Cuadernos de Ufologia - 2a Epoca - No 02

Magazine Overview

Title: Cuadernos de Ufología
Issue: 2
Volume: 2ª Epoca
Date: Noviembre-Marzo 1988

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" is dedicated to the "40 Years of Ufology" theme, commemorating the anniversary of the Kenneth Arnold sighting. It features a comprehensive dossier with impressions from the MUFON symposium held in Washington D.C. and London, exploring various aspects of ufological research and history.

Editorial: "El 'Ismo' en Ufología"

José Ruesga Montiel, in the editorial, addresses the prevalent skepticism in Spain regarding ufology. He defines skepticism as a philosophical doctrine that doubts the existence of truth or man's capacity to know it, but also as a more common meaning of 'incredulity' or 'doubt'. He argues that this incredulity drives ufological skeptics to extreme criticism, often neglecting the investigation itself. Ruesga suggests that while skepticism can be positive if it adheres to objectivity, it becomes problematic when it leads to a rejection of research. The editorial emphasizes that "C.d.U." aims for a middle ground, promoting serious and objective investigation by adopting a scientific method without treating it as a universal panacea. The publication intends to disagree with both the overly credulous and the overly incredulous, viewing both as burdens to ufology, and advocates for dialogue and the contrasting of criteria as the most suitable path forward.

Dossier: "40 Años de Ufología"

This extensive dossier reflects on the four decades since Kenneth Arnold's 1947 sighting. The introduction notes that 1987 was a year of celebration for ufological communities worldwide, with numerous congresses and meetings. It highlights the private initiative in UFO research despite official disinterest and manipulation. The magazine presents selected studies and presentations from congresses in Washington and London, aiming to counter the notion that "ufologists" are unstable.

"Impresiones Personales sobre el Simposio del MUFON" by V.J. Ballester Olmos

V.J. Ballester Olmos recounts his experience at the MUFON symposium in Washington D.C. (June 26-28, 1987). He describes his invitation to represent Europe and the opportunity to meet fellow researchers, acquire materials, and observe the North American ufological scene. His presentation focused on the history of UFO cases in Spain, government/military involvement, national research, and statistical studies. He details his arrival in the U.S., his stay with Ray Stanford, director of "Project Starlight International", and the congress's academic setting at the American University. Ballester notes the diverse international participation and the warm atmosphere. He also mentions Dr. Bruce Maccabee, a physicist and expert in lasers, and his interactions with other researchers like Roberto Pinotti, Jean-Jacques Velasco (GEPAN), and Captain Daniel Perissé.

Ballester describes the various presentations, including Roberto Pinotti's on Italian ufology, David M. Jacobs' on "Arnold to Hynek: The End of an Era", and his own discussions with colleagues. He highlights the challenges of communication, with English being the primary language, but notes the comfort of conversing in Spanish with some attendees. He also touches upon the topic of "Majestic 12" documents and the abduction panel, featuring Whitley Strieber and others.

"Panorama Ufológico Italiano 1947-87" by Roberto Pinotti

This section provides an overview of ufological developments in Italy from 1947 to 1987, likely detailing key cases, research efforts, and prominent figures within the Italian ufological community.

"Ufología en Gran Bretaña" by Hilary Evans

Hilary Evans discusses the state of ufology in Great Britain, likely covering historical cases, research organizations, and significant contributions from the UK.

"Características de "E.C." en España" by Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos

This article likely examines the characteristics of "Encuentros Cercanos" (Close Encounters) within Spain, based on case studies and research.

"IV Congreso Internac. Bufora-Londres" by Hilary Evans

Hilary Evans reports on the 4th International Bufora Congress held in London, summarizing key discussions and findings from the event.

"Proyecto Hessdalen" by Erling Strand

Erling Strand presents information on the Hessdalen project, likely detailing investigations into anomalous phenomena observed in the Hessdalen valley, Norway.

"Síndrome de Aislamiento" by Dr. W. Smith and R.D. Boyd

This article explores the "Isolation Syndrome", possibly related to psychological effects experienced by individuals involved in UFO phenomena or investigations.

Comunicados

"Análisis de una experiencia OVNI-1ª" by M. Borraz Aymerich

This section offers an analysis of a UFO experience, likely a case study presented by M. Borraz Aymerich.

Los Papeles de Arnold

"Inquisición, la Ciencia, las Creencias" by F. Ares, A. Gámez y J. Martínez

This article likely delves into the historical relationship between the Inquisition, science, and beliefs, possibly drawing parallels or contrasts with modern approaches to controversial topics like ufology.

"¿Qué hubiera hecho Torquemada..." by Antonio Ribera

Antonio Ribera poses a hypothetical question about the actions of Torquemada in a specific context, likely related to the suppression of ideas or beliefs.

"Los Falsos Escépticos" by Jean Sider

Jean Sider critiques what he terms "false skeptics" in ufology, likely arguing against those who dismiss evidence without proper investigation.

Biblioteca

"El OVNI del Luna 11" by Luis Ruiz Noguez

This is a book review or summary of a work titled "El OVNI del Luna 11".

"OVNIS en Polonia 1º" by Bronislaw Rzepecki

This section likely covers UFO sightings or research in Poland.

Cartas

This section contains letters from readers, providing feedback, opinions, and discussions related to the magazine's content.

Portada

The cover illustration is by Frank R. Paul, created in 1926 for "Amazing Stories", depicting "Aerial Cities".

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the historical and contemporary aspects of ufology, with a strong emphasis on the 40th anniversary of the Kenneth Arnold sighting. The editorial stance, clearly articulated by José Ruesga Montiel, advocates for a rigorous, scientific approach to UFO research, rejecting both uncritical acceptance and outright dismissal of phenomena. The magazine aims to foster objective investigation and informed dialogue, positioning itself as a platform for serious ufological study. The inclusion of diverse perspectives from international researchers at the MUFON symposium underscores the magazine's commitment to a global view of the UFO phenomenon. The articles also touch upon the challenges of skepticism, the role of private research, and the need for credible information dissemination.

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" features an extensive article titled "EL PANORAMA UFOLOGICO ITALIANO (1947-1987)" by Roberto Pinotti. The article serves as a historical retrospective of UFO research and phenomena in Italy over a forty-year period, detailing the evolution of organizations, significant events, and the scientific and cultural context surrounding ufology in the country.

The Genesis of Italian Ufology

The article traces the beginnings of scientific ufology in Italy to Ernesto Micaelles, an artist and inventor also known as Professor Thayaht, whose work marked the initial phase. However, it was the establishment of the CUN (Centro Unico Nacional para Estudios UFO) in September 1965 that truly consolidated serious UFO investigation in Italy. Formed by a group of individuals, the CUN aimed to approach the UFO phenomenon scientifically, adopting the spirit of the American NICAP. This initiative contrasted with existing groups focused on contactees and ancient astronauts, leading to the eventual merger of some local organizations with the CUN. By the early 1970s, the CUN had become the dominant force in Italian ufology, changing its name to "Centro Ufológico Nazionales" to reflect its broader scope.

Challenges and Divisions within the Ufological Community

The article details internal conflicts and methodological disagreements that arose within the CUN. These disputes led to divisions, with some factions collaborating with occult science magazines and others forming separate entities. A significant split occurred when the Turin section, led by Russo and Grassino, opposed the CUN's "political" strategy of engaging with media and authorities, advocating solely for investigation. This internal crisis resulted in the formation of the CISU (Centro italiano para estudios OVNI) in December 1985, led by Antonio Chiumiento. However, the article criticizes CISU's approach, suggesting it focused on unverified information and rumors, which negatively impacted the image of serious Italian ufology.

Key UFO Waves and Case Studies

"EL PANORAMA UFOLOGICO ITALIANO" extensively analyzes the major UFO waves in Italy, particularly those of 1954, 1973, and 1978. The document presents statistical data on reported cases, noting that Toscana emerged as a region with a high concentration of sightings, especially those classified as CE2 (Close Encounters of the Second Kind) and CE3 (Close Encounters of the Third Kind). The article also discusses the phenomenon of landing cases, with a significant number reported in Toscana. A detailed account is given of the Rome sighting on September 17, 1954, where a large cone-shaped object was observed and tracked by radar, with the Italian Air Force reportedly confirming the event.

