Cuadernos de Ufologia - 2a Epoca - No 03

Magazine Overview

Title: Cuadernos de Ufología
Issue: 3
Volume: 2ª Epoca
Date: September 1988

This issue of Cuadernos de Ufología delves into the controversial event of February 2, 1988, questioning whether it was a bolide (meteor) or an Unidentified Flying Object (OVNI). The magazine features an editorial by Juan de Patmos titled "DE LA CRITICA Y EL DIALOGO" (Of Criticism and Dialogue), which reflects on the state of ufology in Spain since 1980. The editorial notes a shift from a material, intelligently directed interpretation of OVNIs to a more critical stance, with many theories failing to be proven and some classic cases crumbling under reinvestigation. It highlights a decrease in popular interest and commercialization, leading to a recycling of activities and a re-evaluation of prior assumptions. The editorial board acknowledges diverse opinions within its team, viewing this as a strength that allows for an open debate platform for all sectors of ufology, including skeptics and controversial topics like UMMO and contactees, as long as new perspectives are offered and respect is maintained.

Articles and Content

Editorial: 2 de Febrero: ¿Bolido u OVNI?

This section presents the central debate of the issue, exploring the luminous phenomenon observed on February 2, 1988. It details witness accounts from various locations in Spain, including Valencia, Cantabria, and Madrid. The phenomenon was described with varying characteristics, such as a luminous drop, an oval object with green lights, or a ball of intense light. The article discusses the speed, altitude, and colors observed, comparing them to known characteristics of bolides. It also considers the possibility of re-entry of artificial satellites or space debris, but finds no official confirmation.

"Los Papeles de Arnold"

This section appears to be a collection of articles or communications related to the "Arnold Papers," with specific mentions of "Historia del Contactismo Español" (History of Spanish Contactism) and "Ummo: 20 Años de Paranoia Compartida" (Ummo: 20 Years of Shared Paranoia).

"Historia del Contactismo Español"

This article, by Sesma, Saliano, and Ummo, likely delves into the history of contact experiences within Spain.

"Ummo: 20 Años de Paranoia Compartida"

Authored by Carles Berché Cruz, this piece examines the Ummo phenomenon, a complex case involving alleged extraterrestrial visitors, and its impact over two decades.

Biblioteca: Discrepancias

This section contains reviews or discussions of other works, including "OVNIs en Polonia 2º" (OVNIs in Poland 2nd) by Bronislaw Rzepecki and "Tres OVNIs sobre la capital mexicana" (Three OVNIs over the Mexican Capital) by Luis Ruiz Noguez.

Cartas

This section features letters from readers. Cuadernos de Ufología expresses gratitude to its readers and friends for helping to spread awareness of the publication.

"El Sindrome Simposium"

Authored by Javier Sierra, this article likely discusses the psychological or social aspects related to symposiums on UFO phenomena.

"Análisis de una Experiencia OVNI (2)"

This is the second part of an analysis of an OVNI experience, written by M. Borraz Aymerich.

"Ficha del Fenómeno" (Phenomenon File)

This detailed report focuses on the February 2, 1988 event. It provides specific locations, times, descriptions of the phenomenon (shape, color, size, trajectory), and witness accounts. It concludes that the event's characteristics align with those of a bolide, but acknowledges the difficulty in definitively ruling out other explanations due to conflicting reports and the lack of radar detection.

"Informe de V.J. Ballester, J.A. Fernandez y J. Servera"

This report presents findings based on observations in Valencia and other locations. It discusses the event's characteristics, comparing them to bolides and noting the absence of radar detection. The authors suggest the phenomenon was likely a bolide, but acknowledge the need for further investigation.

"Los 'OVNIS' Que Conmocionaron el Pais" (The 'OVNIs' That Shocked the Country)

Written by Javier Sierra and Manuel Carballal, this article provides a broader overview of the February 2, 1988 events, describing them as objects that shocked the country. It discusses the immediate reactions, the media's involvement, and the initial hypotheses considered: bolide, OVNI, or space debris. The authors highlight the elimination of the space debris hypothesis and focus on the bolide vs. OVNI debate. They present arguments for both sides, including witness testimonies and expert opinions.

"Bolido"

This section argues for the bolide hypothesis, presenting evidence such as the object's high altitude, fragmentation, and visual characteristics that align with meteoric phenomena. It addresses discrepancies in witness timings and locations, suggesting they might be due to local phenomena or misinterpretations.

"No Bolido"

This section presents arguments against the bolide explanation. It highlights significant discrepancies in the reported times of observation across different regions of Spain, suggesting that the phenomenon might not have been a single, fast-moving bolide. It also mentions witness accounts that describe multiple lights or objects, challenging the single-object bolide theory.

"OVNI"

This section explores the possibility that the phenomenon was an OVNI. It discusses witness reports from the Basque Country and other areas, noting unusual characteristics like zig-zag movements and colors not typically associated with bolides. It also mentions the alleged involvement of "Phantom" fighter jets, suggesting a military response to an unknown phenomenon.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the analysis of anomalous aerial phenomena, particularly the February 2, 1988 event, and the ongoing debate between natural explanations (bolides, space debris) and the possibility of extraterrestrial or unknown origins (OVNIs). The magazine consistently emphasizes the importance of critical analysis, open dialogue, and the presentation of diverse viewpoints. The editorial stance, as articulated in the leading article, is to provide a platform for debate, embracing different perspectives and encouraging rigorous investigation into the OVNI phenomenon without pre-judging conclusions. The publication aims to be a forum for researchers, enthusiasts, and skeptics alike, fostering a critical yet open-minded approach to the subject.

This issue of "Un Pionero" (Volume 13, Issue 12, dated February 2, 1988) focuses on two main themes: the life and work of Marius Lleget, a significant figure in Spanish UFO research, and a detailed analysis of a specific UFO sighting case from February 22, 1977.

Marius Lleget: A Pioneer of UFO Divulgation

The magazine dedicates significant space to Marius Lleget, a journalist and early proponent of UFO research in Spain. The articles highlight his multifaceted career, beginning with his interest in astronomy and his early writings on space and science fiction. Lleget's journalistic journey included work for various publications, and he became known for his ability to explain complex topics in an engaging manner. He was a founder of the Agrupación Astronómica "Aster" and later the Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios (CEI) in 1958. The text emphasizes his passion for subjects like Mars and underwater archaeology, showcasing his broad intellectual curiosity. The article notes his eventual disillusionment with the UFO phenomenon after a tragic event involving contactees, leading him to acknowledge conventional explanations for many cases. His passing is mourned as the loss of a dear friend and a key figure in the field.

Analysis of a UFO Experience: The Night Pursuit of February 22, 1977

A substantial portion of the magazine is dedicated to a detailed examination of a UFO sighting that occurred on the night of February 22, 1977, involving a car journey between Villar del Arzobispo and Chiva, Spain. The analysis, authored by Manuel Borraz Aymerich, systematically breaks down the incident into two main phases.

Phase One: Initial Observation

The initial phase, from the start of the observation until Villamarchante, is characterized by a bright, star-like light. The analysis suggests that this phenomenon was likely the planet Venus, which would have been visible in the sky at that time and location. The article provides tables and diagrams to illustrate the estimated positions and visibility of celestial bodies.

Phase Two: The Pursuit and Oval Object

The second phase, from Villamarchante onwards, describes a luminous object that appeared oval-shaped. The analysis posits that this phase of the sighting corresponds to the observation of the Moon. The article meticulously compares the described movements and appearance of the object with the known positions and characteristics of the Moon during that night. It highlights how atmospheric effects, such as the apparent size distortion of celestial bodies near the horizon, and psychological factors, like heightened emotional states and the expectation of a UFO, could lead to misinterpretations.

Astronomical Explanation and Psychological Factors

The core argument of the analysis is that the entire incident can be explained by the misidentification of Venus and the Moon. The author points out that the witnesses' inability to identify Venus initially, coupled with their pre-existing interest in UFOs, led them to interpret the subsequent appearance of the Moon as an unidentified flying object. The article discusses "causal effects" and "pseudo-coincidences," suggesting that the witnesses' emotional state and the dramatic nature of the event influenced their perception and interpretation of ordinary phenomena.

Physical Effects and Conclusion

The analysis also touches upon the "physical effects" reported by the witnesses, categorizing them as either objective (e.g., radio interference from a nearby power line) or subjective (e.g., the perception that the car's lights were dimmer). The conclusion strongly supports the astronomical explanation, emphasizing that the witnesses' experience, while subjectively real, was likely a misinterpretation of natural celestial events amplified by psychological factors and the cultural context of UFO beliefs.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently promotes a rational and investigative approach to UFO phenomena. It champions the role of journalism in disseminating information and encourages critical analysis. The editorial stance appears to favor scientific and astronomical explanations for reported sightings, while acknowledging the human element of perception, emotion, and belief. The tribute to Marius Lleget underscores the importance of dedicated individuals in the history of UFO research, even as the magazine itself leans towards debunking or re-contextualizing sightings through scientific inquiry.

