in Badajoz (July 15-16, 1980)

The magazine details two alleged UFO sightings in Badajoz, Spain, on consecutive nights in July 1980. The first sighting on the night of the 15th involved an object observed changing shape and color, described graphically in four stages. The object was initially 'very white', then 'reddish with flashes', followed by 'reddish without flashes', and finally a 'division and union' in a triangular shape. The article suggests this phenomenon could be explained by the Moon, noting its phase and inclination, and the position of the Moon relative to the horizon at the time of observation. The second sighting on the morning of the 16th involved a luminous object observed for over an hour by a Telefónica employee and his wife. The object was described as initially egg-shaped, then coin-shaped, and later adopting a rectangular or quadrangular form with four corner lights and flashing red or green lights. The object was observed to change shape again to circular and then appeared to rotate as a black line moved across its surface. The article correlates this sighting with the planet Venus and the Moon's position, suggesting these astronomical bodies could be responsible for the observed phenomena. The report includes diagrams and a map of Badajoz to illustrate the locations and celestial movements.

Article 2: Review of 'Comunión' by Whitley Strieber

This section reviews Whitley Strieber's book 'Comunión', which is presented as a 'true story' of his alleged encounters with extraterrestrials and abductions. The reviewer, Ernest H. Taves, a psychiatrist, critically analyzes Strieber's narrative, which includes experiences from his childhood (an encounter with a giant insect, building an anti-gravity machine) through adulthood. Key events described include 'lost time' experiences, encounters with alien beings, and physical examinations, often recalled through hypnosis. Strieber recounts an incident where he was allegedly transported to the past and encountered a demonic figure. He also describes building an anti-gravity machine that led to a fire. Later experiences include being visited by small beings, including one referred to as 'The Image', and undergoing physical procedures on a spacecraft. The review highlights the use of hypnosis to recover memories and notes that Strieber's experiences are presented as factual, with a warning to the reader not to be too skeptical. Taves questions the authenticity of Strieber's claims, suggesting the possibility of fiction, especially given Strieber's background as a horror writer. He points out inconsistencies in Strieber's narrative, such as the conflicting accounts of an event involving Charles Whitman. While Strieber claims to have passed a lie detector test, Taves remains unconvinced, suggesting that the book might be a fascinating fictional narrative presented as fact. The review concludes by recommending the last hypothesis: that Strieber is a writer of horror and fantasy who is playing a game with his readers and publisher.

Article 3: Review of 'Los Ovnis y la Ciencia' by V.J. Ballester Olmos and Miguel Guasp

This section reviews the book 'Los Ovnis y la Ciencia' (UFOs and Science) by Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos and Miguel Guasp, reissued in April 1989. The reviewer, F.J. Oliver Bayona, praises the book for its methodological approach to ufology, emphasizing that scientific ufology requires a solid methodology rather than mere divulgation. The book is divided into two parts. The first part presents a select group of close encounter cases investigated by the authors in the province of Valencia. The second part proposes a method for organizing UFO reports and discusses the importance of statistical analysis in UFO research. The authors explore physical problems related to UFOs, such as infrared photography and sonic booms. The book also includes an essay on the 'Theory of Processes' by Miguel Guasp, which aims to predict the behavior of the UFO phenomenon. The reviewer highlights the authors' belief that the phenomenon might be explained by intelligent, extraterrestrial origins, stating that 'only the model of a piloted craft... whose origin was external to this planet, could explain the totality of the phenomenon.' The review stresses that the primary goal of ufologists should be the implementation of a scientific research system, presenting information accurately and aseptically.

Annex 1: Estimation of the Elevation of the Photographed Object

This annex details a technical analysis to estimate the angular elevation of a photographed object, presumably a UFO, on the morning of July 16, 1980. Using photographs showing a chimney with a conical roof, and assuming the roof's base was horizontal, the authors employ geometric calculations based on the apparent size of the roof in the photographs and the camera's focal length (200 mm telephoto lens) to determine the object's elevation. The estimated elevation is found to be approximately 14-15 degrees, which is consistent with the observed elevation of Venus around the same time.

Annex 2: Effects of Lights and Shadows on Moonrises and Moonsets

This annex briefly discusses apparent visual effects observed during moonrises and moonsets, such as 'fragmentations' and 'changes in size', which can be caused by atmospheric conditions like clouds and the Moon's movement. These effects are presented as potential explanations for misinterpretations of celestial objects.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes a scientific and methodological approach to ufology. It critically examines UFO reports, often seeking natural or astronomical explanations, while also acknowledging the possibility of genuine unexplained phenomena. The reviews of books by Strieber and by Ballester Olmos and Guasp highlight the tension between sensationalized accounts and rigorous scientific investigation. The editorial stance favors a disciplined, evidence-based approach to understanding the UFO phenomenon, emphasizing the need for proper methodology and statistical analysis in ufological research.

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" (Ufology Notebooks), dated April 1989, is primarily composed of letters from readers and a section detailing other UFO-related publications. The magazine serves as a platform for discussion and exchange of ideas within the Spanish-speaking ufology community.

Letters to the Editor

The issue features several letters from readers, offering diverse perspectives and feedback.

Jean Pierre Tennevin (Aix, France)

Tennevin responds to a letter, expressing gratitude for the "Cuadernos de Ufología" and its documentation. He delves into the arguments surrounding psychourology, proposing three interpretations for 'abductee' accounts: complete truth, manipulation by extraterrestrial intelligence, or a purely human phenomenon driven by personal fantasies. He leans towards the second interpretation, acknowledging the possibility of the first, and suggests that the US government actively deceives the public about the UFO problem.