International Connections and Research

The article highlights the international connections of Italian ufology, referencing collaborations with organizations like CUFOS and the exchange of information with researchers from other countries. It mentions the publication of the "Notizierio-UFO" magazine and the CUN's involvement in the Italian version of Dr. Hynek's "UFO-Report." The document also touches upon the influence of the "nouvelle vague" movement in ufology, particularly its critical stance towards established researchers and its impact on the Italian scene, leading to the formation of CISU.

Methodological Debates and Future Outlook

Roberto Pinotti expresses his views on the "nouvelle vague" movement, criticizing its destructive approach and its tendency to deny the physical reality of UFOs. He contrasts this with the more rigorous, data-driven approach favored by organizations like CUN. The article emphasizes the importance of scientific methodology, critical analysis, and the need for collaboration between private investigators and official bodies. The author concludes by stating that the CUN's continued efforts to engage scientific, military, and political authorities, alongside private research, represent the best guarantee for the future of ufology in Italy, leaving the ultimate validation to time.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue include the historical development of ufology in Italy, the challenges of organizing research, the impact of major UFO waves, and the ongoing debates about methodology and interpretation within the field. The editorial stance, as presented by Roberto Pinotti, strongly advocates for a scientific, evidence-based approach to ufology, emphasizing rigorous investigation and critical analysis while cautioning against sensationalism and unsubstantiated claims. There is a clear distinction made between serious research and what the author perceives as unproductive or ideologically driven movements within the ufological community.

This issue of Panorama Ufológico, spanning pages 22-31, is dedicated to "Ufología Gran Bretaña" (Ufology in Great Britain) and provides an extensive overview of UFO research, sightings, and related activities in the UK from 1947 to 1987. It delves into official government attitudes, media treatment of the subject, popular publications, books, and the work of investigators, also reviewing UFO activity and ongoing research.

Italian UFO Cases and Investigations

The issue begins by addressing several Italian UFO cases, critiquing the revisionist theories of some French 'new ufologists' like Barthel and Brucker. The case of Rosa Lotti Danielli in Cennina (1954) is presented as a genuine encounter with small humanoids, refuting claims of it being a journalistic fabrication. The case of Isola di Ortonovo (1954), involving Amerigo Lorenzini and 'ufonauts' stealing rabbits, is also discussed, with the author defending the sincerity of the witness's daughters against claims of fraud based on a newspaper report. The article also critiques the dismissal of the radar-visual sighting of 1973 by M. Monnerie.

Another Italian case, the Elmas (Sardinia) sighting of November 1977 involving three Italian army helicopters, is presented with CENAP's conclusion of re-entry or meteorite, which the author disputes by referencing a 1978 Ministry of Defense document detailing similar cases involving Italian and German fighter jets. The article also debunks a supposed landing case near Milan in 1954, citing CUN's conclusion of it being a collective deception in Tradate.

Italian Government and UFOs

The Italian government's response to the 1978 UFO wave is detailed, with the Air Force forming a military council in 1979 for National Defense. They developed detailed questionnaires to archive and computerize UFO data, including an 'Optical UFO Survey' with 12 characteristics. The approach is described as military rather than purely investigative. The CUN maintains contact with the Italian Air Force and Ministry of Defense. The latest UFO catalog from the Italian Air Force lists 70 cases from March 1979 to April 1985, including CE3 cases in Prata Principato Ultra (1984) and Polcanto (1954), authenticated by CUN. Other CE3 cases are noted in Le Piagge (1985), Torrita di Siena (1978), and Milan (1962).

The 1978 UFO wave in Italy was well-documented with photos and official reports. Sightings included nocturnal lights over various cities and military cases, such as a Teniente Coronel's sighting in 1978 and an Italian warship's report in November 1978. The "Adriatic Triangle" incident led to professional photographers documenting UFOs over the sea.

UFO Sightings in Italy (1978-1979)

Maritime sightings include a dark cylinder observed 30 nautical miles SE of Gorgona Island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, and a large, dark cigar-shaped object seen vertically at sea near Gorgona Island by the yacht 'Rainbow'. UFOs were also observed over the Ligurian Sea on multiple occasions in 1978, reported by Professor Bino Bini and Professor A. Palumbo. The abduction of Fortunato 'Piero' Zanfretta in Genoa in December 1978 is highlighted as a significant case.

In 1979, the Italian government officially tasked the Air Force with monitoring UFO phenomena. The CUN is actively studying important cases, including a FIAT test pilot's experience in 1974 and an Alitalia pilot's experience in 1971, along with historical CE3 cases. The CUN, represented by Dr. Mario Cingolani, seeks to align private activities with official government departments.

UFO Research in Great Britain

The article shifts focus to Great Britain, beginning with a debunked photograph of UFOs over the Houses of Parliament. It notes that UFOs have been debated in Parliament, with Lord Clancarty questioning the government's lack of information in 1979. Despite official denials, citizens continued to report sightings.

The issue of skepticism versus belief is discussed, with the folklore of Great Britain offering a connection to the phenomenon's origins. The article touches on the idea of an 'Interplanetary Parliament' and the need for a representative for Earth.

Media and UFOs in Great Britain

The historical impact of the George Adamsky case in 1953 is discussed, which led to newspapers associating UFOs with liars and the mentally unstable, hindering serious investigations. Currently, media outlets often seek out skeptics like Arthur C. Clarke or Patrick Moore to debunk UFO incidents.

Despite this, some regional press coverage has been more balanced. The article notes the existence of a Ministry of Defense department that collects UFO information, suggesting it might be a cover for more serious, secret investigations. The lack of a Freedom of Information Act in Britain has hindered access to official documents.

The Ministry of Defense claims early reports were destroyed, but questions remain about more recent reports. Requests for information have been met with ambiguous and evasive responses. Tim Good's book 'Above Top Secret' and Admiral Lord Hill-Norton's endorsement are mentioned.

Historical UFO Incidents and Organizations in Britain

Early media coverage of UFO sightings in 1947 was more open, but the stance later changed. The article mentions the "foo-fighters" reports from 1943 investigated by General Massey. The Ministry of Defense's department for UFOs is believed to be a front for secret investigations.

The article discusses the "Merseyside UFO Bulletin" and the concept of "true believers." It highlights the ongoing problem of "true believers" and the lack of assistance from authorities. The government's involvement began in 1943 with the "foo-fighters" investigation.

UFO Research and Organizations in Britain

BUFORA (The British UFO Research Association), founded in 1959, is the primary national organization, representing regional groups. While membership has declined, BUFORA and its affiliates maintain a serious approach, with a network of investigators and a central computerised archive. The article mentions that about 200-300 cases in their archives are interesting, but questions what happened to the rest.

A significant visual and radar sighting occurred at Bentwaters/Lakenheath Air Force Base in August 1956, with Martin Sough of BUFORA preparing a detailed report. James Mc Donald is quoted stating "Something of a non-terrestrial nature was involved in something of a vigilant nature."

Another incident involved interference with Carl Farlow's truck in November 1967, where his lights and engine failed as a large, magenta egg-shaped object moved slowly overhead. Police and the Ministry of Defense investigated, but no official statement was made.

A notable incident from November 1977 near Partington involved four people witnessing a large, dark, football-field-sized figure illuminated at one end, moving silently across the sky for two minutes.

Abductions in the UK

The issue of abduction cases in the UK is explored, starting with the 1974 Aveley case, compared to Barney and Betty Hill's experience. While the Aveley case resulted in a positive life improvement for the witness, John Rimmer suggests a psychosocial explanation. The 1980 abduction of police officer Alan Godfrey is described as following a classic model, with many British investigators believing such experiences are essentially psychological.

Ufology has shifted towards scientific investigation, requiring specialized research rather than just analyzing witness accounts. The "Fundación para la Investigación de los OVNIs" is mentioned as a leader in this new approach.

Historical Sightings and Scientific Approaches

The article references a 1912-1913 "phantom aircraft" wave over Great Britain, studied by Clarke, Oldroyd, and Watson. Winston Churchill's parliamentary statement about the patriotic duty to report suspicious aerial phenomena is noted. The importance of considering not just what is seen, but who is seeing it, is emphasized.

