Cuadernos de Ufologia - No 13-14 - 1985

Magazine Overview

Title: CdU CUADERNOS DE UFOLOGIA
Issue: Double issue No. 13-14
Volume: Año III
Date: December 1985

This issue of "CdU CUADERNOS DE UFOLOGIA" is presented as a non-commercial publication, serving as a summary of activities for an informal group of UFO investigators. Its purpose is to foster union and exchange among its members. The publication clarifies that it does not necessarily identify with the opinions expressed in signed articles, which are the responsibility of their respective authors.

Editorial

The editorial, likely written by the coordinator Jose Ruesga Montiel, reflects on the past year and the group's progress. It reiterates the initial goals set in 1983: to provide a medium for Spanish ufology and to unite efforts, coordinate work, and foster collaboration. The editorial expresses satisfaction with having gathered a group of serious, committed, and fervent researchers dedicated to changing the landscape of ufology in Spain. It outlines the publication's commitment to remaining non-commercial, prioritizing its current collaborators over expanding its audience to maintain quality and focus. The editorial emphasizes a scientific approach to the UFO phenomenon, acknowledging that this path involves challenging erroneous ideas and concepts, which may create adversaries. It stresses the need for improved critical thinking, a better understanding of science and scientific methods, and effective teamwork. The editorial also acknowledges the financial challenges, stating that "CdU" relies on the collaborators' aid. The issue is presented as a special edition to showcase the work done in recent months, with an apology for any works not included due to space and time limitations.

The editorial concludes by encouraging those who are hesitant to participate to do so, emphasizing that collaboration is the main driver of their activities and will lead to complete integration in the "INVESTIGACION" (Investigation). It also extends best wishes for 1986 to the collaborators.

Table of Contents (Sumario)

The issue features a comprehensive table of contents, listing numerous articles and contributions:

1. Editorial
2. Sumario (Table of Contents)
3. "Lugares para la vida extraterrestre" (Places for Extraterrestrial Life) by Louis Winkler.
9. "Unos ovnis identificados: Los RPV" (Some Identified UFOs: The RPVs) by J. Plana Crivillén.
12. "Barbate: suma y sigue, o la credibilidad de la prensa" (Barbate: Sum and Continue, or the Credibility of the Press) by J. Ruesga, A. Rodriguez, and A. Carretero.
19. "Las abducciones a debate-II parte. Comentario introductorio" (Abductions Under Debate - Part II. Introductory Commentary) by J. Ruesga Montiel.
20. Opinion by Dr. Antonio Petit Gancedo.
22. Opinion by Dr. Pedro Vicente Rubio Gordo.
25. Opinion by Dr. Vicente Manglano.
27. "Análisis de la correlación entre ovnis y movimientos sísmicos en la República Argentina" (Analysis of the Correlation Between UFOs and Seismic Movements in the Argentine Republic) by Oscar Alberto Alemanno.
36. "Nuevas informaciones sobre el caso de Talavera la Real (12/XI/76)" (New Information on the Talavera la Real Case (12/XI/76)) by Manuel Borraz Aymerich.
40. In memoriam.
41. "Examinando los casos O.V.I. El Factor Humano" (Examining O.V.I. Cases: The Human Factor) by Paolo Toselli.
44. "OVNIS: La ubicación de un problema científico" (UFOs: The Location of a Scientific Problem) by Roberto E. Banchs.
46. "La falacia del resíduo" (The Fallacy of the Residue) by Dr. Félix Ares de Blas.
49. "Sobre la ufología, los ufólogos, la ciencia y los científicos" (On Ufology, Ufologists, Science, and Scientists) by Luis Alfonso Gámez Domínguez.
52. "Consideraciones sobre la depuración y otros temas" (Considerations on Purging and Other Topics) by Luis R. Gonzalez.
55. "Sobre la liebre, los galgos y los gatos" (On the Hare, the Greyhounds, and the Cats) by Iván Vázquez Sánchez.
57. "Introducción a la Psicología de la percepción" (Introduction to the Psychology of Perception) by Dr. Antonio Petit Gancedo.
67. Pool bibliográfico (Bibliographic Pool).
69. ANEXO: Alguna reflexiones personales (Annex: Some Personal Reflections) by V.J. Ballester Olmos.
- Caso de Mañeru (Mañeru Case) by Dr. Willy Smith
- Libros OVNI en lengua francesa (UFO Books in French)
- Prensa (Press)

Portada: Reproduction of the Christmas greeting from the Charles Fort Group for 1973.

Article Summaries and Key Points

"Lugares para los Orígenes de Vida Extraterrestre" (Places for the Origins of Extraterrestrial Life) by Louis Winkler

This article traces the historical evolution of ideas regarding the origins of extraterrestrial intelligent life. Initially, focus was on the Moon, then Venus and Mars, and eventually extended to distant stars. The author draws parallels between this evolution and the evolution of conventional religions.

• Early Ideas: Ancient philosophers like Lucretius speculated about other worlds. In the 15th century, Cardinal Nikolaus Cusanus proposed that stars were like our sun, with planets that might be inhabited. By the 17th century, thinkers like Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle suggested the Moon was Earth-like and thus potentially inhabited, extending this to other planets. Christiaan Huygens further developed this analogy, deducing that planets could support life adapted to their environments.
• Neighbors of Earth: The Moon was considered a prime candidate due to its proximity. Astronomers observed lunar features resembling human constructions. However, the lack of atmosphere and water on the Moon eventually ruled it out.
• Venus and Mars: Venus was thought to have water and potentially swampy conditions supporting life, but high temperatures made it unlikely. Mars, with its more transparent atmosphere, became a focus. Giovanni Schiaparelli's observations of "canals" in 1877, popularized by Percival Lowell, were interpreted as evidence of a Martian civilization. Despite persistent belief, NASA's Mariner missions (IV and IX) and the Viking I lander in the 1970s found no evidence of life on Mars.
• Solar System Limitations: The article concludes that the probability of extraterrestrial life in the solar system is very low due to extreme temperatures, lack of atmospheres, or gaseous nature of planets. Hope remains for primitive life in the atmospheres of Jovian planets and their moons like Titan and Triton.
• Contactee Claims: The article contrasts scientific findings with claims from modern ufology contactees like George Adamsky and Howard Menger, who reported interactions with humanoids from Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.
• Stellar Origins: As the solar system was ruled out, the focus shifted to other stars. Harlow Shapley estimated billions of habitable planets. Radio searches (SETI) began in the 1960s, with a notable message sent from Arecibo in 1975, but without success. Meanwhile, contactee cases like Betty and Barney Hill (Zeta Reticuli) and Billy Meier (Pleiades) gained prominence.
• Theoretical Possibilities: The article touches upon theoretical concepts like relativistic travel, temporal dilation, and inter-universal travel as potential means for extraterrestrial visitation, though these are beyond current technological capabilities.
• Religious Parallels: The author suggests that ufology, astrology, and conventional religions share similarities, proposing a "ufological religion" where ufologists are akin to priests, believing in superior extraterrestrial life. This emerging religion is seen as evolving, potentially nearing a final stage of development, similar to how paganism and polytheism preceded monotheism.

"Análisis de la correlación entre ovnis y movimientos sísmicos en la República Argentina" (Analysis of the Correlation Between UFOs and Seismic Movements in the Argentine Republic) by Oscar Alberto Alemanno

This article investigates a potential link between UFO sightings and seismic activity in Argentina.

"Nuevas informaciones sobre el caso de Talavera la Real (12/XI/76)" (New Information on the Talavera la Real Case (12/XI/76)) by Manuel Borraz Aymerich

This contribution provides updated information regarding the UFO incident that occurred in Talavera la Real, Spain, on November 12, 1976.

"Examinando los casos O.V.I. El Factor Humano" (Examining O.V.I. Cases: The Human Factor) by Paolo Toselli

This piece examines UFO cases, focusing on the human factor involved.