This issue, titled "22 Análisis de una Exp...", published around April 23, 1988, by Karma-7, focuses on UFO phenomena and related investigations in Spain. It features detailed analysis of witness testimonies, psychological interpretations, and potential astronomical explanations for sightings.

Analysis of a Specific Incident

The article delves into a specific incident where a Guardia Civil patrol in Huelva, Spain, on April 22, 1988, reported observing a flying object. The object reportedly had a luminous tail, emitted sounds resembling explosions, and moved from near Huelva towards Sevilla before disappearing. The report notes that the object flew at a low altitude and that the Guardia Civil, while documenting the sighting, did not offer any hypotheses about its origin. The possibility of it being a malfunctioning aircraft was considered, but aviation sources indicated no such incidents were reported. The area is also not a typical flight path for military jets, and the local aerospace institute denied launching any flares or rockets.

Other Sightings and Explanations

Several other sightings are discussed. One involved strange luminous objects observed for about thirty minutes between Pinto and Madrid, described as rosy clouds with bright white points and other points rotating at high speed. Another incident in Olivares and Salteras (Sevilla) on the same night involved an intense noise that led residents to believe it was an earthquake. A more mundane explanation is provided for the Madrid sightings: a concert in the Casa de Campo featured four powerful spotlight cannons that projected beams of light onto the clouds, creating a spectacle that could be mistaken for UFOs. The article emphasizes that this explanation was not immediately communicated to the public, leading to widespread belief in a UFO sighting.

A sighting in Burlada, Navarra, is reported by a 18-year-old witness who described a triangular, white object moving slowly at high altitude. Another incident near Huelva involved an intense green light illuminating the road, observed by a couple returning from Sevilla.

Psychological and Astronomical Factors

The analysis extends to the psychological state of witnesses, suggesting that fear, technological bias, and group dynamics can influence their descriptions. The long duration of some experiences is attributed to psychological inertia and circumstantial factors. The article highlights how emotions and group trust can facilitate the expression of feelings, and how suggestible individuals can amplify the experience. The perceived identity of astronomical objects like Venus and the Moon is discussed, noting that unusual brilliance or color might lead to misidentification, especially by untrained observers. The phenomenon of 'accompanying effect' due to parallax is also mentioned as a factor in assigning proximity to distant stimuli.

Ufology Events and Publications

The issue covers the "I Simposium Nacional de Ufología" held in Barcelona, organized by "Karma-7". The event featured various speakers discussing topics such as extraterrestrial life, contactees, and UFO case studies. Notable speakers included Marius Lleget, Vicente Juan Ballester, Juan José Benítez, Antonio Ribera, Vicente Enguídanos, Josep Guijarro, Sinesio Darnell, and Luis J. Grifol. The symposium is described as having two main tendencies: scientific-critical ufology and messianic ufology, with some confrontational exchanges between speakers. The article notes that while some presentations were informative, few offered new data, and the overall atmosphere was somewhat polarized.

A project called "CATCE" (Catálogo de Contactados Españoles) is introduced. This initiative aims to catalog and study cases of "contactees" in Spain, defining a contactee as someone who voluntarily maintains a relationship with UFOs or associated entities. The project seeks collaboration from ufologists and researchers.

Several publications are reviewed, including "Cuadernos de Ufología", "International UFO Reporter", "CUFOS Bulletin", "CENAP-Report", and "FLYING SAUCER REVIEW". These reviews provide summaries of recent articles and information about the publications' editorial content and contact details.

Specific Communications

There are also several specific communications. Jean Louis Brodu is seeking information in Spanish about incidents involving an airplane that prevents rain. Manuel López Cuesta provides a correction for the telephone number of "BBS-Contacto". An announcement is made regarding the need for German translators for "CUADERNOS DE UFOLOGIA" to help the German UFO-Institut CENAP.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the analysis of UFO sightings, the psychological and perceptual factors influencing witness accounts, and the ongoing efforts to study and understand the phenomenon through conferences, publications, and cataloging projects. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical analysis, seeking conventional explanations where possible while acknowledging the complexity and ongoing mystery of the subject. There is an emphasis on the need for rigorous study and open dialogue within the ufology community.

Title: Papeles de Amold...
Issue: 32
Date: March 9, 1988
Publisher: Lusa-Reuter and ABC (Madrid)
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish

This issue of "Papeles de Amold..." (Papers from Amold...) presents a collection of reports and articles related to UFO sightings and the history of contactism, primarily in Spain and Latin America.

OVNI Visualized in Colombia

The lead article details an extraordinary event on February 9, 1988, over Medellín, Colombia. Four passenger aircraft, an army plane, and the airport's control tower simultaneously observed and recorded the maneuvers of several presumed OVNIs. Transcripts of pilot dialogues and control tower recordings are mentioned, with one pilot describing an object as a light similar to a giant star that hovered over the runway and then followed aircraft. The report notes that the objects did not communicate with the tower and that their evolutions were reportedly filmed by a local resident.

UFO Sightings in Spain

Several reports from Sevilla, Spain, describe sightings of luminous objects around 3:30 AM. Witnesses, including a mother and daughter, taxi drivers, and a group of girls, reported seeing a white or red ball-shaped object with a luminous, cone-shaped tail moving rapidly. Some also reported an intense noise or a buzzing sound. Another report from the Pol. San Pablo in Sevilla mentions an intense buzzing sound heard by residents.

"Object" Over Arganil (Portugal)

This section recounts an observation made on the night of December 28th in Arganil, Portugal. Antonio Travassos and his family witnessed a rounded object, larger than the moon, with several lights, hovering silently over a pine forest. The object reportedly changed color to red before disappearing. The report is attributed to Joaquim Fernandes of "O Jornal."

Fisherman Observes UFO

Reported near the "La Nouvelle-Sigean" pond in France on January 26, 1988, a fisherman described observing a luminous, helmet-shaped object with lights moving at low altitude. The object hovered for a minute or two before moving away and performing a wide arc. The witness estimated its size to be 10-12 meters in diameter with a central dome. The report is from G. Vanquelef of "L'Independant."

Dossier: Sesma, Saliano, Ummo: The History of Spanish Contactism

This extensive dossier, written by Ignacio Cabria García, explores the history of "contactism" in Spain, focusing on Fernando Sesma and his followers.

Introduction to Contactism

The article begins by acknowledging the controversial nature of "contactism" but emphasizes its influence on how the UFO phenomenon is perceived. It aims to provide a sociological approach to believer groups and plans future studies on the symbolism and social structure of contactees. The author states that this historical work is based on books, newspapers, letters, and interviews, as he never met Fernando Sesma, who died in 1982.

George Adamski and the Spanish Connection

The movement of "contactados" (contactees) with extraterrestrials is traced back to George Adamski in the United States, who claimed to have photographed UFOs and met Venusians. Adamski's book, "Flying Saucers Have Landed," published in 1953, influenced a wave of contactees globally, including in Spain. Fernando Sesma and Alberto Sanmartín are presented as key figures in the Spanish adaptation of Adamski's ideas.

Fernando Sesma: The Spanish Style of Contactism

Fernando Sesma is described as the Spanish counterpart to Adamski. His biography shows parallels, including an early focus on "teaching universal laws" through organizations like the "Royal Order of Tibet." Sesma's interest in UFOs reportedly began with the Alberto Sanmartín case.

The "Stone of Wisdom" Case

A significant event detailed is the encounter of Alberto Sanmartín, an orderly, with an extraterrestrial on November 17, 1954, in Madrid. Sanmartín claimed to have received a black stone with nine indecipherable signs from a "Martian." The stone was analyzed and found to be calcite. The interpretation of these signs became a central theme for subsequent contactee groups.

The "BURU" Society and the Tertulia

Following the Sanmartín case, a group of enthusiasts formed the "Sociedad de Amigos de los Visitantes del Espacio" (BURU), the first Spanish association dedicated to UFOs. The group met regularly at a café called "La Ballena Alegre" (The Happy Whale). Fernando Sesma was the president, and the group engaged in discussions about extraterrestrial phenomena, spirituality, and esoteric topics.

Padre Machado's Interpretation

Father Severino Machado, a priest interested in UFOs, became involved with Sesma's group. He published a book, "Los platillos volantes ante la razón y la ciencia" (Flying Saucers Before Reason and Science), interpreting the signs on the "Martian stone." Machado believed the signs conveyed messages of peace and exploration from extraterrestrials, possibly from Saturn.

Sesma's "La Piedra de la Sabiduría"

In 1956, Fernando Sesma published his own book, "La Piedra de la Sabiduría" (The Stone of Wisdom), offering a symbolic interpretation of the stone's signs. Sesma viewed them as universal geometric symbols conveying essential wisdom rather than a specific message. He developed a personal symbolic language for telepathic communication.

