Cuadernos de Ufologia - No 10-11 - 1985

Magazine Overview

Title: CUADERNOS DE UFOLOGIA
Issue: 10-11 (Double Issue)
Volume: III
Year: 1985
Publisher: CdU
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish

This issue of CUADERNOS DE UFOLOGIA presents a comprehensive exploration of UFO phenomena, with a strong emphasis on serious investigation and the psychological aspects of perception. The cover prominently features the magazine's title, issue details, and the year 1985, alongside a striking illustration of a classic grey alien. The main headlines highlight key articles: 'alegria de alava: punto final' (Joy of Alava: final point), 'el ordenador que funcionó sola (?)' (The computer that worked by itself (?)), 'próspera muñoz, UN CASO A DEBATE' (Próspera Muñoz, A CASE FOR DEBATE), and 'introducción a la psicologia DE LA PERCEPCIÓN' (Introduction to the Psychology of Perception), along with 'Y OTROS TEMAS DE INTERES CIENTIFICO' (And Other Topics of Scientific Interest).

Editorial: The Challenge of Serious Ufology and 'Materia Reservada'

The editorial, penned by José Ruesga Montiel, sets a determined tone for the issue, emphasizing CUADERNOS' role as a platform for serious ufological research in Spain. It highlights the collective effort to establish new criteria for investigation, renew ideas, develop study programs, and engage scientists. However, it also addresses the persistent obstacle of the Spanish military classifying documentation on UFOs as 'materia reservada' (reserved matter).

The editorial details an initiative by V.J. Ballester Olmos, who, on June 26, 1984, requested the Minister of Defense to review this classification. Ballester cited an order from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (dated January 16, 1984, published in the BOE on February 18, 1984) to support his request for public access to UFO-related archives held by the Air Force General Staff.

Despite an initial positive response from the Ministry of Defense's private secretary on June 30, 1984, indicating the request was forwarded to the Undersecretariat of Defense, the final outcome, communicated on May 28, 1985, was that the 'materia reservada' classification would be maintained. The editorial quotes Ballester's argument that the reasons for classification were merely bureaucratic and that removing it would prevent sensationalist speculation. The issue concludes by posing the question of whether maintaining the classification is beneficial and stresses the need for serious, dispassionate work to advance ufology.

Article: Properties of the UFO Phenomenon by Dr. J. Allen Hynek

Dr. J. Allen Hynek addresses the core debate in ufology: whether UFOs represent something genuinely new or can be explained by prosaic means. He frames the question from a philosophy of science perspective, akin to early observations of bacteria or electrical currents, asking if UFO reports constitute new empirical observations that require new concepts for explanation.

Hynek acknowledges that many initial reports are likely misidentifications (balloons, aircraft, planets, etc.). However, he poses the crucial question: do some reports contain something entirely new, regardless of the area of human experience? He argues against limiting the inquiry to questions like whether UFOs are from NASA or a parallel universe, instead focusing on whether their properties are truly novel.

He elaborates that UFOs can be considered new if their properties, particularly in combination, differ from those of conventionally explained objects. For instance, a meteor exhibits high speed, and a helicopter can hover, but neither can consecutively exhibit both hovering and meteor-like speeds. Hynek notes that many UFO cases report both hovering capabilities and the ability to move at speeds unattainable by helicopters.

He proposes examining the properties of UFOs to see if they differ from those of Identified Flying Objects (OVIs). Using an analogy of Shakespearean authorship, he suggests that if a purported new work has characteristics inconsistent with the known author's style, it's likely a fraud. Similarly, if UFO properties align with known phenomena, they might be explained conventionally. However, if they differ significantly, it points to something genuinely new.

Hynek criticizes accepting 'authorities' who claim UFOs and OVIs are the same without rigorous study, referencing the medieval monks who consulted Aristotle instead of observing horses to determine the number of teeth. He advocates for examining the evidence directly.