"La falacia del resíduo" (The Fallacy of the Residue) by Dr. Félix Ares de Blas

Dr. Ares de Blas discusses a specific fallacy related to UFO evidence or analysis.

"Sobre la ufología, los ufólogos, la ciencia y los científicos" (On Ufology, Ufologists, Science, and Scientists) by Luis Alfonso Gámez Domínguez

This article delves into the nature of ufology, its practitioners, and its relationship with conventional science and scientists.

"Introducción a la Psicología de la percepción" (Introduction to the Psychology of Perception) by Dr. Antonio Petit Gancedo

Dr. Gancedo offers an introduction to the psychology of perception, likely relevant to understanding witness accounts in ufology.

Annex: "Alguna reflexiones personales" (Some Personal Reflections) by V.J. Ballester Olmos

This section includes personal reflections, a case study from Mañeru by Dr. Willy Smith, a list of UFO books in French, and a press review.

Other Sections

• Foreign Collaborators: A list of international contributors is provided, including names from Argentina, Italy, France, and other countries.
• Exchange Publications: The magazine lists its exchange partners, which include publications from Canada, France, Italy, Switzerland, the UK, Argentina, and Germany.
• Upiar Research in Progress: The issue includes works authorized by "Upiar Research In Progress." A note specifies that one article was written in part under contract with the "Fondo para la Investigación OVNI" (Fund for UFO Research) in Maryland, USA, and references a specific article from "UPIAR Research In Progress" (Milano) titled "Sites for the Origin of Extra-Terrestrial Life."
• ARIFO: Information is provided about ARIFO (Rational Alternative for UFO Phenomenon Research), a skeptical bulletin aiming to cover pseudosciences.
• Call for Contributions: Readers are urged to send their field investigations and news to "CUADERNOS" to facilitate effective UFO research.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the scientific investigation of UFO phenomena, the historical evolution of ideas about extraterrestrial life, and the challenges of establishing ufology as a credible field of study. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of a rigorous, scientific approach, emphasizing critical thinking, evidence-based analysis, and collaboration. There is a notable effort to distinguish the publication's approach from mere speculation or unsubstantiated claims, while also acknowledging the contributions of its dedicated members and international collaborators. The parallels drawn between ufology and religion suggest an awareness of the quasi-belief systems that can form around the topic, positioning the publication as a more grounded, investigative entity.

This issue of the magazine, identified as issue number 9, focuses on the topic of "UNOS OVNIS IDENTIFICADOS: LOS R.P.V." (Some Identified UFOs: The RPVs), authored by Juan Plana Crivillén of C.E.I. The publication date is estimated as October/November 1985.

Remotely Piloted Vehicles (RPVs): Military Drones Mistaken for UFOs

The lead article defines Remotely Piloted Vehicles (RPVs) as military drones that can be easily mistaken for UFOs due to their unknown characteristics and behavior. The article traces their development from the early 1960s, noting their progressive, albeit limited, adoption by several countries including the United States, Soviet Union, Germany, China, Israel, Great Britain, Italy, France, Belgium, and Canada. While the Spanish Armed Forces do not operate RPVs, the possibility of foreign powers using them for covert espionage missions in Spain is raised.

RPVs are employed for a variety of missions, including aerial reconnaissance, electronic and communications espionage, electronic countermeasures, disorientation of enemy air defenses, communication relay, and ground attack. They can be equipped with radar, infrared sensors, TV and photographic cameras, video equipment, spotlights, and detectors for various waves and frequencies, transmitting information in real-time to their base.

The article emphasizes that the most commonly used RPVs are small and recoverable, offering advantages in performance, operability, and economy. Key characteristics detailed include:

• Control: Manual, automatic, programmed, cable, or radio control from a ground station.
• Construction: Aluminum, fiberglass, and kevlar.
• Propulsion: Rotor systems (like helicopters), rear-mounted gasoline engines, gas turbines, or jet engines.
• Structural Forms: Diverse, including spherical, oval, triangular, cigar-shaped, wheel-shaped, bell-shaped, and small airplane-shaped.
• Dimensions: Length from 1.80 to 11 meters, wingspan from 2.25 to 20 meters, height from 0.40 to 3 meters, and diameter from 0.25 to 2 meters.
• Weight: Oscillating between 70 and 6,500 kilograms.
• Speed: Ranging from a minimum of 100 km/h to over 2,400 km/h.
• Operational Ceiling: From 3,000 to 20,000 meters.
• Flight Autonomy: Action radius of 60 to 2,000 km, with continuous flights lasting 2 to 30 hours.

RPVs are noted for their exceptional maneuverability, including tight turns, hovering, rapid acceleration and deceleration, and even the ability to enter and exit water. They can take off vertically, be launched by catapult from vehicles, or deployed from other aircraft. Landing can be vertical, via parachute, cable, or recovery by a large net. Some have retractable or fixed landing gear, while others have small wheels.

While RPVs typically lack position lights, some are equipped with powerful spotlights. They can operate day or night and in various weather conditions. Acoustically, they are almost inaudible, and some propulsion systems produce luminous trails. They are difficult to detect by radar and can even blind or deceive radar systems using electronic countermeasures.

The article posits that governments might use the UFO phenomenon as a cover for experimental RPV flights or espionage. A civilian observing an RPV's flight, landing, and takeoff could easily misidentify it as a UFO, providing a useful cover for such operations and avoiding embarrassing responsibilities.

Case Study: The Barbate Sighting and Media Coverage

The issue critically examines a supposed UFO sighting in Barbate, Spain, reported by the newspaper ABC on July 9, 1985. The report involved a young archaeology enthusiast who photographed two objects emerging from the sea. The objects were described as having a 50-meter diameter and a dome-shaped underside. Subsequently, municipal police officers reportedly observed the object, which allegedly hovered about 30 meters above their vehicle. However, the Barbate municipal police later denied any such sightings in the weeks prior.

The authors conducted their own investigation, contacting various sources. They noted that "EL ALCAZAR" also published the story on July 9, 1985, and "EUSKADI" and "GARBO" published extensive articles on September 12 and 16, 1985, respectively. The article "Oleadas" en Andalucía y cono sur americano" (Waves in Andalusia and the South American Cone) is also referenced.

One of the authors interviewed two police officers, identified as Roque and Manuel, who described an event on May 18, 1985. They observed a triangular object with lights, approximately 15-20 meters long and 10-12 meters wide, hovering silently at about 60 meters altitude. The object moved slowly towards the sea and disappeared. Roque reported hearing a soft hum, but his partner heard nothing. The total duration of this incident was estimated at 5 to 6 minutes.

The investigation highlights discrepancies between the media reports and the witness testimonies. Specifically:

• Photography: The police officers denied taking photographs, contradicting the media's claim that a photo was taken. The photo published by the press did not match the description of the object observed by the police.
• Object Shape: The photo and the police's drawing of the object showed structural differences, suggesting they might not be the same.
• Landing: The object did not land, maintaining an altitude of 60 meters, or at most 30 meters according to the Benitez information.
• Pursuit: The police limited their observation to watching without dramatization, contrary to any implied pursuit.

The authors conclude that the press reported different events: the photograph and the police observation. They also investigated a similar case from 1973 in Aldea de Bolonia, Cádiz, where an amateur archaeologist photographed a circular object emerging from the sea. Two negatives were taken, but only one was published, similar to the Barbate case. The published photo of the Barbate object was identical to one of the Bolonia photos.

Further analysis of the Bolonia case and investigations in Las Medianas (Huelva), where a similar incident allegedly occurred in 1985, are pending. The authors express a desire to ensure that ufological information is accurate and reliable, prioritizing quality over quantity.