Field Experiences of Sesma

The dossier describes Sesma's "great adventure" starting around 1957, involving hours spent in Madrid's Casa de Campo searching for signs of extraterrestrial presence. He reported various phenomena, including finding a screwdriver in place of a wire, sounds of cicadas, falling leaves with news of the first Russian cosmonaut, and a pair of socks and a romance novel.

Mysterious Letters

In 1961, Sesma began receiving anonymous letters with coded messages, which he believed announced a significant discovery. One letter contained seemingly nonsensical phrases. Sesma reportedly destroyed the letter, only for the torn pieces to reappear later.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores UFO sightings and the phenomenon of "contactism." The editorial stance, as indicated in the "Nota de los Editores" (Note from the Editors), is to address all aspects of ufology, including controversial topics like "contactism" and the "UMMO affair," without shying away from debate. The publication aims to provide a platform for diverse viewpoints within the field of ufology.

This issue, titled "Sesma, Saliano..." and spanning issues 42-51, delves into the complex and often controversial world of Fernando Sesma's alleged extraterrestrial contacts and communications. The content primarily focuses on the period from the early 1960s through the late 1970s, exploring the messages received, the people involved, and the societal impact of these phenomena in Madrid.

The 'Saliano' Contact

The articles begin by recounting the early days of Sesma's experiences, particularly the arrival of 'messages' that were initially confusing and met with skepticism. These messages came from two distinct origins: some from distant countries (China, USA, Japan) and others with the return address 'F. Sesma, Luna 16, Madrid,' creating a peculiar self-communication effect. The writing style was described as somewhat crude and imitative of Sesma's own. These messages were often incomprehensible, filled with symbols, and accompanied by strange drawings and cryptic verses. One notable verse read, "On the bridge of encounter there are bars and cement. We will always wait for you here, although we never see each other." Another humorous one stated, "And it's enough with three dishes that produce much flatulence." Sesma reportedly favored the 'Luna' street letters over the international ones. Those who were part of the 'Sociedad de Amigos de los Visitantes del Espacio' at the time reportedly have no recollection of these messages or the 'Luna' letters.

The 'Gato Pugachov' Incident

A curious event involved a stray cat adopted by a widow named Isabel Nido, who, according to Sesma, might have been extraterrestrial. The cat was named Pugachov, and it was claimed to have been on Earth for exactly 444 days.

The 'Butterfly' Incident

Another peculiar event described is 'the butterfly,' where a butterfly entered a meeting and landed on someone's watch. Sesma then received a phone call and, upon returning, declared that Saliano was present in the butterfly, which then flew away.

The 'Shoe Prints' and 'Stone Shoe'

In 1965, five enormous shoe prints were found on cushions and the floor in a room. Later that year, a stone shaped like a shoe was received. Sesma interpreted this, along with the famous New York blackout, as a symbol of humanity's impending downfall due to its own weight, referencing the biblical prophecy of Nebuchadnezzar's statue.

The 'S' on the Windshield

Dr. Juan Aguirre Ceberio, a member of the tertulia, experienced a curious event while driving when water drops formed the letter 'S' on his car's windshield, interpreted as the initial of an extraterrestrial.

Saliano's Communication Method

Saliano offered to answer questions, requiring participants to write them down and leave them in a sealed envelope overnight. The next Tuesday, Saliano would call and answer the questions, leaving attendees baffled as to how he knew the contents of the sealed envelope.

Sesma's Hesitation and Destruction of Letters

Despite the ongoing communications, Sesma never wrote about Saliano's letters, which contained advice and recommendations. These letters were written in various colored inks with ornate lettering. While some found them amusing, others saw them as absurd. Saliano addressed each member of 'La Ballena' individually, using nicknames. A message to Villagrasa, mentioning his house being decorated, caused surprise as painters had indeed been working on his home that day, a fact unknown to others.

The Extraterrestrial Saliano to the Apparatus

In 1962, Fernando Sesma received a call from an extraterrestrial named Saliano, claiming to be from the planet Auco, orbiting Alpha Centauri. This marked the beginning of a 'friendship' involving frequent symbolic messages. Saliano was described as a generic name for extraterrestrials operating on Earth, possessing spiritual and fantastic powers, including shapeshifting. He was depicted as an old man with a white beard, naked, resembling prophets.

The 'Gato Pugachov' Incident (Revisited)

This section reiterates the story of the cat Pugachov, which arrived from the planet Auco and disappeared after 444 days. The name Pugachoff was allegedly given by extraterrestrials.

The 'Butterfly' Incident (Revisited)

This section also revisits the butterfly incident, emphasizing how Sesma claimed Saliano communicated through it.

Saliano's Messages and Sesma's Reaction

Sesma received letters with symbolic messages, which were discussed at 'La Ballena.' The extraterrestrials' messages were often described as absurd and laughable. Sesma eventually became convinced of the possibility of direct contact and, years later, reportedly destroyed all of Saliano's letters by burning them, possibly due to a sense of being deceived or as a reaction to unexpected events.

The "Paradise" of Auco

Sesma's book "Yo, confidente de los hombres del Espacio" describes Auco as an ideal paradise, ten times larger than Earth, with a lush, vegetarian ecosystem where animals do not kill each other. The inhabitants do not wear clothes, as their hair covers their bodies. They are vegetarian, eat raw food, do not smoke, and do not drink. Their physiological perfection is such that higher-ranking members excrete only perfumed urine. The society is structured into classes: lower-class 'monkey-men' for manual labor, an intermediate class with superior faculties, and a superior group of hundreds who live for thousands of years, directing life, and are artists, architects, and rulers. They have transcended sex and do not reproduce conventionally; new members emerge from the intermediate class as 'prodigies.' Saliano is mentioned as having been friends with Christopher Columbus and advising him on the discovery of America. Auco is governed by a council of 189 members of the superior group, led by an immortal king. The society is described as having no problems with armies, police, or deception due to telepathic perfection. The environment is beautiful, with abundant natural food, and a perfect climate. However, the author notes an underlying unconscious racism and aristocratic ideology in Sesma's description.

Defense of Imperialism

Sesma's writings are criticized for their veiled defense of imperialism, advocating for colonization as education and progress, and expressing a desire for it to happen quickly to avoid humanity's self-destruction.

Planets Inhabited by the Cosmos

According to Sesma's communications from the 'auquianos,' there are other inhabited planets. Niquivil speaks only Basque, a language brought by Basques who colonized Earth. Allic is characterized by constant noise and the ability to transform at will. Quele Quele inhabitants fly and live in the clouds. Machulka and Chorni are described as angelic and mischievous, respectively. Earth, or 'Najun' in their terms, is considered the most degraded planet.

The Coming of the Auquian Era

Sesma developed a philosophy of the "Auquian Era," which would mark the end of the "Adamic Era" (the era of man, geocentricity, and isolation). This transition was predicted to occur between 1966 and 2000. The 'Adamic Era' was characterized by haste, while the 'Auquian Era' would be marked by calm and harmony. Sesma also criticized the hyper-trophy of large cities, advocating for rural living and suggesting that women should take responsibility for managing farms. This concept was presented as not conflicting with, but rather strengthening, Catholic dogma.

Sesma's Popularity and the Rise of UMMO

In 1965, Sesma published articles about the "Auquian Era," gaining the title "professor." He published two books and appeared on television, increasing his popularity. The 'Sociedad de Amigos de los Visitantes del Espacio' dissolved, but the 'La Ballena Alegre' tertulia continued. The years 1966-1969 were the peak of 'La Ballena Alegre' and Fernando Sesma's public recognition. However, the growing media interest in UFOs and sensationalist literature, coupled with the group being perceived as a place for jokes and curiosities, led to a degree of discredit. The Aluche saucer incident, UMMO documents, and the San José de Valderas landing further amplified public attention.

UMMO Enters the Scene

In early 1966, Fernando Sesma received a phone call from someone with a strange accent who repeatedly uttered nonsensical words. The caller eventually identified themselves as DEII 98, son of DEII 97, from the planet UMMO, offering to send information. Sesma, open to contact, requested proof and asked many questions, some of which were answered immediately, others promised for later delivery.

UMMO Documents and Photographs

Shortly after, a messenger delivered photographs to Sesma's home that appeared to be Japanese and had a remarkable relief quality, unusual for the time in Spain. The UMMO communicants cautioned Sesma against indiscretion, requesting that documents be read only within a trusted, restricted circle and not mixed with other 'exanthropological' contacts. However, Sesma often disregarded these instructions, reading the letters aloud at 'La Ballena,' leading to warnings that the information flow might be interrupted.

