Cuadernos de Ufologia - 2a Epoca - No 05

Magazine Overview

Title: Cuadernos de Ufología
Issue: 5, 2nd Epoch
Date: April 1989
Publisher: C.d.U.
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish

This issue of Cuadernos de Ufología focuses heavily on the intersection of radar technology and UFO detection, particularly within the Spanish context. It features a comprehensive exploration of radar systems, their capabilities, limitations, and historical development, alongside specific case studies of radar-confirmed UFO sightings.

Editorial: El Legado Ufologico

The editorial, titled 'The Ufological Legacy,' written by V.J. Ballester Olmos, addresses the critical need for ufologists to preserve their archives. It emphasizes that the accumulated correspondence, testimonies, case reports, and research materials form a historical record that is often lost upon the ufologist's death due to a lack of preservation by descendants. Olmos urges ufologists to plan for the disposition of their archives, suggesting donation to younger, dedicated researchers or established ufological associations to ensure the continuity of research and the preservation of historical data. He cites the passing of prominent Spanish ufologists like Eduardo Buelta, Oscar Rey, and Manuel Osuna as examples of lost archival material.

Articles and Features

Métodos y realidades en la detección de los OVNIs por radar (Methods and Realities in UFO Detection by Radar)

By Dominique Deyres, this article aims to demystify radar technology and explain its particular phenomena in relation to UFO detection. It covers the history of radar, from Hülfsmeyer's 'tele-mobiloscope' in 1904 to the development of impulse and electronic scanning radars in the 1960s. Key dates include 1957 for air traffic control processing and 1965 for the doctrine of common use of civil and military radars. The basic principle of radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) is explained, dividing equipment into primary and secondary categories. Primary radar uses natural reflection and can detect and locate objects, displaying them as contacts on a screen. Secondary radar is a surveillance radar that provides identification and altitude information, using a four-digit code for each aircraft.

The article discusses reasons for non-detection, including the 'cone of silence' and natural or artificial obstacles. It details characteristics of different primary radar types (Vigilancia Lejana, T.M.A., Proximidad) and their respective ranges and detection altitudes. It also touches upon 'Garbling' (phenomenon due to lack of selectivity in secondary radar) and 'Diffusion' (variation in station characteristics). The evolution of radar up to 1992 is discussed, with a focus on Doppler treatment and the upcoming 'Mode S' or 'DABS' systems.

OVNIs y sistemas de radar en España (UFOs and Radar Systems in Spain)

By Joan Plana Crivillen, this article explores the numerous cases of UFO sightings confirmed by radar in Spain. It notes that UFO detection is not a programmed procedure, and while radar systems are reliable, 'phantom echoes' can arise from atmospheric ionization, thermal inversions, rain, hail, bird flocks, or electronic countermeasures. Air traffic controllers receive training to differentiate these anomalies. The article explains that UFOs might not be captured by radar due to high or low altitude flights, speeds outside established limits, or if they remain stationary. It details the military radar stations (Escuadrones de Vigilancia Aérea - EVA) and their locations across Spain, listing the types of radars used, including exploration/surveillance radars (AN/FPS-20A, AN/FPS-100A, AN/FPS-113) and height-finding radars (AN/FPS-6, AN/FPS-90). It also mentions the TPX-42 secondary radar for identification. The article highlights the limitations of radar coverage in Spain, particularly 'blind spots' created by mountainous terrain and deficient coverage for low-altitude aircraft. It mentions the collaboration between Spain and France through an air defense protocol and the future connection to NATO and Portugal. Civil radar networks, managed by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation, are also described, including route control radars and terminal area radars.

El Fantasma de Babel - Crónicas platillistas en Buenos Aires (The Ghost of Babel - Saucer Chronicles in Buenos Aires)

By Alejandro Agostinelli, this piece recounts a UFO gathering organized by Jesús Roberto Róvere in Buenos Aires in July 1988. The meeting, held at the historic Café Tortoni, aimed to bring together diverse ufologists for a discussion without a predefined agenda. Róvere, a co-founder of the Argentine Federation of Extraterrestrial Science Studies (FAECE), sought to foster a collaborative environment. The article notes that Café Tortoni had previously served as a meeting point for UFO enthusiasts in the 1970s, with notable figures like Adalberto Ujvari, Francisco Checci, and Fabio Zerpa associated with it. The venue's basement, known as 'La Bodega,' was used for these gatherings.

Un Santuario Ufologico Urbano (An Urban Ufological Sanctuary)

This section, also by Alejandro Agostinelli, continues the theme of the Buenos Aires UFO gathering at Café Tortoni. It describes the café's ambiance and its historical role as a meeting place for ufologists. The article highlights the diverse attendees, including journalists, politicians, celebrities, and ufologists, and the informal nature of the meetings held monthly in the café's basement.

Control de Radar en España (Radar Control in Spain)

This section provides specific details about radar control in Spain. It confirms that both military and civil radar systems are used for surveillance and approach control. It notes that primary radar is used extensively in Spain. The article mentions that while civilian processors might reject unusual flight data (e.g., extreme speeds), military radars are programmed to accept such data. It then details specific radar detections in Spain:

• Torrejón, March 13, 1979: Detection of an unknown trace (KL-553) with high speed and heading, which disappeared and reappeared with unusual movement before vanishing.
• Manises Air Base, 1979: An alert aircraft was dispatched to identify a radar trace that disappeared and later reappeared, exhibiting non-ballistic movement and rapid acceleration.
• El Prat Airport, Barcelona, August 29-30, 1995: Municipal police reported UFO phenomena, later observed by an aircraft, with unidentified radar contacts.
• Barcelona, September 9, 1978: Four commercial aircraft reported unidentified lights, with one performing evasive maneuvers. These lights were detected by primary radar at Torrejón but not by secondary radar in Barcelona.

The section concludes by noting that while radar has confirmed observations, the future may see fewer cases as primary detection diminishes. However, pilots themselves form a crucial surveillance network.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the technical aspects of radar detection and its application to UFO phenomena, particularly in Spain. There's a strong emphasis on the limitations and challenges of radar in identifying anomalous aerial objects, contrasting its capabilities with the often elusive nature of UFOs. The issue also highlights the importance of historical preservation within ufology and showcases specific case studies of radar-confirmed sightings. The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous investigation, acknowledging both the potential of radar and the need for critical analysis of its findings in the context of UFO research. There's a clear effort to provide detailed technical information alongside anecdotal evidence and case reports.

This issue of *Cuadernos de Ufología* focuses on the activities of the 'Septimo Regimiento,' a group of UFO enthusiasts and researchers who meet regularly to discuss their work. The magazine also features an in-depth analysis of the Olocau humanoid case from 1976, exploring various witness testimonies and investigative conclusions.

The 'Septimo Regimiento' Meetings

The article highlights the consistent attendance at the 'Septimo Regimiento' meetings, with an average of 35 participants per encounter. These meetings provide a platform for individuals to share their perspectives on UFOs, present research projects, and discuss study results. The atmosphere, though sometimes tense due to differing viewpoints, generally maintains a respectful coexistence. The text humorously notes that even in the face of imminent 'disaster,' figures like Jesús Róvere can foster a sense of diplomacy and moderation, allowing diverse UFO currents to coexist and be democratized.

The article lists several prominent figures and their affiliations present at these meetings, including Dante Franch of FUPEC, César Reyes, Carlos Demaría of CAIFE, Roberto Banchs of CEFAI, Daniel Sánchez, Edgardo Luna of ALFA, Héctor Picco of ONIFE, Guillermo Roncoroni of CIU, and Christian Vogt of CODOVNI. It also mentions Daniel Perissé, who is actively promoting a UFO Investigation Law Project, and Fabio Zerpa, an actor involved in ufology.

The Olocau Humanoid Case

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to the Olocau humanoid incident, which occurred on March 14, 1976. The Corell couple reported seeing a humanoid figure with lights near Olocau, which caused their vehicle's electrical system to fail. The article presents the initial investigation by Alfred Rosales Marzá and Alfred Martinez Forner, whose findings were published in 'Contactos Extraterrestres.'

However, the magazine also critically examines a subsequent report by Juan-Marcos Gascón Valldecabres and Juan Antonio Fernández Peris, published in 'Karma-7.' This report concluded that the sighting was a 'vulgar confusion' involving a man looking for snails. The authors of the *Cuadernos de Ufología* article challenge this conclusion, questioning the investigators' methodology, the timing of their follow-up visit (seven years later, in summer), and the plausibility of their explanation given the environmental conditions.

They also point out discrepancies in the electrical system failure, arguing that the described fault in the 'Renault-4' would not have caused the complete failure of the lights and that the vehicle's electrical system is more complex than suggested. The article also mentions a possible corroborating sighting by a relative of Mrs. Corell on the same night.

UFO Investigation Methodology: Weight and Strangeness

The magazine introduces the UNICAT system for evaluating UFO cases, focusing on two key parameters: 'Weight' (Peso) and 'Strangeness.' 'Weight' refers to the credibility of the incident, based on factors like witness reliability, external conditions, and the quality of the investigation. 'Strangeness' measures the unusualness of the phenomenon itself.