Bibliography

The issue includes a bibliography with several references related to UFOs and secret military technology, including works by Marcello Coppetti and Ernst Noack.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring theme is the potential misidentification of advanced military technology, specifically RPVs, as UFOs. The magazine adopts a critical stance towards sensationalist media reporting on UFO cases, emphasizing the need for rigorous investigation and accurate information. The editorial stance appears to be one of skepticism towards conventional UFO explanations and a focus on plausible, terrestrial explanations, particularly those involving military technology and potential government cover-ups. The authors advocate for a more informed approach to ufology, distinguishing between genuine phenomena and misidentified objects or deliberate disinformation.

This issue of "MAS ALLA DE LA REALIDAD", identified as issue number 19 and dated 1984, delves into the complex topic of UFO abductions, presenting a debate and in-depth analysis. The main cover headline is "LAS ABDUCCIONES A DEBATE-II PARTE". The magazine is published by "MAS ALLA DE LA REALIDAD" and appears to be from Spain, originally in Spanish.

Introductory Commentary

The introductory commentary by the editor aims to address the varied reactions to the debate on abductions among collaborators. It emphasizes the importance of a serious, objective, and scientifically-based investigation that considers all generated information, regardless of personal belief. The editor stresses the need for healthy skepticism, questioning witnesses, chronologies, and the significance of events for the witness. Publicly judging cases without rigorous prior study is deemed unscientific. The publication commits to presenting all opinions, whether from direct investigation or prior analysis. The editor also announces a personal initiative to investigate the Próspera Muñoz case more deeply, having made direct contact with her and receiving her full cooperation. This investigation is expected to be slow but thorough, with results to be published in future issues. The editor also appeals for collaboration from qualified individuals.

Opinions on the Próspera Muñoz Case

Dr. Antonio Petit Gancedo

Dr. Gancedo approaches the Próspera Muñoz case with caution, noting that while he might have dismissed similar stories years ago, he now considers it in 1984. He references Antonio Ribera's book "En el túnel del tiempo," which details how Muñoz, while reading, recalled a "vision" of the described events. Gancedo finds no immediate signs of psychiatric pathology in Muñoz, assuming her to be a normal person. He acknowledges that while the physical reality of the experience may be unknown, the mental or psychic experience cannot be denied. He suggests that understanding the mechanism of this experience could reveal a pathological process, but asserts that affirming this without more details is premature. He notes that the witness's feeling of familiarity with the text is not unusual, given the human capacity for subconscious associations. He cautions against interpreting imagination as pejorative, stating that repressed or forgotten memories can be integrated into a coherent narrative. He believes that a pathological process would stem from neurotic, schizoid, or paranoid disorders, which would invalidate the story. Gancedo concludes that hypnosis does not resolve the question of the facts' veracity. He also points out that the absence of a personal interview with the witness does not invalidate the case, as the credibility relies on other protagonists. He mentions the recovery of a "valuable object" left by aliens, which he wouldn't be surprised if it disappeared, leaving only doubt. He emphasizes that the duality of truth and falsehood should not lead to definitive conclusions.

Dr. Pedro Vicente Rubio Gordo

Dr. Rubio Gordo finds it difficult to give a definitive opinion on the Próspera Muñoz case due to insufficient data. He proposes three perspectives for analysis: psychological, restrictive, and open.

• Psychological Perspective: He suggests that Muñoz's interest in UFOs might lead to an unconscious desire to be a protagonist, potentially influencing her experiences. He considers the possibility of subconscious self-deception, where her conviction of events, though sincere, might be a product of her subconscious. He believes hypnosis, if conducted rigorously with pre-planned investigative methods, could potentially uncover these subconscious elements. However, he notes that the sessions conducted so far may have lacked the necessary rigor, and psychology itself is still in its early stages.
• Restrictive Perspective: This view holds that only scientifically demonstrable phenomena are considered valid. Phenomena that cannot be proven are not necessarily non-existent but are not considered scientific. He states that the Próspera case is not an exception, and while UFO phenomena are plural, they lack rigorous proof. He criticizes the lack of seriousness in analyses and the insufficient attention from governments. He points out that while the existence of strange occurrences is accepted, their occurrence in specific locations is questioned. He specifically mentions the "metallic object" as a tangible piece of evidence that should have been analyzed rigorously, similar to the witness's mind. He criticizes authors for focusing on sensationalism rather than thorough investigation, leading to a loss of interest and profitability. He concludes that Muñoz's experience was likely a case of forgetfulness or amnesia, not a strict abduction.
• Open Perspective: This perspective suggests believing in paranormal and UFO phenomena, at least to avoid considering humanity as the center of existence. He believes that unexplained phenomena exist, even if they don't fit our current mental frameworks. He finds the Próspera case to be similar to many other UFO-related accounts and not particularly sensational. He regrets the lack of support for Muñoz in her quest for truth, suggesting that those interested in UFOs should have actively sought evidence. He highlights hypnosis as a key element but notes that the process seems incomplete, with details like the graphologist being mentioned but not the hypnotist. He believes the case is not a fantasy and should be approached with the possibility of truth, encouraging further experiments with Muñoz's cooperation.

Dr. Vicente Manglano

Dr. Manglano views the Próspera Muñoz account as a "story" with classic infantile archetypal elements. He describes a "chosen" girl who can open doors and windows, finds a "valuable object," and knows about a "forbidden room." He suggests that the story might be interesting for a deep study of these archetypes. He points out several incongruities, such as a child accurately assessing adult ages or the description of "special powers." He notes the themes of anti-war sentiment and fear of radioactivity, suggesting they are linked to the witness's fear. He questions the narrative's plausibility, particularly the "blocking" of a door and the father's lack of action to enter a room where food was stored during a time of scarcity. He also questions the description of aliens appearing in different outfits, noting one instance of wearing corduroy. He specifically challenges the oculist's supposed diagnosis of a "burned" vision due to radiation in 1942, stating that such terminology was unlikely then and that the diagnosis might be a misinterpretation or fabrication.

Aspects of the Humanoids

This section discusses various aspects related to the humanoids and the case. It questions whether the returning individuals were truly human. It notes that the humanoids carried tree trunks, which seems odd given the scarcity of trees in the area. It speculates on the nature of luminous rays emanating from their eyes, suggesting they could be both receivers and emitters of radiation. The text touches upon the humanoids' understanding of concepts like "hypnosis" and "war," implying a level of terrestrial knowledge. It also mentions "continuous protection," where ETs seem to care for the latrine and create paths to avoid forbidden areas. The drying of a fig tree, circles of ash, and dried vines are mentioned as "special effects." The text questions the spoilage of food, suggesting that radiation might not affect it, but humidity would. It also notes broken ceramic over time.

Oculist Aspect

This section scrutinizes the claim that Próspera's eyesight was "burned by radiation." Dr. Manglano doubts the oculist would have used such terminology in 1942, suggesting it might have been ultraviolet radiation from the sun or a quartz lamp. He believes the oculist would have asked different questions and that the term "radiation" was not commonly used in non-scientific circles then. He strongly doubts the oculist's statement, suggesting it could be a misremembered or fabricated detail, possibly influenced by an incorrect investigation. He concludes that the overall account is "inverosímil" and that much "straw" needs to be removed to find the truth.

Analysis of the Correlation Between UFOs and Seismic Movements in the Argentine Republic

This article by Oscar Alberto Alemanno explores the potential link between UFOs and seismic activity. It references Charles Fort's work on the relationship between earthquakes and aerial phenomena, including unusual clouds, darkness, luminous apparitions, and falling substances. It cites research by F. Lagarde, who found that 37% of French landing cases occurred over fault lines, raising the question of a connection to terrestrial seismology. Similar findings are mentioned from studies by Felix Ares de Blas and David Lopez, and Tomás Rodríguez and Barberó. However, the article notes that a definitive conclusion has not yet been reached.