The UMMO Contact Experience

From 1966 to 1967, and intermittently thereafter, Sesma and others associated with 'La Ballena Alegre' received a vast amount of information on genetics, cosmology, theology, education, and the UMMO society. Initially, many suspected a prank by students, but the continued arrival of reports suggested otherwise. The experience was replicated with other members of the group. Enrique Villagrasa received a call from DA-3, who claimed to be from UMMO and sent a document on space-time physics, illustrated with drawings and bearing the UMMO symbol.

Dionisio Garrido's Experience

Police Commissioner Dionisio Garrido Buendía received communications and reports on parapsychology and photography. A significant event involved his son's recovery from a heart condition that prevented surgery; after the UMMO contact, the son's platelet deficiency improved, allowing the operation.

UMMO: The Snowball

The aspect that most attracted members of 'La Ballena Alegre' to the UMMO communications, above Saliano's, was their non-messianic, non-proselytizing nature and their profoundly rationalist philosophy. The communicants advised caution and not to change existing religious beliefs. Their insistence on discretion initially increased their credibility.

Sesma's Indiscretion

Fernando Sesma, not being one to keep secrets, read the UMMO letters aloud at 'La Ballena,' despite being repeatedly warned by the UMMO communicants about his indiscretion. They threatened to interrupt the information flow if he continued.

The Aluche Landing

In February 1966, a news report described an unidentified object landing in the Aluche neighborhood of Madrid, leaving scorched ground and several witnesses. One witness, José Luis Jordán Peña, described a symbol on the object's base that strikingly resembled the UMMO seal. Jordán Peña later became overwhelmed by visitors and had to move due to the publicity.

Opposition to Sesma's Ideas

A new attendee at 'La Ballena,' named Peña, began to express skepticism towards the UMMO messages, positioning himself as a primary opponent to Fernando Sesma's ideas.

The Landing of Aluche, Peña and José Jordan

This section details the Aluche landing incident, referencing a news report from February 8, 1966. It highlights the testimony of witnesses, including José Luis Jordán Peña, who described the object and its distinctive symbol. The publicity surrounding Jordán Peña led to him being inundated with investigators and curious individuals, forcing him to change his residence. The text also mentions a person named Peña who joined 'La Ballena' and became a vocal skeptic of Sesma's theories.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around extraterrestrial contact, particularly through written messages and alleged direct encounters. The UMMO civilization and its communications are a central focus, presented with a rationalist philosophy that distinguished them from other contactee phenomena. The issue explores the impact of these claims on individuals and groups like 'La Ballena Alegre,' highlighting the blend of genuine belief, skepticism, and public fascination. The editorial stance appears to be one of detailed reporting and analysis of these phenomena, presenting the claims and the reactions to them without explicit endorsement or dismissal, while occasionally offering critical observations on Sesma's interpretations and the nature of the reported events.

This issue of DOSSIER, titled "52 Sesma, Saliano...", delves into the complex and often controversial world of UFO phenomena in Spain, with a particular focus on the UMMO case and the figures associated with it. The content spans discussions on alleged extraterrestrial contact, the skepticism surrounding these claims, and the social dynamics of UFO enthusiast groups.

The Aluche Landing and Jordán Peña's Theory

The issue begins by addressing the authenticity of UMMO claims, specifically mentioning José Luis Jordán Peña, a key witness to the alleged Aluche landing. Peña, who initially used the pseudonym 'Saliano,' is presented as a rationalist who, despite his involvement, harbored doubts about the extraterrestrial nature of the Aluche event. He proposed that the object was likely an American test vehicle, possibly from the nearby Torrejón airbase. This theory stemmed from the similarity between the object's markings and the UMMO seal, suggesting a potential American fabrication.

Jordán Peña recounts being summoned by the Ministry of the Air, where he received a paternalistic warning to avoid meddling in such matters. He explains his theory by referencing the geopolitical climate of the 1960s, where Spain lacked sovereignty and could easily conceal secret American weapons tests. He posits that unlike the open press in the USA, Spain could suppress such information and even alter evidence to suggest a UFO sighting, thus avoiding more complex explanations.

Fernando Sesma and 'La Ballena Alegre'

The narrative then shifts to Fernando Sesma, the leader of the 'La Ballena Alegre' tertulia, a gathering place for UFO enthusiasts. Sesma, described as a rationalist within the group, became a central figure, attracting numerous followers. However, suspicion lingered among members that Sesma himself might have fabricated his 'contacts' and messages, given his distinctive symbolic and hermetic communication style, which mirrored the UMMO messages. The possibility of other individuals perpetrating hoaxes on Sesma is also raised.

Sesma's followers often referred to him as 'poor Sesma,' suggesting he was a target for various experiments and pranks. The issue touches upon accusations of document forgery related to UMMO, with some questioning how Peña could identify UMMO letters as fraudulent if he wasn't their author.

The UMMO Society: Structure and Critiques

The magazine explores the scientific concepts presented in UMMO documents, noting that while some appear advanced, others are described as 'ridiculous.' The UMMO society is depicted as a puritanical and technocratic entity, mirroring Spain in 1966. Their social structure includes a hierarchical government, with leaders selected from the most intellectually capable children. The economic structure is described in simplistic terms, akin to a socialist model.

UMMO's views on marriage and sexuality are also detailed, highlighting a system where relationships are heavily regulated by 'teachers' and 'computers' to ensure 'physiological-mental compatibility.' This is critiqued as reflecting a progressive Catholic mentality of the era. The society's emphasis on purity, both physical and spiritual, is noted as a common theme among contactees.

The 'Perfect Case' and Photographic Evidence

A significant event discussed is the alleged UMMO landing near Madrid on June 2, 1967, following a letter received by Fernando Sesma and others on May 30, 1967. This incident, reported in the press, involved photographs taken by two individuals that purportedly showed the UMMO symbol on the underside of the object. A book titled 'Un Caso Perfecto' documented this event. However, the investigator Oscar Rey Brea analyzed these photographs and concluded they were likely of a small maquette, possibly suspended by a thread, based on their similarity and temporal spacing.

French and American technicians reportedly supported Rey Brea's findings, suggesting the object was not a genuine UFO.

The 'Code of Silence' and UMMO's Information Blackout

UMMO's information flow reportedly ceased temporarily in 1967, with the group claiming to have left Earth due to the nuclear threat during the Six-Day War. Despite this, the 'Madrid group' continued to adhere to a 'code of silence' to maintain contact, becoming a self-styled 'cryptogroup.' This secrecy is cited as a reason for the longevity of the UMMO case, cultivated by a select few specialists who preferred to withhold information rather than clarify the mystery.

The 'Show' of 'La Ballena Alegre'

The tertulia of 'La Ballena Alegre' is described as a marketplace for various contacts and messages, attracting mystics, psychics, and UFO enthusiasts. Fernando Sesma, initially a believer, would later reject claims, demonstrating a tendency towards contradiction. The atmosphere was often heated, with Sesma himself sometimes becoming the target of jokes.

The Saliano Hoax and Sesma's Decline

A pivotal moment occurred when the extraterrestrial 'Saliano' announced a public appearance. The event, held at the designated location, turned out to be a prank, leading to the disillusionment of many followers. This incident, coupled with Sesma's increasingly eccentric behavior and the perceived lack of scientific rigor in his work, led to the decline of 'La Ballena Alegre.' Fernando Sesma died in 1982, largely forgotten. It was later revealed that some of the Saliano messages were a hoax orchestrated by a few individuals, including an astrologer, a painter, and an aristocrat, as a form of entertainment.

Critiques of UMMO's Scientific Claims

Oscar Rey Brea is highlighted as one of the first to question the scientific coherence of UMMO's reports. He pointed out inconsistencies in their astronomical data, such as the density of their planet and the description of their star, Wolf 424, which is a binary star system, not a single star as implied by UMMO. Despite these critiques, Rey Brea was considered an 'unbeliever' by his peers.

The UMMO-Auco Puzzle and Ethical Stance

The issue explores the connection between UMMO and other contactee cases, such as 'Auco' and 'Saliano,' suggesting a potential overlap in doctrines and names. The UMMO messages themselves are analyzed for their ethical stance, which is described as a constant sermon on spirituality and morality. However, their later communications are seen as adapting to contemporary concerns, such as environmentalism and the threat of nuclear war.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the UMMO phenomenon, the nature of belief and skepticism in ufology, the role of charismatic leaders like Fernando Sesma, and the potential for hoaxes and misinterpretations in contactee accounts. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical examination, presenting various claims and counter-claims, and highlighting the scientific and logical inconsistencies that emerge when scrutinizing these phenomena. The magazine emphasizes the importance of critical thinking and rigorous analysis when evaluating extraordinary claims, particularly those related to extraterrestrial contact.

This issue of "Sesma, Saliano..." (Issue 62, Volume XX, dated December 1955 to January 1956) is a dossier-style publication focusing on the UMMO phenomenon, a complex and controversial topic involving alleged extraterrestrial contact originating in Spain. The magazine critically examines the origins, content, and implications of the UMMO reports, questioning their authenticity and exploring potential human authorship and manipulation.