The 'Weight' parameter is broken down into several categories, including witness characteristics (education, occupation, age), investigator/investigation aspects, and objective information (date, location, duration, etc.). The article details a progressive scale for 'Strangeness' and an additive scale for 'Weight,' which is influenced by numerous factors.

It outlines four categories of factors for 'Weight': witnesses, external circumstances, OVNI interaction with the environment, and the depth of the investigation. The article also discusses specific parameters used in the UNICAT system, such as witness identification, external evidence, and instrumental evidence (radar, photos, etc.).

CIU's Guide to Procedures for Collecting UFO Data

The issue highlights the 'Guide to Procedures for Collecting UFO Experience Data,' developed by the Comisión de Investigaciones Ufológicas (CIU) of Buenos Aires. This manual aims to standardize the collection of UFO data through four steps: obtaining a free witness account, creating a sketch of the phenomenon, using a questionnaire for case identification, and a questionnaire for collecting psychological and sociological data.

The CIU believes that by obtaining high-quality data, more scientific hypotheses can be developed, which are verifiable, falsifiable, and fit within a scientific theory.

Other Sections and Communications

The magazine includes several other sections:

• Comunicaciones: Updates from various ufological organizations, including the ASOCIACION VALENCIANA DE INVESTIGACIONES PARAPSICOLOGICAS Y OVNILOGICAS (A.V.I.P.O.), which publishes the bimonthly magazine 'Siddharta.'
• Solicitud de Casuística: Requests for UFO case data from researchers compiling the 'Catálogo Gallego' (CATAG) and cataloging sightings in Huelva province.
• Banco de Datos: A proposal to create a common database of UFO cases for the Iberian geographical area.
• Venta de Revistas: Listings of available ufological magazines and books from the Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios (C.E.I.) of Barcelona.
• Aviso a los Amigos del C.O.R.: A greeting from the 'Círculo Ovnilógico Riocuartense' (C.O.R.) in Argentina, inviting contact and exchange of information.
• Solicitud de Traductor: A request for a volunteer translator proficient in Russian for specialized ufological texts.
• Otras Encuestas: A brief mention of other reports on the Olocau case and a critique of their methodology.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the importance of rigorous methodology in UFO research, the critical analysis of witness testimony and investigative conclusions, and the promotion of collaboration among ufologists. The editorial stance appears to favor scientific investigation, skepticism towards unsubstantiated claims, and a desire for greater standardization and accuracy in the field of ufology. There is a clear emphasis on distinguishing between scientific inquiry and sensationalism or 'fraudulent merchants of the inexplicable.' The magazine encourages a rational and evidence-based approach to understanding UFO phenomena.

This issue of the magazine, dated March 1989, features a prominent cover story titled "¿OVNIS SOBRE BARCELONA O FENOMENO OPTICO?" (UFOs Over Barcelona or Optical Phenomenon?), authored by J. Plana Crivillén (CEI). The magazine also includes an article on the historical case of Peral de Arlanza, 1975, and a discussion on the divergence between American and European ufology.

¿OVNIS SOBRE BARCELONA O FENOMENO OPTICO?

The article details an unusual luminous phenomenon observed over Barcelona on the night of Monday, March 6, to Tuesday, March 7, 1989. Starting around 9:30 PM, numerous individuals in Barcelona reported seeing strange, blinking, white-yellowish lights above Tibidabo mountain. These lights were described as stationary and eventually disappeared in the direction of Molins de Rei. A patrol from the Guardia Urbana of Barcelona also witnessed the lights at 00:04 AM and filed an official report.

Personnel from the control tower at El Prat airport in Barcelona also reported observing the lights, noting that they changed from 2 to 4 and from 4 to 2 lights, oscillating between yellow and white. Members of the Air Traffic Control Center in Barcelona confirmed that no aircraft were in the area and that radar showed nothing unusual.

An investigative team from TV-3 (Catalan autonomous television), alerted by the Guardia Urbana, filmed the phenomenon using Beta-Cam video. The captured images showed a static, lenticular light mass in the night sky, approximately 20 centimeters long by 1 centimeter wide. It was composed of multiple bright blue and white luminous points, with some weaker colors, producing intermittent flashes. The phenomenon reportedly disappeared around 1:00 AM.

As a possible explanation, the article suggests that a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere that night could have caused an optical reflection phenomenon. This reflection might have been caused by the powerful lights illuminating the military communications base located on the summit of the Montseny mountains (Turó de L'Home, 1712 meters altitude).

José Luis Camacho from the Zonal Meteorological Center of Barcelona stated that while a thermal inversion existed, he did not believe it was the cause of the luminous phenomenon, as the Montseny base is above the inversion layer and too far away. Tomás Molina, a meteorologist from TV-3, shared this skepticism, noting the inversion layer was at 800 meters altitude and not significant enough to produce the observed effect.

The article clarifies the difference between reflection and refraction, explaining that refraction is the change in direction of a light ray passing from one medium to another of different density. Refraction in thermal inversion layers can cause light from a luminous source to bend, creating images that can be perceived incorrectly. These optical effects can appear as stars or incandescent lights, varying in size and shape, and can be stationary or mobile. For such a phenomenon to occur, a layer of warm air between two layers of cold air is needed, along with a powerful light source and an observer who cannot directly see the source.

The article concludes that the luminous phenomenon observed in Barcelona was likely a product of refraction in thermal inversion layers, given the propitious meteorological conditions. The remaining question is to determine the source of the light and its location. The article notes that the event was reported by various media outlets on March 7 and 8, 1989, including Catalunya Radio, Radio Nacional de España-Radio 4, La Vanguardia, TV-3, El Periódico, El País, Avui, and Diari de Barcelona.

The Historical Role of American Ufology

This section, authored by Gian Paolo Grassino and Edoardo Russo (C.I.S.U. - Italy), discusses the historical dominance of American ufology and the evolving landscape of UFO research.

The authors assert that UFO phenomena originated in America in 1947 and were later "imported" to Europe. They humorously suggest that flying saucers arrived in Europe as part of the "Marshall Plan" along with other American cultural influences. Early American ufology is characterized by names like Arnold, Mantell, Keyhoe, Lorenz, Ruppelt, APRO, and NICAP, and projects like Project Blue Book and UFO-CAT.

Jacques Vallée and J. Allen Hynek are credited with establishing terminology and classification systems for UFO research. The Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (ETH) was largely promoted by American researchers. The authors highlight that the US led in UFO research during the 1950s and 1960s, with European contributions being less significant, such as Aimé Michel and the "Flying Saucer Review."

American ufology was at the forefront of various developments, including daytime discs (1947), contactees (early 1950s), psychic contacts (late 1960s), and abductions (mid-1970s). The period from 1958-1964 is referred to as the "dark age" due to a decrease in US sightings, despite simultaneous waves in Europe and South America. America was considered the reference point and a model for ufologists worldwide.

What About Europe?

Around the mid-1970s, a shift began. The authors suggest this change was influenced by "scientific ufology," with France leading through the GEPAN civil scientific study, and by the consequences of "paraphysical ufology." While John Keel and Jacques Vallée's ideas were initially less influential in America, where the ETH dominated, they gained traction among European intellectuals, particularly in Great Britain and France. This led to a "humanistic turn" in ufology, extended by authors like Jenny Randles, influencing British ufologists to the point where "true believers" in alien spacecraft became rare among active UK investigators.

Vallée's influence also pushed French ufology towards parapsychological harmony in the mid-1970s, impacting authors like Pierre Viéroudy, Jean Jacques Jaillat, and Jean Giraud. This shift significantly influenced the "change of opinion" among "nouvelles ufologues" who, by the late 1970s, had moved away from strict extraterrestrial explanations.

The authors note that American ufology, particularly from the late 1970s onwards, began to embrace a more revisionist and skeptical approach, influenced by figures like Allan Hendry, Richard Haines, and Alvin Lawson, and publications like the "MUFON-UFO Journal." This revisionism is described as less "ideological" and more "pragmatic."

The article posits that the "American Empire" as a cultural concept is in crisis, and the American model is no longer the same. This is exemplified by the European youth subculture since 1977, which saw a separation after decades of strong dependence on America.

Regarding American ufology, the authors observe a potential cyclical return, with Europe taking a different tangent while America re-enters a "vicious circle." They cite examples like Whitley Strieber's "Communion," Hopkins' abductees, Eduard Meier's contactee claims, the MJ-12 "cosmic cover-up," and the Gulf Breeze photo case as evidence of a regression in American ufology to the style of the 1950s. They describe a resurgence of contactees, now framed as abductees, and a focus on "government cover-ups," leading to confusion.

From a European perspective, American ufologists seem to have regressed 30 years, discussing topics that are incomparable to current European research. Europe, in contrast, is less focused on crashed saucers, abductions (except perhaps in the UK), and minor government cover-ups.