The study focuses on the Argentine Republic, aiming to provide a view of the problem using seismic and UFO observation data from 1978. The year 1978 was chosen because it represented a significant UFO "wave" with a variety of anomalous events, and coincided with unusual seismic activity in Argentina during 1977-78. The article presents a table (Tabla 1) detailing monthly seismic events and UFO cases recorded in 1978. The initial findings suggest an "inexistence of correlation" between the distribution of UFO observations and seismic activity over time. However, it also notes slight indications that fault lines and areas of high seismic activity might detect a higher percentage of UFO cases than expected by chance, leaving the question open.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the investigation of unexplained phenomena, particularly UFO abductions and their potential psychological underpinnings. There is a strong emphasis on scientific methodology, skepticism, and the need for rigorous analysis, even while acknowledging the limitations of current knowledge and the possibility of phenomena beyond our understanding. The editorial stance appears to be one of open-minded inquiry, encouraging the presentation of diverse viewpoints and evidence, while maintaining a critical and analytical approach. The magazine seems committed to exploring controversial topics and stimulating debate among its readers and contributors.

This issue of "Mundo Desconocido" (Volume 245-246, November-December 1984) focuses on the potential relationship between seismic activity and UFO phenomena, alongside new revelations about a specific UFO case. The magazine delves into statistical analyses and witness testimonies to explore these topics.

Correlation Between Seismic Activity and UFO Observations in Argentina (1978)

The primary focus of the initial articles is to investigate whether there is a correlation between seismic activity and UFO observations in Argentina during 1978. The analysis, presented through graphs and statistical coefficients, aims to determine if these two phenomena occur concurrently.

Figure 1 illustrates the frequency polygons of seismic activity and UFO observations throughout 1978. A visual inspection suggests that seismic activity peaks in the first semester, while UFO activity is reduced during the same period. Conversely, UFO observations increase from July onwards, with peaks in August and October, while seismic activity decreases after July, stabilizing in August. A slight increase in both seismic activity and UFO observations in December suggests a weak correlation.

The calculated correlation coefficient for the entire year is r = -0.5163, indicating a slight negative correlation, meaning seismic activity tends to decrease as UFO observations increase, and vice versa, though this relationship is not strongly marked.

Daily Distribution of UFO Testimonies and Seismicity (August 1978)

To further investigate, a daily analysis was conducted for August 1978, the period of maximum UFO activity. Figure 2 shows the frequency distribution of UFO observations and seismic movements day by day. While seismic activity appears uniform throughout the month, UFO observations concentrate between the 18th and 24th of August, with a peak on the 22nd, during which seismic activity was null. A similar, smaller peak occurred on the 18th.

The correlation coefficient for this specific period (August 18-24) is r = 0.34, indicating practically no relationship between the two variables during this time.

UFO Activity in the Temporal Context of Seismic Movements

This section explores whether UFO activity increases at the exact moment an earthquake is detected. The analysis of seismic movements in Argentina during 1978, compared with registered UFO observations, revealed 168 temporal coincidences, which is considered highly noteworthy.

Figure 3 and Table 2 present the distribution of frequencies of these 168 coincidences based on the distance between the earthquake's epicenter and the UFO observation site. The data shows that 92% (155 cases) of the coincidences occurred when the spatial separation between the epicenter and the UFO observation site was greater than 300 km. These distances are deemed significant enough to question any direct interdependence.

The conclusion drawn is that there are no apparent indications of an increase in UFO activity in the space-temporal environment of seismic movements.

Conclusion on Seismic and UFO Correlation

The results from the three points of analysis demonstrate a complete lack of correlation between the temporal distributions of UFO observations and seismic activity in Argentina during 1978. Despite these negative results, the findings are considered useful for filtering out 'background noise' (non-significant cases) and for compiling catalogs of authentic UFOs.

Other UFO Phenomena and Cases

The magazine also touches upon other related phenomena and cases:

Luminescent Phenomena and Earthquake Lights (EQL)

Works by Soviet scientist Iván Zayanchkovski and Australian scientist J. R. Natión are mentioned. Natión discusses luminous phenomena or E.Q.L. (earthquake lights), suggesting their origin might be due to piezoelectric materials in the subsoil being activated by seismic pressures, causing air ionization and luminescent discharges. These phenomena are easily confused with UFOs.

The Case of Talavera la Real (12/XI/76) - New Information

A significant portion of the issue is dedicated to new information about the UFO case in Talavera la Real, Spain, from November 12, 1976. This new information stems from a cassette recording of a conversation found in a train luggage rack in 1981.

The recording features José María Trejo, a principal witness, and an unidentified interlocutor, with a third person occasionally audible. The conversation, recorded in Spanish, was found by a railway employee and passed on to a colleague whose wife recognized the topic of UFOs.

André Mortès translated the conversation from French. The recording provides a more detailed account of the incident than previously published reports, including aspects not mentioned in J.J. Benítez's original report. These new elements include:

• The introduction of a large machine (about 100 meters) with "millions of lights" from which a being emerged.
• The omission of the being's tall stature (possible inadvertence).
• The death of a dog, which was "carbonized" after receiving an "energy discharge" from the being.
• The omission of the dog's death in the original report.
• A mention of the ground being scorched within a 50-meter radius, which was not in the initial version.
• The witness's coma during hospitalization, which was not previously reported.

The article raises suspicions about the veracity of these new details, given their spectacular nature and absence in earlier accounts. The interlocutor's questions suggest a lack of prior knowledge of the case, and the new elements are used as arguments throughout the discussion. The conversation also touches upon the witness's psychological state and the impact of the experience on his life.

Avistado un objeto volador no identificado cerca de Betanzos

A brief report describes a UFO sighting near Betanzos, Spain, where a witness observed an elongated, bright green object descending from the sky. The object was estimated to be twelve meters long and four meters wide, emitting no sound and having no visible propulsion systems. It remained near the ground for about eight seconds before ascending rapidly. No physical traces were found at the purported landing site.

Call for Collaboration

The magazine concludes with a call for collaborators to provide further news that could expand on the Betanzos sighting and to undertake direct investigations where possible.

Notes and References

The issue includes a section of notes and references, citing various books and articles related to UFOs and seismic phenomena, including works by Charles Fort, Felix Ares, David Lopez, Tommis Rodriguez, and Barbero. It also details the formula used for calculating the product-moment correlation coefficient (r).

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the scientific investigation of UFO phenomena, the statistical analysis of potential correlations between UFO sightings and natural events like seismic activity, and the critical examination of witness testimonies. The editorial stance appears to be one of rigorous, data-driven inquiry, seeking to distinguish between genuine unexplained phenomena and misidentifications or potential hoaxes. The magazine encourages further research and collaboration within the UFO community.

This issue of CdU, identified as number 44, presents a collection of articles focused on the scientific and psychological aspects of UFO investigation. The content critically examines witness testimony, the reliability of human perception and memory, and the methodologies employed in ufology, contrasting them with rigorous scientific principles. The magazine features articles by Paolo Toselli, Allan Hendry, William Powers, Menzel, Roberto E. Banchs, and Félix Ares de Blas, among others, with translations by Manuel Borraz Aymerich.

Article: Analysis of Human Factor in UFO Cases (Part III)

Paolo Toselli's article, "El Factor Humano (III): Expectativas de los Perceptores e Influencias Sociales," delves into the complexities of human memory and perception in relation to UFO sightings. Toselli highlights that memories are fragile and can be altered over time, with individuals often confiding more in their memory than its accuracy warrants. He discusses how social factors and individual expectations can significantly influence what people perceive and recall, often leading to misinterpretations or the introduction of extraneous details. The article references Whipple's observations on how expectations can lead to errors comparable to illusions or hallucinations, and categorizes four types of expectations (cultural, past experience, personal prejudice, and transient) that can distort perception.