The Cultivation of "Ummology"

The article traces the development of "Ummology," the study of the UMMO phenomenon. It notes that while initial information was disseminated through letters, compilations of reports began to appear in the mid-1970s. Antonio Ribera played a significant role in exposing the UMMO case through his writings, starting with a chapter in a 1975 book. For nearly a decade, UMMO information was shared primarily through a select group in Madrid and a few scholars across Spain. The first "Symposium of UMMO" was organized by Rafael Farriols in 1971, followed by a second in 1973 focusing on humanity's place in the cosmos according to UMMO. The late 1970s saw increased publication of UMMO-related materials, including books by Alejandro Vignati and Enrique López Guerrero.

Analysis of UMMO Reports: Errors and Contradictions

The core of the issue is a detailed critique of the UMMO reports, highlighting numerous errors and contradictions. The analysis points out discrepancies in the explanations for UMMO's telepathic communication, with conflicting accounts of vocal organ atrophy and hypertrophy. The reports' claims about the planet UMMO are also scrutinized, showing inconsistencies in descriptions of its size, continents, and oceans between different documents. The article questions the scientific validity of the UMMO reports, suggesting they are limited by the scientific knowledge of the time and are prone to speculation.

Specific points of contention include:

• Telepathic Communication: Conflicting explanations for the lack of verbal communication, citing atrophied epiglottis, hypertrophied vocal cords, or glottis sclerosis.
• Planet UMMO: Inconsistent data on the planet's size, number of continents, and ocean coverage.
• Numerical System: The use of a duodecimal (base-12) system is questioned, as UMMO names and numbers do not consistently incorporate these digits, and calculations are sometimes presented incorrectly.
• Biogenetics: The reports' definition of genes and genetic coding is presented as basic and potentially outdated, with a lack of mention of less common bases.
• Time Perception: UMMO's concept of time is described as contradictory, with some reports denying it as a dimension while others acknowledge it as a perceptible dimension.
• Language and Terminology: Inconsistencies in the use of terms like "WAAM" (Universe) and "UAAM" (different states of existence).
• Noble Gases: Contradictory statements about the inertness of Krypton, with some reports claiming it does not combine with other elements while others state it is used in UMMO compounds.
• Daily Life: The description of a bride's post-deflowering confinement period (4,000 UIW) is presented as an example of potential miscalculation or misunderstanding of units.
• The "Mecanógrafo" Incident: The account of UMMO beings assisting with household chores and communicating telepathically is contrasted with the idea that they have highly sensitive fingertips preventing them from typing.

The UMMO Hoax Hypothesis

The article strongly suggests that the UMMO phenomenon may be a sophisticated hoax or a sociological experiment. It posits that the authors of the reports, possibly a group in Madrid, may have created the UMMO persona to study group dynamics or to provoke reactions. The analysis highlights how the phenomenon could have "gotten out of hand" with the introduction of spurious contacts and fraudulent letters. The author notes that the UMMO narrative appears to be "genuinely Spanish" in origin.

Key Figures and Their Roles

The issue discusses several individuals central to the UMMO case:

• Fernando Sesma: Portrayed as a key figure who was passionate about the phenomenon, possibly driving its creation and development.
• Antonio Ribera: A prolific author who brought the UMMO case to public attention, but also faced accusations of fabricating contact.
• Rafael Farriols: Organized the UMMO symposia and was involved in the dissemination of information.
• Enrique López Guerrero: A priest who had contacts with UMMO and was often featured in the media.
• Ignacio Darnaude: An analyst who compiled a significant catalog of UMMO materials, providing a critical source for research.
• Jacques Bonabot: Analyzed an early UMMO letter in French, suggesting a Latin or Spanish origin for the author.
• Henri Dagousset: Attempted to establish contact with the Madrid group, proposing an exchange of documents.
• José Luis Jordán: A contactee who reportedly had a frightening encounter with an "unconventional helicopter" which he later considered a potential extraterrestrial craft.

Mesianism and Catastrophism

The article also touches upon the messianic and catastrophic elements present in some UMMO reports. It notes that while UMMO members do not identify as religious, their belief system often elevates a superior being called "WOA" (God), leading to comparisons with terrestrial religions. Some reports contain apocalyptic predictions, such as the "final holocaust of the Social Network of Earth," and express a sense of impending doom.

Conclusion

The issue concludes by emphasizing that the UMMO phenomenon, while complex, appears to be the result of a human-driven endeavor, possibly a sociological experiment or a deliberate fabrication. The author refrains from offering a definitive hypothesis but suggests that a more coherent explanation lies in a human-created phenomenon rather than genuine extraterrestrial contact. The analysis aims to present the dynamics of the group involved and the internal contradictions within the UMMO reports, highlighting the role of figures like Fernando Sesma in shaping this unique episode.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are skepticism towards the extraterrestrial claims of the UMMO phenomenon, critical analysis of the provided documents, and the exploration of potential human authorship and manipulation. The editorial stance is clearly critical and analytical, aiming to deconstruct the UMMO narrative by highlighting its internal inconsistencies and suggesting a terrestrial origin for the phenomenon. The magazine positions itself as a source for serious, critical investigation into UFO-related cases.

This issue of "UMMO: 20 Años..." (UMMO: 20 Years...) is a detailed investigation into the Ummo phenomenon, critically examining its origins, content, and the individuals involved. The publication presents a strong case against the extraterrestrial hypothesis, leaning towards terrestrial explanations rooted in psychological phenomena and potential fraud. The issue is structured into several sections, analyzing various aspects of the Ummo case.

Section C: Attempts at Manipulation

This section focuses on the initial reports received by Fernando Sesma and the attempts to impose a specific reading discipline for meetings. The titles of some reports suggest a structured approach to understanding the Ummo information, including norms for reading aloud, requests for emphasis, and even pleas to avoid mixing topics or threats of suspending correspondence. The author notes that these demands were perceived by some as a punishment.

Section 2: Proselytism?

An Ummo report directed to Eridani Asociación de Estudios Cosmológicos (Eridani Association of Cosmological Studies) outlines a strategy for attracting new members. It suggests modifying the association's structure, presenting Ummo as a subject of study, and choosing culturally relevant topics to appeal to a broader audience, particularly young people. The report emphasizes the importance of a strong effort in recruiting new associates and offers guidance on consulting on the suitability of specific topics.

Section 3: Daily Life in Ummo

This part offers advice, framed with a touch of messianism, suggesting that while people might listen to reports on sociology, they may not decipher them or put the orientations into practice, perpetuating a disregard for certain doctrines.

Section 4: Where Advice Mixes with Messianism

This section highlights the perceived disconnect between Ummo's advice and the actions of its followers, suggesting that many may not fully comprehend or implement the orientations, leading to a continued disdain for certain societal values.

Conclusion: The Cumulus of Errors and Contradictions Points to the Impossibility of its "E.T." Origin

The author concludes that the numerous errors and contradictions within the Ummo reports make their extraterrestrial origin highly improbable. The messianic and proselytizing nature of the phenomenon further leads the author to dismiss the idea that Ummo reports are distinct from other 'contactism' cases. Technical experts in telecommunications have reportedly found the technical reports less brilliant than claimed, suggesting they are based on existing ideas and imaginative, yet intangible, theories. Similar criticisms are leveled at the reports on biology, anatomy, parapsychology, and daily life.

Second Part: An Attempt at Explanation

D. Comparative Paranoia

This section addresses the possibility that the Ummo authors are terrestrial, posing the question of motives for a voluntary fraud. It notes that the phenomenon has persisted for over 20 years, and no single motive seems sufficient. The author suggests that a 'delusional illness' where someone adopts an alien personality, either consciously or unconsciously, might be a more plausible explanation than a deliberate, long-term fraud. It is argued that a single person could not sustain the 20-year history, the variety of topics, and the diverse origins of the information.

1. Basic Definitions

Paranoia is defined as a disorder characterized by systematized delusion with preserved personality, a chronic psychosis with remission periods. Delusion is described as a set of incorrigible erroneous ideas that the individual refuses to accept as wrong. Paranoid delusions are systematically organized and logical, unlike those in schizophrenia. A key characteristic is 'social propagation,' where the delusion appears logical and credible to an observer, making it understandable.

How Delusion Spreads

Delusions spread progressively, with ideological systematization developing from the surrounding environment. Examples cited include esoteric circles, mystery investigations, 'cosmic reorganization' systems, new religions, and spiritualist experiences.

2. Symptoms of Paranoia

Symptoms include hallucinations, a sense of imposed ideation, and allusions to telepathy. Kinesthetic impressions (altered sensitivity, sensation of movement) are also noted. Other symptoms include imposed movement sensation and forced verbal articulation. Vallejo is quoted describing symptoms such as distrust, egocentrism, and a need for grandiosity, as well as justice and fanaticism, masking resentment and leading to religious or political fanaticism. The systematization of delusion involves order, coherence, and clarity, built upon false elements. Interpretation is presented as the basis of this process.

