Cuadernos de Ufologia - 2a Epoca - No 04

Magazine Overview

Title: Cuadernos de Ufología
Issue: 4
Volume: 2ª Epoca
Date: December 1988

This issue of Cuadernos de Ufología is dedicated primarily to the "Seminario Nacional de Ufología" (National Ufology Seminar) held in San Rafael, Segovia, on October 29-30, 1988. The magazine features a comprehensive summary of the event, its organization, participants, discussions, and outcomes. Beyond the seminar, it includes articles on UFO encounters, theoretical papers, and a section on abductions.

Editorial

The editorial, titled "SERVIDUMBRE DE LA LITERATURA UFOLOGICA" (Servitude of Ufological Literature) by Julio Arcas, reflects on the nature of ufological literature, comparing it to "Libros de Caballerías" (Books of Chivalry) due to its often fantastical and unsubstantiated content. Arcas calls for a more critical approach and a shift away from sensationalism towards a more rigorous and selective presentation of information, urging for a "critical current" in ufology.

Seminario Nacional de Ufología (Segovia, 29-30 October 1988)

The bulk of the magazine details the National Ufology Seminar. The initiative originated from the CEI of Barcelona in December 1987, with Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos suggesting a working session rather than a full congress. Ignacio Cabria led the organization. A total of 147 invitations were sent out to individuals identified as active ufologists across Spain.

The seminar was held at the Residencia de Tiempo Libre in San Rafael, Segovia, chosen for its central location, accessibility, adequate facilities, and ecological setting. 67 attendees from 20 provinces participated, representing various roles including researchers, investigators, analysts, consultants, and disseminators, spanning multiple generations of ufologists. Ballester Olmos highlighted the unprecedented nature of such a gathering in Spain.

Seminar Design and Methodology

Ballester Olmos explained the seminar's professional format, designed to generate consensual conclusions reflecting general needs and objectives. The methodology involved a "brainstorming" session where participants contributed ideas in response to pre-defined questions. This was followed by dividing attendees into ten working groups to discuss five key themes, proposing written answers on provided cards.

The next step was a "metaplan" for the working groups, where ideas were exposed on a panel, grouped homogeneously, and given generic names. Attendees then voted on the most important groups. The final session on Sunday involved defining responsibilities, proposing solutions, and forming working committees. Ramón Navia was elected moderator, later delegating to José Ruesga.

Brainstorming Results

The brainstorming session aimed to create a catalog of ideas for future exploitation. Participants responded to questions about the main problems in personal ufological work. Key issues raised included:

• Lack of knowledge of national and international work.
• Poor scientific dissemination.
• Insufficient communication and complementarity between groups.
• Scarcity of technical means, leading to amateur research.
• Need for bureaucratic coordination.
• Limited access to archives and case data.
• Need for a scientific methodology.
• Lack of specialized instrumentation.
• Lack of collaboration and information sharing.
• Need for scientific consultants and advisors.
• Limited access to computer programs.
• Isolation and dispersion of researchers.
• Lack of seriousness in investigation.
• Need to group technical and informative elements.
• Lack of knowledge of specialties within ufology.
• Absence of a general methodology.
• Interdisciplinary nature of OVNI study.
• Lack of professionalization.
• Lack of bibliography.
• Low qualification of ufologists.
• Lack of common research criteria.
• Insufficient human resources and investigators.
• Lack of a holistic view of ufology.
• Lack of specialization.
• Existence of "different churches with different messiahs".
• Absence of casuistry.
• Lack of institutional support due to disunity.
• Derailment of discussions into personal attacks.
• Lack of official permits and aid for research.
• Need for open-mindedness and lack of prejudice.
• Poor coordination.
• Inadequate infrastructure of groups.
• Deficit in Spanish translations.
• Low-quality surveys.
• Economic problems.
• Questioning the value of their work.
• Popular incomprehension of their activity.
• Lack of contact with the government.
• Excessive individual protagonism.
• Need to create a database.
• Absence of multidisciplinary teams for complex cases.
• Lack of witness analysis elements.
• Lack of time for ufology.
• Lack of specialized documentation.
• Lack of rigor in scientific method application.
• Predisposition to unicausal explanations.
• Excess of cases.
• Aprioristic approaches.
• Disenchantment of ufologists.
• Lack of knowledge of initiatives by others.
• Failure of organized groups.

Metaplan Ufologico

The "Metaplan Ufologico" summarized the results of the group work, prioritizing proposals based on votes. The main themes and their top-ranked points were:

Theme: Expose the main negative aspects or criticisms of the situation of Spanish ufology.
1. Lack of Methodology (39 points)
2. Lack of Communication (30 points)
3. Low Scientific Level (17 points)
4. Dogmatism (15 points)
5. Sensationalism (9 points)
6. Lack of official collaboration (12 points)

Theme: Define the biggest difficulties in investigating the OVNI phenomenon.
1. Lack of Method (35 points)
2. Lack of Economic-Human Resources (27 points)
3. Lack of Assessment (17 points)
4. Lack of access to information (12 points)
5. Need for a Data Bank (7 points)
6. Lack of collaboration (4 points)
7. Excessive bureaucracy (3 points)
8. Others (4 points)

Theme: Propose the priority objectives for Spanish ufology.
1. Methodology (25 points)
2. Training (18 points)
3. Coordination (17 points)
4. Database (9 points)
5. Financing (5 points)
6. Advisors (5 points)
7. Others (5 points)

Referendum on Publications

A referendum was held on whether to support an existing specialized magazine, create a new one, or have none. "Cuadernos de Ufología" received 36 votes, "Create a new one" received 11 votes, "Internal Bulletin" received 3 votes, and "None" received 0 votes.

Other Articles

• "Escuadrillas de OVNIS ante el ojo..." (UFO Squadrons Before the Eye...) by M. Borraz Aymerich discusses UFO sightings.
• "Encuentros cercanos en Italia" (Close Encounters in Italy) by Maurizio Verga reports on encounters in Italy.
• "Entrevista a Paolo Toselli" (Interview with Paolo Toselli) by Alejandro Agostinelli features an interview.
• "La Naturaleza de los Informes OVNI" (The Nature of UFO Reports) by Willy Smith.
• "OVNIs en Polonia 3º" (UFOs in Poland 3rd) by Bronislaw Rzepecki.
• "Próspera Muñoz: Un suceso divulgado..." (Próspera Muñoz: A Publicized Event...) by Luis Ruiz Noguez, part of the "ABDUCCIONES II" (Abductions II) series.
• "Los Informes de Abducción" (Abduction Reports) by V.J. Ballester and J.A. Fernández.
• "Las Abducciones de niños" (Child Abductions) by G. Vanquelef.
• "Los Alienígenas entre nosotros..." (Aliens Among Us...) by Robert A. Baker.
• "El Método científico" (The Scientific Method) by Jesus Suárez.