He questions the assumption that witnesses are mistaken, even if a dozen independent witnesses report something unusual. He argues that the burden of proof lies with those who dismiss the accounts. He then details his own attempt to investigate UFO properties by reviewing approximately 400 cases, classifying them by quality (A, B, C). His preliminary findings suggest that the properties reported for UFOs, when combined, are different from those of conventional events and objects, thus indicating that UFOs represent new empirical observations that do not fit the current scientific paradigm.

Hynek draws parallels to historical scientific breakthroughs like the understanding of fossils, blood circulation, or germ theory, which were initially outside the scientific framework of their time. He quotes Niels Bohr: "Progress in science is impossible without a paradox." He concludes that the UFO phenomenon presents such a paradox, and it is only a matter of time before the scientific community recognizes its importance.

Case Study: The Próspera Muñoz Abduction

This section introduces the topic of alien abductions as a sub-problem within ufology that gained prominence in popular culture. It questions the veracity of abduction narratives, particularly those arising from hypnotic regression, and calls for rigorous, in-depth, and professional examination.

The Case of Próspera Muñoz by Antonio Ribera:

Antonio Ribera presents the case of Próspera Muñoz, an abduction experience that reportedly occurred when she was seven years old (around 1946-1947) in Jumilla, Murcia, Spain, and which she began to recall thirty years later. The trigger for her recovered memories was reading Ribera's book, 'El gran enigma de los Platillos Volantes' (The Great Enigma of the Flying Saucers).

Próspera describes a summer day when she was alone with her sister Anita at their family's country house. She recalls seeing a silent, white, round object land nearby, unlike any car she had seen. Two men, one young and one older, wearing white jumpsuits, emerged from the object. They spoke with the sisters, and Próspera felt she understood them, though she is unsure if it was telepathic communication. She remembers one man asking for water, which her sister provided, but he did not drink it. The experience left her and her sister frightened, and they recall falling to the ground, possibly fainting.

Próspera's sister, Anita, also vaguely remembered the intense light that filtered through the window, confirming that the event was not solely Próspera's imagination. The case is noted as having been presented publicly by Ribera at the III International Congress of Extraterrestrial Science in Rosario, Argentina, in December 1982.

Other Articles and Sections

• 'Abenccionessun toca a debate': A discussion piece by V.J. Ballester Olmos.
• 'El Case de Próspera Kuños': Another mention of the Próspera Muñoz case, by Antonio Ribera.
• 'Impresión sobre el caso de Próspera Nuños': Dr. A.F. Bueno Ortega's impressions on the case.
• 'De cuando el excesivo celo produjo una gran tomadura de pelo...': An article by Iván Vásques Sanchos, possibly critical of overly zealous investigators.
• 'Revisande algunos casos': A review of cases by Manuel Borras Aymerioh.
• 'olarande conceptest...': By José Ruenga Montiel.
• 'Gionoani-Castillosun accidentado viaje oon humanoides': A case report by Roberto B. Banch.
• 'DIALOGANDO: Comentario sobre el trabajo de D. José Miguel Aloibar Cuello...': A commentary by Dr. Antonio Foo. Bueno Ortega on a work about chemical effects in the bioenvironment.
• 'Posible tipo I en Llanes, 1965': A case report by Ignacio Cienfuegps-Jovellanos Fernandes, Ignacio Fuente Puente, and Iván Vázques Sánches.
• 'El Fandmono Humanoides Definiciones': By Luis R. Gonsales.
• 'Alegría de Alava o el "bordeline" que dejó de serlo': By J.M. Gasoon Valldecabrés.
• 'Examinando los casos OVISEL factor humano (II)': By Paolo Toselli.
• 'Juda a la investigación.Cambios en el horario civil': By Manuel Borras Aymerioh.
• 'Rodadas bajo el mar': By Angel Rodrigues Alvares and Angel Carretero Olmedo.
• 'Puntualisaciones sobre "El ordenador que funcionó solo"': A clarification by Dr. Félix Ares de Blas regarding an article by J.J. Benites.
• 'Malaga, foto OVEI, Enero 1984:Las enseñanzas de un fraude': By Luis R. Gonsales.
• 'Pool Bibliográfico': A bibliographic listing.
• 'Listado de posibles avistamientos OWNI durante el año 1984': A list of reported UFO sightings from 1984.
• 'Noticias de interés general': General news items.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the critical examination of UFO phenomena through a scientific lens, the psychological aspects of witness perception, and the challenges faced by researchers in obtaining official information. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of rigorous, objective investigation, advocating for transparency from authorities and promoting a scientific approach to ufology, moving away from sensationalism and speculation. The magazine positions itself as a platform for serious researchers who offer confidence and seriousness in their approaches, aiming to advance the field of ufology.