The Existence of the Person

In the context of delusion, the individual may seek proof (even falsifying it), accept invented data as true, and engage in actions like espionage and surveillance. Coherence is maintained, presenting a plausible facade to observers, which allows for contamination and conviction. The 'delusional inducer' can involve others, frequently family members, in their delusion. Besides isolated family groups and marginalized communities, closed research or scientific groups are also mentioned as environments where this disorder is frequent.

Language Disorders

More characteristic of schizophrenia, these include the use of personal symbolism, monologues in conversations, and the tendency to create neologisms or use words with different meanings, sometimes leading to the creation of a unique language.

Key Points to Remember

The author emphasizes the honorability of individuals with mental illness, stating that the condition is not incapacitating and that paranoid individuals often possess superior intelligence. They lack self-awareness of their illness and do not seek medical help voluntarily. Paranoid individuals exhibit a degree of self-control and can integrate into society, often being perceived as 'odd types.' The illness can manifest in three forms: simultaneous (in two cohabiting individuals), imposed (transmitted by an inducer, disappearing upon separation), and communicated (where the delusion becomes autonomous in the receptor and can lead to them becoming an inducer).

3. Analysis of Letters Referring to Ummo Photos

This section details a 1979 study by the "Colectivo Iván" analyzing five letters related to the Ummo case. The study used statistical parameters to compare writing styles, suggesting that the author of the first and second letters (José Luis Jordán Peña and A. Pardo) might be the same person. However, significant differences in the writing styles of other letters, even those signed by the same person (A. Pardo), suggest either collaboration, different psychological states, or distinct authors.

Section E: Possible Authors

This section explores potential terrestrial authors behind the Ummo phenomenon. It presents a series of facts, documents, and individuals, emphasizing that this is an exploration of possibilities rather than accusations. The author stresses the importance of respecting individuals, even if they are suspected of having a paranoid delusion, noting that such individuals often possess high intelligence.

1. News from the Newspaper "Informaciones de Madrid" (March 5, 1974)

A news item reports the arrest of José Luis Jordán Peña for insulting the police by phone. The article highlights his initial denial, subsequent contradictions, and attempts to simulate a phone line failure, before confessing. This behavior is linked to the concept of 'interpretation' discussed earlier.

Jordán Peña is described as a prominent member of the group that met at Ballena Alegre to read Ummo reports. He was a witness to a UFO phenomenon in Aluche in 1966, which reportedly affected him significantly. The text notes that a traumatic event, like a scare, often precedes the onset of a delusional disorder.

2. Book by J.L. Jordán Peña

Jordán Peña's book, "Espíritus y duendes, las casas encantadas" (Spirits and goblins, the enchanted houses), is discussed. The author notes that while his first book shows similarities to Ummo reports, a second book on magical powers exhibits less resemblance. The book's investigation into the "faces" of Bélmez involved specialists in concrete, mortar, and psychology, including figures associated with the Ummo theme like Aguirre Ceberio and Enrique Villagrasa. The technical descriptions in Jordán Peña's work are noted to be highly technical and similar to Ummo reports, using obscure terminology and complex methods for detecting phenomena.

4. Eridani and La Ballena Alegre

Upon arriving at Ballena Alegre, Jordán Peña quickly assumed leadership of the meetings, leading to the formation of "ERIDANI A.E.C." Tensions arose between this group and one closer to F. Ares de Blas. The chapter references a previous section explaining how to attract new associates to Eridani and how to handle the Ummo topic, suggesting a reorganization of the group's structure. The meetings at Ballena Alegre are considered the origin of Spanish contactism, initially involving messages from Saliano, which later merged with Ummo reports. The author mentions that Sesma confessed to inventing some Saliano messages.

Other Key Figures and Aspects

Saliano

The text suggests that Fernando Sesma may not have had sufficient scientific preparation to write the Ummo messages, although others believe he possessed great imagination and general culture. The narrative touches upon the idea that Saliano's messages might have been invented, and questions how Ummo could claim contact with Saliano unless the authors themselves were in contact.

Obsessive Behavior

Rafael Farriols is presented as another key figure, who reportedly believes his home is filled with Ummo spy microphones and addresses them in loud prayers. He is said to meticulously keep secret letters from the Ummites. Farriols is identified as the president of CRITESA, S.A., a company involved in plastics and adhesives, and is linked to other companies like IBOZOO, S.A. and OEMI S.A. The author notes that while Farriols is not listed as an original constituent of OEMI, S.A., he may be an agent. The text suggests that Farriols' behavior, while not necessarily indicative of delusion, contributes to the propagation of the Ummo theme and may induce others to participate.

6. Final

The concluding thoughts question whether these obsessive behaviors are related to delusional illness. It speculates on the identity of the first "delusional inducer," ruling out Jordán Peña as he joined later. The possibility is raised that Fernando Sesma, perhaps disillusioned by the absurdity of Saliano, might have attempted to lend seriousness to contactism. The text also mentions a case where three individuals (a painter, an astrologer, and her husband) allegedly created messages, with a mathematics student later taking over. This environment of jokes and false messages is where the Ummo theme reportedly originated.

Biographical Data

Carles Berché Cruz is presented as a member of the Center for Interplanetary Studies in Barcelona since 1986, with a background in Medicine and Psychiatry.

Notes

The extensive notes section provides references to various Ummo reports (IU, EMU, ULIV), books by Antonio Ribera, and other publications related to parapsychology and psychiatry. It details specific technical terms, dates, and sources cited throughout the article, including references to the DSM-III and works by H. Ey and J. Vallejo.

Publications Received

This section lists several Ufology publications, including "UFO-Rivista di Informazione Ufologica" (Italy), "UFO-Information" (Sweden), and "UFO CONTACT" (Denmark), providing their contact details and summaries of recent issues.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical examination of the Ummo phenomenon, focusing on its potential terrestrial origins, the psychological aspects of belief and delusion, and the possibility of elaborate hoaxes. The editorial stance is clearly skeptical of the extraterrestrial claims, presenting evidence and arguments that point towards human agency and psychological factors as explanations for the Ummo case. The publication emphasizes the importance of rigorous analysis and critical thinking when evaluating such phenomena.

This issue of 'Biblioteca...' features a significant portion dedicated to a review of Philip Klass's book "UFO-ABDUCTIONS. A DANGEROUS GAME." The review, penned by V.J. Ballester, critically examines Klass's skeptical approach to UFO abduction phenomena. The magazine also includes articles discussing specific UFO incidents and debates surrounding their interpretation.

Review of "UFO-ABDUCTIONS. A DANGEROUS GAME" by Philip Klass

The review highlights Philip Klass's thesis that most UFO abduction reports can be explained by conventional means, without resorting to mysteries. Klass, described as the most authoritative skeptical voice in the United States, meticulously analyzes numerous North American UFO cases, dissecting them from his ideological perspective to find conventional explanations.

The reviewer acknowledges the value of Klass's investigative methodology, comparing it to that of a detective. This approach is seen as a crucial quality control for ufologists, who are encouraged to adopt similar investigative techniques, emphasizing the importance of not acting credulously.

Klass's book is structured chronologically, tracing the history of the 'abduction era' in North America. The review details Klass's analysis of several key cases:

• Barney and Betty Hill (1961): Klass offers conventional explanations for the two-hour time loss and the luminous stimulus, suggesting Jupiter as a possible source. He dismisses Marjorie Fish's star map linking the abductors to Zeta Reticuli and argues that the abduction itself was a dream or fantasy.
• Travis Walton: Klass completely debunks this case, labeling it a "sordid fraud." The review refers to Klass's earlier book, "UFOs: The Public Deceived," for a detailed critique.
• Betty Andreasson: This case, which gained notoriety after the National Enquirer offered a prize for evidence of extraterrestrial visitors, is examined. Klass argues that if any part of Andreasson's story is fabricated, the entire incident must be suspect. He quotes Andreasson's demonstration that a religious, honest person with a vivid imagination can invent a story that ufologists might find difficult to dismiss.
• Pascagoula (1973): Klass asserts this was a complete hoax, referencing his book "UFOs Explained" for further details.
• The UFO Incident (NBC-TV, 1975-1976): The dramatization of the Hill case is noted for its role in the proliferation of abduction reports.

Hypnosis and Abduction Research

The review extensively discusses the use of hypnosis in studying abductions, citing Dr. Martin T. Orne, an expert on hypnosis. Orne's warnings about the unreliability of hypnotic recall are emphasized. Klass's critique of Budd Hopkins' methods is also presented, with Klass arguing that Hopkins interprets 'missing time' too readily as evidence of abduction, even without the witness seeing a UFO.