José A. Cezón (San Fermando de Henares, Madrid)

Cezón congratulates the magazine on its quality and presentation, particularly for issues 4 and 5. He suggests improvements, including a smaller font size for easier reading and the establishment of fixed sections for reader contributions. He proposes eliminating "DISCREPANCIAS" (Discrepancies) to foster collaboration rather than conflict, and creating a "FORO • AGORA MESA REDONDA" (Forum • Agora Round Table) for constructive dialogue. He also advocates for a clearer "LIBROS y REVISTAS" (Books and Magazines) section, broken down into new releases, received publications, and reviews. Cezón expresses reservations about the book "Intrusos," stating he would not have purchased it had he read Pedro Martínez's opinions in issue 5 beforehand. He finds the book to be a mere portrayal of the UFO myth, no more or less plausible than other accounts.

Manuel Borraz Aymerich (L'Hospitalet, Barcelona)

Aymerich writes to the editor, "Julio," expressing his dismay at the numerous polemics published in "Cuadernos de Ufología" among ufologists. He criticizes these debates as creating animosity and wasting valuable space that could be used for more constructive content. He believes such controversies are undignified for a publication of "CdU's" caliber and urges ufologists to cooperate despite divergent theories.

He also points out specific issues in a previously published article. He notes that explanations for maps were omitted, leaving them "desamparados" (helpless), and that illustrations of the moon were distorted, affecting their accuracy. He further identifies an omission in an article by R.A. Baker (issue 4, pages 85-98), where a characteristic of hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations was left out. He details the missing points: the typical return to sleep after the hallucination ends, and the individual's unwavering conviction in the reality of their experience.

Bernardino Sánchez Bueno (Lisboa, Portugal)

Sánchez Bueno echoes Aymerich's sentiment, criticizing the prevalence of polemics among ufologists. He describes these debates as ugly, reprehensible, and unproductive, arguing they are unworthy of "CdU." He calls for ufologists to understand each other and collaborate amicably, even if their theories differ.

Luis Pacheco (FAECE, Rosario, Argentina)

Pacheco expresses his pleasant surprise with issues 4 and 5, particularly the articles on Abductions and those by Ballester. He intends to propose Ballester's editorial, "El legado ufológico" (The Ufological Legacy), at the upcoming FAECE Congress. He also comments on Agostinelli's note, "El Fantasma de Babel," regarding FAECE. He highlights FAECE's role in unifying and informing ufologists in Argentina, noting that 80% of researchers and groups adhere to it. He mentions his past efforts to remove mysticism from FAECE and his current focus on encouraging the Federation to contribute more than just congresses to ufology. He also discusses the effort to eradicate the term "CIENCIA EXTRATERRESTRE" (Extraterrestrial Science), which has caused considerable debate. Despite FAECE's limited contribution to research, it has achieved what others could not, fostering friendships with prominent figures like Hynek, Smith, and Ocejo, and building relationships with most researchers in the country.

Eric W. Crew (Broxbourne, United Kingdom)

Crew thanks the editor for the copy of "CdU" No. 5 (April 1989) and is pleased with the photographic edition of his article, "La formación de objetos volantes por electricidad atmosférica" (The formation of flying objects by atmospheric electricity). He requests two corrections to his article: a typo on page 64, line 14, where "woth" should be "Worth," and a more serious numerical error on page 65, line 24, where "3 Kms." should be "3 meters." He apologizes for these errors.

He also provides details about an illustration of an ice block that fell near Dr. R.F. Griffiths after a lightning strike, including its probable size and the observation of lines on the intact piece. He notes that some of these lines were omitted for clarity in the illustration.

Other Publications Section

This section provides a comprehensive list of UFO-related magazines and newsletters, detailing their editors, contact information, publication frequency, subscription costs, and summaries of their contents. Publications listed include:

• AFU NEWSLETTER (Sweden)
• AL ENCUENTRO DE... (Spain)
• BOLETIN GRUPO ALPHA (Spain)
• CENAP-Report (Germany)
• CIRCOLARE BLITZ (Italy)
• ESTIGIA (Spain)
• EXTRATERRESTRE (Argentina)
• FLYING SAUCER REVIEW (United Kingdom)
• IL GIORNALE DEI MISTERI (Italy)
• INFORESPACE (Belgium)
• INTERNATIONAL UFO REPORTER (USA)
• JOURNAL FUR UFO-FORSCHUNG (Germany)
• KARMA-7 (Spain)
• LA ALTERNATIVA RACIONAL (Spain)
• LOS HIJOS DE LA CIENCIA (Spain)
• ORBITER (USA)
• Boletín de lo PARANORMAL (Spain)
• RASSEGNA CASISTICA (Italy)
• SIDDHARTA (Spain)
• UFO CONTACT (Denmark)
• UFO-Information (Sweden)
• UFO-Rivista di Informazione Ufologica (Italy)
• UNIVERSO SECRETO (Spain)
• VERNE (Spain)
• VISION CIENTIFICA (Argentina)

This extensive list serves as a valuable resource for readers seeking to explore UFO literature and research from various international sources.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the nature of UFO phenomena, the interpretation of eyewitness accounts, the role of psychourology, and the internal dynamics of the ufology community. There is a clear editorial stance favoring constructive dialogue and collaboration, as evidenced by the criticism of polemics and the encouragement of structured sections for reader contributions. The magazine also acts as a conduit for information about other UFO publications, promoting a broader engagement with the subject matter.

The issue highlights a tension between different approaches to ufology, from those who believe in direct extraterrestrial contact to those who focus on psychological or sociological explanations. The emphasis on international publications suggests a global perspective on UFO research. The inclusion of skeptical viewpoints, such as in the review of "Intrusos" and the mention of "La Alternativa Racional," indicates a commitment to presenting a balanced, albeit ufology-focused, perspective.