The authors suggest that the cycle has closed and reopened, not as a repetition of the past, but at a "different level." The US has gained access to instruments like the FOIA (Freedom of Information Act) for government cover-up investigations. The President's establishment of "Majestic-12" and the discovery of alien bodies from crashed saucers are mentioned. Photo analysis has become more sophisticated, moving beyond simple magnification of Adamski's photos.

Current American Ufology

The article critiques the current state of American ufology, highlighting a shift towards a focus on abductions and government conspiracies. It mentions Budd Hopkins' stance that "we don't need theorists about abductions, but abduction investigators" who should "go and do the hard work instead of philosophizing from the armchair." The authors find this ironic, as they believe abduction investigators may be unaware of their own psychological biases.

The role of media in the US and Europe is also contrasted. While Americans are said to be fond of seeing their names in local newspapers, Italians reportedly fear publicity. This media difference is suggested as a reason for the success of "Communion" in America, while it received a cold reception in Europe.

Significantly, America has experienced a lull in UFO sightings since 1973. This may explain the focus on "supposed accidents" from 40 years ago.

The article lists several key points characterizing the current American ufology:

• "Invisible epidemics" of abduction cases without awareness of UFO sightings.
• Alien intrusions in homes, with events kept out of usual UFO archives (referencing the CE-III, E-class case of Bloecher-Webb's, where no UFO was visualized in relation to the entity).
• Tons of reports (and photos) from a single, repetitive witness (identified as "Mr. Ed" or Billy Meier).

Abductions are seen as marking the final separation, defining what American ufology is becoming. The authors question whether focusing solely on alleged human kidnappings is the solution to the UFO enigma.

They present a dichotomy for dealing with these inherently un-studiable topics like Hopkins' "intruders": either wait for contact, arm oneself to shoot down "Visitors," or conclude that "we are possessed" or "colonized" and withdraw from ufology, akin to Aimé Michel.

The authors raise the question of whether a complete disconnect will emerge between the US and Europe in ufology, particularly in two areas:

• Social level: Different audiences demand different interests (referencing Strieber) and a different way of viewing the phenomenon and its researchers.
• Ufologists themselves: They question if researchers like Hopkins are seeking "different" UFO experiences, using hypnotic recreation instead of investigation.

Who is Right?

This section addresses the growing divergence between American and European ufology.

The authors suggest that American UFO researchers might question the direction of European ufology, perhaps concluding that they are no longer "UFO-logists" in the traditional sense. They argue that the American focus on "alien spacecraft" hidden behind the "UFO" label might be more about chasing extraterrestrial narratives than studying the phenomena themselves.

They propose that the study of "unusual aerial phenomena" (rather than "anomalous") might be more appropriate, acknowledging that some phenomena are not inherently exotic. This leads to the idea of different objects of study.

Similarities exist between current European and American ufology, particularly in the focus on UFO sightings as the tip of the iceberg for both abduction investigators and socio-psychological ufologists. However, the authors distinguish these as different icebergs: the former driven by a massive campaign of genetic testing by alien intruders, and the latter by the multifaceted phenomenon of "modern folklore."

Two distinct models of ufology are emerging, each with its own concept of reality and potential for correctness. The core issue is the growing divergence, with Americans potentially heading down a dangerous path. This has led to the rehabilitation of contactees, albeit in a different form, now accepted and promoted by ufologists who claim to be acting scientifically.

The authors note that American ufologists may have forgotten the lessons of Hendry, Haine, and Fowler regarding research methodology. A key characteristic of "new" European ufology is the acceptance of IFOs (Identified Flying Objects) as a conceptual reality, unlike their American counterparts who dismiss them as "trash."

The article highlights the different media approaches: Americans are reportedly fond of publicity, while Italians fear it. This contrast is seen as a factor in the success of "Communion" in the US versus its reception in Europe.

The authors point out that America has been in a lull of UFO sightings since 1973, which might explain the reliance on "supposed accidents" from 40 years ago.

They summarize the current American ufology with points like "invisible epidemics" of abductions, alien intrusions, and repetitive witness reports, questioning if the focus on abductions is the sole path to understanding the UFO enigma.

The authors propose a choice: wait for contact, fight the "Visitors," or conclude "we are possessed" and abandon ufology.

They foresee a potential complete disconnect between American and European ufology, not only in social aspects but also among ufologists themselves, questioning the direction of research like hypnotic recreation.

Peral de Arlanza, 1975: Chronicle of a Collective Sighting

This article details a mysterious luminous phenomenon observed in Peral de Arlanza and its surroundings on the early morning of April 30, 1975. Numerous witnesses reported observing an unusual luminous phenomenon that repeatedly "escorted" the vehicle of three young residents.

The account is based on an investigation by journalist and writer J.J. Benitez. The Guardia Civil conducted an inquiry but did not release any official report.

Benitez interviewed several witnesses from Peral de Arlanza (population approx. 400) and Pinilla (a small community about 3 km away). The main narrative focuses on three witnesses from Pinilla, aged 18, 19, and 22, who had no prior interest in UFOs.

A1) First trip to Pinilla: Around 00:30 AM, the three youths left Peral de Arlanza by car to return to their farm in Pinilla after attending a small circus. Approximately 300 meters from town, they noticed a very intense white light on the right side of the road, emanating from a small rise near the village cellars. The light was so bright it was dazzling and made it impossible to determine if it was on the ground, but it appeared to be 1-2 meters high. One witness thought he saw a tall figure with long hair within the light. The "OVNI" then ascended slowly, becoming larger, and its white light merged with yellow and blue colors, resembling a "cloud" of colored lights. The car vibrated as if being pulled by a force, prompting the witnesses to return to the village.

A2) Sighting from Peral de Arlanza (I): Upon returning to Peral around 00:30-1:00 AM, the excited youths reported the sighting to the mayor. The OVNI was now hovering about 100-200 meters above the town, motionless and silent, illuminating the area intensely. The mayor described it as a surprising white-yellowish glow that lit up the town and surroundings like a "gigantic lighthouse in the sky." Many neighbors came out to observe the phenomenon, which remained for over half an hour.

A3) Second trip to Pinilla: Between 1:00 AM and 1:15 AM, as the youths attempted to drive to Pinilla again, the light began to move away from the town. Within 1 km, the OVNI reappeared to their right, about 150-200 meters from the road and 100 meters high. The object followed their car at the same speed, its intense light allowing them to see the road and trees clearly. Suddenly, the OVNI turned and approached their vehicle at about 20 meters distance and 10 meters altitude, crossing the road in a dazzling manner before disappearing among the sown fields. One witness described a "strange and tense thing, like a net" behind it. They stopped, turned around, and raced back to Peral. The "sphere" followed them again on the right, but at a greater height.

A4) Sighting from Peral de Arlanza (II): The OVNI once again hovered motionlessly over the town's houses for over half an hour.

A5) Third trip to Pinilla: Later, when the youths tried to reach Pinilla again, the object followed them at about 500 meters distance on their right. As they neared the farm entrance, the driver stopped the car and turned off the lights. The OVNI also stopped. The other two witnesses had to force the driver to enter the house. This occurred around 2:30 AM.

A6) Sighting from Pinilla: The three youths alerted their families, who came out to observe the luminous object hovering about 50 meters above the school, emitting an intense blue-white light. Witnesses described it as a circle with blue, yellow, and red rays, comparable to the light of a thousand tractor spotlights. Using binoculars, they discerned "figures moving within the light" when the object descended to about 50 meters above the school. The witnesses could not determine if the object had windows due to its intense light. The phenomenon was observed until past 3:00 AM, after which the witnesses went to sleep. The OVNI was no longer present by morning.

B) Tractor Incident: Around 3:00 AM, a resident of Peral de Arlanza, who had been watching the light, drove his tractor towards the Pinilla farm intending to use his shotgun on the intruder. He was blinded by the light, and the tractor became stuck on a small bridge, requiring a crane for removal.

C) Guardia Civil Investigation: The case was reported to the Guardia Civil, and a captain and a sergeant visited the witnesses. About two weeks later, a colonel and a commander also arrived. They interviewed witnesses and inspected the area near the cellars but found no suspicious traces.

Analysis of the Data

The article suggests that the Peral de Arlanza incident was not simply a journalistic invention or a collective prank. It posits that something unusual occurred that night, and while witness accounts point to a piloted craft of unknown technology, other explanations must be considered.

The analysis considers astronomical factors, specifically Venus and the Moon. Venus was setting in the opposite direction of the sightings. However, parallels are drawn with the Moon:

1. Object Description: Witnesses described a circular or egg-shaped object emitting strong white light. The Moon, which was 80% illuminated on April 25th, could have appeared as a luminous olive. The article suggests atmospheric effects might have caused the multicolor light and rings.
2. Satellite Appearance: The satellite's appearance after midnight is questioned in relation to the early phase of the incident. The lunar rise occurred around 1:15 AM, casting doubt on the Moon's involvement in the initial sighting.
3. Direction of Sighting: The directions indicated (south or southeast) generally align with the Moon's position, with a possible exception during the second car trip. The article suggests the witness information might be erroneous or the object's position relative to the road changed.
4. Moon's Trajectory: The Moon was rising and its maximum angular elevation occurred during the period of observation. The lunar diameter is comparable to the object's apparent size. The article notes that the phenomenon could be caused by light diffraction from the Moon passing through a uniform cloud layer, creating an aureola and colored rings.