Article: The Human Factor in UFO Cases (Continued)

This section continues the discussion on witness testimony and the influence of expectations. It notes that the folklore surrounding UFOs can shape what witnesses believe they should report and remember. Allan Hendry's concept of "average failures" and William Powers' work are mentioned in relation to witness reliability. The article presents three case examples of UFO sightings, where witnesses, despite their best efforts to explain them in conventional terms, describe objects with characteristics that defy easy explanation, such as extreme altitude, speed, and unusual flight dynamics. The author points out that initial explanations often involve "escalation of hypotheses," where witnesses try to fit their experience into familiar frameworks, but this process is not necessarily indicative of a genuine UFO.

Article: The Scientific Location of the UFO Problem

Roberto E. Banchs' article, "OVNIS: La Ubicación de un Problema Científico," argues for a respectful and rigorous approach to scientific investigation, emphasizing that the value of a study lies in its methodology rather than the subject matter itself. Banchs criticizes the tendency to dismiss or ignore phenomena that challenge existing paradigms, drawing parallels with historical scientific resistance to new ideas. He stresses the importance of humility, learning from past scientific errors, and avoiding premature judgment of any field of study. The article advocates for a scientific attitude that is circumspect, prudent, and imaginative, yet subject to critical control and verification. It suggests that the UFO phenomenon, by its persistent "unidentified" nature, constitutes a genuine problem requiring a scientific response, whether it be a physical, psychosocial, or extraterrestrial intelligence issue.

Article: The Fallacy of the Residue

Dr. Félix Ares de Blas' article, "La Falacia del Residuo," critically examines the common ufological practice of focusing on the "residue" of unexplained cases. Ares de Blas argues that this approach can lead to pseudoscience, especially when investigators select data that supports a pre-existing hypothesis while discarding contradictory evidence. He uses the example of Ohm's Law (V=R.I) to illustrate how focusing on anomalous data points can lead to the discovery of "Anomalous Unidentified Electricity" (EANI) with a modified formula (V=1.1 R.I), which is presented as scientific but is actually a result of bias. The article concludes that science must work with all available data, not just that which fits a particular hypothesis, and that filtering data to fit a preconceived notion is unscientific and leads to ridicule.

In Memoriam: Isidro Gutiérrez Soto

This section is a tribute to Isidro Gutiérrez Soto, a collaborator, friend, and companion of the magazine, who passed away in a traffic accident. The text describes him as an inquisitive young man who, despite lacking formal academic qualifications in ufology, dedicated himself to learning and conducting field research with the publication over the past three years. His enthusiasm and youth are remembered, with the hope that he achieved his quest for knowledge.

Notes and Coordinator's Message

Several notes provide additional context and clarification. One note discusses the characteristics of the witness in the Talavera la Real case, suggesting a search for a coherent framework for interpretation and a receptiveness to metaphysical ideas. Another note highlights that the original report mentioned multiple witnesses and physiological repercussions requiring hospital treatment, along with a military investigation. A postscript mentions that the original document is available, along with a questionnaire for the main witness. The coordinator's message calls for more extensive research papers to establish a solid methodology and positive conclusions for the future, with the aim of publishing a special volume.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical evaluation of UFO evidence, the psychological factors influencing witness accounts, and the importance of adhering to scientific methodology. The editorial stance is clearly one of advocating for rigorous, evidence-based research, cautioning against pseudoscience, selective data analysis, and the uncritical acceptance of anecdotal evidence. The magazine promotes a skeptical yet open-minded approach to the UFO phenomenon, emphasizing the need for objective investigation and a clear distinction between observation and interpretation.

This issue of CdU, dated October 1985, features a prominent article titled "SOBRE LA UFOLOGIA LOS UFOLOGOS LA CIENCIA Y LOS CIENTIFICOS" (On Ufology, Ufologists, Science, and Scientists) by Luis Alfonso Gámez Domínguez. The magazine critically examines the field of ufology, questioning its scientific basis and the methodologies employed by its proponents. The issue also includes articles discussing the psychology of perception and other related topics.

Article: "SOBRE LA UFOLOGIA LOS UFOLOGOS LA CIENCIA Y LOS CIENTIFICOS"

Luis Alfonso Gámez Domínguez begins by noting the increase in opinion articles regarding the methodology of studying the alleged UFO phenomenon, yet observes that the existence of such a phenomenon is often taken for granted. He argues that despite decades of study, ufology has not clearly defined its field, leading to a chaotic approach where various aspects like landings, humanoids, and abductions are studied independently. This lack of definition, he contends, makes the phenomenon so amorphous that its true nature remains elusive.

Domínguez criticizes ufologists for blaming scientists for their perceived ineptitude, stating that if a new phenomenon truly existed, science would have already addressed it. He points out that the UFO topic has become a lucrative business, fueled by sensationalism and irrationality in magazines, books, and media, which profit from public fascination. While acknowledging the existence of rigorous researchers like Sheaffer, Klass, and Oberg, he laments that they are exceptions.

He asserts that a serious ufologist would first verify the existence of a new phenomenon. If proven, the field could be defined; otherwise, ufology would lack a reason to exist. However, he believes ufologists avoid this crucial step due to their faith-based approach, fearing the implications of a negative finding. Domínguez suggests that many recognized ufologists continue their work with the hope of encountering extraterrestrial beings, a belief that colors their interpretation of events.

He argues that ufologists often study phenomena that clearly indicate an extraterrestrial origin, such as alleged close encounters, without questioning this assumption. The article criticizes the tendency to link unrelated events, like cattle mutilations or even the Moai statues of Easter Island, to UFOs, demonstrating a lack of critical analysis.

Domínguez then addresses the definition of a UFO, referencing Richard F. Haines's definition, which he finds too broad, encompassing anything inexplicable. He humorously suggests that under such a definition, ufologists should also study the Loch Ness Monster and Yeti. He criticizes the 'unserious' literature that abounds in ufology, often relying on anecdotal evidence and lacking scientific rigor.

He directly responds to a previous article by Ruesga, who claimed there is a base phenomenon and that Ares's method only addresses a specific aspect. Domínguez reiterates his stance: until proven otherwise, there is no physical basis for the phenomenon. He agrees with Ruesga that Ares's method is vital for comparing reported UFOs with known phenomena to determine if they are truly different.

Article: "CONSIDERACIONES SOBRE LA DEFURACION Y OTROS TEMAS" by Luis R. González

Luis R. González contributes his perspective, responding to an article by Iván Vázquez. González breaks down Vázquez's article into three parts: a question, a possible answer, and a warning. The central question posed by Vázquez is why, despite constant factors causing confusion, there are still "waves" of UFO reports, followed by periods of near-total silence.

González suggests that social awareness plays a role in reducing confusions, but he also considers Vázquez's question potentially a trick, using the absence of UFO cases as proof of their non-existence. He argues that if the variability of UFO appearances suggests that reported percentages are exaggerated, then a simple mathematical argument shows that most UFO reports must be erroneous.

He posits that the proportion of natural and artificial phenomena (planes, balloons, etc.) that can be confused with UFOs is very small compared to actual UFOs. Using a 99% natural phenomena to 1% UFO ratio, he calculates that out of 60 UFO reports, 50 are likely confusions and only 10 are genuine UFOs (83% confusion, 17% genuine). He attributes this to the inherent difficulty in identifying UFOs and the potential for error.

Regarding Vázquez's idea of "mimetism" as an intelligent element of the phenomenon, González agrees that if the phenomenon were intelligent, it would manifest to varying degrees. However, he leans towards the idea that the "intelligent" component is a projection of the witness, suggesting that developing tools to identify and analyze the psychological component of UFO observation could be a promising area of research.

The most controversial part of Vázquez's article, according to González, concerns the risk of excessive "depuration" by researchers. Some, like Gascón and Ares, reject depuration as pseudo-science, while others, like Ruesga and Gámez, apply the same label to the lack of depuration. González believes the situation is not as polarized as it seems.

He explains that the difference lies in what researchers do with identified cases. Some set them aside, while others analyze them further to understand the causes of the "noise." The former argue that limited resources necessitate focusing on unexplained cases. However, González warns that excessive depuration risks eliminating part of the "signal" if it cannot be recognized as such, potentially biasing the results based on the investigator's prejudices or prevailing trends.