A scientific approach to witness evaluation has been developed by Dr. Alexander Keul and Ken Phillip, involving in-depth analysis of informant attitudes and beliefs, and a "anamnesis" procedure for witness evaluation.

Ball Lightning and Interdisciplinary Research

Research into "ball lightning" phenomena is ongoing, with an international exchange of data comparing reports from within and outside the UK. The article questions whether there is a connection between ball lightning, geological or meteorological anomalies, or folklore.

Studying old archives, developing psychological techniques, and extracting folklore information are seen as crucial for establishing a firm foundation for ufology, improving understanding of psychosocial factors, and identifying alternatives to natural explanations.

International UFO Research

UFOs are presented as transcending borders, with sightings in Norway potentially explaining anomalies in Missouri, and Australian theories offering a basis for explaining Canadian abductions. Spanish researchers' systems are also mentioned as potentially improving UFO investigation methods.

The article concludes that there isn't a distinct "British Ufology," suggesting a more integrated, international approach.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue include the historical evolution of UFO investigation, the challenges posed by skepticism and official secrecy, the importance of rigorous scientific methodology, and the role of witness testimony. The editorial stance appears to favor serious, evidence-based investigation and collaboration between different national and international ufological groups, while also acknowledging the psychological aspects of some reported phenomena. There is a clear critique of sensationalism and unsubstantiated claims, particularly from 'new ufologists'. The issue emphasizes the need for a disciplined and scientific approach to understanding UFO phenomena.

This issue of "Encuentros Cercanos" (Close Encounters), issue number 32, delves into the characteristics of UFO sightings in Spain. The article, authored by V.J. Ballester Olmos and J.A. Fernández Peris, provides a comprehensive historical overview, statistical analysis, and discussion of the phenomenon within the Spanish context.

1. Antecedentes (Background)

1.1 El fenómeno en España (The Phenomenon in Spain)

The article begins by situating Spain geographically and culturally, noting that as a modern Western democracy, it is expected to have UFO presence. Historically, the phenomenon of 'celestial rockets' saw 90 observations in 1950, a period that coincided with the contemporary birth of the UFO phenomenon. While only 45 cases were recorded in the first 50 years of the 20th century and 22 before 1900, Spain generated approximately 3,500 UFO observations between 1950 and 1986. March and April of 1950 saw a surge in press reports about 'flying saucers,' often attributed to US propulsion aircraft, as the Spanish Air Force did not possess such technology at the time.

France experienced a notable year for UFO sightings in 1954, but these sightings did not cross into Spain. Portugal, however, experienced a simultaneous surge in observations. Until 1965, UFO sightings in Spain were not considered significant, with only 92 cases reported during the summer of that year. The year 1968 marked an 'explosion' of UFO experiences, with 80 reports in August alone. The period between 1968 and 1969 saw a total of 655 incidents, which significantly impacted Spanish society and marked the beginning of widespread public interest in UFOs.

1.2 Grupos OVNI e Investigadores (UFO Groups and Investigators)

The early years (1950s-1960s) saw limited activity in ufology, with pioneers like Eduardo Buelta, Ignacio Darnaude, Manuel Osuna, Oscar Rey, and Antonio Ribera laying the groundwork. The founding of the Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios (CEI) in 1958 was a significant development. The second generation of ufologists emerged in 1968, comprising individuals with university backgrounds, engineers, and physicists. This period saw the establishment of centers, the publication of authorized magazines, serious investigations, theoretical work, statistical analyses, and UFO symposia. Notable contributors from this era include Alberto Adell, Julio Arcas, Francisco Aréjula, Félix Ares de Blas, Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos, Miguel Guasp, David López, José Tomás Ramírez y Barberó, Pedro Redón, and José Ruesga. Numerous small groups also formed but often disbanded due to a lack of perseverance.

In recent years, other researchers have focused on local case catalogs, case investigations, and technical aspects of UFO data. The current UFO community is described as mature and discreet, though it also includes publicity seekers, sensationalist writers, con artists, mystics, and contactees, mirroring the global UFO community's characteristics.

1.3 Actitud del Gobierno Español (Attitude of the Spanish Government)

The article touches upon the Spanish government's involvement with UFOs, noting that a chronology of official attitudes spans 18 years. Significant dates include:

• March 16, 1968: The Ministry of the Air issued a public note confirming a UFO sighting of a plane traveling from the Canary Islands to Spanish Sahara.
• December 5, 1968: The Ministry of the Air provided guidelines for reporting UFO observations to authorities, which were later formalized for national air authorities and updated in January 1974.
• October 20, 1976: Lieutenant General Galarza provided 12 official reports to journalist J.J. Benítez.
• April 21, 1977: The Minister of the Air denied in a personal letter that the government acknowledged the existence of UFOs.
• September 29, 1977: A press release from the Third Air Region reminded citizens to report UFO sightings to authorities.
• December 1978: A high-ranking official delivered two additional reports to J.J. Benítez.
• March 3, 1979: The Ministry of Defense classified UFO information as "reserved material."
• May 14, 1979: The Colonel Chief of the Air Force Press Office stated that 2% of UFO cases could not be explained.
• December 15, 1983: The Presidency of the Government's press office communicated that the government's interest in UFOs was based on national security to protect airspace.
• May 28, 1985: The Minister of Defense wrote to V.J. Ballester Olmos, confirming that air defense authorities had met and agreed to maintain the current classification of UFO material.

The analysis concludes that since 1968, the Air Force's Operations Division has been responsible for collecting and analyzing UFO reports. Due to the actions of journalist J.J. Benítez, who published official reports for personal gain, UFOs are now classified by authorities. The article suggests that unauthorized missiles and foreign aircraft occasionally crossing Spanish airspace are sometimes mistaken for UFOs. The government's classification is seen as a way to avoid admitting that Spanish airspace is not perfectly controlled and possibly due to the government's lack of equipment to handle public information demands. The authors do not perceive specific intentions of cover-up.

2. Aterrizajes OVNI (UFO Landings)

2.1 Proyectos de Investigación (Research Projects)

The study of landing reports in Spain began in 1969 and has continued uninterrupted. Jacques Vallée invited one of the authors (B.O.) to participate in the "Invisible College," an international group of specialists in landing phenomena. Vallée's early work focused on compiling documented observations for future study. In 1971, Ballester and Vallée published a preliminary catalog of 100 Spanish landings in international UFO magazines.

Subsequent work involved developing quantification methods, standardizing information summaries, and establishing procedures for "in situ" investigations. The authors have accumulated and analyzed approximately 600 reports of alleged UFO landings in the Iberian Peninsula between 1982 and 1986, finally discriminating them into 230 unexplained and 355 explained cases. This represents the most ambitious investigation of close-range UFO experiences to date, with the cooperation of around 200 field investigators across Spain and Portugal.

The data was categorized using standardized summaries, including descriptive, physical, sociological, and dynamic parameters. Each case was assigned a "certainty index" based on information quality, strangeness, and credibility.

2.2 Los últimos análisis (The Latest Analyses)

The study covers cases from 1935 to November 1985. Figure 3 illustrates the distribution of 230 Iberian landing cases from 1945 to 1986, with a shaded portion indicating cases with a certainty index of 12.5% or higher. The data shows a progressive increase in cases from the 1950s through the 1960s and 1970s, with a decline in the present decade. The distribution is not uniform, showing irregular peaks and valleys. The article mentions that periods of high intensity, termed "UFO waves," occurred in 1950, 1954, 1968, 1974-1976, and 1978.

Analysis by month reveals August as the most active month, accounting for 21% of the total, significantly higher than other months. Summer months show a clear increase in cases compared to other seasons. The constant nature of this seasonal pattern is debated, with possibilities including a property of the phenomenon itself or a sociological explanation.

Regarding the day of the week, the distribution of landing reports is generally uniform, with Sundays showing slightly more cases. The distribution appears to be largely random.

The phenomenon of landing cases is predominantly nocturnal. Diurnal hours are "avoided," with UFO experiences increasing from 6 PM, peaking between 10 PM and 12 AM, and declining thereafter. From 7 PM to 1 AM, 64% of incidents occur, while only 20% happen between 6 AM and 6 PM. This pattern is consistent with other UFO landing catalogs worldwide. Figure 4 shows the proportion of nocturnal sightings per decade, indicating an increase over time at the expense of diurnal cases.