Library

The "BIBLIOTECA" section lists titles, including "ACTUAL-UFO".

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue strongly advocates for a more professional, critical, and methodologically sound approach to ufology. The "Seminario Nacional de Ufología" served as a platform to identify systemic problems within Spanish ufology, such as a lack of methodology, poor communication, and insufficient scientific rigor. The editorial stance, as articulated by Julio Arcas, is to move away from the sensationalist and fantastical narratives often found in ufological literature and to foster a more disciplined and evidence-based research environment. The magazine itself aims to contribute to this by promoting critical analysis and providing a space for independent monographs.

This issue of "Seminario Segovia" (Issue 12, 1988) focuses on the outcomes of a ufology seminar held in Segovia, Spain. The magazine delves into discussions about the need for a national UFO association, the development of research methodologies, and the presentation of various international UFO cases.

Seminar Resolutions and Commitments

The seminar's primary goal was to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of establishing a common national UFO association. Voting results indicated a preference for a new national association (12 votes) over no association (14 votes), a federation of groups (8 votes), or affiliation with the CEI (6 votes). Following these discussions, several commitments were made:

• Methodological Development: A commission was formed to develop methodology and promote researcher training, including members from CEI, Aniceto Porcel, Ignacio Fuente, Iván Vázquez, Jesús Suárez, Ramón Vega, and Gustavo Valero.
• Investigator Directory: The editorial team of "Cuadernos de Ufología," José Ruesga and Julio Arcas, committed to creating a consultative directory of researchers and advisors and conducting an survey to gather information from the ufological community.
• Coordination Role: The Assembly recognized the need for "Cuadernos de Ufología" to act as a coordinator for national ufology. To enhance its representativeness, Ramón Navia (Espacio Compartido) and Joaquín Abenza (Boletín del CIFE) were added to the editorial board.
• Material Collaboration: CEI offered to collaborate materially on the execution of "Cuadernos de Ufología's" vital needs.
• Translation Services: A team of translators was assembled, including Ivna Monte Lima (Portuguese), Carlos Pons (English), Gustavo Valero (English), and Octavio Regúlez (French).
• Review of Negative Cases: Ramón Navia (IEE) proposed a commission to review negative UFO cases, with additional members Juan Antonio Fernández, Manuel Borraz, Javier Sierra, José Juan Montejo, Bruno Cardeñosa, and José Manuel Moya.
• Database Project: CEI, IIEE, and RNC committed to a joint project to create a unified database of UFO cases in Spain, involving the comparison and review of their respective archives, such as CEI's CATIB, RNC's CATARES, and IIEE's projects.

Key Findings and Concerns

A synthesis of the seminar's results highlighted that the primary challenge in UFO investigation is the lack of a defined methodology. The consensus was that developing rigorous methods and universal criteria is the top priority. Attendees also recognized the need to increase the qualification and information levels of researchers through complementary training. Furthermore, enhanced interrelation and coordination among researchers were deemed necessary for greater efficacy.

However, the seminar also revealed divisions regarding organizational structures, with debates on creating a new national association versus a federation. Initial stages of the seminar were marked by misunderstandings, with some attendees feeling unfairly categorized as mere 'listeners' despite their extensive research experience. The issue of sincerity among participants was also raised.

International UFO Cases and Reports

The magazine features several articles detailing UFO sightings and related phenomena from various locations:

• Vilagarcía and O Grove, Spain: Reports describe a sighting by the Fernández family of a large, round object with intense pink fuchsia light hovering over trees. Other witnesses in the area also reported similar lights and spherical objects. Electrical supply fluctuations were noted in a local shop.
• Bay of Cádiz, Spain: An article suggests that frequent sightings of strange lights in the Bay of Cádiz might be linked to a large underwater trench, which is being investigated.
• Argentina: A report details a gigantic object, described as a 'fireball,' that flew over several Argentine provinces towards Chile. Incidents in Tucumán and Catamarca are mentioned, with local astronomers suggesting possible gas experiments or atmospheric phenomena.
• Chile: The same Argentine object was reported to have flown towards Chile.
• Italy: Maurizio Verga's article discusses the ufological scene in Italy, noting that despite being considered a 'poor' country for landing cases (EC3), it has a significant number of cases, including abductions. A catalog of Italian landing cases (T1) reportedly contains 450 entries.

Photographic Artifacts and Misinterpretations

An article by M. Borraz Aymerich, "Escuadrillas de OVNIs ante el Ojo de la Cámara" (UFO Squadrons Before the Eye of the Camera), addresses the phenomenon of photographic artifacts. It explains how internal reflections within camera lenses can create 'phantom' images that resemble UFOs, especially when combined with strong light sources. The article uses diagrams and examples, including a photograph from Västeras, Sweden, and another over Washington D.C., to demonstrate how these lights are often parasitic reflections of ground-based light sources, not actual aerial objects.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the professionalization of ufology, the critical need for standardized research methodologies, and the importance of international collaboration and data sharing. The magazine emphasizes the challenges of distinguishing genuine phenomena from misinterpretations and artifacts. The editorial stance appears to advocate for rigorous, scientific approaches to UFO research, while acknowledging the diverse range of reported phenomena and the ongoing efforts to catalog and analyze them. There is a clear emphasis on the need for organized ufological efforts in Spain and a critical look at the challenges and divisions within the community.

This issue of "Encuentros Cercanos" (Close Encounters), issue number 22, focuses on UFO phenomena, with a particular emphasis on Italian cases and the psychological interpretation of witness accounts. The magazine presents a catalog of close encounters, discusses the challenges of distinguishing between identified and unidentified phenomena, and features an extensive interview with ufologist Paolo Toselli.

ITACAT Catalog and Negative Cases

The issue introduces the ITACAT catalog, an Italian compilation of close encounters (T1), which is described as nearly complete. It includes detailed introductions, notes, commentaries, sources, and appendices with drawings and sketches. Alongside this, there is a parallel catalog of 'negative' T1 cases, or IFOs (Identified Flying Objects), comprising about 100 cases explained as conventional phenomena or hoaxes. This section provides a wealth of information useful for discussions on UFO/IFO mythology and expression. The catalog is available on a Commodore 64 diskette or cassette.

Review of Some Cases

The article reviews several close encounter cases, primarily from Italy:

• 1912, Copparo (Ferrara): A man reported seeing a bright sphere land near his home. Believing it to be an apparition, he shouted at it and was struck, receiving a handprint mark on his cheek as the light disappeared.
• October 9, 1984, Prata Principato (Avellino): A farmer witnessed a small, humanoid figure in a brown spacesuit with a backpack. The being emitted blue flames from its waist and entered a spaceship that then departed. The landing site showed six conical holes, two wide footprints, and other marks.
• October 9, 1984, near Firenze: On the same day as the Avellino incident, another EC3 with footprints was reported near Florence.