He concludes that depuration is essential, but it must be followed by deeper investigation into the causes of false stimuli. He advocates for abandoning a "reductionist" attitude and investigating all types of reports, including ghosts and humanoids, suggesting that many phenomena may point more towards the "inner space" of human consciousness than outer space.

Article: "SOBRE LA LIEBRE, LOS GALGOS Y LOS GATOS" by Iván Vázquez Sánchez

Iván Vázquez Sánchez responds to comments on his previous article. He clarifies his intention was to spark debate on the drastic drop in UFO observations. He acknowledges that Jesús Suárez García understood his point about the decline in sightings but did not fully grasp the 'hare' (the core issue).

Vázquez clarifies that he never intended to defend the method of not depurating catalogs. Instead, he mentioned Ruesga's point that the system might err on the side of excessive depuration. He emphasizes that not being perfect does not mean accepting all material uncritically.

He addresses another 'cat' (misinterpretation) that he attributed specific characteristics to the phenomenon. Vázquez states his intention was to show the contradictions in researchers' conclusions, not to define fixed characteristics. He wanted to demonstrate his opposition to attributing definitive behavioral patterns.

Finally, he refutes the idea that he supported the extraterrestrial hypothesis by mentioning the 'mimetic' character of the phenomenon. He clarifies that he merely presented it as one possibility among many, without endorsing it. He states that without a reliable and complex database, he is not inclined to take a definitive stance on any particular theory.

Article: "INTRODUCCION A LA PSICOLOGIA DE LA PERCEPCION" by Dr. Antonio Petit Gancedo

Dr. Antonio Petit Gancedo introduces the field of the psychology of perception. He notes that while it may seem simple, the discipline has developed significantly, making it challenging to reconcile different schools of thought. This article aims to provide an informative, rather than formative, overview of a specific aspect of perception psychology.

He explains that perception psychology has historical roots, citing the Parthenon of Athens as an example of architectural modifications designed to counteract optical effects and maintain perspective. He then discusses how we perceive a two-dimensional image as three-dimensional, with apparent relief, depending on the reference plane.

Gancedo posits that architecture and perception are closely linked, with the former studying how we perceive the world through our senses. He states that perception is an active process, involving the selection and organization of sensory information to create a meaningful representation of reality. He differentiates between 'subject' and 'perceptor,' highlighting that perception is not a passive reception but an active construction.

He introduces the concept of "reperception," which involves the transformation of sensory input into representations based on memory and past experiences. He explains that this process is influenced by the brain's need to select and organize information, often leading to the creation of images that are not direct copies of reality but rather reconstructions.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical examination of ufology, emphasizing the need for scientific rigor, empirical evidence, and logical analysis. There is a strong undercurrent of skepticism towards unsubstantiated claims and a call for a more disciplined approach to research. The magazine appears to advocate for a scientific perspective that prioritizes verifiable data and logical deduction, questioning the commercialization and sensationalism that often surround the UFO topic. The inclusion of an article on the psychology of perception suggests an editorial stance that acknowledges the subjective elements in observation and interpretation, implying that many UFO reports may be rooted in psychological factors rather than external phenomena.

This issue of "CUADERNOS DE UROLOGIA" (Volume N/A, Issue 67), dated January 1985, focuses on the psychology of perception and presents a substantial bibliographic pool of UFO-related research.

Psychology of Perception

The magazine explores various aspects of perception, starting with the fundamental laws that govern how we interpret sensory information. These laws, illustrated with figures, include:

• Proximity: Stimuli that are close together are perceived as forming part of the same object.
• Similarity: Stimuli that are alike tend to be perceived as belonging to the same object.
• Continuity: We tend to seek continuous patterns and forms.
• Closure/Pregnance (Good Form): We tend to complete incomplete figures to form a whole, stable image.

The text emphasizes that human perception is not a direct reflection of reality. The senses provide raw data to the brain, which then organizes and interprets it. This interpretation is not always faithful to the original stimulus and is influenced by several factors:

• Sociocultural Factors: Cultural backgrounds shape how we perceive and define things, such as colors.
• Learning: Experience and acquired knowledge influence our interpretations. For example, the perceived brightness of an object can be affected by its illumination.
• Affective Factors: Our desires and emotions can influence what we tend to see.
• Suggestive Factors: Ambiguous figures, which can be interpreted in multiple ways, demonstrate how suggestion can guide perception.

Subconscious Perception

A significant section is dedicated to subconscious perception (subception or subliminal perception). This refers to sensory input that is below the threshold of conscious awareness but is still processed by the brain. Examples include how a blow to the eye can cause us to 'see stars' or how subtle instructions in a projection can influence subsequent behavior, even if the participants are unaware of the instructions.

Experiments are described where participants were shown images or given instructions that were not consciously registered, yet they influenced their drawings, stories, or the extension of their written responses. The issue notes that conscious perception filters information, prioritizing personal criteria and free will. These studies reportedly caused a stir in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

Other aspects of perception, such as color perception and experiments with optical illusions like Fresnel disks and stroboscopic effects, are briefly mentioned, suggesting they could be topics for future articles.

POOL BIBLIOGRAFICO (Bibliographic Pool)

This extensive section lists numerous publications related to the UFO phenomenon, primarily authored or co-authored by Félix Ares de Blas and David G. López, and published in the "Stendek" journal and other sources between 1971 and 1981. The list includes studies on:

• The extraterrestrial hypothesis.
• Fundamental characteristics of the UFO phenomenon in Spain.
• UFOs and their relationship with other phenomena (e.g., seismic movements, atmospheric ionization).
• Distribution analysis of UFO sightings by hour, week, month, and year in the Iberian Peninsula.
• Specific case reviews, such as landing incidents in Gallarta.
• Sociological studies related to UFOs.
• Theoretical modeling of the UFO phenomenon.

The section also details the costs for reproducing these works (photocopies of pages from Stendek cost 3 pesetas, and normal page photocopies cost 5 pesetas, plus shipping). It emphasizes that this service is intended to facilitate research and exchange among UFO enthusiasts.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores the intersection of psychological phenomena and unexplained events, particularly UFOs. The editorial stance appears to be one of serious inquiry into these subjects, aiming to provide researchers with valuable information and resources, as evidenced by the detailed bibliographic pool. The emphasis on the subjective nature of perception suggests a critical approach to eyewitness accounts and the interpretation of evidence, whether in psychological experiments or UFO investigations.

This document is an issue from the "CEI CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS INTERPLANETARIOS" (Center for Interplanetary Studies), featuring personal reflections from its director, Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos, and an in-depth analysis of a specific UFO case.

Personal Reflections by Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos

Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos begins by discussing the phenomenon of gaining a certain "notoriety" within a niche field like ufology, which can lead to overestimation or unfair treatment of individuals. He acknowledges that his own work has placed him in this position, receiving both praise and unfair criticism. He aims to share his reflections to prevent irreversible situations.

Ballester Olmos states that his interest in UFOs began in 1966, but he only systematized his research in 1968. He dedicates approximately 40 hours per week to ufology, sacrificing leisure time, family life, and rest. His professional career as a financial department manager in a multinational company consumes most of his time. Over the first 18 years of his involvement, he spent significant amounts of money on documentation and research, initially in the thousands and later in the tens of thousands of euros annually. Since 1978, he has published three volumes totaling 1,200 pages, with a total print run of 34,000 copies. However, the royalties from these publications have not covered his incurred costs, noting that authors typically receive only a modest ten percent of the retail price.

He then details a current project undertaken with his collaborator, Juan-Antonio Fernández. This project involves cataloging Iberian UFO landing cases. The unique aspect is focusing on cases where investigators are geographically closer to the events. The accumulated information is carefully studied, analyzed, and discussed. After eliminating explicable cases, a catalog of inexplicable phenomena is compiled. This data will eventually be computerized for scientific exploitation. To facilitate this, he has sought collaboration from about 150 ufologists and consultants in Spain and Portugal.