Geographically, Spain's 48 provinces show varying levels of UFO reports. Barcelona, Cádiz, Huelva, Lérida, Sevilla, and Valencia have the highest number of reports, possibly influenced by the presence of UFO organizations. Provinces with fewer reports may have fewer local investigators.

Population density was found to be inversely correlated with the number of cases in previous studies. However, a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.21 in this study suggests no significant relationship between population density and the number of reported cases. This implies that while UFOs may not land in sparsely populated areas, the region's size and population do not influence the number of reports generated.

Figure 5 illustrates that 54% of registered cases contain testimonies or documentary evidence of physical, physiological, psychological, and psychopathological effects (close encounters of the second kind, according to Allen Hynek). In 17% of cataloged cases, witnesses reported the presence of humanoids (close encounters of the third kind). Cases involving non-humanoid morphology are rare. Regarding the occupants' height, 35% are described as 60-150 cm, 51% as normal height, and 14% as giants over 2 meters. The typical number of occupants per landed UFO is two, accounting for 53% of cases. Cases with high strangeness tend to have fewer witnesses, with only one percipient in 73% of them.

Figure 5 also shows the proportion of incidents with traces or effects (A) and with occupant sightings (B). In (A), 54.3% of incidents involved effects or traces, while 45.7% did not. In (B), 11% of cases involved no occupants, and 89% involved occupants.

Cuantificación de los casos (Quantification of Cases)

On average, a landing report has a documentation weight of 0.7 and a witness reliability of 0.6 (both above the average range of 0.5). The strangeness value is 0.4, practically equivalent to 0.6 due to limitations in its measurement. The certainty index of 15% exceeds the 12.5% threshold for significant cases.

The authors assert that the UFO phenomenon exhibits extraordinary characteristics, including intense luminosity, anomalous light behavior, material appearance, surprising dynamics, unusual shapes, physical traces, ground imprints, electromagnetic interference, biological effects, vehicle tracking, humanoid occupant sightings, sudden disappearances, and groupings.

2.3 Los casos explicados como comprobación de la muestra (Explained Cases as Sample Verification)

Sample verification is a standard tool in scientific research. In ufology, an appropriate control involves identified phenomena, objects, and processes that were initially strange to observers or researchers, referred to as negative cases.

This recent investigation cataloged 355 cases, with 42% having no physical stimuli (31% fictitious, 11% mental/psychological explanations) and 58% with physical stimuli (25% meteorological causes like ball lightning or whirlwinds, 14% false perceptions, 8% astronomical errors like planets or meteors, 7% aeronautical errors, and 4% biological explanations).

Annual pseudo-waves are detected. The annual structure of identified cases correlates with UFO case distribution with a Pearson coefficient of 0.89, suggesting a direct relationship influenced by common factors. While identified case waves have clear triggers, UFO waves lack such evident mechanisms.

Identified cases increase during summer months due to vacations and more free time. However, the increase in cases involving travelers and people not living in family groups or urban areas does not seem to apply to "legitimate" UFO landings. The article notes that negative cases (misidentifications) occur more frequently where there are more people, suggesting a correlation with population density.

3. Perspectivas (Perspectives)

3.1 Atributos Psicosociológicos (Psychosociological Attributes)

The article notes a recent scarcity of UFO reports, coinciding with a general decrease in negative cases. This is puzzling, as the number of aircraft, balloons, and other phenomena has not changed, nor have illusions and hallucinations ceased. The authors propose an external cause that reconciles the absence of UFO cases with fewer false interpretations. They question whether this factor could also explain UFO "waves."

This external component is identified as the role of mass media. Figure 6 graphically illustrates a model where 'A' represents a latent and constant level of UFOs and negative cases. 'B' is the profile resulting from the distortion of level 'A' by publicity given to specific cases (a, b, c) in the press, radio, or television. This creates a multiple effect, leading to a temporal increase in reports, while the maximum number of cases remains stable annually.

The current scarcity of UFO cases leads to the belief that waves are solely media effects. However, the authors state that not enough years have passed to definitively support such a theory.

Realidad transgredida (Transgressed Reality)

Other facets of UFO manifestations require attention. A witness's ability to recall is relatively poor, involving complex internal processes from visual capture to memory interpretation and retrieval. Paolo Toselli is quoted stating that "the eyewitness is as much a part of the event as the physical stimulus that led to the personal experience." The authors have verified cases where observers reported incredible objects that were ultimately identified as tornadoes, planets, or ball lightning. This suggests that reality often undergoes distortion, a phenomenon termed "syndrome of transgression of reality." This is defined as a substantial modification of visual perception when it conforms to a UFO archetype, adding characteristic details. It occurs when an observer, strongly surprised by a vision and unable to identify it, mentally adds symbols and attributes collected from UFO imagery.

The authors are convinced that unless this syndrome is recognized as frequent, it will be difficult to distinguish the unreal from the mass of UFO reports.

This issue of "Encuentros cercanos..." (Close Encounters...) focuses on UFO research, featuring articles on UFO data analysis, the scientific investigation of the Hessdalen Project in Norway, and reports from international UFO conferences.

Article: 3.2 Casos positivos versus casos negativos. La cuestión clave

This section critically examines the nature of UFO data, questioning whether it is indistinguishable from mere explained reports. It emphasizes the need for high-reliability UFO catalogs and suggests that existing analytical resources should focus on investigating whether unexplained UFO events differ from false perceptions. The author recommends the establishment of such catalogs, citing the work of Willy Smith under the auspices of the Center for UFO Studies and the Fund for UFO Research. Furthermore, it is proposed that classic and contemporary UFO cases should be reinvestigated by interdisciplinary teams, including skeptics, to ensure quality control. The core argument is that only by concluding that the characteristics of UFO observations radically differ from negative cases can science be justified in investing funds and talent into this phenomenon. The section quotes James Oberg, who highlights the problem of unreliable data processing in ufology, stating that 'there is so much unreliable data that is processed that any result that can be produced lacks meaning.' The author stresses that compiled information must be classifiable.

Article: 3.3 El estudio OVNI en el futuro

This section discusses the future of UFO study, emphasizing the need for better investigative work and a more professional and objective approach. It highlights the complexity of scientific UFO investigation, citing the French GEPAN's work as an example of a long and complex operation requiring specialists from various fields. The need for an international manual for field investigation, covering all possible aspects, is stressed. The importance of utilizing laboratories and technology experts for analytical work and research is also pointed out. The article calls for the involvement of physicists, engineers, methodologists, and social scientists in UFO studies, prioritizing the increase of the scientific component of human resources in ufology. While acknowledging that some propose the extraterrestrial hypothesis as a sole explanation, the author reminds readers that most evidence relies on subjective testimony, considering the weakness of such proof. The section also introduces a 'trilogy of hypotheses' to explain UFOs:

1. Hypothesis I: A transient pattern of anomalous mental behavior, where ordinary stimuli are transformed into abnormal visions under specific conditions.
2. Hypothesis II: A spontaneous energetic phenomenon, a new natural phenomenon emitting heat and electromagnetic radiation, with a short lifespan and various forms.
3. Hypothesis III: The extraterrestrial origin of UFOs, where observers' reports are taken literally, with beings as pilots and physical traces as mechanical effects of propulsion systems.

The authors suggest focusing research on these three possibilities.

Article: 3.4 Una palabra final

This concluding section reflects on the academic approach to UFO studies over the years, noting the publication of numerous works in various languages. It recommends that a group of researchers, under an editor, collaborate to prepare an encyclopedia based on compilations of the current state of ufology, serving as a synthesis of knowledge on the OVNI mystery. This idea is presented for consideration to major UFO organizations like MUFON, the Fund for UFO Research, and the Hynek Center for UFO Studies. The section also includes a bibliography of relevant works.