However, the article concludes that the description of the OVNI is too vague to definitively confirm the Moon as the cause. The timing of the lunar rise also contradicts its involvement in the initial phase of the incident.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores UFO phenomena, presenting both eyewitness accounts and scientific or skeptical analyses. The issue highlights the contrast between the perceived American focus on abductions and government conspiracies versus a more diverse and analytical European approach to ufology. The editorial stance appears to favor open investigation and the consideration of multiple hypotheses, while acknowledging the complexities and potential for misinterpretation in UFO sightings. The article on Barcelona leans towards an optical phenomenon explanation, while the Peral de Arlanza case is presented as a more perplexing collective sighting requiring further analysis.

Title: Cuadernos de Ufología
Issue: 4 (Volume 2)
Date: April 30, 1975
Publisher: NTO
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish

This issue of Cuadernos de Ufología presents a diverse range of articles and discussions centered around UFO phenomena, extraterrestrial contact, and related scientific and skeptical viewpoints.

Analysis of the Peral de Arlanza Sighting (April 30, 1975)

The core of the issue delves into a UFO sighting that occurred near Peral de Arlanza and Pinilla de Arlanza, Spain. The article meticulously analyzes the testimonies of three main witnesses, considering various explanations, with a strong emphasis on a lunar hypothesis. The witnesses described an object with specific movements, including initial ascent and accompanying the vehicle. The author suggests that perceived "accompaniment" could be due to parallax, and the object's apparent proximity to the horizon might have led to overestimation of its size. The lunar hypothesis is supported by astronomical data, showing the Moon's position and illumination around the time of the sighting. However, the article acknowledges discrepancies, particularly the reported time of the first sighting (0h30) which conflicts with the Moon's visibility below the horizon at that hour. Alternative explanations are considered, including a potential error in the date or time, or anomalous atmospheric refraction. The author concludes that while the lunar hypothesis offers a plausible explanation for many aspects of the case, some details remain unresolved, leaving the question open.

The UMMO Phenomenon

Two articles address the UMMO phenomenon. The first, "EL MITO DE UMMO Y LAS SECTAS, HOY" by V.J. Ballester Olmos and C. Berché Cruz, introduces the UMMO case as a series of communications purportedly from extraterrestrials, sent via mail. The authors suggest that the phenomenon is likely the elaborate work of informed individuals with obsessive or paranoid tendencies, rather than actual extraterrestrial contact. They propose a critical analysis to uncover genuine documents, identify falsifications, and trace the myth's evolution. The second piece, "LEYENDO A UMMO EN LONDRES," details a specific UMMO letter received by investigator Hilary Evans, which discussed the Shroud of Turin. This letter, sent from Switzerland and addressed to multiple recipients, highlights the confusion surrounding its origin and sender, with one Spanish recipient receiving it from a purported Albacete address despite its Swiss origin.

Soviet Anomalous Phenomena Seminar

Eduard A. Ermilow reports on a seminar on anomalous phenomena held in Tomsk, USSR. The seminar, organized by the AP Committee of the Union of Scientific and Engineering Societies, brought together specialists to discuss "Non-periodic fugitive phenomena in the atmosphere." Key presentations included discussions on methodological crises in physics, the concept of microleptons, heterodynamic world models, vectorial potential in modern physics, antigravity principles, and the Tunguska phenomenon. The report highlights specific presentations on non-linear resonances, earthquake prediction (by Emma I. Nesmyanovich), and the search for extraterrestrial civilizations (by A.F. Pugatch). The seminar covered a broad spectrum of topics, including atmospheric phenomena, ball lightning, and bioenergetics, with over 250 presentations and 400 participants.

Other Articles and Letters

• "Apocalípticos e Integrados": This section features a letter from Antonio Petit Gancedo to Señor Ribera, expressing respect for Ribera's work in ufology while gently disagreeing with some of his methods. Gancedo emphasizes the importance of open communication and constructive criticism within the field. Another piece in this section, attributed to Eugeni Yevtuchenko, offers a poetic encouragement to "young people" to remain passionate and critical in their pursuits, even when facing challenges.

• "ALGUNAS PALABRAS SOBRE LA CONTROVERSIA OVNI-BOLIDO" by Cassiano José Monteiro: This article discusses how luminous phenomena, such as probable bolides, continue to reignite the UFO debate. Monteiro criticizes the uncritical acceptance of press reports and witness testimonies, suggesting that many UFO cases can be explained by natural phenomena like meteors or re-entering satellites. He argues that the field is often permeated by mysticism.

• Letters to the Editor: Several letters address specific issues. Luis Alfonso Gámez Domínguez writes to V.J. Ballester Olmos, defending his work and criticizing Olmos's critique of his psychic equilibrium assessment. Próspera Muñoz also writes to Sr. Ballester, expressing her feelings about his critique and emphasizing the need for respectful and well-founded analysis.

• Publications Received: This section lists various ufological publications, including "International UFO Reporter" and "CENAP-Report," providing details about their content and subscription information.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes a critical and analytical approach to UFO phenomena. While acknowledging the existence of unexplained events, it emphasizes the importance of scientific investigation, rigorous methodology, and the consideration of natural explanations before resorting to extraterrestrial hypotheses. The editorial stance appears to favor skepticism and a grounded approach, encouraging researchers to distinguish between genuine scientific inquiry and pseudoscientific claims or unsubstantiated beliefs. There is a clear effort to debunk sensationalism and promote a more rational understanding of anomalous phenomena.

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" (Volume 3, Issue 5, September 1988) focuses heavily on the UMMO phenomenon, presenting a collection of articles that explore various facets of this alleged extraterrestrial contact case. The cover story, "UMMO: LA INCREIBLE VERDAD" (UMMO: The Incredible Truth), by Heriberto Janosch, sets the tone for the issue, promising revelations about the origin of the UMMO reports.

UMMO: The Incredible Truth

Heriberto Janosch's article introduces the UMMO phenomenon as a significant extraterrestrial contact case that has generated substantial literature. He notes that UMMO reports originate from various countries, suggesting either multiple expeditionary groups or a single group that moves between locations. Janosch also touches upon the linguistic aspects of UMMO communications, particularly the English used in some of their messages, which is described as poor and unidiomatic by an expert.

The Origin of a Startling UMMO Report Revealed

This section, attributed to Javier Sierra and José Ortega y Gasset, delves into the history of the UMMO affair. It outlines the UMMO perspective, starting with the reception of radio signals from Earth in 1934, leading to an expedition that arrived in the French Alps in 1950. These extraterrestrials then began sending scientific and technical reports to selected individuals on Earth, with the first known letters appearing in Madrid in 1966. The article also mentions key figures like Fernando Sesma, who received letters from individuals claiming to be from UMMO, and the mysterious 'mechanograph' who allegedly transcribed the UMMO dictations.

UMMO: Synthesis of a History

This article provides a historical overview of the UMMO phenomenon for new readers. It details the UMMO narrative of receiving radio signals from Earth and sending expeditions. It highlights the initial reception of letters in Madrid in 1966 by a group associated with Fernando Sesma. The article also mentions other associated entities like 'Saliano' and 'Abelardo' who sent letters or made calls to contacts.

UMMO, Perhaps the Strangest Meeting Ever Convened

This section recounts a specific event on November 20th in Madrid, where a meeting ostensibly about the Shroud of Turin was actually a cover for a UMMO-related gathering. UMMO had sent letters to various individuals, instructing them to open an envelope containing a report on the Shroud of Turin during a collective event. The article describes the surprise of the attendees when the UMMO report was read, detailing a theory about the Shroud of Turin being replaced in 1929 with a forgery. The UMMO narrative claims the original Shroud was replaced by the Catholic Church with a replica made in the 14th century, and the true Shroud remains with the Cardinal of Turin.

Aberrations of History

This article critically examines the UMMO claims about the Shroud of Turin. It points out contradictions, such as UMMO claiming to have witnessed the 'swap' in 1929 when their own timeline states they arrived on Earth in 1950. It also references scientific analyses of the Shroud that detected pollens and fossils inconsistent with a 14th-century origin. The article suggests that the UMMO narrative is part of a strategy to influence public opinion, especially as the Shroud of Turin controversy was gaining attention.

Direct Correspondence

This section presents a letter received by Ballester Olmos from an individual claiming to represent 'Amigos de los Hermanos de Ummo' (Friends of the Brothers of Ummo). This group allegedly combats sects like Scientology, Edelweiss, and Hare Krishna, while also disseminating UMMO ideas. The letter itself is described as potentially fraudulent, with a different style and terminology than typical UMMO communications. It also mentions the apprehension of a leader of the Church of Scientology in Spain.