Ballester Olmos addresses the potential perception that he receives more than he gives, acknowledging that his personal correspondence might seem insufficient. He explains that absolute time limitations, due to his professional work, prevent him from dedicating more attention to his correspondents. He requests indulgence and states that it would be unfair to demand more than he already contributes. He draws a parallel to Dr. Claude Poher, the former director of GEPAN (French UFO study group), who once stated that responding to all letters would prevent him from conducting research, which was GEPAN's primary objective. Ballester Olmos shares that he is experiencing a similar dilemma. He believes that pursuing ufology, especially when sharing findings through publications, carries the risk of being perceived negatively. To avoid this, one could abandon research and focus solely on correspondence, which is not his motivation. His drive is intellectual analysis and a rational, academic approach to understanding the mystery of UFOs.

He emphasizes that he cannot be held responsible for motivating or sustaining the ufological efforts of others, particularly those who are more isolated. He reiterates that he is doing as much as he can at all levels. Furthermore, he lacks the optimal resources to satisfy all requests from his interlocutors, although he tries his best to assist them. As an illustration, he provides a brief overview of the financial flow of his research project on landings, which he is finalizing. The expenses have amounted to approximately 400,000 pesetas, partially offset by a subsidy of 150,000 pesetas from the Fund for UED Research. He notes that if the work is published, he might eventually recover these costs, but by then, a new research program would likely have consumed similar amounts.

In summary, he describes himself as an investigator who treats ufology as a scientific and creative activity, not for profit. Instead, it incurs significant expenses and forces him to reduce time spent with loved ones, on recreation, and on rest. He expresses concern that he might abandon ufology, like Poher, not due to the phenomenon's difficulty, but due to a lack of understanding from his peers. He states his energy for refuting charlatans is abundant, but his motivation to counter unfair criticism from friends is scarce, as injustice and misunderstanding affect him most deeply.

The document concludes with a signature and date: "Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos, Valencia, 24/11/85."

Introduction to the Analysis of the Mañeru Case

This section, authored by V.J. Ballester Olmos, introduces an analysis of the Mañeru case. He begins by stating that some might consider him hypercritical regarding UFO case identifications, but he believes he is actually conservative. He offers as proof that even a case he had previously filtered and considered less extraordinary has a plausible, non-extraordinary explanation.

He refutes the idea that "distance analysis" is unproductive, citing the Mañeru case from 1976, which was satisfactorily resolved in 1985 by a physicist from the United States. He mentions his friend, Dr. Willy Smith, who has delved deeper into the case than they did previously. Dr. Smith's excellent essay provides an explanation for the sighting of a landed UFO and a police helicopter. Ballester Olmos found Smith's work so didactic that he requested permission to publish it in "Cuadernos de Ufología."

In addition to Dr. Smith's findings, Ballester Olmos provides further details:

1. In 1975, the Spanish police had 10-12 helicopters of the type identified by Dr. Smith (Alouette III).
2. A helicopter was observed flying over the Lerate power plant and continuing towards Mañeru. Helicopters frequently patrol the Mañeru central, and one has been seen landing nearby.
3. The children's drawings resemble this type of helicopter, particularly when viewed from the front, with its glazed cabin and lower fuselage. These helicopters, equipped with Turbomeca engines, produce a loud whirring sound when ascending, similar to the noise of helicopters. The children's report of a lack of noise is noted, but Smith suggests local wind could have masked it. However, two details align with helicopter characteristics: Javier Lisarri reported a red light underneath, possibly a position light, and the object's maneuver before landing (a curve) is typical for helicopters scouting a landing area.

Ballester Olmos concludes that there is reasonable evidence that the children of Mañeru saw a police helicopter land, with a crew member descending, near the power plant on February 18, 1976.

He wishes all subscribers of "Cdu" a good and productive reading.

The Landing at Mañeru

Introduction

This section, likely an excerpt or translation of a report, outlines the initial tasks of reviewing published material related to the Maneru case. It highlights peculiar details, particularly the explicit mention of wheels by the witnesses, which, if confirmed, would make it a unique case in ufological literature. A similar Spanish case involving children reporting wheels turned out to be a recreational vehicle.

Since existing references are in Spanish, a summary is provided as a starting point.

The Incident

On February 18, 1976, a group of schoolchildren and their teacher were walking near the village of Mañeru, Navarra, Spain. Five children (two girls, three boys) separated from the group and climbed a nearby hill. From this vantage point, they observed a panoramic view of the village, its church, and a cement factory. In the opposite direction, they saw cultivated fields, including one planted with barley. The intervening hill blocked the teacher's view of this field. To the south, the installations of a power plant were visible.

The five children claimed that a machine landed in the fields, disgorging a large figure, which then re-entered the machine and took off. The distance from the hill to the landing site was estimated to be at least 600 meters.

At the time of the incident, three of the children were 7 years old, and the other two were 10. They were excited and discussed their experience with their teacher and peers.

Discussion

After an initial period of skepticism, parents and neighbors accepted that the children had seen something, though its nature was unclear. Investigators obtained drawings and narratives from the children. While the written accounts varied, the drawings were remarkably similar. This was explained by the teacher asking the most artistically gifted child, Javier Lisarri, to draw the object on the blackboard, which the other children then copied. The investigators' report (2) indicated that press coverage exaggerated the facts, and the case was influenced by media attention.

The analysis of the case relies on the eyewitness testimony of the five children and the impressions of the field investigators. The children's narratives are typical for their age group. Table I (presented on page 7) summarizes key words from their accounts.

The children used words like "saucer" and "eagle" (Mari Carmen, age 9), "helicopter" (Nati and Alfredo, age 10 and 9 respectively), and "UFO" (Javier, age 10, who was described as "scared of" it). Three children specifically mentioned "wheels." The object was described as dark and metallic underneath, with a glass-like top reflecting light. The girls first noticed the object landing, and Javier then identified it as a UFO. The boys focused on the object when it was already on the ground.

One girl reported that the following day, large footprints (about 45 cm) were discovered at the site, but these were not preserved or recorded by investigators.

Four descriptions mention a light reflection directed towards Javier. The object produced no noise and departed hastily. The weather was fine but windy. The mood of the children varied, with some being "very happy" and others "incorrect" or "scared."

Javier, who identified the object as a UFO, was the only child not allowed by his parents to be freely questioned by investigators. He also provided the least detail about the sighting, despite being the one who influenced the others' interpretation.

The Case for a Helicopter

This section argues that the object was likely a helicopter. It questions whether human eyes could resolve wheels at a distance of 600 meters, calculating the minimum resolvable dimension. It suggests that wheels could indeed be resolved.

A remarkable detail is that adding a rotor to Javier's drawing makes it unmistakably a helicopter. While helicopters with wheels are rare in the US, they are common in Europe. The Alouette III, designed by Aerospatiale in France, is identified as a strong candidate. This model has been produced in several countries and was widely used for police and military operations. It features seven seats and a non-retractable tricycle landing gear, with a fully retractable nose wheel. The frontal cross-section of the Alouette III matches Javier's drawing.

The visibility of the rotor blades at 600 meters is discussed. The blades are approximately 35 cm wide, and assuming a thickness of about 12 cm, they would not be resolvable at that distance. Personal observation of helicopters flying overhead suggests that rotor blades are barely visible at 600 meters and virtually invisible at rest.

The noise of a helicopter is a key identifier, but the windy conditions at the time could have carried the sound away from the witnesses. The wind direction in that region is typically from the north, and a recent visit indicated a southwest wind, both of which would direct sound away from the witnesses. Only the two girls saw the machine approaching from the direction of the power plant.

The figure descending from the craft could have been a crew member in a bulky coverall. This is supported by Mikel's story that a second man was inside the craft.