Article: Proyecto Hessdalen

This extensive section details the "Proyecto Hessdalen" (Hessdalen Project), a scientific investigation conducted in the Hessdalen valley in Norway. Initiated in June 1983, the project aimed to collect scientific data on UFOs. The investigation involved using various instruments, including cameras, infrared viewers, spectrum analyzers, seismographs, magnetographs, radar, and Geiger counters. The project documented numerous sightings, often described as lights, but also as physical objects like disks and cigars. Key findings include:

• Laser Interaction: UFOs reportedly responded to a He-Ne laser, with their light patterns changing frequency when illuminated. In one instance, a similar light was observed moving around the site a week later.
• Radar Detection: Radar detected 'something' that was not visible to the naked eye, raising questions about whether UFOs can become invisible and suggesting a connection between radar and OVNI sightings.
• Physical Characteristics: Observations indicated that the lights could be solid material, yet measurements of high speeds (8,500 m/s) were taken without audible sound, questioning the control UFOs have over materials.
• Movement Patterns: Sightings often involved lights with undulating movements, perceived by multiple people as similar to a boat on the ocean, consistently moving east-west.
• Scientific Collaboration: The project involved collaboration with scientists from the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, the University of Oslo, and the University of Bergen. The results were deemed interesting enough to warrant further investigation.
• Field Work: Two main field work periods were conducted in January 1984 and January-February 1985. The 1985 period saw fewer sightings, possibly due to adverse weather conditions.
• Data Collection: The 1985 campaign yielded significant data, including photographs, LF band recordings, magnetograph recordings, radio noise reports, and documented sightings.

The project concluded that UFOs can be studied scientifically, convincing some scientists to dedicate more time to the subject. It also highlighted the complexity of the OVNI phenomenon, suggesting that future research programs should involve scientists from diverse fields. The project requires further funding for continued investigation.

Article: Publicaciones Recibidas

This section lists and briefly describes several UFO-related publications that the magazine receives, including 'La Alternativa Racional', 'Lumiéres dans la Nuit', 'UFO Belgium', 'The Computer UFO Newsletter', 'UFO (Rivista di Informazione Ufologika)', and 'UFO-Nachrichten'. It provides contact information and brief summaries of their contents.

Article: 46 Congreso Bufora...

This article reviews the 'IV International-Bufora' congress held in London. It contrasts the academic and sober atmosphere of the London conference with events in Lyon (where European ufologists were seen as shifting towards sociology and psychology) and Washington (where extraterrestrials were presented with renewed vigor, including claims of government documents and implanted monitors). The London congress is described as reflecting a balance between European disillusionment and American hyper-optimism, providing an ideal climate for considering it one of the best-organized and most valuable international conferences. The author notes the lack of 'shows' or 'dramatics,' emphasizing a sense of integration within a working community. The presentation of UNICAT by Willy Smith is highlighted as a significant contribution, demonstrating how statistics can shed light on lived human experiences. Paul Devereux's communication on 'Earthlights' as a geophysical alternative is also mentioned, suggesting it offers a more restricted perspective but gains credibility. Stewart Campbell's presentation on UFOs being due to mirages is discussed, with a critical note on his past attempts to impose other explanations. The article also mentions the participation of Dutch researchers and the potential for increased cooperation. The presence of delegates from various countries is noted, and the author expresses regret over Spain's limited representation, especially given the recent publication of the 'Enciclopedia de Ballester/Fernández.' Despite the limited physical representation, Spain's presence is felt through articles and summaries.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the scientific investigation of UFO phenomena, the critical analysis of UFO data, the exploration of various hypotheses (including extraterrestrial), and the reporting of international UFO conferences and research projects. The editorial stance appears to favor a rigorous, scientific, and evidence-based approach to ufology, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, reliable data collection, and objective analysis. There is a clear distinction made between sensationalist claims and serious scientific inquiry, with a preference for the latter.

This document, titled 'SINDROME DE AISLAMIENTO' (Syndrome of Isolation), appears to be a section from a magazine or journal, likely focused on UFO phenomena. It presents a detailed statistical analysis of UFO encounter data, co-authored by Dr. Willy Smith and Dr. Robert D. Boyd. The issue number is indicated as '52'.

Introduction to the Syndrome of Isolation

The introduction highlights a recurring characteristic in UFO databases: the parameter 'LR', which has a frequency of 0.38 (38% of cases). Initially interpreted as 'Lonely Road', the term 'solitary' proved more crucial. This parameter represents a situation where the witness(es) encounter a UFO in an isolated place, which could be rural, urban, or suburban, but far from human habitation and without the possibility of observation by others.

The study is based on information from a database compiled in August 1986, comprising 606 cases, with the primary work conducted by Robert D. Boyd. For simplification, the cases are divided into two groups: Class A (230 cases) containing the LR parameter, and Class B (376 cases) not containing LR.

The core of the analysis revolves around investigating whether other independent parameters appear in Class A or Class B with a proportion higher than expected, suggesting a correlation with the LR parameter. The expected proportion is calculated as f = 230/376 = 0.612. Parameters with a distribution above this 'f' value are considered to have a higher incidence in Class A.

The study focuses on the 50 most frequent parameters, each appearing in at least 10% of the database. Table I shows the true number of cases containing each specific parameter.

Statistical Analysis and Parameters

Page 2 presents a bar graph (Gráfico 113) illustrating parameter distribution for UFO types, specifically focusing on LR, DR, and EM. It details how column 2 ('Clase A') shows cases with a specific parameter *and* LR, while column 3 ('Clase B') shows cases with the parameter but *without* LR. The 'f=A/B' column calculates the percentage for each parameter between Class A and B, ordered by decreasing 'f' values, with a limit of 0.612.

• Key observations from the data include:
• Most of the 50 most frequent parameters have an 'f' value above the limit, indicating a higher incidence than predicted.
• Ten parameters have an 'f' value more than double the limit (0.612), termed 'leading parameters'.
• Parameters related to the number of witnesses (SW - single witness, MW - multiple witnesses, AW - all witnesses) are treated separately due to their mutually exclusive nature. For LR, MW is numerically higher than SW. AW is used as an equivalent to MW.

Table 2 is organized by decreasing number of cases in Class A, using a 'limit' value of 44 for the 'f' coefficient.

Scenarios and Models

Page 3 introduces the concept of 'SCENARIOS' to examine possible combinations of parameters. The analysis involves combining LR with 'leading parameters' (e.g., LR and DR) and then considering combinations of three parameters. The analysis is conducted in two stages:
1. Calculating the expected number of cases with simultaneous combinations of three parameters, assuming independence.
2. Calculating the true number of cases with simultaneous combinations of three parameters from the database.

As an example, the probability of finding LR, DR, and EM simultaneously, assuming independence, is calculated as (230/606) x (205/606) x (115/606) = 14.76/606. This means approximately 14.76 cases would be expected by chance alone.

Page 4 defines a coefficient 'R' (true number of cases / expected number of cases) to express the relationship between parameters. An 'R' value significantly greater than 1 indicates strong correlation, suggesting parameters are not independent.

• The study identifies two main scenarios:
• HEPDRIL: Involves electromagnetic problems while driving in an isolated location. This scenario combines parameters LR, DR, and EM.
• CLINROP: Refers to a UFO landing on a road or in an isolated area. This scenario combines parameters LR, LG, and CR.

These scenarios are examined by comparing expected values (assuming independence) with actual observed values from the database. The observed values consistently exceed the expected values, often by a significant factor, indicating strong correlations.

Parameter Analysis and Model Refinement

Page 5 discusses the two main scenarios, HEPDRIL and CLINROP, in more detail. For HEPDRIL, the analysis considers combinations of 3 and 4 parameters. It is found that only two distinct scenarios emerge from the 7 examined.

• HEPDRIL (Scenario 1): Characterized by electromagnetic problems while driving in isolation (LR, DR, EM). Associated features include witness fear (44%), health effects (31%), effects on lights (26%), and intense lights (34%).
• CLINROP (Scenario 2): Characterized by a landed UFO on a road or isolated area (LR, CR, LG). This scenario involves observing entities (51%), details of the craft like windows (40%), and proximity of the UFO.

Page 6 presents bar graphs (Gráficos 114, 116, 119) illustrating the time distribution of incidents for CLINROP and HEPDRIL. For HEPDRIL, most observations occur at night, with all Type C4 encounters (abductions) happening at night. CLINROP's time distribution is more irregular.

The study notes that the observed number of cases (A) is always much higher than the expected number (E) for combinations of parameters, indicating significant correlation. This suggests an underlying structure uniting these parameters, making UFO phenomena a legitimate subject of scientific study, as echoed by a quote from Lord Kelvin on the importance of quantification.