These extreme examples are placed within a broader context, noting that most cases occurred after 1973, with a peak in 1978, which saw 110 cases. The article attributes this surge partly to the diffusion of occult themes and the rise of 'investigation groups.'

• 1946, Foligno (Perugia): A 19-year-old saw a hat-shaped object with 'legs' land on his building's roof. A dwarf-like figure emerged from a hatch, made gestures, and then the object took off.
• June 1958, Adro (Brescia): Farmers observed a dark, wood-like, box-shaped object hovering and oscillating before landing. Two faces were seen inside the object, one of which looked at the witnesses.
• November 10, 1966, Furbara (Roma): A 'flying saucer' landed at a military airport, featuring rotating lights. Four 'pilots' emerged, interacted with the object, and then departed, leaving a circular mark on the ground.
• 1975 or 1976, Teulada (Sassari): Soldiers on patrol saw a strange glow and encountered 'strange people' near a bright mass. One soldier fired at the phenomenon.
• January 18, 1979, Luisiana (Vicenza): A man's car stopped spontaneously, and an 'orange ball' landed before him. Two humanoid creatures emerged, one of whom invited him aboard a craft with electronic apparatus and screens. The witness was offered a metallic suit.

The article notes that some cases are considered 'rumors' or 'possible fraud,' with unknown original sources.

Quality of Cases and Methodology

The quality of reported cases is often described as poor, consisting of rumors, newspaper clippings, or investigations conducted years after the event. The magazine highlights the insufficient information and rare quality of surveys, attributing this to the lack of specific training among investigators. It suggests that the diffusion and use of effective investigation manuals could help resolve this issue. The article outlines a system for evaluating cases based on the quantity and quality of information, the quality of sources, and the possibility of explanation. Only about 6% of cases have sufficient information and quality sources, while a mere 2% are deemed 'apparently inexplicable' with good documentation and investigation.

Interview with Paolo Toselli: Redefining the OVNI Experience

The core of the issue is an extensive interview with Paolo Toselli, a young Piedmontese ufologist. Toselli is presented as a significant theoretical figure in Italian ufology. He discusses his work on the OVNI-OVI experience, which he presented in 1982. His approach aims to redefine concepts within ufology by examining cases in light of perceptual psychology.

Toselli's central concept is transposition, which he defines as the displacement of meaning where a witness transforms a mundane event into a complex OVNI experience, influenced by cultural folklore and prior knowledge. He introduces key terms like 'erroneous interpretation,' 'projective transformation,' and 'projective elaboration.' Toselli argues that the distinction between OVNI (Unidentified Flying Objects) and OVI (Identified Flying Objects) is not always clear-cut, and that the phenomenon of OVNI encompasses both.

He explains that the perception of an OVNI is a cyclical process involving external stimuli and the observer's internal 'schema' or stored knowledge. When external stimuli are ambiguous, the internal schema fills in the gaps, leading to the interpretation of an OVNI. Toselli uses a diagram to illustrate this process, showing how an 'incident,' 'stimulus,' and 'witness' interact through 'physiological and psychological processes,' 'memory' (registration, retention, recall), and 'information processing' to potentially result in an 'OVNI' report or an 'OVI' report.

Toselli emphasizes that studying OVI cases is essential for understanding the human factor in OVNI experiences. By analyzing how witnesses interpret ambiguous stimuli and potentially modify their accounts, researchers can gain insight into the nature of OVNI reports. He believes that the 'myth of the OVNI' is crucial and that focusing on small facets of the phenomenon is insufficient; a holistic approach is necessary.

He mentions the work of Willy Smith in North America and the UNICAT project, though he finds the confrontation of OVNI and OVI in that context problematic. Toselli suggests that while some cases may remain inexplicable, the study of OVI provides a valuable framework for understanding the psychological mechanisms involved in OVNI experiences.

Toselli also discusses the importance of physical trace evidence, such as footprints, as a starting point for scientific analysis. He advocates for a comprehensive approach, integrating all aspects of the phenomenon, including the 'OVNI myth,' rather than isolating specific elements. He criticizes the tendency to prioritize field investigations over theoretical research and stresses the need to study the entire phenomenon, as it may be an indivisible whole.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the detailed cataloging of UFO cases, the analysis of witness testimony, and the psychological interpretation of UFO experiences. The magazine adopts a stance that acknowledges the complexity of the OVNI phenomenon, emphasizing the importance of rigorous investigation and the critical examination of both identified and unidentified reports. The interview with Paolo Toselli highlights a theoretical approach that seeks to understand the human role in shaping these experiences, suggesting that the line between OVNI and OVI is often blurred due to perceptual and cognitive processes.

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" (Issue 33, dated July 1988) features an in-depth interview with ufologist Paolo Toselli, alongside articles discussing the nature of UFO reports and specific case studies. The magazine focuses on UFO phenomena, investigation methodologies, and the analysis of witness testimony.

Interview with Paolo Toselli

The central piece is an interview with Paolo Toselli, conducted by Agostinelli. Toselli emphasizes the dynamic nature of the UFO phenomenon and the risk of ufologists becoming too theoretical, losing sight of the evolving reality. He stresses that new facets of the phenomenon can contradict past conclusions.

Toselli addresses the role of witness testimony, acknowledging that a 'perfect witness' is rare. He argues that while analyzing only narratives has limitations, it's crucial to avoid errors and refine research. He discusses the surge in 'alien abduction' cases, influenced by researchers like Budd Hopkins, and expresses caution regarding hypnosis, noting its potential to implant responses and create phenomena. He likens these accounts to ancient folklore, shamanic rituals, and near-death experiences, suggesting they should be studied with importance but not exclusively, to avoid a confused understanding of the overall phenomenon.

The Nature of UFO Reports by Willy Smith

Willy Smith contributes an article titled "LA NATURALEZA DE LOS INFORMES OVNI" (The Nature of UFO Reports). He begins by stating that UFO research is based on "UFO reports" rather than UFOs themselves, highlighting the "mix of reports" that researchers study. Smith notes a lack of consistency and precision in the terminology used to describe and classify these reports.

He proposes studying different types of UFO reports, introducing the term "informes brutos" (raw reports) for all reports before investigation. Smith critiques existing UFO catalogs like USAF Blue Book and UFOCAT for including unidentified and even misidentified cases, leading to a "mixed pedigree." He points out that many catalogs are essentially collections of "raw reports" without proper vetting.