This issue of Phenomena magazine, dated February 20, 1984, delves into UFO phenomena with a focus on case reviews and psychological analysis. The cover headline, "REVISANDO ALGUNOS CASOS.-", suggests a critical examination of various incidents. The magazine is published by Phenomena and is priced at 1500 ptas.

Próspera Muñoz Jiménez's Account

The core of the issue features an extensive personal testimony from Próspera Muñoz Jiménez, detailing an extraordinary experience from her childhood. She recounts an encounter with two strange men who visited her home, asking for water. These men were described as unusual, and their visit was followed by a bright, intense light that filled the room. Próspera describes being taken by these beings, experiencing a period of lost time, and later finding a small metallic object. She recounts her uncle's reaction to a strange car and a circular ash mark on the ground, which he attributed to the visitors. Her father also noted unusual occurrences, like broken cups and a cracked bread jar, and a strange circular mark in the garden that led to the drying of a fig tree and grapevines.

Próspera's narrative continues with her recollection of a nighttime visit where she was taken by the same beings, experiencing a period of what she describes as hypnosis or a trance-like state. She recalls being led by a bright light and seeing other beings working. She mentions a woman who held her and didn't want to let her go. Upon returning home, she felt disoriented and had no memory of the event until much later.

Psychological Analysis of Próspera's Case

Dr. Antonio Fco. Bueno Ortega provides a psychiatric evaluation of Próspera Muñoz Jiménez's testimony. He suggests that her account might represent an "ACUTE DELIRIOUS STATE," a type of psychosis characterized by rapid invasion of the psyche, anxiety, and illumination, accompanied by delusional intuitions, interpretations, hallucinations, and a sense of personal transformation. He posits that such a state could stem from an immature, narcissistic, or even hysterical personality, potentially linked to childhood traumas, family history of psychiatric conditions, or issues with authority. Dr. Bueno Ortega outlines various potential etiological factors, including infections, intoxications, cranial traumas, epilepsy, hysteria, reactive psychoses, and manic-depressive psychosis. He bases his diagnosis on a sudden onset, abrupt transposition of life, hallucinatory character, affective intensity, and regressive evolution.

He further analyzes Próspera's personality, noting her self-description as a simple telephone operator, which contrasts with her perceived important role. He also considers her husband's interest in the subject since childhood, suggesting that her narrative might have been influenced by his enthusiasm. Dr. Bueno Ortega raises questions about the "basic fact" of the intense light and the presence of strangers, suggesting a potential trauma. He also explores the possibility of visual and auditory hallucinations, questioning her understanding of telepathy and her ability to comprehend complex concepts at a young age.

Dr. Bueno Ortega also points out several contradictions in Próspera's account, such as her early knowledge of radiation decontamination and the unusual behavior of the visitors who, after asking for water, inquired about weapons. He questions her detailed knowledge of UFOs and her ability to remember specific details from her childhood, especially concerning the visitors' height and the purpose of their visit.

Statistical Review of UFO Sightings

Iván Vázquez Sánchez contributes an article that critically examines statistical data on UFO sightings. He references Allan Hendry's "The UFO Handbook," which analyzed 1307 cases initially classified as "unidentified." Of these, 88.6% were identified, 2.8% were exceptions due to lack of information, and only 8.6% remained as unidentified UFOs. Vázquez Sánchez also cites Vicente Juan Ballester Olaos, who noted a significant decrease in UFO sighting reports from 1979 onwards, with numbers dropping drastically by 1983.