The Two Models: HEPDRIL and CLINROP

Page 7 elaborates on the two models. The HEPDRIL model (LR, DR, EM) involves situations where witnesses driving in isolation experience electromagnetic problems. The CLINROP model (LR, CR, LG) refers to incidents where witnesses encounter a landed UFO in an isolated area.

Analysis of parameters shows that those significant for HEPDRIL (e.g., UC - OVNI near car, HE - health effects, FL - effects on lights, FR - fear/terror) are of low importance for CLINROP. Conversely, parameters significant for CLINROP (e.g., EC - entities, EP - entities plural, PT - physical traces, WN - windows) are of medium to low importance for HEPDRIL. This mutual exclusivity between the models is a significant finding, with only 7 cases (out of 230 associated with LR) overlapping between the two.

Parameter Significance and Witness Accounts

Page 8 discusses the parameter 'R' (Actual/Expected cases) as an indicator of parameter importance within each model. For HEPDRIL, parameters like UC, HE, FL, and FR are most significant. For CLINROP, EC, EP, PT, and WN are most significant.

The study also examines witness accounts. For HEPDRIL, cases with a single witness (SW) are less numerous than those with multiple witnesses (AW), but the 'R' coefficient for SW is nearly double that of AW, suggesting SW is more significant for this model. For CLINROP, the numbers for SW and AW are similar.

Regarding UFO types, only 9% of HEPDRIL cases are 'night lights' (NL), while the rest (91%) are close encounters (91%), predominantly Type C2 (58.6%). A significant 12% are Type C4 (abductions).

CLINROP cases are predominantly Type C3 encounters (59.6%), with only 3.5% being Type C4.

Conclusion and Future Research

The document concludes by reiterating the distinct nature of the two models and the significant correlations found between parameters. It suggests that the observed characteristics of the UFO phenomenon lend it reality and well-defined properties, making it a valid subject for scientific study. The vast amount of data available allows for further refinement of both models.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the statistical analysis of UFO encounter data to identify patterns and develop models. The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous, data-driven scientific inquiry into the UFO phenomenon, emphasizing the importance of quantifiable evidence and objective analysis. The authors aim to move beyond anecdotal accounts by establishing statistically supported models (HEPDRIL and CLINROP) that describe distinct types of UFO encounters.

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" (Ufology Notebooks), issue number 62, focuses on "Comunicados" (Communications), featuring a collection of reports, ongoing projects, and case analyses related to UFO phenomena. The magazine presents a blend of investigative efforts, witness testimonies, and attempts at scientific explanation, reflecting the diverse landscape of ufological research.

Projects and Investigations

Proyecto 'Becassine' (Becassine Project)

This project, initiated in early 1985, aims to create a database of UFO information, particularly 'close encounters of the third kind.' It seeks to foster greater exchange and circulation of information among interested researchers and ufologists from various countries, including France, Belgium, Italy, and the USA. The project can provide lists of cases, coding information, diskette copies, analysis results, and selections of cases with specific characteristics. Contributions in the form of articles, press clippings, surveys, and catalogs are welcomed.

Proyecto 'Anticipación' (Anticipation Project)

This project addresses the perceived stagnation in current ufology methods. It focuses on gathering information about the state of ufology in Eastern countries and the People's Republic of China. The goal is to understand the real situation of UFO phenomena in these regions and to anticipate future developments, including potential advancements in observed 'apparatus' and social evolution related to UFO beliefs. The project emphasizes the importance of evaluating all data to gain a comprehensive understanding.

Reinvestigation of the Benacazón Case (28/1/76)

An investigator is currently reinvestigating the case of Benacazón from January 28, 1976, and is requesting any available information from the archives of CdU collaborators. The information is being digitized onto an MSX personal computer for future dissemination.

Case Analyses and Reports

Analysis of a UFO Experience: The Nocturnal Pursuit of 22-2-1977

This detailed article examines a presumed UFO encounter on February 22, 1977, involving a family traveling by car between Villar del Arzobispo and Chiva, Spain. The family reported being pursued by a luminous object, described as peculiar and fitting the 'close encounter of the second kind' classification due to physical effects and interaction with the environment. The object's luminosity interfered with the car's electrical systems, causing malfunctions. The family experienced significant fear and nervousness. The object reportedly descended, revealing a possible dome and 'legs,' before ascending and disappearing. The article discusses the physical effects on the vehicle and the witnesses, including nausea and physical discomfort. It also touches upon the need for critical analysis, considering potential misinterpretations, fraud, and the testimonial nature of the evidence. The analysis suggests confronting the episode with astronomical stimuli present at the time.

'Luminous Ghost' Impresses Peasants in Palma del Río

A report from Palma del Río, Córdoba, describes a 'luminous ghost' seen by about twenty people, including farm workers and locals. The phenomenon, described as a luminous form without discernible limbs or head, emitted an intense white glow. It reportedly hovered and moved erratically, causing fear and curiosity.

Polish Army Pilots Report UFO Incidents

The Polish Army newspaper "Zolnierz Wolnosci" reports testimonies from army aviators about UFO sightings. Pilots describe objects moving at high speeds and silently, with some having pursued unidentified craft that displayed advanced maneuverability.

UFO Sighting in Playa de Benicassim (Castellón) on April 13, 1987

An investigation into a reported UFO sighting in Benicassim concluded negatively. Despite witness accounts, the employees of the hotel where the event was reported saw nothing unusual, and the news was attributed to a newspaper report.

UFO Incident in Melbourne, Australia

A family in Melbourne reported being attacked by a UFO that caused their car to go off the road and spin. However, a meteorologist from the University of Adelaide explained it as a 'dry storm,' a natural atmospheric phenomenon.

Luminous Object Sighted in Various Points of Spain

Thousands of witnesses across several Spanish provinces reported seeing a bright white light, followed by a reddish trail, moving rapidly from West to East. The director of the National Astronomical Observatory described the phenomenon as rare and confusing, with no definitive explanation, though a meteor was considered a possibility. The military radar at Paracuellos del Jarama did not detect any anomalies.

Other Communications

Soviet Rocket Re-entry Causes Panic in Colorado

The atmospheric re-entry of a Soviet rocket caused confusion and panic in Colorado, USA, as it was mistaken for a meteor or an extraterrestrial object. The event produced a shower of lights visible across eight states.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the investigation of UFO phenomena, the collection and analysis of witness testimonies, and the exploration of potential explanations, ranging from astronomical events to natural atmospheric occurrences. The magazine emphasizes the importance of critical analysis and the ongoing nature of ufological research, acknowledging the complexities and uncertainties involved in studying unexplained aerial phenomena. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, encouraging the sharing of information and the pursuit of understanding, while maintaining a degree of scientific skepticism.

This issue of 'Actual Ufo' (numbers 72-81, dated 1987) is primarily in Spanish and focuses on the intersection of ufology, science, and belief systems. It features a cover story titled 'La Inquisición, La Ciencia y Las Creencias' (The Inquisition, Science and Beliefs), which sets a critical tone for much of the content.

Article: Philip Klass Dixit: "No Hubo Tal OVNI Sobre Alaska"

This article presents the views of Philip Klass, described as the 'super-skeptic president' of the UFO Subcommittee of CSICOP. Klass addresses the incident on November 18, 1986, where the crew of a JAL Boeing-747 reported a UFO sighting on a flight from Anchorage, Alaska. Klass suggests that the observed object was likely the planet Jupiter, and possibly Mars, dismissing it as a UFO. He notes that experienced pilots have mistaken bright celestial bodies for UFOs before, especially when the object remains visible for an extended period, as in this case. The fact that the UFO appeared to maintain altitude relative to the descending aircraft also supports his theory, as a 1,200-meter change in altitude would not significantly alter the apparent altitude of a distant planet. Klass also touches upon the pilot's initial report of seeing two small objects and later referring to only one, and the press's emphasis on radar detection. He explains that mountainous terrain can cause false radar echoes. The article quotes Klass from the bulletin 'La Alternativa Racional' (The Rational Alternative).