Smith categorizes UFO reports into several types:

• (a) Informes Falsos (False Reports): Reports that are known to be false but have been included in catalogs. He mentions UFOCAT's inclusion of identified cases and miscoded information as examples.
• (b) Casos Fantasmas (Non-Cases): Incidents lacking fundamental information such as date, time, location, or witnesses. He notes that some respected authors have fallen into the trap of including such cases, citing the "El 16 de Octubre (1965)" incident from Spring Grove, Pennsylvania, as an example.
• (c) Casos sin valor científico (Cases without scientific value): These often rely on single witness accounts or dubious journalistic narratives that gain traction without proper investigation. Smith notes that many such cases originate from one country but are not recognized in another.
• (d) Casos indefinidos o inconclusos (Undecided cases): These are cases that might be IFOs but haven't been definitively identified due to insufficient investigation. Smith believes that with thorough research, most true IFOs can be identified. He suggests that the distinction between IFOs and UFOs is marginal and that many cases classified as UFOs are simply not well-studied.
• (e) UFOs Reales (TRUFOS): These are cases that, after rigorous examination by investigators, remain unexplained. Smith acknowledges that the number of TRUFOS is small but emphasizes their high quality and importance for research.

Smith highlights the UNICAT project, which aims to compile a database of over 600 TRUFOS for statistical analysis. He calls for cooperation from serious ufologists to improve the database by identifying cases that need further investigation or should be removed.

Case Studies from Poland

The issue includes two detailed case studies from Poland:

• Czluchów Incident (August 10, 1979): A witness in a boat observed a dark, rectangular object moving over a lake. Later, two short, dark-clad beings with unusual features were seen. The object reappeared as a bright, rectangular shape. The dogs' behavior was notably strange, and they later became paralyzed and were euthanized.
• Chalupy Incident (August 8, 1981): A witness reported seeing a silver, disc-shaped vehicle hovering low over the ground. The witness experienced a period of lost time (approximately 15 minutes). Seven large, oval footprints were found at the landing site. Another witness, a student, reported seeing a form with pink lights in the same area.

Other Content

The magazine also features a section on "COMUNICADOS" (Communications), detailing upcoming "Rencontres de Lyon 1989" (Lyon Encounters 1989) and listing speakers and topics. A "PETICION DE ENCUESTA" (Request for Investigation) asks for information on a 1905 sighting in Voltana, Italy, involving a woman described as an angel.

"PUBLICACIONES RECIBIDAS" (Publications Received) lists various UFO-related journals and magazines with their contact information, including "Il Giornale del Misteri," "International UFO Reporter," and "Journal für UFO-Forschung."

References and Notes

Extensive references are provided for the articles, citing books and publications related to UFO research, including works by Jacques Vallee, Claude Mauge, Budd Hopkins, and others. The "NOTAS" section provides bibliographic details for cited works.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical analysis of UFO evidence, the challenges posed by witness testimony, and the necessity of rigorous classification and statistical analysis of UFO reports. The editorial stance appears to favor a scientific and methodical approach to ufology, cautioning against sensationalism and emphasizing the importance of distinguishing between reliable data and anecdotal accounts. There is a clear call for more structured and evidence-based research within the field.

Title: Discrepancias
Issue: 42
Date: November 1988 (implied by dates on letters)

This issue of 'Discrepancias' is primarily a collection of letters and articles addressing a controversy surrounding José Luis Jordán Peña, a prominent figure in Spanish parapsychology and ufology. The central theme is a debate sparked by an article by Carles Berché Cruz in 'Cuadernos de Ufología' that allegedly accused Jordán Peña of paranoia. The magazine presents a strong defense of Jordán Peña by the Sociedad Española de Parapsicología (S.E.P.), alongside responses and counter-arguments from Berché and other contributors.

Defense of José Luis Jordán Peña by S.E.P.

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to a letter from Ramos Perera, President of the S.E.P., addressed to the editor of 'Cuadernos de Ufología'. Perera, writing on behalf of the S.E.P.'s board, vehemently defends Jordán Peña, who is also the Vice President and Director of Research at the S.E.P. Jordán Peña has reportedly suffered a cerebral thrombosis, affecting his speech and writing, and rendering him partially immobilized. The S.E.P. asserts that Jordán Peña's personality and work are being misrepresented by Berché's article, particularly concerning speculations about ufological matters that are outside the scope of parapsychology.

Perera highlights the extensive professional background of the S.E.P. board members, many of whom are doctors and psychologists from reputable universities, emphasizing their long-standing knowledge of Jordán Peña. They attest to his psychological equilibrium and sanity throughout their fifteen years of collaboration. The S.E.P. dismisses any suggestion of paranoia, noting that no such symptoms were ever detected in Jordán Peña. Regarding a reported incident with the police mentioned by Berché, Perera contextualizes it within the Franco dictatorship's suppression of free speech, suggesting Jordán Peña lacked the opportunity to publicly clarify his position at the time.

Perera also expresses perplexity that someone claiming to be a medical intern specializing in psychiatry would publicly name and diagnose supposed mental patients without proper examination, deeming it an ethical breach. The S.E.P. requests the publication of their letter to provide a counterpoint to Berché's article.

Carles Berché's Response

Carles Berché responds to the S.E.P.'s letter, clarifying his position. He states that his article in 'Cuadernos de Ufología' did not analyze or rely on the motives behind Jordán Peña's alleged phone call, but rather focused on Jordán Peña's reaction to demonstrate his innocence. Berché emphasizes that he never claimed Jordán Peña had mental disorders based on a medical report. Instead, as a ufological analyst, he pointed out coincidences between UMMO reports and certain writings by Jordán Peña. He also included information from other individuals who know Jordán Peña, presenting contrasting opinions.

Berché explains that he raised the possibility of a delusional disorder with contagious characteristics as a potential factor that might have influenced the authors of the UMMO reports, but stresses this was presented as a mere possibility, not a definitive assertion. He defends his decision to mention names, stating that several researchers had already implicated Jordán Peña in the UMMO affair. He also clarifies that he is a medical doctor without a specialization in psychiatry, though he has extensive training in the field.

Antonio Ribera on the Berché Hypothesis

Antonio Ribera discusses the 'shared paranoia' hypothesis proposed by Dr. Carlos Berché. Ribera views it as a clear example of 'professional deformation,' where specialists tend to explain phenomena through their own disciplinary lens. He likens it to the 'délire à deux' (dual delusion) theory used to explain the 1954 French UFO wave. Ribera argues that Berché sought a 'culprit' for the spread of his 'shared paranoia,' identifying Jordán Peña. However, Ribera points out the unfortunate timing, as Jordán Peña suffered a severe stroke in early 1988, making it difficult for him to have continued elaborating UMMO reports or making phone calls, yet such communications reportedly continued.

Ribera also touches upon the complexity of the 'UMMO affair,' noting its attention from prominent physicists like Dr. Juan Domínguez Montes and Jean-Pierre Petit, and referencing Andrei Sakharov's cosmological model, which he suggests might be based on UMMO physics. He recounts an anecdote involving an Interpol chief that hints at the existence of individuals traveling with Swedish or Norwegian passports, possibly related to UMMO.