Vázquez Sánchez questions why, despite the high percentage of identified phenomena (natural and artificial), a consistent percentage of unidentified cases persists annually, while in recent years, there has been a near-total "drought" of UFO reports. He speculates that this might be due to a decrease in the re-entry of space debris, military aircraft, or other phenomena that could be mistaken for UFOs. He also considers the possibility that researchers, consciously or subconsciously, aim to present low percentages of positive cases to appear more serious and objective, potentially seeking acceptance from "official science."

Case Review: The July 12, 1983 Observation

The issue also reviews a specific incident from July 12, 1983, where a luminous phenomenon was observed over Spain. The phenomenon, described as a powerful yellowish light, was seen by numerous witnesses between 22:15 and 22:30. It reportedly flew in a straight line, abruptly changed direction, and ascended in a spiral, disappearing with a smoke trail. The explanation provided by French authorities was that it was a test of a new ballistic missile by the French submarine "Gymnote." The article notes that despite this official explanation, the incident contributed to the public's belief in UFOs, and that media reports often presented conflicting information or alternative explanations.

Offer and Contact Information

The magazine concludes with an offer for readers to purchase complete sets of Volume I of "UPAIR RESEARCH IN PROGRESS" at a discounted price. Contact information for José Ruesga Montiel in Sevilla is provided for interested readers.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the investigation of UFO phenomena, the analysis of witness testimonies, and the critical examination of statistical data. The editorial stance appears to be one of skepticism tempered with a genuine interest in uncovering the truth behind these events. The magazine encourages critical thinking and presents various perspectives, from personal accounts to scientific and psychological analyses. There is an underlying concern about potential misidentification, psychological factors influencing witness reports, and the possibility of a deliberate suppression or misrepresentation of UFO data. The inclusion of a psychiatric evaluation suggests an interest in the psychological aspects of alleged encounters, while the statistical review highlights the importance of rigorous analysis in the field of ufology.

This issue of Revista IIEE, Volume VII, Number 11, dated July 1984 (raw date VII/84), published by IIEE in Spain, focuses on UFO/UAP investigations. The cover headline highlights 'EL INCIDENTE DE SAN JUAN DE LA PEÑA (31/mayo/1977)'. The document type is a magazine issue.

Key Articles and Investigations

The San Juan de la Peña Incident (May 31, 1977)

This case, investigated by IIEE Barcelona, occurred near the monastery of San Juan de la Peña in Huesca, Spain. Two witnesses observed a 'cloud' covering the moon, which gained luminosity and definition. From this object, three smaller, similarly shaped objects emerged and flew in formation. After a short period, the smaller objects returned, and the main object moved slowly, lost luminosity, and disappeared behind the mountains. The incident was silent and had no discernible environmental effects. The article suggests a possible optical phenomenon involving moonlight and a cloud, noting that the object's luminosity and defined contours are compatible with this. The alignment of smaller objects and their differing luminosity also point towards a possible optical illusion. The witnesses' description of the objects 'confusing' or 'fusing' into the main body further supports this interpretation. However, the article acknowledges that the witness stated there was no wind, which is relevant to the cloud hypothesis, but this observation might be limited to ground level.

The Calella de Mar Sighting (August 19, 1982)

This case, also investigated by IIEE, took place in Calella de Mar, Barcelona. Six family members observed a 'discoid' object with yellow lights (except for one red light) and a silver body. It appeared to rotate and was estimated to be about 50 meters above the building, with a diameter of approximately 3 meters. An associated 'dull noise' was noted. The object moved in jumps and made small turns before disappearing. The witnesses were convinced it was an unconventional, controlled craft. The article notes similarities to typical misidentifications of advertising planes with luminous panels, especially when viewed from an unusual angle. The sequential lighting and red light could mimic a plane's signaling. While such advertising is common in North America, it's less so in Spain, making the October 1982 election propaganda a rare instance. The Goodyear airship was suggested as an explanation, but it's not confirmed if it was present in August. The Barcelona Air Traffic Control reported test flights of advertising planes during August. Information from J. Plana Crí Villén indicates that on August 16, 17, and 18, 1982, several cases of confusion with luminous advertising planes ('Seven-Up') occurred near Sitges, and a similar situation happened on August 19 near Mataró (Calella is about 20 km from Mataró). This explanation is considered highly probable.