My UMMITA Anecdote (Tragicomedy in Three Acts)

This is a fictionalized account presented as a dialogue between three individuals (ACU, MBG, and HJ) who decide to create an apocryphal UMMO letter to test the reactions of UMMO enthusiasts. They discuss the characteristics of UMMO letters, including the use of typewriters and stamps. They then proceed to write and mail several fake letters, using HJ's aunt in New York to dispatch them. The narrative highlights the ease with which such 'hoaxes' could be created and distributed.

UMMO vs. Natural Phenomena

Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos's article explores the theory that UFOs are natural phenomena, such as plasma, ball lightning, or geophysical events. He references the work of researchers like Philips J. Klass, Dr. Martin D. Altschuler, James E. McDonald, and Dr. Michael A. Persinger. Persinger's Tectonic Strain Theory, which posits that UFOs originate from tectonic stress generating electromagnetic radiation, is discussed in detail. The article also mentions critiques of this theory by other scientists and ufologists, indicating an ongoing debate in the field.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the UMMO phenomenon, the controversy surrounding the Shroud of Turin, the alleged involvement of UMMO with various sects, and the debate between UMMO as an extraterrestrial contact and UFOs as natural phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, presenting different perspectives and analyses of the UMMO case, while also highlighting potential fraud and contradictions within the UMMO narrative. The magazine aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the 'state-of-the-art' in ufology for its Spanish-speaking audience.

This issue of the magazine, spanning pages 52-61, is dedicated to exploring the "Geomagnetic Nature of Earthquake Lights and Associated UFOs" as presented by Dr. Louis Winkler, an astronomer. The content delves into the complex relationship between seismic events, atmospheric phenomena, and unidentified flying objects (UFOs).

Introduction

The introduction highlights that lights associated with seismic events appear in various forms and locations, commonly as diffuse lights, flashes, rays, or arcs. Some are stationary, while others move rapidly and are often identified as UFOs. The article references Persinger's (1976) suggestion that these lights are produced by seismic tension fields, and Persinger-LaFrenier's (1977) findings that UFOs cluster near earthquake-prone regions. Winkler (1984 a,b) compiled UFO reports from scientific publications prior to 1947 and correlated them with twelve comets whose orbits passed close to Earth. These comets were thought to produce micrometeoroids and dust, which Earth encounters annually, leading to meteor showers. Specific 'pulverization' dates are identified, occurring within three days of the Earth's orbital intersection with the comet's path on the solar side. During these times, ions, electrons, and ferromagnetic dust from the comet's orbit enter the solar magnetic field and are dispersed by the solar wind, forming a discontinuous tail. The article lists these twelve comets and their associated meteor shower and pulverization dates.

Types of Earthquake Lights

The article categorizes seismic lights into three types: E (relatively stationary and near the epicenter), P (discrete and passing through the zone at high speed), and EP (a combination of both). These phenomena are often described as fireballs, brilliant meteors, or UFOs. The analysis draws from cases compiled by Mallet (1852-1954), Fort (1941), and Corliss (1982), covering 103 cases worldwide from 1737 to 1976. The data is presented by type, with an asterisk indicating cases that coincide with comet encounters. Tables list numerous dates for Type E, Type P, and Type EP seismic lights, with many entries marked with asterisks, indicating a correlation with cometary events.

Geomagnetic Connections

The appearance of these phenomena suggests local auroras with augmented magnetic fields and charged particles generated by seismic mechanisms. This local increase in magnetic field could be due to an increased flow of charged matter within the Earth, driven by the principal geomagnetic field. Changes in this flow could alter its speed or direction, or the quantity of charged matter. These variations might even generate associated seismic events. Reports of electrically charged atmospheres and static electricity are common near seismic lights. The article notes that when these particles are released from the Earth's interior, they tend to move in a spiral around reinforced flux lines, exciting the atmosphere and producing seismic lights. If local field lines are sufficiently reinforced, they can facilitate a path for charged particles from cometary matter entering Earth's vicinity via the geomagnetic tail. This cometary matter can then excite the atmosphere, generating luminous particles or UFOs. Phenomena classified as E can become EP when cometary matter reaches the area. Without the reinforced field associated with E phenomena, P phenomena become UFOs associated with ordinary auroras, correlating with solar activity rather than cometary matter. Persinger's theory of seismic tension fields is considered consistent with solar activity correlating with geomagnetic storms.

References

A comprehensive list of references is provided, citing works by W.R. Corliss, J.S. Derr, L. Winkler, C. Fort, R. Mallet, M.A. Persinger, G.F. LaFreniere, and others. These references cover topics such as lightning, auroras, nocturnal lights, seismic activity, UFO reports, and geomagnetic variables.

Note for Subscribers

José Ruesga Montiel addresses the subscribers, emphasizing the importance of promoting the publication, which is non-commercial. He calls for each subscriber to find a new one to help with its diffusion.

Received Publications

The magazine acknowledges exchange with other publications, listing "CENAP-Report" as one of them, providing its address and summaries of its recent issues, which cover topics like UFOs, sociology, and astrowarning.

Earthquakes and Luminous Phenomena

This section, authored by Chris Rutkowski, discusses the "Tectonic Strain Theory" (TST) which posits a link between earthquakes and UFOs. The theory suggests that pressure on subterranean rocks generates luminous phenomena and UFOs. Michael Persinger is identified as a key proponent of this theory in North America, with Paul Devereux advocating a similar concept called "Earth Lights" in Europe. The TST proposes that energy generated by subterranean pressures can affect the human mind, causing hallucinations. The article notes that while the TST has gained traction, its mechanism is not yet established. It highlights that many UFO reports used in TST studies are drawn from the UFOCAT database, which has been criticized for its inherent defects and lack of statistical reliability. Despite these criticisms, the article acknowledges the work of Persinger, Derr, Brady, and Devereux for bringing ufology to scientific attention.

Objections to the TST

Several criticisms of the TST are presented. One objection is that areas with a high number of UFO reports but low seismicity would invalidate the theory. The example of Carman, Manitoba, is discussed, where hundreds of UFOs were reported during a 1975-1978 wave, correlated with three moderate earthquakes hundreds of kilometers away. However, Manitoba is seismically inactive, and most of the reported UFOs were later explained as OVIs (Identifiable Flying Objects). Proponents of TST argue that subterranean rock can transmit compression energy over long distances. Another criticism is the lack of a clear physical mechanism linking UFOs to seismic events. While it's accepted that seismic activity can produce electromagnetic energy, extrapolating this to UFO generation is not well-defined. The article questions how such energy could be sustained and focused to create UFOs. It also points out that laboratory experiments producing incandescence and luminous sparks under specific conditions do not necessarily translate to natural phenomena. The article notes that while TST studies have shown statistical correlations, they do not prove causation, and the energy source and transmission methods remain unknown. The subjective nature of UFO databases and the careful selection of data by TST proponents are also highlighted as weaknesses.

Formation of Flying Objects by Atmospheric Electricity

This section, by Eric Crew, discusses how lightning, a sudden discharge of atmospheric electricity, might explain certain types of inexplicable flying objects. Benjamin Franklin's early experiments with kites and electricity in 1752 are mentioned, demonstrating the conductivity of electricity through a wet cord. The article touches upon the process of static charge buildup prior to lightning strikes, caused by the friction of ice particles or water droplets in strong winds. This friction can dislodge electrons from atoms, creating positively charged ions. The article simplifies this explanation of electrical charge formation but acknowledges that many aspects of lightning remain poorly understood.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme throughout this issue is the exploration of potential connections between geophysical phenomena (earthquakes, seismic lights) and aerial phenomena (UFOs). The Tectonic Strain Theory (TST) is a central focus, with both its proponents and critics' arguments presented. The magazine appears to maintain a stance of open inquiry, presenting scientific research and theories while also acknowledging the limitations and criticisms of these theories. The editorial stance encourages further investigation and a more rigorous approach to UFO research, suggesting that while the TST may not fully explain all UFOs, it has brought attention to the field and warrants consideration. The issue emphasizes the need for impartial research and a clear understanding of physical mechanisms before drawing definitive conclusions.

This issue of "Universo Secreto" (November-December 1988) is a dossier focused on the intersection of atmospheric phenomena, particularly lightning, and the observation of unidentified flying objects (UFOs). It presents a blend of scientific inquiry, case studies, and theoretical explanations.

Movement of Atoms and Electrons

The article "Movimientos de Atomos y Electrones" explains the physics behind electrical discharges like lightning. It details how the potential difference in the atmosphere accelerates free electrons. When these electrons gain enough kinetic energy, they can dislodge other electrons from atmospheric atoms, creating a cascade effect. This process heats the air channel to incandescence, resulting in lightning and thunder. The article also touches upon the relative mass and movement of positively charged atoms compared to electrons, noting that while electrons are much lighter and more mobile, the sheer number of ions in a lightning channel contributes significantly to the current flow. It describes the return stroke as a powerful burst that dissipates accumulated charge.