Carlos Batet on UMMO and Science

Carlos Batet writes about the UMMO phenomenon, acknowledging Pierre Duval's assertion that science should not fear facts. Batet argues that science, though often inflexible, eventually accepts previously rejected ideas. He believes ufologists of the late 20th century will face a similar historical pattern. Batet criticizes the scientific establishment for being closed-minded, contrasting it with the role of 'heterodox' thinkers who challenge established paradigms. He questions the value of scientists who remain detached from unexplained phenomena.

Batet then discusses Mr. Klass's deduction that an object observed by Captain Terauchi was the planet Jupiter, and criticizes the CSICOP president for his seemingly dogmatic pronouncements. Batet requests clarification on an experience he and his son had on February 17, 1972.

Rafael Farriols' Response to Berché

Rafael Farriols Calvo responds to Carles Berché, congratulating him on his article in 'Cuadernos de Ufología' but also expressing some disagreement with certain points. Farriols states that he has been working on a similar topic but acknowledges Berché's contribution in bringing forgotten facts to light. He mentions that he only recently learned of 'Cuadernos de Ufología' and Berché's article through a separate copy.

Letters to the Editor

The magazine includes several letters from readers:

• Miguel A. García Pedrosa (Montequinto, Sevilla) congratulates the publication for its work on the 'Sesma, Saliano, Ummo and La Ballena Alegre' case, acknowledging Ignacio Cabria García's article and expressing some personal reservations.
• Jaime Servera (Valencia) congratulates 'CdU' for its support and confidence from the national ufology community.
• Carles Batet (Barcelona) writes again, sending a photomontage of a personal observation and a recent case, emphasizing that the enigma of UFOs persists. He also mentions a recent observation of erratic balls of light.
• José Soto Bernal (Orihuela, Alicante) reports two sightings: one on June 12 in Orihuela and another with his sister Isabel near a convent in Trapa. He asserts these were not conventional aircraft.
• Dr. Eduardo J. Abril Ramos (Cabeza La Vaca, Badajoz) describes an observation on October 15, 1988, of a brief, circumscribed flash of fire, which he considers a cosmic coincidence.

Dossier: Abductions II

A section titled 'Abductions II' is presented, featuring artwork related to abduction scenarios.

Próspera Muñoz: A Divulged and Little-Known Case

José Ruesga writes about the case of Próspera Muñoz, a case that he feels has not been treated with scientific rigor. He criticizes the tendency in ufology to exclude negative cases or cases of abduction, often dismissing them as time-wasters. Ruesga argues that the witness's perspective should be paramount and that the case of Próspera Muñoz has been mishandled, with the witness allegedly modifying her statements after initial contact. He suggests that the initial investigation lacked proper methodology, particularly concerning hypnosis sessions, leading to a potentially altered narrative.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue highlights a recurring tension within ufology between scientific skepticism and belief, particularly concerning the UMMO phenomenon and abduction cases. There is a strong defense of established figures like Jordán Peña against perceived attacks on their credibility. The magazine also showcases a variety of personal sightings and analyses, reflecting the diverse approaches and ongoing debates within the field. The editorial stance appears to favor open discussion and the presentation of different viewpoints, while also defending the integrity of researchers and the importance of rigorous investigation.

This issue of 'Próspera Muñoz...' (Issue 52, dated September 1985) delves into a detailed investigation of a purported abduction experience of a woman named Próspera Muñoz. The magazine explores the case from multiple angles, including the witness's testimony, her psychological profile, and the investigative methods employed.

The Case of Próspera Muñoz

The article begins by detailing the investigator's extensive efforts to gather information about Próspera Muñoz's alleged abduction, which occurred in 1947. This involved years of correspondence, interviews, and personal contact. The investigator expresses a desire to avoid hasty judgments and to provide a platform for the witness's experience, acknowledging the potential harm of premature public pronouncements.

The Witness's Account

The core of the narrative revolves around Próspera Muñoz's childhood experience. On a summer morning in 1947, while at her family's country house, a young Próspera and her sister witnessed a strange, silent, white object approach. Próspera, the younger of the two, was taken aboard this craft. Inside, she encountered beings described as approximately 1.40 to 1.20 meters tall, wearing white suits, with thin faces, large eyes, and enlarged skulls. She recalls being examined, with particular attention paid to her brain, where a microscopic laminate was allegedly inserted. The experience, which she estimates lasted two to three hours, was followed by subsequent, less detailed encounters over the years.

Investigative Approach

The investigation eschewed the use of regressive hypnosis due to its perceived unreliability. Instead, the approach focused on a deep study of the witness's personality and a clinical assessment of her background and behavior. The investigators aimed to corroborate her story through witness support and evidence, and by comparing it with similar international cases.

Personality Analysis of Próspera Muñoz

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to a comprehensive psychological profile of Próspera Muñoz. This analysis, conducted by various doctors and psychologists, utilized tests such as the '10 x 10 de Adell' and graphological studies of her letters.

• Key findings from the personality assessment include:
• Depression: Described as depressive to a medium-high degree, with melancholic tendencies.
• Indecisiveness: Difficulty in making decisions when faced with multiple possibilities.
• Body Type: Identified as endomorphic.
• Emotional State: High levels of hypomania and extroversion-introversion, with a strong schizoid component. She experiences significant frustration and a feeling that 'no time past was better'.
• Reliability: Initially considered a potentially unreliable witness, her credibility increased over time as she developed trust with the investigator.
• Intellectual and Cultural Level: Described as cultured, with refined tastes in reading and music. She is a member of the Coral Oida of Gerona.
• Social Interaction: Affectionate, with a rich inner life, though sometimes experiencing dissatisfaction due to its underdevelopment.
• Orderliness: A strong inclination towards order, bordering on meticulousness.
• Self-Perception: Insecure, with a tendency to conceal aspects of herself, possibly related to the abduction experience. Some interpretations suggested a potential for simulation due to insecurity.

Doctors offered varying diagnoses, including possible reactive psychosis due to advanced frustration, and a state of acute delirious disorder, possibly temporary systematized delusion or even possible schizophrenia. However, there was no explicit consensus on a severe incapacitating condition.

Clinical History

Próspera Muñoz's clinical history revealed recurring episodes of anemia, particularly related to childbirth, and issues with platelets. She experienced critical hemorrhagic states, including jaundice in 1968 and depression in 1971, which recurred after the birth of her fourth child. These periods of anemia and depression coincided with the emergence of her abduction memories, starting around 1980. She also suffered a herniated disc in 1983.

Testimonial and Evidential Support

The investigation sought to reconstruct the events of 1947 based on Próspera's description. Drawings were created to represent the scene and the object. Comparisons between the drawings and the current state of the house revealed some discrepancies, such as the permutation of kitchen and bedroom spaces due to renovations in 1955. Notably, a stable mentioned in the reconstruction was absent in the current layout, but the location of a chimney, where Próspera claimed to have hidden an object, was confirmed.