Klass also critiques the work of Dr. Elizabeth Slater, who studied nine abductees. While Slater found commonalities such as above-average intelligence and creativity, Klass highlights her findings of potential for psychotic experiences, identity issues, and paranoid thinking. Klass presents complementary opinions from two psychotherapists who suggest that individuals with described psychological syndromes might believe they have experienced UFO abductions under tension.

Whitley Strieber and "Communion"

A significant portion of the review is dedicated to Whitley Strieber, author of "Communion." Klass suggests that Strieber's experiences, including alleged encounters with 'occupants,' are likely rooted in his psychological state, possibly related to epilepsy or other neurological anomalies, and his success as a horror author.

Klass points out Strieber's admission of being a 'brujo' (witch) and his exploration of various spiritual beliefs. He also notes Strieber's novels dealing with extraterrestrial invasions. Klass concludes that Strieber's vivid imagination and potential psychological issues explain his extraordinary narratives, rather than actual alien encounters.

Other Cases and Skeptical Arguments

The review touches upon other aspects of ufology, including the idea that some abduction reports may serve to resolve internal conflicts. It also mentions the financial incentives in ufology, with both believers and skeptics potentially profiting from the topic.

Article: "ALGO MAS SOBRE EL INCIDENTE DE GUEJAR DE LA SIERRA"

This article, authored by Gustavo Valero González and Aniceto Porcel Rosales, presents a counter-argument to Willy Smith's rational explanation of the Guejar de la Sierra incident. While acknowledging Smith's criticisms, the authors disagree on the core points of his rational explanation.

They argue that the duration of the phenomenon allows for the emergence of details during the investigative process, citing Gestalt psychology's theory of perception as support for understanding integrated wholes rather than isolated parts. They also suggest that repeated exposure to the area where the incident occurred might have reinforced the witness's memory.

The authors challenge Smith's explanation regarding the object's appearance and movement, finding it difficult to reconcile with the witness's description of a metallic, solid object. They also question the proposed explanation of a faulty electrical line causing a strobing effect, deeming it improbable given the witness's experience and the lack of electrical anomalies reported.

Furthermore, they point out that Smith may not have had access to all the documentation, such as the witness's visual acuity and the detailed examination of the terrain. The authors conclude that Smith's explanation is not necessarily simpler than cataloging the event as unknown or a UFO, and they advocate for a rational analysis of genuine phenomena.

Article: "¿ESCEPTICOS O FANATICOS?"

This article, by Dr. Willy Smith, addresses the issue of authors in ufology who, motivated by a desire for premature fame, write passionately without proper investigation. Smith criticizes those he labels as 'skeptics' for lacking intellectual honesty and engaging in unproductive polemics.

He expresses disappointment with an article by Félix Ares et al. in "Cuadernos de Ufología," which he describes as a "crude attack" on Antonio Ribera, using ad hominem arguments instead of addressing the substance of the matter. Smith is particularly troubled by the disparaging remarks made towards individuals who cannot defend themselves, such as Dr. J. Allen Hynek.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical examination of UFO abduction claims, the role of skepticism in ufology, and the psychological factors that may influence witness testimony. The magazine appears to favor a rational and evidence-based approach, providing a platform for both skeptical analyses and discussions of unexplained phenomena. The editorial stance leans towards questioning sensationalist claims and encouraging rigorous investigation, as exemplified by the detailed review of Philip Klass's work and the critical analysis of the Guejar de la Sierra incident.

This issue of "Apocalípticos e Integrados" (Apocalyptic and Integrated) is presented as the second edition (2ª Epoca) of "Cuadernos de Ufología" (Ufology Notebooks), covering issues 92 through 98. The publication date is indicated as November-March 1988, suggesting a compilation of articles from that period. The magazine focuses on ufology, with a strong emphasis on the debate between believers and skeptics, and the application of scientific methodology to the study of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs).

Skepticism and Criticism of Dr. Ares de Blas

The first article, "¿Escépticos o..." (Skeptics or...), written by Félix Ares de Blas, directly addresses and criticizes the arguments presented by Dr. Ares de Blas. The author accuses Ares de Blas of making absurd insinuations without providing references, and of lacking a precise understanding of science, particularly natural sciences, as opposed to applied technology like computers. Ares de Blas's use of the term 'intuition' is questioned, with the author suggesting it is confused and contradictory, possibly referring to superstition rather than scientific deduction. The article also points out Ares de Blas's apparent ignorance regarding the statistical implications of the plurality of inhabited planets, linking it to his professional field. The author further criticizes Ares de Blas for his limited bibliography and for questioning Charles Fort's research methods, suggesting that Fort's sources were primarily scientific journals of the era, such as "COMPTE RENDUS," "JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH ASTRONOMICAL ASSOCIATION," and "NATURE." The article concludes by suggesting that skeptics, particularly those associated with CSICOP (Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal), tend to hear only what aligns with their preconceived notions.

The Desinformation of J.J. Benítez on the Catalonia Blackout

J. Plana Crivillén's article, "LA DESINFORMACION DE J.J. BENITEZ SOBRE EL APAGON DE CATALUÑA" (The Disinformation of J.J. Benítez on the Catalonia Blackout), investigates claims made by journalist Juan José Benítez regarding a power outage in Catalonia on October 14, 1987. Benítez alleged that military radar detected UFOs near Sentmenat, where the power plant failure occurred, and that a military commission investigated the incident. Crivillén consulted two military organizations, the Head of the Air Sector of Barcelona and the Director General of Informative and Social Relations of the Ministry of Defense. Both sources denied Benítez's claims, stating that the outage was due to a technical failure and that there was no information about UFO detection or a military commission investigating such events. The article concludes that Benítez's assertions constitute disinformation, defined as the propagation of misleading information due to error, ignorance, or malice.

Clarifications from J.J. Benítez

In response to J. Plana's article, J.J. Benítez provides his "ACLARACIONES DE J.J. BENITEZ" (Clarifications from J.J. Benítez). Benítez dismisses Plana's inquiry as naive, stating that seeking official recognition for 'classified' cases is puerile. He argues that official statements from military leaders might differ from the exhaustive, reserved investigations conducted by the military. Benítez cites the "Bardenas Reales" case in Navarra (January 5, 1975) as an example where military reports initially dismissed a UFO incident as optical effects, but later, a more detailed investigation revealed a different account. He suggests that official denials are common when dealing with classified matters and that military personnel's public statements might not reflect the full, secret findings.

Letters and Debates: Skepticism vs. Credulity

Several letters and articles explore the theme of skepticism in ufology. A letter from Joan Plana in Sabadell, dated July 15, 1988, responds to the previous discussion, reiterating that when "something" truly happens, authorities often classify it as reserved information. He suggests that denials from authorities might indicate the event did not occur. Plana challenges J.J. Benítez to publicly present his evidence, promising to retract his statements if proven wrong. He also notes that Benítez often makes claims in headlines without providing detailed exposition.

The section "APAGA Y VAMONOS" (Turn it off and let's go) features a dialogue between Félix Ares de Blas and Willy Smith, and also addresses a critique from "Ruesga" in "Cuadernos de Ufología." Ares de Blas and his colleagues define skepticism not as disbelief, but as a thoughtful, reflective, and inquisitive approach, aligning with the scientific method. They argue that the current skeptical movement is influenced by Anglo-Saxon thought, led by figures like Paul Kurtz. They express frustration with being labeled as infantile or lacking objectivity, stating that their skepticism is a result of years of seeking an objective method. They also critique the idea of a "neutral" position, suggesting that true objectivity lies in the rigorous application of a scientific method that accounts for potential biases in both believers and skeptics.

UFO Sightings in Poland

The latter part of the magazine details several UFO incidents reported in Poland. These include:

• August 24, 1982, Isla Wolin: A scout named Ilona S. observed a bright orange oval object hovering over the sea, which then ascended vertically and disappeared. The object was estimated to be 50-60 meters in diameter and 4 meters high. After its departure, the scouts felt paralyzed and noticed a glowing birch trunk and hot sand.
• February 1975, Wesoka to Rymanow: Two witnesses observed two bright "stars" in the sky that rapidly approached, increased in luminosity and size, and then descended vertically. They were estimated to be moving at 300-400 meters altitude.
• January 30, 1983, Dabrowa Gornicza to Olkusz: Four women witnessed a cylindrical light, followed by a red ball with brown bands, which moved along the highway, ascended, changed shape, and disappeared.
• May 22, 1979, Piastow/Warszawa: Waldemar R. observed bright yellow lights emanating from a dark object hovering above the ground, with a third beam visible below.
• August 22, 1975, Warsaw: Mr. M. and his driver observed a bright light surrounding an object resembling a shield, which moved rapidly and then hovered. The witness reported feeling heat and later developed burns.
• September 10, 1986, Goleniow: A thirteen-year-old girl, Agnieszka P., reported being awakened by a loud whistling and a bright light from a silver disc-shaped object outside her window. She experienced a sensation of flying and temporary paralysis.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the nature of skepticism in ufology, the critique of unsubstantiated claims, and the importance of the scientific method. The publication appears to advocate for a rigorous, evidence-based approach to studying UFO phenomena, distinguishing between genuine investigation and what it terms "disinformation" or dogmatic belief. The editorial stance is critical of both extreme credulity and dismissive skepticism, emphasizing the need for objective inquiry and a well-defined methodology. The articles highlight the challenges in obtaining reliable information, particularly from official sources, and the tendency for different factions within the ufology community to reject findings that do not align with their established hypotheses.