Gianonni-Castillo: An Accident with Humanoids (October 12-13, 1978)

This article by Roberto E. Banohs details an incident involving Alfredo Gianonni and Jorge Castillo driving two pick-up trucks from Trelew to Esquel in Chubut, Argentina. On October 12, 1978, around 10-15 km after Las Plumas, Castillo noticed a small light growing in intensity to his right and distant to his left. He stopped to consult Gianonni, who identified it as a 'flying saucer'. Gianonni reached the Los Altares service station before Castillo. Around 0:15 on October 13, Castillo arrived and questioned Gianonni about being left alone; Gianonni claimed he had only arrived 10 minutes prior. An employee confirmed Castillo's arrival time. After refueling and eating, they resumed their journey around 2:15 AM, driving about 30 meters apart. Gianonni stopped, complaining of a severe headache and fatigue, and decided to stay put. As Castillo prepared to descend, both observed a luminous white object, about 3 meters in diameter, hovering one meter above the ground, emitting a sound like a teletype (bip-bip-bip). Castillo retreated to his truck, while Gianonni, despite his headache, moved away. The object then ascended and disappeared. Castillo, driving at high speed, overtook Gianonni.

Later, while driving, Castillo saw 'four square objects' in the truck bed in his rearview mirror, seemingly looking at the four drums of ink they were transporting. He also noticed a gray, oval cloud accompanying them. Gianonni, however, did not report seeing these figures or the cloud, despite them talking loudly. Castillo's vision of the figures was intermittent; they were visible when the interior light was off but not when it was on. Gianonni stopped to rest, and Castillo continued alone, feeling great fear. He then experienced a vision of the mountains closing in, creating a sense of being trapped. He also saw humanoid figures, about 1.5 meters tall, dressed in white astronaut-like uniforms, walking on the desolate Patagonian route. This vision lasted only a second and disappeared when he turned on the interior light. He tried to find Gianonni, who was exhausted and suffering from a headache. The pick-up was stuck across the road with lights on. Gianonni eventually urged Castillo to continue. Driving at 80 km/h, Castillo observed a 'cloudy' object in his rearview mirror.

Less than 60 km from Esquel, near Rio Tecka, Gianonni's truck veered off the road and landed in a deep ditch, reportedly lifted and turned over without significant damage except for a dented roof. Gianonni was injured but conscious. Castillo helped him into his truck, and they reached Esquel at 6 AM.

An analysis of the case suggests three phases: an initial punctual luminous element, followed by an aerial form, and concluding with a small oval cloud. The final phase is considered ambiguous due to its similarity to natural clouds and the emotional state of the witness. The second phase, a more defined object, is considered anomalous. The initial luminous source is too distant for interpretation. The strong impact (shock) and terror experienced by the witnesses are noted. The vision of mountains closing in and the humanoid figures are interpreted as a 'phantasmagoria' – an optical illusion possibly induced by the occupants, or a misinterpretation of the four ink drums in the truck bed.

The article discusses the psychological impact of fear and darkness, suggesting that Castillo's fantasies were amplified by these factors. His contradictions regarding Gianonni's location and the fact that Gianonni never saw the humanoids support the illusion theory. The vision of the mountains closing in is also attributed to psychological factors, possibly induced by the 'occupants' or the ink drums. The article concludes by mentioning that Salim Bestene, manager of the Ford dealership in Esquel, confirmed that the trucks were being driven by Gianonni and Castillo from Trelew, and that the accident described by Castillo was unusual, given the apparent lack of damage to the vehicle.