Recent inquiries by collaborator Dr. Felix Ares de Blas confirmed that police helicopters frequently overfly the power plant area, especially during the period of the incident when Basque terrorist activities were directed against power companies in northern Spain.

In conclusion, the Mañeru landing can be dismissed as a mere helicopter sighting, promoted to a UFO case by a child's casual remark and the opportunism of irresponsible journalists more interested in sensationalism than truth.

This section is signed by Dr. Willy Smith and dated July, 1985.

References

The document lists six references, including works by Ballester Olmos, Ares de Blas, and publications like Jane's All the World's Aircraft.

Table I: Comparison of Witness Descriptions

This table, labeled "TABLE I," compares the descriptions provided by the five child witnesses (Mari Carmen, Nati, Alfredo, Mikel, and Javier) regarding the object, its features, and the incident. Key elements compared include:

• Object Type: "Saucer," "eagle," "helicopter," "UFO."
• Wheels: Mentioned by three children.
• Top/Body: "Glass top," "metal," "light on/reflection."
• Figure: Described as "tall person," "man," "tall, fat."
• Footprints: Mentioned as "light-footed" and measuring 45 cm.
• Landing: Described as "landing" (3 min), "landed."
• Noise: "No noise."
• Departure: "Fast," "sudden departure."
• Weather: "Good weather," "windy."
• Mood/Other: "Very happy," "incorrect date," "2nd man inside," "wonderful time."

Javier's description is consistently labeled "UFO (scared of)" and he is the one who provides the "UFO" identification. The table highlights the discrepancies and similarities in the children's accounts.

Figures

• FIG. 1: A map showing the location of Mañeru, the power plant, cement factory, the hill "El Ristro," and the landing site, along with wind directions for February and June 30, 1985.
• FIG. 2: A drawing labeled "Javier's drawing" depicting a disc-shaped object with a glazed top and a lower section with what appear to be landing gear or wheels. An added three-blade rotor is shown, transforming the object into a helicopter.

Images of Alouette III Helicopters

Several images are included, showcasing the HAL (Aérospatiale) SA 3168 Alouette III helicopter, also known as the Chetak. The text accompanying these images provides details about its production in India, its use by various governments and armies, and the development of an armed version. The images include:

• A helicopter with "SAR EC-STO" markings.
• An "ICA built LAR-3168 Alouette III."
• A "HAL manufactured Aérospatiale Alouette III (Chetak) helicopter in Indian military Insignia."

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the personal dedication and challenges of ufological research, the critical analysis of UFO cases, and the importance of distinguishing between genuine phenomena and misidentifications or hoaxes. The editorial stance, as presented through Ballester Olmos's reflections and the Mañeru case analysis, is one of rigorous, evidence-based investigation, skepticism towards sensationalism, and a commitment to rational explanation. The magazine appears to advocate for a scientific approach to ufology, prioritizing verifiable data and logical conclusions over unsubstantiated claims.

This issue of EL PERIÓDICO, dated Tuesday, November 12, 1985, under the 'Cultura' section, features a prominent article accusing author Juan José Benítez of plagiarism, alongside reviews of French-language UFO literature and a report on a UFO sighting over Barcelona.

Reviews of French UFO Literature

The issue begins with a section dedicated to "libros OVNI en lengua francesa" (UFO books in French).

• "Le naufrage des extra-terrestres" by Michel Monnerie (Nouvelles Editions Rationalistes, Paris, 1979) is presented as a work offering a sociopsychological explanation of the UFO problem. It traces the historical evolution of the extraterrestrial hypothesis and the appearance of flying saucers, with a focus on the 1950s in France. The book also touches upon plasmoid phenomena and includes a psychological analysis of contactee Jean Miguères. It is a 243-page book, priced at 30 FF plus 9.50 FF for shipping.
• "La grande peur martienne" by Gérard Barthel and Jacques Brucker (Nouvelles Editions Rationalistes, Paris, 1979) is described as a detailed analysis of how rumor, the press, and the lack of rigor among UFO investigators contributed to the 1954 French UFO wave. Twenty-five years later, the investigation of these cases reveals common phenomena often unrecognized by observers, such as jokes, fraud, and journalistic inventions. This book is 228 pages and costs 30 FF plus 9.50 FF for shipping.
• "Desert Center-George Adamski" by Marc Hallet (Collection Les Presses de l'Atalante, Michel Moutet Editeur, 1983) is a comprehensive and documented study of the Adamski case, including previously unpublished information. It covers Adamski's various "contacts," photographic and cinematographic documents, his literary output, his "Cosmic Philosophy," and the activities of his sect. The book is 188 pages and costs 130 FF from Michel Moutet in Régusse, France.

• Additionally, the issue lists other works by Marc Hallet published by the author:
• "Les OVNI intra-terrestres. Etude d'un mythe" (1984), a brief monograph on the hypothesis of the subterranean origin of UFOs, exploring myths like Agartha, the hollow Earth, and Mount Shasta (20 pages).
• "L'Ufologie: Oomaine organisé de... l'absurde!" (1984), a text critical of ufology, suggesting avenues for research (189 pages).
• "Catalogue chronologique des observations d'OVNI faites dans le cadre d'expériences spatiales" (1985), a chronological catalog of UFO observations made during space experiments (40 pages plus 7 pages of photographic reproductions).
• These are available from Marc Hallet in Liège, Belgium.

UFO Sighting Over Barcelona

A separate news report details a UFO sighting over Barcelona. On Friday, two unidentified flying objects (UFOs) were observed over the outskirts of the city. An urban guard initially reported seeing two luminous points that later transformed into masses. Air traffic control at Barcelona-El Prat airport also detected objects on radar equivalent to three "Jumbos" in size. Later, the control tower captured another unidentified light with a potential length of five kilometers. A pilot flying from Barcelona to Madrid also reported seeing luminous, bluish points. TV3 broadcasted filmed images of these lights, and the TVE center in Sant Cugat received numerous calls from witnesses. Air traffic control sources indicated that while radar detects many points, this was the first time objects of this nature had been observed.

Plagiarism Accusation Against Juan José Benítez

The main article in the 'Cultura' section reports that doctor and writer Enrique Salgado has filed a criminal complaint against journalist and writer Juan José Benítez. Salgado accuses Benítez of lying, plagiarizing, and copying textually from his book "Radiografía de Cristo" in Benítez's 1984 work, "Caballo de Troya." Salgado claims this will be one of the most significant literary scandals in recent years, stating that Benítez lacks ethics and has copied his work so brazenly that he has no choice but to take legal action.

Salgado's book, "Radiografía de Cristo," published in 1969, was seized on its release day by the police and later reissued in 1975. Benítez, known for his UFO-related works like "La rebelión de Lucifer," "Caballo de Troya," and "El enviado," presents surprising hypotheses about episodes in Jesus Christ's life in "Caballo de Troya." For instance, Benítez suggests that Christ did not personally drive the merchants from the temple but rather caused a stampede of animals that overturned the tables. He also posits that Judas accelerated his betrayal due to embarrassment caused by Jesus entering Jerusalem on a donkey.

Salgado asserts that Benítez plagiarized passages and extensive texts from his book, particularly concerning the Passion and Crucifixion of Christ. He is willing to engage in a public debate to compare the two works but doubts Benítez will accept, citing a lack of information and creativity. Salgado, who is preparing a book denouncing the Vatican, hopes the judge will remove "Caballo de Troya" from the market until Benítez acknowledges the authorship of his ideas and cites Salgado's name.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The issue demonstrates a strong interest in UFO phenomena, particularly through reviews of specialized literature, and also delves into controversial topics within religious studies, as highlighted by the plagiarism case involving a book about Jesus Christ. The editorial stance appears to be one of reporting on significant events and intellectual debates within these fields, including investigative journalism and literary disputes. The inclusion of a UFO sighting over Barcelona indicates a commitment to covering contemporary unexplained phenomena.