Formation of Flying Objects

Another section, "Formacion de Objeto Volantes," proposes a theory linking lightning to the formation of phenomena that could be mistaken for UFOs. It suggests that a hot gas current produced by a lightning strike, carrying moisture, could be propelled to high altitudes. As this gas cools, the water vapor condenses, forming a visible mist. This phenomenon, observed under specific atmospheric conditions, might appear as a mysterious object moving at high speed and on a curved trajectory, potentially leading to misidentification as a UFO by aircraft occupants. The article also considers the possibility of frozen moisture forming large blocks of ice that could fall to earth, resembling unidentified objects.

Observation of Flying Objects

"Observacion de Objetos Volantes" presents a case study involving Dr. L.H. Woth, who reported experiencing powerful gusts of hot air during a thunderstorm, attributed to a lightning strike. The incident was published in scientific journals, suggesting that similar, less-reported observations might exist. The article also recounts the experience of Dr. R.F. Griffiths, a physicist who witnessed a violent lightning strike followed by the fall of a large block of ice. This ice, found to be extensively stratified, was studied and determined to be unlikely to be hail or from an aircraft, leading to speculation about its origin, possibly linked to the lightning phenomenon.

Ice Ball from Ronda

A separate report details the discovery of a strange ice ball that fell on November 23rd in Ronda, Malaga, Spain. The ice ball, approximately 40 cm in diameter, had a greenish-blue color and made a whistling sound upon impact. The director of the Meteorological Center of Malaga expressed skepticism, stating that the altitude of the freezing level did not correspond to the conditions under which such an ice formation would occur, suggesting it did not conform to typical meteorological phenomena.

Geophysical Variables and Behavior: IX. Expected Clinical Consequences of Proximity to UFO-Type Luminosities

This section, authored by Dr. M. A. Persinger, explores the potential biological and behavioral effects of encountering luminous phenomena, often associated with UFOs. It posits that these luminous events, possibly linked to tectonic stress and electromagnetic fields, can influence brain activity, particularly in the temporal lobe. The article suggests that such encounters can evoke intense personal or religious experiences, sometimes interpreted as encounters with friendly extraterrestrials or divine beings. However, it also warns of potential dangerous biological and behavioral changes. The proximity to these luminosities is hypothesized to cause alterations in brain function, leading to symptoms such as confusion, disorientation, amnesia, and altered perceptions. The intensity and duration of exposure are seen as critical factors in determining the severity of these effects, ranging from vivid aura-like experiences to more severe consequences like electrocution or carbonization in extreme cases. The article also discusses how memory can be altered by such experiences, leading to confabulation and potentially misinterpreting subsequent information.

Volcanic Objects and Eruptions

"Objetos Volantes y Erupciones Volcanicas" discusses how the expulsion of lava, smoke, and gases from volcanoes can generate electricity through friction, leading to widespread lightning displays. It suggests that similar to meteorological lightning, volcanic eruptions might produce jets of material that could be compressed by electromagnetic forces. This material, containing molten rock and dust, could solidify at high altitudes before falling to earth, potentially being mistaken for meteorites or UFOs.

Non-Terrestrial Atmospheres

"Atmosferas No Terrestres" extends the discussion of electrical phenomena to other celestial bodies. It references the work of Dr. C.E.R. Bruce, who studied lightning in stars and galaxies, suggesting that magnetic fields, high temperatures, and powerful jets observed in astronomical phenomena could be the result of electrical discharges. The article proposes that the charging process in these atmospheres might differ from Earth's, potentially involving pressure ionization.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue consistently explores the boundary between known scientific phenomena (like lightning and atmospheric electricity) and unexplained observations (UFOs, strange ice falls). The editorial stance appears to favor scientific investigation and the search for rational explanations, even for seemingly anomalous events. It encourages a critical examination of evidence and proposes that many UFO sightings might be attributable to misinterpretations of natural atmospheric processes or their physiological effects on observers. The magazine aims to inform readers about these complex interactions, bridging the gap between meteorological science and the enduring mystery of unidentified aerial phenomena.

This issue of "DOSSIER" focuses on unexplained aerial phenomena, with a particular emphasis on the potential natural origins of some UFO sightings and the scientific explanation of the "corona effect." The publication presents a collection of witness testimonies and investigative reports, aiming to provide a more rigorous approach to the study of UFOs.

Prologo

The prologue outlines a research project focused on UFO sightings in the Iberian Peninsula, involving the critical study of approximately 600 reports from Spain and Portugal. The authors have compiled a database of unexplained cases and a census of cases that have been conventionally explained. The article aims to consider the hypothesis that some UFO phenomena might be natural occurrences, specifically ball lightning.

El Rayo Globular (Ball Lightning)

This section discusses ball lightning as a potential explanation for some UFO sightings. It describes ball lightning as a form of atmospheric electricity that manifests as a spherical or ovoidal luminous object, typically around 30 cm in size, with a lifespan of a few seconds to minutes. Its color ranges from yellow to red, with variable luminosity and high internal energy. The text notes that while theories exist regarding its origin and sustenance, there is no scientific consensus. It quotes James Barry, who suggests that laboratory experiments can produce luminous, self-sustaining air regions with characteristics similar to ball lightning, proposing that the phenomenon is electrical in nature, possibly involving molecular excitation in metastable levels.

Case Studies: Ball Lightning and UFOs

Deslumbrante Fuente de Luz (Dazzling Light Source)

This case details an incident on August 23, 1971, near Trabazos, Zamora, Spain. A taxi driver reported seeing a powerful, intense yellow light approximately 2 km away. Upon closer inspection, the light appeared to move silently along a path. The driver followed and observed the light, which then approached his vehicle at a height of about 1 meter, moving at high speed. The object, described as a 1-meter diameter circular light, blinded the driver and cut off his car's electrical current. It then ascended rapidly and moved away at high speed towards Portugal. The witness noted that the road dust seemed to swirl where the object had been, and the phenomenon was completely silent.

Persiguiendo a un OVNI (Chasing a UFO)

This case describes an event on April 25, 1976, near Cuzcurrita (Rioja), Spain. A farmer reported seeing a distant, small white light moving at high speed. Shortly after, he was enveloped in a large, fiery luminosity covering a plain. He then observed a perfect semicircle, about 3 to 3.5 meters in diameter, hovering motionless. The object began to move, keeping pace with his car, and later ascended to avoid a mound, increasing its speed. The witness pursued the object for about 2 km. The luminosity disappeared, and the object turned at a right angle and moved away at incredible speed. The witness later saw a distant white light, the size of a pinhead, disappear rapidly. The entire observation lasted about 5 minutes and was silent.

El Efecto Corona (The Corona Effect)

This section, authored by Joaquín Abenza, explains the "corona effect" in high-voltage electrical lines. It describes how a strong electric field near conductors can cause electrons to be "torn" from the conductor, leading to ionization of air molecules. This process can create a visible, luminous discharge, often violet in color, known as the corona effect. The author notes that this phenomenon is often confused with UFOs. The effect is influenced by factors such as conductor proximity, line voltage, frequency, and atmospheric conditions like fog, pollution, and frost. The text explains that the corona effect is an active form of current that represents energy loss for electrical companies, who employ various methods to minimize it. The visual manifestation of the corona effect is less frequent but can be mistaken for UFOs, especially if the observation occurs near high-tension power lines.

Fenómenos Asociados al "Efecto Corona" (Phenomena Associated with the "Corona Effect")

This part details the audible and visual effects of the corona effect. Audibly, it can produce a buzzing sound similar to bees, which intensifies with higher voltage. It can also cause radio and television interference. Visually, at high voltages, it can manifest as a violet luminescence (corona violácea) and, at even higher voltages, can produce visible light. The text mentions that lines with less than 80,000 volts typically do not exhibit the corona effect, and cable cleanliness also plays a role in the critical voltage required for its appearance.

Ultimas Consideraciones (Final Considerations)

The authors conclude that regardless of whether UFOs are natural phenomena, psychological events, or extraterrestrial manifestations, scientific investment in their study will undoubtedly increase knowledge. They stress that until science addresses the UFO problem with its methodologies, the topic will remain dominated by sensationalism.

Bibliografía

A list of references is provided, including books and articles on UFOs, ball lightning, and electrical systems.

OVNIS en Polonia (UFOs in Poland)

This section, authored by Bronislaw Rzepecki, details a well-investigated case from Emilcin, Poland, that occurred on May 10, 1978. A 71-year-old farmer, Jan Wolski, reported encountering two small beings (approximately 150 cm tall) dressed in black. They led him to a hovering object described as a rectangular "small bus" with a pointed roof, about 9 meters long. Wolski entered the object and observed two beings inside. He was asked to undress, and the beings used devices that produced sparks on his body. Afterward, he was told to dress, and he left the object. Footprints were found at the incident site.

Another case from Czeremcha, Poland, on June 30, 1984, involved a witness hearing a noise and radio interference, followed by a strange resonance in water and pipes. He observed an object flying at low altitude. A subsequent observation on July 3, 1984, in the same area, involved a witness seeing a bright red sphere accompanied by other objects flying slowly. The sound was described as a "fire alarm."

¿Seres Insolitos Cerca de Narbona? (Unusual Beings Near Narbonne?)