Family Interviews

Interviews with Próspera's husband, José María Semitiel, and her sister Ana were conducted. Her husband and uncle, due to their advanced age, had limited recall of the events. While Próspera's husband appeared impartial, neither he nor her uncle recalled any specific details about the alleged abduction, suggesting that if the events occurred as Próspera described, they did not register as extraordinary to them at the time.

Ana, the other witness from the 1947 incident, provided her account. She recalled the object being nickel-plated with strong flashes. She described a period of blank memory, lasting possibly twenty-four to forty-eight hours, during which she could not recall if the object left or stayed. Her testimony, while corroborating some aspects, also contained ambiguities, such as Próspera claiming the door was closed when Ana stated it was open.

Challenges and Conclusions

The investigation faced challenges due to the lack of concrete, verifiable evidence. The absence of physical traces, corroborating witnesses, or clear details about the object made it difficult to definitively prove or disprove the abduction claim. The article notes that while Budd Hopkins's work highlights exceptional cases with multiple witnesses and evidence, Próspera's case did not fit this pattern.

Family Environment

The article also provides background on Próspera Muñoz's family life, her upbringing in Jumilla, her education, marriage, and the challenges she faced, including miscarriages and periods of depression. Her move to Gerona is noted as a turning point for her health and well-being.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine's stance appears to be one of thorough investigation and open-mindedness towards unusual phenomena, while maintaining a critical approach to evidence and witness reliability. The recurring themes include the psychological impact of alleged extraterrestrial encounters, the challenges of investigating such claims, and the complex interplay between personal history, psychological state, and the interpretation of extraordinary events. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding the witness's personality and background in assessing their testimony, even in the absence of definitive proof.

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" (Ufology Notebooks), first epoch, number double 10/11, published in June-September 1985, focuses on the "Próspera Muñoz..." case. The magazine is published in Spain and is in Spanish.

The Próspera Muñoz Case: A Personal Journey

The article begins by describing Próspera Muñoz's life, rooted in a love for nature and a desire for a peaceful, everyday existence. Her life takes a turn when she and her husband become grandparents, an event she assimilates without trauma. However, in the year leading up to 1979, something changes, leading her to recall strange events from 1947. In 1980, these memories prompt a visit to her sister in Murcia, sparking doubts that lead Próspera to contact investigator A. Ribera. After months of contact, family events occur that the author chooses not to comment on, stating only that the couple faced them bravely.

Resurfacing Memories and Investigation

Próspera's memories of her experiences become clearer. For the first time consciously, visits from strange beings, which had occurred at various points in her life, begin to recur. This leads to a series of events: investigators, hypnotic regressions, a congress, and radio and television interviews. Próspera describes feeling like a guinea pig, subjected to the morbid curiosity of people seeking extraordinary phenomena rather than truth. The author notes that Próspera likely faced various judgments and that a debate about her case turned into an absurd trial.

In late 1985, the author established contact with Próspera and her husband. Over three years of conversations, a mutual exchange of data, contradictions, and insights occurred. Próspera begins to place her experience in a secondary role, acknowledging it as something she lived, even if she questions its reality. Before 1980, these experiences had overshadowed her life.

Personal Transformation and Psychological Parallels

Próspera's life has seen new horizons and improved well-being, with her physical ailments, like a herniated disc, being better managed. Her personal dissatisfactions have softened, though feminine coquetry remains. She enjoys life and its small pleasures. The article questions what happened to Próspera Muñoz, suggesting a profound change.

Contrasting Results: Other Knowledge

The author emphasizes the need to corroborate information from other cases to validate the findings in Próspera Muñoz's investigation. Over the past three years, the author has encountered similar cases in Miami and South America, and has read literature on UFO phenomena in Spain, particularly the works of Hopkins, "Intruders," and "Missing Time." These works, with their substantial evidential support, helped the author approach Próspera's case with skepticism.

Elizabeth Slater's research on nine abductees revealed a significant lack of self-esteem, a trait also present in Próspera, despite her intelligence and well-resolved life. Hopkins notes that these individuals often suffer from a degree of distrust, though not necessarily paranoia. Próspera's distrust was evident during the investigation, paradoxically so, as she had initiated the contact. The author's skepticism grew, interpreting this as a sign of hidden information. Personality analyses of Próspera confirmed this observation.

Dra. Slater also observed that abductees tend to be more vigilant and hesitant to confide. Another symptom is that after hypnotic regression, abductees recall disconnected moments or subsequent abductions. This has been observed throughout Próspera's investigation. The case described in "Intruders" shares striking similarities with Próspera's experiences, including health issues and sexual experiences, though with some differences.

Visual Comparisons and Object Descriptions

Drawings made by abductees of the beings who allegedly abducted them show disconcerting similarities. Próspera highlights the beings' hair, described as "very close to the skull," and earlobes, which other drawings omit. The article also notes a similarity between Próspera's drawing of an object and one by Joyce Lloyd, dated 1980, while Hopkins' work on the subject was copyrighted in 1987, suggesting Próspera may not have had access to this information.

Conclusion and Interpretation

Concluding the case, the author admits the difficulty in pronouncing a definitive judgment. While Próspera's account is hard to believe from a rational or scientific standpoint, the evidence presented includes her compelling narrative and a corroborating statement from her sister, though the latter had limited success. There is a lack of physical evidence such as footprints, burns, or the alleged object.

However, Próspera's account aligns with other abductee testimonies, including descriptions of similar strange craft and beings. She also reports the implantation of a small sphere in her cranial area. The recurring visits and the shared trauma are noted. Interestingly, when investigators approach abductees with an open mind, their trauma seems to lessen, and their lives normalize.

The case of Próspera Muñoz prompts a reconsideration of investigators' stances. The author suggests that the key lies in understanding why individuals, mentally healthy according to analysis, report such incredible experiences and behave similarly. While some might dismiss this as collective delusion, the author believes the investigation reaffirms the need for perseverance and humility in the pursuit of truth.

Global Overview of Abductions

The article then shifts to a global perspective on abduction phenomena. The first widely publicized abduction case was that of Antonio Villas Boas in Brazil in 1957, but it was the 1961 Barney and Betty Hill incident, published in book form in 1966, that popularized the topic. Subsequent cases are seen as variations on the Hill experience. Dr. Benjamín Simon proposed an alternative hypothesis for the Hill case, suggesting it was an elaborate fantasy transmitted by Betty.

UFO abductions gained prominence in the late 1960s and 1970s. The article examines the temporal distribution of abduction reports, identifying four distinct periods: 1967-1969 (the beginning, linked to the publication of the Hill case), 1970-1978 (development with widespread media coverage), 1979-1982 (an explosion of books and media attention), and 1983-1985 (saturation and declining popular interest).