Further insights into the JAL incident are provided by Japanese researcher Yusuke Matsumura. He describes how the captain used the Jumbo's meteorological radar, setting the antenna horizontally. The radar detected a large, unidentified object 7 to 8 nautical miles to the left, estimated to be 1.5 to 2 times the size of a Jumbo jet. The object appeared solid, not a cloud formation, and registered as green on the radar, indicating it was not metallic (which would appear red). When the Jumbo approached clearer skies, the captain observed a huge, spherical object with a wide, flat edge against the city lights below. He estimated its size to be several dozen times larger than a Jumbo jet reactor. Information for this section was provided by Vicente Moros Bernardo of Valencia.

Article: Los Ovnis Imaginarios de Kem Sams

This piece highlights how simple explanations can often be overlooked. It recounts an incident in London where numerous reports of silver objects caused public concern. These sightings were ultimately attributed to a man named Kem Sams, who had been testing a kite of his own invention made from tin foil. From Waterloo Bridge, tourists witnessed these kites, some of which reached hundreds of meters in altitude, appearing as bright lights visible for considerable distances. The article concludes with the adage, 'Indudablemente no es OVNI todo lo que reluce' (Undoubtedly, not everything that glitters is a UFO).

Event: Reunion de Ufologos Españoles

The Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios (CEI) and the 'Cuadernos de Ufología' team are organizing a meeting of Spanish ufologists in October. The event aims to analyze the current state of ufology in Spain, define research strategies, and propose cooperative projects. The weekend-long meeting will be reported on by 'CdU'.

Article: Presentación de 'C.d.U.' en los Encuentros "Summa Insolita"

The year 1987 marks the 40th anniversary of the 'Arnold' incident, a significant event in ufology. Despite decades of research, official investigations, refutations, and manipulations, the enigma persists. Private investigators continue to seek answers and disseminate information. In this context, the 'Summa Insolita - 40 Años de Ufología' event was held in Santander from November 24-27, organized by the group CIOVE. This event aimed to present a balanced view of the UFO phenomenon. The magazine 'Cuadernos de Ufología' was launched in its new era, with the collaboration of Dr. Fernando Jiménez del Oso. The event also reviewed key periods in ufology's evolution, presented chronologically in 'De los Platillos Volantes a los OVNIS - 40 Años de Ufología'. A critical perspective was also included through the presentation 'El Gran Engaño de los Platillos Volantes' (The Great Deception of the Flying Saucers) by Dr. Félix Ares de Blas and Luis Alfonso Gámez Domínguez, who offered a critical view of UFO phenomena and its relation to science.

Article: Creación de la 'B.B.S.' "Contacto"

This article discusses the emergence of ufological information exchange facilitated by microcomputers. Following the advent of affordable personal computers, their application to ufology became widespread. Initially used for simulations like 'Star-Trek', these devices now enable the creation of computerized databases for UFO research. Small networks are being established to process this information. In Spain, a 'B.B.S. Contacto' (Contact Bulletin Board System) has been established in Madrid, led by Manuel López Cuesta. Users can connect via phone (91 331-97-70) to access bulletins on ufology, astronomy, and astronautics, share cases, and engage in discussions. This is presented as the first attempt by Spanish enthusiasts to exchange ufological information using microcomputers.

Article: ¿Señales de Vida en Cuatro Planetas de la Vía Lactea?

Alexei Arjipov, from the Institute of Radioastronomy of Ukraine, claims to have detected radio signals distinct from cosmic noise, interpreting them as intelligent in origin. These signals, in the 100 to 1,000 megahertz range, suggest an industrial civilization with a high degree of intelligence. This discovery, if confirmed, could provide the first evidence of extraterrestrial life. The official Tass agency reported the finding, hinting at its significance. However, the exact location of the four dwarf stars was not disclosed, sparking further investigation by specialists worldwide.

Event: Encuentros en Lyon los Dias 2, 3 y 4 de Abril

This section briefly mentions the 'Encuentros de Lyon' (Lyon Encounters), an annual event for ufologists and researchers. It notes that in 1987, participants from various countries presented work on diverse topics such as 'UFOs and Occultism', 'Project Unicat', and 'Ufology and Informatics'. The upcoming event aims to intensify connections between centers and attendees, to be held in a European Congress Center.

Article: Homenaje a un Veterano Divulgador

This piece pays tribute to Marius Lleget, a pioneer in ufology in Spain and a member of the Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios (CEI). To honor his extensive work in popularizing astronomy, astronautics, and ufology, an association called 'LAUGAN' is organizing a tribute dinner in Barcelona on May 21st. The article expresses admiration for Lleget's contributions and symbolically adds its tribute.

Article: La Inquisición, La Ciencia y Las Creencias

This lengthy and critical article engages in a debate about the nature of ufology and its relationship with science and religion. It begins by quoting Stanislaw Lem's 'SOLARIS' and inviting readers to substitute 'Solaristics' with 'Ufology'. The authors express being disturbed by Antonio Ribera's article, 'Las Abducciones, Los Triángulos de la Muerte y El Maniqueismo', published in 'Cuadernos de Ufología'. They criticize Ribera for responding to critics in a low-circulation magazine and for presenting alleged frauds as proven facts, citing examples like the San José de Valderas sighting, the Ummo affair, George Adamski's contacts, and the Betty and Barney Hill abduction.

The article argues that Ribera's pursuit of 'Truth' (with a capital T) is more akin to religious dogma than scientific inquiry. It asserts that science is characterized by evolution and critical examination, while religion is dogmatic and resistant to change. The authors accuse Ribera and other ufologists of being 'manipulators of data' who seek fame rather than solutions, often referencing 'sacred books' and 'prophets' like Hynek and McDonald. They contend that ufology, like all beliefs, references supernatural forces and promotes 'inquisitorial movements' to silence dissent.

The article draws parallels between the current state of ufology and historical instances of religious persecution, particularly referencing the Inquisition and Torquemada. It argues that the 'inquisitorial' label is being misused by those who accuse skeptics of being inquisitors. The authors defend the right to express skepticism and criticize Ribera for equating criticism with an 'inquisition'. They emphasize that science thrives on criticism, while dogma rejects it.

The piece further criticizes the idea that academic titles guarantee sincerity, citing examples of individuals whose work has been questionable. It uses the example of Galileo Galilei to illustrate the difference between scientific 'endoherejies' (deviations within science) and 'exoherejies' (deviations from science), arguing that ufology falls into the latter category. The authors contend that ufology lacks a scientific field of study and does not produce testable hypotheses or experimental findings.

They conclude by stating that irrationality and superstition, not science, were the driving forces behind the Inquisition. They argue that believers, not skeptics, sustained the inquisitorial machinery. The article contrasts Charles Fort's 'shoe boxes' with Felix Ares's computers, suggesting that both are tools for data management and that Fort would likely use computers today. The authors accuse Ribera of preferring rhetoric over method, a characteristic they associate with those who have historically suppressed progress and promoted 'paraciences' (pseudociences).

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical examination of ufology, the distinction between science and pseudoscience, and the role of skepticism. The editorial stance is clearly critical of unsubstantiated claims within ufology, advocating for rigorous scientific methodology and rational analysis. There is a strong emphasis on the importance of critical thinking and the dangers of conflating belief systems with scientific inquiry. The articles highlight the ongoing debate between proponents of ufology and skeptics, often framing the former as dogmatic and the latter as essential for scientific progress. The issue also touches upon the historical context of belief systems and their potential for persecution, drawing parallels between past inquisitions and modern-day debates within the ufology community.

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" delves into the complex relationship between scientific inquiry, skepticism, and the study of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs). The central theme revolves around a critique of what the authors term "false skepticism" or "sociopsychological" approaches within ufology, contrasting them with a more rigorous, data-driven scientific methodology.

The Role of Intuition vs. Data

The articles begin by exploring the nature of knowledge and belief, highlighting historical figures like Copernicus and Einstein who had to overcome their own intuitions and sensory perceptions by relying on extensive data and methodical analysis. The authors emphasize that while imagination and intuition are essential for forming hypotheses, they are insufficient without empirical verification. They argue that true scientific progress requires a willingness to challenge preconceived notions and embrace counter-intuitive truths, as demonstrated by Kepler's acceptance of elliptical planetary orbits.