Authored by Genevieve Vanquelef, this section reports on a case from Narbonne, France. A regional newspaper published an article about Gérard Lamy, a 40-year-old man, who claimed to have had an encounter on December 12 with six strange beings near a uranium processing plant. The article presented the facts with some objectivity. The author contacted Lamy and learned he was already in contact with an investigator. The investigator, Sr. Pech, a correspondent for "Lumières dans la Nuit," interviewed Lamy at the alleged encounter site.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the investigation of UFO phenomena, the exploration of natural explanations for sightings (such as ball lightning and the corona effect), and the presentation of witness testimonies. The editorial stance appears to favor a scientific and analytical approach to UFO research, urging for rigorous investigation and caution against sensationalism. The publication aims to bridge the gap between anecdotal reports and scientific understanding, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary study.

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufologia" focuses heavily on mysterious events, particularly those occurring at the Pantano del Atazar in Spain, presenting it as a hub for unexplained phenomena. The magazine explores multiple cases of UFO sightings, humanoid encounters, and alleged abductions, supported by witness testimonies, investigator reports, and photographic evidence. The content is primarily in Spanish, with a strong emphasis on detailed case studies and analysis.

The Lamy Case: A French Encounter

The issue begins with an account of an encounter involving sr. Lamy, investigated by Pech and later by Théodore Revel. Lamy reported observing six beings, some small and others larger, near unidentified artifacts. The conversation with these beings was described as less detailed in subsequent accounts. Pech found Lamy's testimony to be reliable, noting his cultured demeanor and lack of contradictions. A similar incident was reported near Pennes-Mirabeau, France, on October 4, 1987, where two objects described as 'enormous grasshoppers' flew at low altitude and with surprising speed and aerodynamics.

Revel's assessment of Lamy's credibility highlighted the witness's calm demeanor, his proactive approach in reporting the incident, his prior lack of interest in UFOs, and specific details known only to well-informed ufologists, such as the coldness of contact and the sound of the objects' disappearance. However, the lack of other witnesses and the unusual nature of the objects' flight were noted as counterpoints.

The Pantano del Atazar: A Spanish Hotspot

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to the Pantano del Atazar, described as a lesser-known but highly active location for UFO phenomena in Spain. The article "RADIOGRAFIA DE UNA ABDUCCION: Los Misteriosos sucesos del Pantano de Atazar" by Manuel R. Salazar Serrano details numerous incidents occurring in the area.

Early Testimonies and the "Gigante"

Salazar Serrano recounts how a dossier of unusual events from the Atazar area came to his attention. These included reports of giant 'men' accompanied by luminous equilateral triangles moving just above the ground, collecting something from the undergrowth before submerging in the water. The area is described as "El Gigante" due to its large dam and its geographical significance as the center of a square encompassing Portugal and peninsular Spain. The magazine emphasizes the secrecy surrounding many of these cases.

A Festival of Extraordinary Events

Numerous testimonies from the Pantano del Atazar are presented, dating from 1977 to 1982. These include sightings of cigar-shaped objects crossing the lake, tall beings observed near bushes, and mysterious shadows. One account describes a "little man" appearing to be about a meter tall, with a large head and luminous sphere in his hand, captured in a photograph. The photograph, taken with a simple Kodak Instamatic camera, was later found to contain faint images of two tall figures in the background, which were not visible in the original print, suggesting a possible anomaly or a phenomenon captured by the camera's sensitivity.

The Abduction of A. Fariñas

A central case discussed is the alleged abduction of A. Fariñas. Through hypnosis, Fariñas recounted an experience on August 14th where he fired shots at a boat, then slept in a tent. Upon waking, he felt dizzy and experienced pain. The hypnosis session reached a point of intense shock, preventing further recall of the event. The article notes the similarity of this case to others, including one involving a witness named José, who described being camped near the shore when a luminous object emerged from the water.

Humanoid Typology and Physical Traces

The magazine highlights the variety of humanoid types reported in abduction cases, often mentioning both small, 'gnome-like' beings and very tall, Nordic-like figures appearing together. The physical traces found at the Pantano del Atazar include round footprints ranging from 45 to 95 cm in diameter, with flattened and blackened grass.

The "Ida y Vuelta" Photograph

Another significant section details the "Fotografía de Ida y Vuelta" (Round Trip Photograph). This image, taken by a group of young hikers, purportedly captured a humanoid figure about a meter tall, holding a luminous sphere. The analysis of this photograph revealed two tall figures in the background, visible only in a photocopy, leading to speculation about the camera's sensitivity or a hidden aspect of the event.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the prevalence of UFO sightings and alleged abductions at the Pantano del Atazar, the diverse descriptions of extraterrestrial beings and craft, and the challenges of investigating such phenomena due to secrecy and the elusive nature of the evidence. The editorial stance appears to be one of serious inquiry into these unexplained events, presenting witness accounts and investigative findings without outright dismissal, while acknowledging the difficulties in obtaining conclusive proof. The magazine aims to document and analyze these occurrences, contributing to the broader field of ufology.

This issue of "UFO PRESS", dated October 1982, is the 14th edition and is published by CIU (Comisión de Investigaciones Ufológicas) in Argentina. The cover headline is "TODAVIA EXISTE" (Still Exists), indicating the magazine's continued presence and dedication to the UFO phenomenon. The issue features articles by Guillermo C. Roncoroni and Heriberto Janosch, among others.

The Case of the Mexican Lieutenant and the Man in Black

This extensive article details the experiences of Arturo Peña Guerra, a private investigator and former Mexican Army lieutenant. On the night of July 21, 1968, Peña Guerra observed a UFO descend near the Peñón hill in Mexico City. The following morning, he found no trace of the object but interviewed neighbors who had allegedly witnessed it. He claims that fifteen years later, no witnesses could be found.

On August 17, 1968, at approximately 3 AM, a man dressed entirely in black, with a wide-brimmed hat and a cape covering his face, appeared at Peña Guerra's door. This 'Man in Black' warned him to cease his investigations, threatening dire consequences. The entity then seemingly flew away, disappearing without using any visible exit from the property.

Peña Guerra reported four subsequent attempts to be run over by cars, which he attributed to 'Men in Black' (MIB). On October 23, he received an anonymous note inviting him to a meeting of ufologists. Attending the meeting, he observed another UFO and was subsequently attacked by a large, ape-like creature, over two meters tall. His bullets had no effect on the creature, and he fled, injured. He later drew a depiction of this 'extraterrestrial'.

Peña Guerra sought help from the "Asociación Mexicana de Estudio de las Civilizaciones Extraterrestres" (AMECE), recounting his experiences. The article notes that the MIB encounters are difficult to confirm, with some suggesting Peña and his son might be fabricating stories.

The "Mines" of Black

This section introduces the case of Arturo Avendaño Mitre, who sold the author two negatives of alleged UFOs. These negatives were sent to Alejandro Cesar Agostinelli for analysis but are presumed lost. A paper copy shows two well-defined objects in the sky. The author later learned that Avendaño Mitre's real name was Arturo Peña, the son of the investigator mentioned previously. The article discusses the significance of witnesses remaining anonymous, with the author believing it is often a sign of dishonesty rather than authenticity.

Arturo Peña Jr. recounts an experience where he picked up a woman dressed in black who knew his name and warned him to stop his UFO investigations. He encountered her multiple times, and she eventually disappeared. He also describes a sensation of extreme cold inside his car after passing through her.

The author concludes that both Arturos Peña might be lying, but he cannot prove it, referencing the Spanish saying "de tal palo, tal astilla" (like father, like son).

Publications Received

This section lists several UFO-related publications, including:

• UNIVERSO SECRETO: A bimonthly periodical from Almería, Spain, covering topics like scientists seeing UFOs, potential UFO bases, and 'parascientific' subjects.
• UFO CONTACT: An IGAP publication from Denmark, featuring articles on Venusian atmosphere, space wars, UFO understanding, and press releases.
• UFO-Nachrichten: A bimonthly periodical from Germany, discussing UFO landings, sightings, extraterrestrial craft, and various other UFO-related topics.
• IL GIORNALE DE MISTERI: A monthly magazine from Italy, covering UFOs, solar phenomena, and parapsychology.
• KARMA-7: A monthly magazine from Barcelona, Spain, with articles on 'Majestic-12' and contacts.

"INTRUSOS" by Budd Hopkins

This is a review of Budd Hopkins' book "Intrusos" (Intruders), published by EDAF in 1988. Pedro Martínez reviews the book, noting that while the phenomenon of UFOs is varied, Hopkins' work focuses on abduction cases, particularly those with a 'sexual' component, which he finds controversial. Martínez suggests that Hopkins' approach is more of a commercial opportunity than a serious investigation, relying heavily on hypnosis and anecdotal evidence. He criticizes the lack of objective data and the reliance on the 'unbelievable' to make the story seem more convincing. The reviewer concludes that Hopkins is either a well-paid fraud or an naive individual with little critical thinking, presenting a vulgar and cliché-ridden narrative.