Spanish Abduction Cases: Analysis and Interpretation

The article presents a table of abduction cases in Spain, detailing the municipality, date of the event, date of the report, and an evaluation (fraud, probable fraud, unexplained, etc.). It notes that abduction reports in Spain only began to appear in the late 1970s, with a scarcity of cases despite a large number of UFO files. The emergence of abduction reports in Spain parallels the limited publicity given to local or foreign abduction cases.

Several Spanish cases are analyzed in detail: Tendilla (1977), Medinaceli (1978), Vich (1970), Almogía (1976), Jumilla (1946), and Vallgorguina (1985). The evaluations range from "fraud" and "probable fraud" to "unexplained" and "psychosis," often citing factors like the witness's desire for notoriety, suggestive hypnosis, or influence from published accounts and media.

Synthesis of Cases and Interpretations

The review of six documented abduction cases in Spain concludes that they can be reasonably explained within conventional frameworks, often involving psychological or fraudulent elements. No extraordinary evidence supporting anomalous events has been found. The cases appear influenced by published reports and media exposure.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores UFO phenomena, abductions, and related psychological and societal aspects. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical investigation, acknowledging the compelling nature of witness testimonies while maintaining a skeptical approach, seeking rational explanations, and considering the influence of media and psychological factors. The publication aims to provide a platform for detailed case studies and broader analyses within the field of ufology.

This issue of Dossier, titled "Abducciones niños..." (Child Abductions...), dated November 1983, focuses on alleged UFO-related child abductions and the psychological aspects surrounding these claims. It critically examines the reliability of testimony obtained through hypnosis and explores the nature of memory and potential confabulation.

Case Studies

The issue presents two primary child abduction cases. The first, from September 1981 in Texas, involves Megan and her daughter Renée. During an experiment, a nasal probe was inserted into Renée, with no visible trace upon its removal. The second case, from November 1983, describes Kathie Davis's son Robbie, aged 4.5, who was awakened by a terrifying encounter with a being described as having a 'big head.' The being allegedly told Robbie not to be afraid and that 'Tommy' was of interest.

A third case, from October 11, 1968, in Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain, involves an 8-year-old girl who witnessed a bright light descending, heard a sharp sound, felt paralyzed, and observed a UFO ascend, leaving landing marks. The text notes that the sharp sound is a fundamental characteristic of the amnesia that often follows such events.

The Role of Hypnosis and Memory

A significant portion of the magazine is dedicated to the unreliability of testimony gathered through hypnosis, particularly in abduction cases. The article cites research, including that of Elizabeth Loftus, suggesting that human memory is not like a tape recorder but is creative and reconstructive. It highlights the phenomenon of confabulation, where individuals may unknowingly blend reality with imagination, creating 'false memories.'

The text explains that hypnosis, while intended to aid memory recall, can inadvertently lead to the creation of pseudo-memories, especially when the hypnotist has preconceived notions or the subject is suggestible. It mentions that many states have begun to limit the use of hypnotic testimony in legal proceedings due to its unreliability.

Characteristics of Abductors and Experiences

The issue touches upon the physical characteristics of alleged abductors, mentioning beings with large heads and the use of luminous rays or compact luminous beams to enter homes and transport individuals. It also describes a small, bristly spherical object, 2-3 mm in diameter, introduced via a nasal probe, which may be a sensor for emotions or thoughts.

Experiences reported by abductees, both children and adults, often involve paralysis, amnesia, and a sense of detachment or dream-like states. The text notes that while children's accounts may seem fragile, they often align with adult reports, and many adults recall their abductions later in life, sometimes through hypnosis.

Psychological Aspects and 'Fantasy Prone' Personalities

The article explores the psychological profile of individuals who report such experiences. It discusses the concept of 'fantasy-prone personalities' (FPs), individuals who tend to fantasize extensively and may blur the lines between imagination and reality. These individuals, while not necessarily mentally ill, may exhibit characteristics that align with hypnotic suggestibility and vivid imaginative experiences.

Research by Wilson and Barber is cited, suggesting that FPs experience reduced orientation in time, space, and person, and their behavior can mimic hypnotic states. The text posits that when such individuals are hypnotized, they may readily produce narratives that fit the expected abduction scenario, especially if the hypnotist is a believer.

Critiques of Abduction Narratives

The magazine references critiques from publications like the Skeptical Inquirer and authors like Philip Klass, who question the validity of abduction claims. It mentions that while some researchers like Budd Hopkins and Whitley Strieber emphasize the diversity of abductees, the underlying personality patterns can be surprisingly similar, often pointing towards a tendency for fantasy.

Conclusion and Editorial Stance

The issue concludes by suggesting that many reported abduction experiences might be explained by psychological phenomena, including confabulation and the characteristics of fantasy-prone individuals, rather than literal extraterrestrial encounters. The publisher, Dossier, presents this information without taking a definitive stance, leaving the debate open to the reader, as indicated by the note to subscribers to spread the word about the existence of such discussions.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are child abduction, the unreliability of hypnotic testimony, the nature of memory, and psychological explanations for paranormal experiences. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, presenting evidence and research that questions the literal interpretation of abduction claims and offers alternative psychological explanations, while still acknowledging the existence of these reported experiences.

This issue of 'Regresión hipnótica...' (Hypnotic Regression...) delves into the complex interplay between psychology, memory, and the phenomenon of UFO sightings and alleged abductions. The publication, presented as a 'DOSSIER', features several articles that critically examine the nature of these experiences, often questioning their objective reality and proposing psychological explanations.

Hypnotic Regression and False Memories

The articles explore how hypnotic regression, a technique used to access past memories, can also lead to the creation of false memories or 'fabulaciones'. The text highlights the work of researchers who suggest that individuals prone to fantasy, when subjected to suggestive questioning, can construct elaborate narratives that appear real but are not based on actual events. This is particularly relevant to UFO abduction accounts, where details often mirror common tropes found in popular culture and ufological literature.

The Psychology of UFO Experiences

Douglas Curran's work is cited, focusing on his travels across North America interviewing people about their UFO experiences. Curran observed that many individuals found a sense of purpose and hope in believing in extraterrestrial life, fulfilling a human need for order. The issue also touches upon the concept of 'Comunión' (Communion) and 'Intrusos' (Intruders) as described by Whitley Strieber, suggesting that these narratives might be archetypal representations of the human psyche rather than literal accounts of alien encounters.

Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Hallucinations

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to explaining hypnagogic (while falling asleep) and hypnopompic (while waking up) hallucinations. These are described as 'waking dreams' where individuals may experience sleep paralysis, a sense of presence, and encounters with various entities, including 'phantoms,' aliens, or deceased relatives. The articles emphasize that these experiences, while subjectively real and often convincing, are considered hallucinations and not necessarily proof of an external, objective reality.