Critiquing "False Skepticism"

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to dissecting the methodologies and motivations of a particular brand of ufological skepticism, often labeled "sociopsychological." The authors contend that these "skeptics" often exhibit a predetermined negativism, aiming to dismiss UFO phenomena rather than investigate them objectively. They are accused of employing selective evidence, misinterpreting testimony, and relying on abstract, jargon-filled arguments that lack empirical grounding. The critique extends to their tendency to reduce complex phenomena to simplistic explanations, often by attacking the credibility of witnesses or researchers.

Historical Examples and Methodological Differences

The issue draws parallels between the current debates in ufology and historical scientific challenges. The authors reference the work of Charles Hoy Fort, who meticulously collected data on anomalous phenomena, and contrast this with the dismissive attitudes of some modern "skeptics." The articles also touch upon the historical context of scientific projects like "Grudge" and "Blue Book," suggesting that similar patterns of dismissal and biased investigation have occurred in the past.

The "Sociopsychological Hypothesis" (H.S.P.)

The "sociopsychological hypothesis" is presented as a dominant, yet flawed, framework for explaining UFO sightings. This perspective suggests that UFOs are merely imaginative interpretations of mundane objects, psychological projections, or collective delusions. The authors argue that this hypothesis, while seemingly scientific, often serves to avoid confronting the possibility of genuine anomalous phenomena and can lead to a form of intellectual dishonesty.

The Importance of Rigorous Investigation

Throughout the articles, there is a strong emphasis on the need for thorough, impartial investigation. The authors advocate for a scientific approach that involves collecting and analyzing data, verifying testimonies, and avoiding preconceived notions or biases. They suggest that the true path to understanding UFO phenomena lies in meticulous research and a willingness to accept findings that may challenge current paradigms, rather than in the wholesale dismissal of evidence.

Specific Cases and Criticisms

Several specific cases and historical events are discussed, including the 1954 French UFO wave and the Valensole incident. These examples are used to illustrate how "skeptics" allegedly attempt to debunk sightings through superficial analysis or by focusing on minor inconsistencies. The authors criticize the lack of depth in these "counter-investigations" and highlight how they often serve to protect the reputation of debunkers rather than to uncover the truth.

The Future of Ufology

The issue concludes with a call for a more serious and open-minded approach to ufology. The authors express hope that future researchers will build upon existing data with integrity, free from the dogmatism and biases that currently hinder progress. They suggest that a breakthrough may come when science is willing to consider concepts beyond anthropocentrism, such as "exo-ethnology," to understand the broader context of potential intelligent life in the universe.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the critical examination of skepticism in ufology, the defense of rigorous scientific methodology, and the importance of empirical data over intuitive assumptions. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of open-minded, thorough investigation and a rejection of what is perceived as biased or dismissive "sociopsychological" debunking. The magazine advocates for treating UFO phenomena as a legitimate area of scientific inquiry, demanding evidence-based conclusions rather than predetermined denials.

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" (CdU), identified as issue number 2 of its second era, is dated December 23, 1987. Published by the UFO Research Group from Poland, the magazine is presented as a serious and international platform for ufological studies. The cover prominently features a headline about UFOs in Poland and a call for collaboration from readers.

Featured Article: UFO Encounter in Poland

The issue begins with a detailed account of a UFO encounter experienced by a young girl in Poland. The narrative describes the girl being drawn to a specific location where she entered an object and encountered five humanoid "crew members." She recalls "flying with someone" and waking up in the forest, having been missing for seven hours. The article highlights the detail of a "humped" humanoid, noting that the girl had no prior interest in ufology and could not have known about similar descriptions from other CE-III encounters in Emilcin (1978) and Czkchów (1979), both in Poland. The report is attributed to Bronislaw Rzepecki, Coordinator of the UFO Research Group in Poland.

Call for Collaboration

A significant section of the magazine is dedicated to a "Call for Collaboration" from the editorial team of "Cuadernos de Ufología." Due to an excess of materials in various languages, the publication is seeking readers who are fluent in English, French, German, Portuguese, Italian, Polish, Danish, or other languages, and who are willing to volunteer their translation skills to make the magazine accessible internationally. Interested individuals are directed to contact Julio Arcas Gilardi in Santander, Spain.

Reader Letters and Feedback

The magazine includes a section for reader letters, showcasing feedback on the first issue of the second era. Several readers express their appreciation for the magazine's quality, presentation, and the usefulness of its content, especially given the limited availability of other Spanish-language ufology publications.

• Ignacio Darnaude Rojas Marcos from Seville praises the magazine's excellent quality and utility, noting it fills a gap left by other publications.
• Vicente Moros Bernardo from Valencia commends the monographic nature of the articles, offering in-depth information and featuring opinions from Spanish and international experts.
• Javier Sierra from Castellón congratulates the team on the magazine's composition and content, expressing hope that it will become a platform for Spanish researchers and international dissemination. He also raises the issue of "contactees," suggesting that while susceptible to deception, they should be investigated rather than ignored.
• Manuel Borraz Aymerich from L'Hospitalet (Barcelona) compliments the magazine's professional presentation and manageable format. He notes the surprising international support and appreciates the inclusion of diverse opinions, even on controversial topics like abductions. However, he points out that some abstracts have issues with wording and errata, and suggests providing guidelines for illustrations and diagrams.
• Willy Smith from Longwood, Florida, USA, praises the magazine's format, quality of printing, and paper, which give it a serious and permanent feel. He particularly values the international character of the publication and suggests including an English index to help non-Spanish speakers access the content.
• Joan Plana Crivillén from Sabadell (Barcelona) is impressed by the magazine's quality and presentation, calling it one of the most important ufological publications globally. He finds the documentation on abductions fascinating but expresses skepticism about the Xavier C. case, suggesting it might be a hoax based on information from other researchers.
• Jesús Suárez Garcia from León congratulates the team on the first issue of the second era and expresses concern that rising costs might lead to the magazine's disappearance, as has happened with other publications. He also points out a perceived tendency to select articles based on the author's fame rather than the content's merit.

Commentary on UNICAT and MAYBECAT

Dr. Willy Smith provides a commentary on the case listings, specifically UNICAT and MAYBECAT, published in the magazine. He clarifies the date format used in UNICAT (YEAR/MONTH/DAY) to avoid ambiguity, explaining its advantages for computer processing and normalization. He also details the nature of MAYBECAT, which serves as a repository for cases lacking sufficient quality or information for UNICAT, or for negative cases (IFOs). He likens MAYBECAT to older catalogs that mixed IFOs and UFOs, noting its large number of entries (nearly 1200).

Summary of Contents (from page 4)

The magazine's summary page lists various articles, including:

• Editorial
• Report "40 years of Ufology"
• Views on the MUFON Symposium
• Ufology in Italy from 1947 to 1987
• Ufology in Great Britain
• Characteristics of "Close Encounters" in Spain
• IV International Congress BUFORA-London
• Hessdalen Project
• Isolation syndrome
• Communicated
• Analysis of a UFO experience (1)
• Arnold's papers
• UFO today
• Inquisition, science, believes
• What would Torquemada have done with a computer?
• False doubters
• Library
• The UFO of Luna-11
• UFOS in Poland (1)
• Letters

Subscription Information

The "Boletín de Suscripción" provides details on how to subscribe to "Cuadernos de Ufología" for one year, with prices listed for Spain (1,500 pesetas) and the rest of the world (4,000 pesetas). Subscription details include personal information, payment methods (check or postal order), and bank account information for direct debit.

Advertisements

The issue contains advertisements for:

• Mutua Montañesa de Seguros and euromutua, offering various insurance services.
• autoescuela A.D.A.M., a driving school with multiple locations in Cantabria.
• CAJA DE AHORROS DE SANTANDER Y CANTABRIA, a savings bank, featuring a festive "Feliz 1988" (Happy 1988) message with an illustration of people singing.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around UFO sightings, close encounters, and the broader field of ufology. The editorial stance, as inferred from the content and reader feedback, is to promote a serious, well-documented, and internationally collaborative approach to ufological research. The magazine aims to be a credible source of information, featuring diverse perspectives and encouraging critical analysis. There is a clear emphasis on bridging the gap between Spanish and international ufology, as evidenced by the call for translators and the inclusion of international contributors and feedback.