Title: Cuadernos de Ufología
Issue: 102 (2ª época)
Date: November 1978 (cover date, but content discusses events up to 1986)
Publisher: Cuadernos de Ufología
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" focuses on debunking sensationalized UFO sightings, particularly three incidents reported over Mexico City. The main article, "Tres 'OVNIS' sobre la Capital Mexicana" by Luis Ruiz Noguez, meticulously investigates these cases, concluding that they were misidentifications of advertising airplanes.

Main Article: Tres 'OVNIS' sobre la Capital Mexicana

The article begins by recounting the collective psychosis that gripped Mexico in November 1978 due to the sighting of a luminous object, initially dubbed an "OVNI." The event, which occurred on November 14th, 1978, at 22:45 hours, involved numerous radio communication enthusiasts in Naucalpan, State of Mexico, who tracked the object's position. Telephone lines of the Red Cross were overwhelmed with calls reporting the presence of the "OVNI."

The object was reportedly seen over Ciudad Satélite, then moved towards Torco de Cuatro Caminos, diverted towards Campo Militar Número Uno and the Country Club, before returning to its original circuit. Red Cross rescuers Javier Vega and Raúl Tejeira, who went out to investigate, did not observe anything.

Witnesses described the "OVNI's" light as very intense and continuous, illuminating its entire body. The object was also reportedly sighted in Ciudad Nezahualcoyotl and Chimalhuacan.

However, the author, Luis Ruiz Noguez, conducted his own investigations. He discovered that the object seen in Naucalpan was an airplane, specifically a Cessna XB-XOA, with special permission for night flights, piloted by Jesús A. Bravo. This contradicts claims made by members of the magazine "Contactos Extraterrestres," who interviewed Ing. Humberto Hernández Sánchez, Subdirector of Aeronautics Civil. According to them, Hernández Sánchez had informed them that the XB-XOA matrícula belonged to an airplane that had crashed or was inoperative in Ciudad Valles, Tamaulipas, and that its whereabouts were unknown, despite being piloted by Captain Bravo.

Despite this conflicting information, the author's findings suggest the object was indeed an airplane. Enrique Vázquez (18) and Pablo González Navarrete, residents of Colonia Panamericana, observed the lights arranged in rows with no audible noise, moving at an estimated speed of 20 kilometers per hour. Other witnesses, including Eduardo Herrera López, Carlos García, and Ernesto Arriaga Barba, observed the phenomenon from Colonia Guerrero. Technician Oscar Zapién reported seeing strange lights rotating around the object and heard children exclaim "a flying saucer!" He then called a friend and, upon returning, saw what appeared to be a group of lights forming the words "Buenas noches amigos" (Good night friends).

Ruiz Noguez himself observed the object from Ciudad Satélite, describing it as a luminous, changing form that elongated and shortened incessantly, appearing to have "life." As it approached, he heard the sound of airplane engines and saw luminous advertisements on its underside.

Alberto Orozco de Santiago, Commander of the Mexico City airport, confirmed that the "OVNI" was a Cessna airplane carrying a tail of lights that read: "Corona, la más fina" (Corona, the finest).

He also mentioned that on Saturday, November 25th, several people reported an OVNI from the Jardín del Arte, on Sullivan and Villalongin streets, and that later they would confirm that the phenomenon was indeed an airplane with a luminous advertisement. This same airplane was seen in the Colonia Estrella and Aragón neighborhoods.

Elodia López de Ayala and Sergio Hernández reported that the lights went out in some sectors of Colonia Estrella when they observed the object.

Second Incident (1986):

The magazine also details a similar case from October 1, 1986. Around 19:15 hours, residents in the western and Ajusco zones observed an "OVNI" with dozens of lights moving horizontally towards the volcanoes of Izzacíhuatl and Popocatepeil. Witnesses described the object as flat-bottomed with colored lights around its underside. A humming sound varied in intensity as it approached or moved away. Its trajectory covered several neighborhoods in the western part of the capital.

According to Emesto Lara C., a columnist for the evening newspaper "Ovaciones," the object was detected by airport radars, and a small jet was dispatched to intercept it. However, this information was not confirmed by Civil Aeronautics officials interviewed by the author.

Manuel Estañol, an air traffic controller at Benito Juárez Airport, stated that it was a Cessna airplane equipped for luminous advertisements for a beer brand (Corona). He reported that permission for these practices had been denied due to traffic disturbances caused by such displays. The airplane had flown over major communication routes in Mexico City, causing congestion. The pilot, the advertising company, and the beer company were fined, though this was not widely publicized.

Conclusion on the Mexico City Cases:

The article concludes that the three reported "OVNI" sightings in Mexico City over the past decade were merely misinterpretations of advertising airplanes.

Letters to the Editor

The issue includes a section for "Cartas" (Letters) from readers, featuring correspondence from various individuals who comment on previous issues of "Cuadernos de Ufología" (C.d.U.) and related topics.

• Joan Plana Crivillén (Sabadell, Barcelona): Praises issue No. 2 (2nd epoch) of C.d.U. for its excellent articles but suggests that the article "Inquisición, la Ciencia y las Creencias" could be improved by focusing on more relevant topics.
• Manuel Borraz Aymerich (L'Hospitalet, Barcelona): Appreciates the new format and reduced font size in C.d.U., finding the summaries of received publications helpful. He notes that the current issue is less controversial than previous ones, with more descriptive and informative articles. He finds the Smith-Boyd article challenging and prefers to defer comment. Regarding the controversy over Ribera and the Inquisition, he believes further discussion is unproductive and supports Ares (or Gamez, or Martínez) in recommending "The Skeptical Inquirer" for its well-documented articles on hypnotic regression and abductions.
• Alejandro C. Agostinelli (Buenos Aires-Argentina): Congratulates the magazine on its new phase and wishes them infinite luck.
• Solas Boncompagni (Il Giornali dei Misteri, Florencia, Italia): Acknowledges receipt of the publication and states they will examine it at the next meeting of the Steering Committee of S.U.F. (Sección Ufológica Florentina). They express pleasure in reviewing it in "Gionali dei Misteri."
• Dr. Roberto E. Banchs (Buenos Aires-Argentina): Expresses his delight with the new "Cuadernos de Ufología," noting the international absence of a Spanish publication of its caliber. He hopes for continued exchange, though "The Computer UFO Newsletter" is published irregularly.
• Maurizio Verga (Cermenate, Italia): Congratulates the magazine on producing an impressive OVNI publication, filling the void left by the disappearance of "Stendek." He believes Spanish ufology deserves serious attention and offers assistance with English texts for review.
• Hilary Evans (Londres, Inglaterra): Offers help in any way possible and notes the improvement in abstracts from issue No. 2 compared to No. 1. He suggests sending texts in English for correction.
• Luis Ruiz Noguez (México): Expresses his gratitude for the new issue and states that "Cuadernos de Ufología" has successfully resurrected the spirit of "Stendek" and "Ufo Press," becoming the best magazine in Spanish.
• José Soto Bernal (Orihuela, Alicante): Seeks information and photographs related to "non-identified" objects, physical effects, or close encounters. He also inquires about obtaining back issues of "Stendek" (numbers 1-4, 6, 8, and 9) for binding.

Publications Received

This section lists and briefly describes various ufological publications received by "Cuadernos de Ufología" for exchange or review:

• UFO-Nachrichten: A bi-casual periodical from Germany, listing its March-April 1988 issue with articles on UFO research, sightings, and related topics.
• IL GIORNALE DEI MISTERI: A monthly magazine from Florence, Italy, listing its April and May 1988 issues with contents on parapsychology, symbolism, astrology, magic, and ufology.
• Notizie S.U.F.: A publication from Italy, listing its June and July 1988 issues with various ufological topics, including sightings and research.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme in this issue is the critical examination of UFO reports, emphasizing the need to distinguish between genuine anomalies and misidentifications, particularly of conventional aircraft used for advertising. The magazine's editorial stance is clearly one of skepticism towards sensationalism and a commitment to rigorous, evidence-based investigation. It champions the role of critical thinking and accurate reporting in the field of ufology, aiming to provide a balanced perspective and fill the void left by the cessation of other prominent ufological publications like "Stendek."