The Scientific Method and UFO Research

The publication critically examines the application of the scientific method to the study of UFO phenomena. It discusses the debate between 'depuration' (filtering cases to focus on those with verifiable data) and 'non-depuration' (considering all reported cases). The authors argue that while the scientific method requires rigorous observation and hypothesis testing, the subjective nature of many UFO reports poses a significant challenge. They suggest that many reported UFO experiences can be explained through known psychological principles, such as suggestion, imagination, and the human tendency to seek patterns and meaning, even in the absence of concrete evidence.

Critiques of Ufology

The issue expresses skepticism towards much of the UFO literature, labeling it as 'pseudoscience,' 'sensationalist,' and often driven by commercial interests. It criticizes the tendency to sensationalize and exploit people's fears and hopes, diverting attention from scientific inquiry. The authors advocate for a more grounded approach, suggesting that UFO-related narratives, including abduction stories and past-life regressions, should be categorized as science fiction rather than legitimate scientific research.

Case Studies and Examples

Several anecdotal examples are presented to illustrate the psychological concepts discussed. These include a federal convict who claimed to be able to leave his body at will, and a contactee who could control traffic lights. These cases are used to demonstrate how psychological factors and suggestive environments can lead to extraordinary claims that, upon closer examination, may have simpler, non-paranormal explanations.

Conclusion on UFO Phenomena

The overarching stance of the issue is that while UFO phenomena are intriguing and may offer insights into the human psyche, the evidence presented for extraterrestrial visitation or paranormal events is often weak and can be explained through psychological and sociological factors. The articles encourage a critical and discerning approach to such claims, emphasizing the importance of scientific rigor and the understanding of cognitive biases.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the psychological interpretation of anomalous experiences, the fallibility of human memory, the power of suggestion, and the critical evaluation of paranormal claims. The editorial stance is clearly skeptical, advocating for a scientific and rational approach to understanding phenomena often attributed to the extraterrestrial or supernatural. The publication aims to demystify these claims by grounding them in psychological and cognitive frameworks, encouraging readers to question extraordinary narratives and seek evidence-based explanations.

Title: Cuadernos de Ufología
Issue: 12
Volume: 1
Date: September 1985 (raw date: septiembre 1985)
Publisher: A.D.A.M.
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish

Methodological Rigor in Ufology

The lead article, "102 Método científico...", emphasizes the critical importance of a scientific method in the study of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs). It argues that without a rigorous methodology, research becomes aimless, akin to searching for treasure without a map. The author highlights that for UFO research to be effective and gain wider acceptance, a consensus on the methodology is crucial. The article suggests that reliable UFO observations should ideally involve multiple independent witnesses or be corroborated by physical evidence. It also notes that cases lacking these characteristics are subject to numerous objections and do not represent a true advancement in the field. The author quotes Descartes, stating that slow, steady progress on the right path is more effective than rapid, misguided movement.

The State of Ufology and Key Publications

Ignacio Cabria's contribution discusses the rapid development of UFO research over the past 15 years, evidenced by increased international cooperation and the emergence of a critical consciousness among researchers. He notes the publication of "International Who's Who in Ufology" by Robert Boyd, which catalogs researchers and their positions. Cabria observes that a significant portion of ufologists, particularly in the US, do not commit to a specific hypothesis, with a notable number of Europeans among the undecided. Approximately one-third of researchers admit the possibility of an unknown phenomenon requiring further investigation, while a similar proportion partially or fully support the extraterrestrial hypothesis. A smaller group consists of skeptics and proponents of psycho-sociological explanations, predominantly European. The article also laments the underrepresentation of Spanish ufologists in the directory.

Bibliographic Review and Publications Received

The "Biblioteca" section includes reviews and listings of various ufology publications. "Cuadernos de Ufología" expresses gratitude for ongoing exchanges with other periodicals. Reviews cover:

• UFO Chronicles: (Milano, Italy) - Issues from January and April 1988 are summarized, detailing articles on UFO sightings, mysteries, and historical cases.
• UFO-Information: (Linköping, Sweden) - Issues 2 and 3 of 1988 are reviewed, featuring articles on survival, close encounters, alien abductions, and unusual aerial phenomena from various countries.
• Nordic UFO Newsletter: (Bergen, Norway) - Issue 1 of 1988 is mentioned, with topics including the first known abduction case in Finland and UFO observations.
• UMMOH: (Milano, Italy) - Issue 5 of 1988 is summarized, discussing "Men in Black," UFO phenomena, and the UMMO phenomenon.
• Universo Secreto: (Almería, Spain) - Issues 4 and 5 of 1988 are listed, covering topics like UFOs and parapsychology, and the relationship between UFOs and extraterrestrial contact.

Public Opinion Survey in Galicia

An article titled "ACTUAL-UFO: ENCUESTA DE OPINION EN GALICIA" presents findings from a survey conducted in Galicia, Spain. The survey, commissioned by "In-vestigación de Mercados y la Opinión Pública" for "La Voz de Galicia," polled residents over 18 in non-disseminated areas. Key findings include:

• 42% of Galicians believe in the existence of UFOs.
• The highest percentage of believers (48.7%) are in the 18-46 age group, while those over 46 show a higher rate of "noes" (63.5%).
• Contrary to a common suspicion, individuals with lower levels of education (81% of those with no formal studies) are less likely to believe in UFOs.
• In terms of population centers, those with 50-100 thousand inhabitants reported the highest percentage of "yes" (45.6%), while those with 5-50 thousand inhabitants had the most "noes" (54.3%).
• By province, Lugo and La Coruña had the highest number of believers (48.8% and 47.4% respectively), while Orense-Pontevedra had the highest number of "noes" (57.9% and 58%).

The survey acknowledges that it does not clarify what respondents consider a "UFO," but it provides a data point consistent with previous national surveys.

The Tunguska Event Revisited

"RENACE EL 'AFFAIRE TUNGUSKA'" reports on a renewed focus on the Tunguska event, which occurred 80 years prior. Despite numerous scientific and fictional explanations ranging from comets and black holes to antimatter and extraterrestrial craft, a new symposium was held at the Krasnoyarsk Institute of Technology. The participants aimed to return to fundamental data, including new aerial and terrestrial inspections of the impact zone, before the remaining evidence is lost.

Advertisements

The issue also contains advertisements for:

• Autoescuela A.D.A.M.: Driving school with multiple locations in Santander and Cantabria.
• Mutua Montañesa de Seguros: An insurance company offering various types of coverage, integrated with Euromutua.
• Caja Cantabria: A promotion offering Olivetti Compact 60 typewriters with financing options.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes a rigorous, scientific approach to ufology, emphasizing the need for verifiable evidence and critical analysis. It aims to foster a community of serious researchers through the exchange of information and the review of relevant publications. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, acknowledging the complexity of the UFO phenomenon while advocating for methodical investigation rather than speculative leaps. There is also an effort to document and analyze public perception and historical cases, such as the Tunguska event.