"OS OVNI NO PASSADO REMOTO" and "Vinte séculos de história dos OVNI" by Bernardino Sánchez Bueno

This section reviews two books by Bernardino Sánchez Bueno, which explore the history of UFOs from prehistoric times to the mid-20th century. The books are described as presenting a 'scientific' approach, akin to Erich von Däniken's work, by collecting and analyzing historical accounts of anomalous phenomena. The reviewer notes that Sánchez Bueno, an electrical engineer, has dedicated years to studying UFOs and has compiled extensive data. The books are recommended for those interested in the continuous presence of aliens throughout history, serving as a valuable source of information on hypothetical anomalous phenomena.

"UFO PRESS" Still Exists

This article discusses the history and editorial direction of the Argentine ufological magazine "UFO PRESS". It clarifies inaccuracies made by Professor Willy Smith regarding the magazine's situation. "UFO PRESS" was founded in October 1976 by the Servicio de Investigaciones Ufológicas (SIU) and later became the organ of the Comisión de Investigaciones Ufológicas (CIU). The magazine aimed to apply the scientific method to UFO research, distinguishing itself from sensationalism. The article details changes in its editorial staff and publication frequency, explaining that the delay in publishing issue #25 was due to the CIU's focus on organizing a stronger group, establishing a public headquarters, coordinating a national network of correspondents, and conducting conferences. The CIU's efforts were directed towards gathering new case material, securing funding, and attracting scientific professionals.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue include detailed accounts of UFO sightings, alleged alien encounters, and abduction experiences. The concept of 'Men in Black' (MIB) and their role in intimidating witnesses is also prominent. The magazine appears to adopt a critical yet investigative stance, aiming to apply scientific methods to the study of UFO phenomena while acknowledging the controversial nature of some cases, such as those involving alleged sexual contact or hypnosis-based testimony. The editorial stance, as expressed in the "UFO PRESS" section, is to provide a serious, scientifically-oriented platform for UFO research, distinguishing itself from mere sensationalism or 'parascientific' speculation.

Title: CUADERNOS DE UFOLOGIA
Issue: 16 (1ª Época)
Date: April 1989
Publisher: Comisión de Investigaciones Ufológicas (CIU)
Country: Argentina
Language: Spanish

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" features a significant article by Heriberto Janosch titled "ALGUNAS ACLARACIONES SOBRE LAS CONSIDERACIONES DE ARES DE BLAS EN TORNO A LA OBRA DE ALLAN HENDRY" (Some Clarifications on Ares de Blas's Considerations Regarding Allan Hendry's Work). The article, originally prepared for the Argentine magazine "UFO PRESS," was submitted to "Cuadernos de Ufología" due to delays in the former's publication. The editor, Alejandro Agostinelli, vouches for Janosch's expertise on Allan Hendry's "The UFO Handbook" in Argentina.

Clarifications on Hendry's 'The UFO Handbook'

Heriberto Janosch addresses criticisms made by Dr. Félix Ares de Blas regarding the time Allan Hendry dedicated to investigating UFO cases. Ares de Blas calculated an average of 1.66 hours per case, which Janosch argues is a misleading metric.

Janosch presents several counterpoints:

• Case Explanations: A large portion of the 1307 cases investigated by Hendry were easily explainable through mundane causes like misidentification of stars, planets, or the moon, using astronomical charts. This allowed Hendry more time to focus on the truly difficult cases.
• Team Effort: The study was not solely conducted by Hendry. He was the director, but for complex cases involving multiple witnesses or requiring sample collection, local investigators were dispatched. Hendry also relied on a team of technical consultants, including an astronomer (Dr. Hynek), an aeronautics expert, meteorologists, and a sociologist from the University of Illinois.
• Time Allocation: Due to the collaborative nature of the investigation, it is difficult to accurately estimate the time dedicated by each individual researcher to specific cases. Therefore, Janosch deems it inappropriate to critique Hendry's work based solely on the average time per case.

Janosch then delves into Hendry's own explanations for UFO phenomena, which he describes as a "non-revolutionary" theory. Hendry categorizes phenomena into:

• Luces Nocturnas (NL - Nocturnal Lights): Precise descriptions of conventional objects (e.g., model aircraft), exaggerated accounts of conventional objects, or precise descriptions of unusual natural phenomena (e.g., ball lightning).
• Discos Diurnos (DD - Daytime Discs): Precise descriptions of conventional objects (e.g., homemade balloons) or exaggerated accounts of conventional objects.
• Radar Visual (RV - Visual Radar): Real radar confirmation of a UFO, radar targets misidentified as UFOs, luminous sources wrongly associated with radar returns, or misinterpretations of radar images (e.g., atmospheric propagation, equipment malfunction).
• CE I (Close Encounters of the First Kind): Fantasies without real stimulus, misjudged distances of objects, or fraudulent accounts.
• CE II (Physical Traces): Unusual natural phenomena leaving physical traces (e.g., ball lightning), naturally formed traces used by a witness to support a UFO story, traces created by the witness (perhaps unconsciously) to validate their account, or fraudulent physical traces.
• CE II (EM Interference): Unusual natural phenomena causing interference (e.g., ball lightning), electrical problems falsely linked to UFOs or fantasy, or a combination of UFO fantasy and electrical issues in a dissociated psychological state.
• CE III (Close Encounters of the Third Kind): Fraudulent accounts, observed UFOs with figures described illustratively, UFOs observed alongside people or animals that are mistaken for "occupants," or fantasy without real stimulus.

Janosch clarifies that when Hendry refers to "fantasy," he means hallucinatory states, not deliberate fraud.

Hendry's conclusions are presented as not significantly different from Ares de Blas's own thinking. Hendry states: "After examining 1300 firsthand UFO reports, case by case, (...) I cannot yet reliably establish the distinction between a 'real' physical phenomenon and a complex perceptual confusion, between a real physical trace and a false relationship between a UFO (read: UFO) and traces not related to it."

Janosch concludes by emphasizing the value of Hendry's work, noting its interesting discussions, suggestions for investigation techniques, and a commendable critical attitude. He quotes Hendry: "Unless we develop new ideas and methodologies for the study of the most provocative UFO cases and the human context in which they occur, we will see the next 30 years of UFO information recalibration simply reflecting the futility and frustration of the past 30 years."

The issue highlights the importance of the "human context" as the "true independent variable" of the UFO phenomenon, citing Francesco Izzo and Alexander Keul.

Reader Correspondence

The "Cartas" (Letters) section features several contributions:

• Luis Ruiz Noguez (Mexico): Praises an article by Ignacio Cabria García in "Cuadernos de Ufología" for its clarity and objectivity.
• Carlos León Martínez (Luarca, Asturias): Seeks assistance from fellow ufologists regarding specific audible frequencies that might cause a tractor's horn membrane to vibrate without electrical current, and whether these frequencies are the same for humans, cows, horses, and dogs.
• Alejandro Agostinelli (Buenos Aires, Argentina): Responds to a previous letter, acknowledging the magazine's growth and the positive reception of its content. He also comments on articles about UMMO and the work of Robert Baker, noting the value of skeptical viewpoints.
• Luis Brieva (Zaragoza): Announces the formation of the "Instituto Español de Investigación O.V.N.L." (Spanish Institute for UFO Research), an organization aiming to unite researchers, parapsychologists, and interested individuals for the study of UFOs. Membership is free.
• José Soto Bernal (Orihuela, Alicante): Criticizes Paolo Toselli, a ufologist who, according to Soto Bernal, unfairly labels witnesses of UFO sightings as liars or schizophrenics. He argues that people are not easily fooled and can distinguish between known and unknown aerial phenomena.
• Dr. Willy Smith (UNICAT, Florida, USA): Responds to a mention of the need for a UFO database, stating that UNICAT is such a database, containing extensive information. He offers access to collaborators but notes a lack of interest from many self-proclaimed investigators.
• Edward A. Ermilov (Gorky, USSR): Mentions that he will send a summary of the Tomsk Seminar (April 1988), which discussed anomalous phenomena.
• Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos and Miguel Guasp (Valencia): Announce the second edition of their book "LOS OVNIS Y LA CIENCIA" (UFOs and Science), highlighting improvements such as enhanced case analysis, revised mathematical notations, updated historical sections on Spanish ufology, and a reconceptualized "Theory of UFO Processes" focused on prediction and quantitative analysis.

Advertisements

The issue includes advertisements for:

• Autoescuela A.D.A.M.: A driving school with multiple locations in Santander, Spain.
• Subscription Bulletin: A form to subscribe to "Cuadernos de Ufología."
• CASYC (Caja Cantabria): Promoting their credit card, "LA TARJETA CASYC," emphasizing its convenience, speed, and security, and offering a free accident insurance policy.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical analysis of UFO research methodologies, the classification of UFO phenomena, and the importance of a scientific approach. The editorial stance, as reflected in the letters and the main article, favors rigorous investigation, a critical yet open-minded perspective, and the pursuit of a deeper understanding of the UFO phenomenon, particularly by considering the "human context." There is a clear emphasis on distinguishing between genuine phenomena and misidentifications or psychological factors, while also acknowledging the limitations of current research and the need for new approaches.