Commentary on Excessive Zeal in Investigations

José Ruesga Montiel discusses the methodology of UFO investigation, particularly within the IIEE group. He notes two main tendencies: one represented by Ares and López, which uses generalized correction indices to filter cases, and another by Ballester, which analyzes each case individually based on its specific circumstances. Montiel leans towards the latter, as it allows for reversibility if new information emerges. He highlights the risk of both methods: the first by default (missing genuine cases) and the second by excess (discarding too many cases). A significant problem identified is the generally low level of documentation for reported sightings in Spain, with a large percentage coming from press clippings without subsequent investigation. Montiel estimates that over 60% of reported cases are from press clippings. He points out that a substantial portion of Andalusian cases have astronomical explanations (over 20%) or involve known objects like planes or balloons (25%). The primary challenge is the lack of substantial information. The solution proposed is in-depth surveys and rigorous, objective analysis of original sources.

Félix Ares is quoted as regretting the past emphasis on 'dissemination' and conviction of the phenomenon's existence, which may have inadvertently imposed characteristics onto cases that were not inherent. He also blames pseudoinvestigators for commercializing UFOs. Montiel argues that the phenomenon has become complex due to human speculation, hasty hypotheses, and myths. He stresses the need to return to the sources (witnesses) and conduct investigations without passion, setting aside preconceived notions. The goal should be to obtain correct information first, then decide on the best method for depuration. If two explanations exist for a case, the less speculative one should be chosen, aligning with scientific principles rather than personal convictions.

References and Notes

The issue includes references to 'The UFO Handbook' by Allan Hendry, 'Investigación OVNI' by Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos, and articles from 'VINANA' magazine.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the detailed investigation of specific UFO/UAP cases, the analysis of potential optical and psychological explanations, and the discussion of rigorous methodologies for UFO research. The editorial stance, particularly in Montiel's commentary, emphasizes objectivity, critical analysis, and the importance of reliable data over speculation or preconceived notions. There is a clear effort to differentiate between genuine anomalies and misidentifications or psychological phenomena, advocating for a scientific approach to the study of UFOs.

This issue of the magazine, spanning pages 29 through 38, covers a range of topics including a detailed analysis of a potential UFO Type I sighting in Llanes, Spain in 1965, a scientific discussion on the toxicology of ozone and air pollution, and a theoretical exploration into the definition and classification of humanoid phenomena.

Article: Possible Type I in Llanes, 1965 This section details a sighting by Mercedes Cotera Quintana and her nephew in Llanes, Spain, during May or October of 1965. The object, described as ovoidal with an undefined "green-orange-blue" color, hovered about 5-10 meters above ground and 3-5 meters in height near fruit trees. The witness described the light as fixed, less intense than the full moon, and not bothersome. The object's appearance was solid but with blurred edges, giving a translucent image. The witness noted that the object did not illuminate the surroundings or emit any sound. The object's apparent size grew from that of a star to approximately 4-5 meters in diameter as it approached. The object appeared from the S-SE at an elevation of about 75 degrees, then became stationary at about 35 degrees (real height of 5 meters) before disappearing almost instantaneously. The article provides a "certainty index" for the case, calculated as 0.245 (24.5%), which is above the average of 12.5%. The conclusion suggests the phenomenon was not an artificial artifact or known atmospheric phenomenon, and while hallucination was considered, it was deemed less likely due to the presence of two witnesses. However, a definitive classification was withheld due to the time elapsed and the brief duration of the sighting.

Article: Dialogue - Commentary on the work of D. José Miguel Alcibar Cuello This section features a commentary by Dr. Antonio Fo. Bueno Ortega on the work of D. José Miguel Alcibar Cuello concerning "Chemical Effects in the Bioenvironment: Analysis of a Phenomenon." The commentary discusses the hypothesis that UFOs emit electromagnetic energy, forming ozone. Dr. Bueno Ortega questions this, presenting the standard photochemical formation of ozone (O3) from nitrogen dioxide (NO2) catalyzed by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. He explains the equilibrium equation for ozone formation and destruction, noting that excess ozone in polluted areas is due to the interference of hydrocarbons. The article also details the toxicological symptoms associated with various concentrations of ozone, ranging from irritation of the nose and throat to severe health effects like hemolytic anemia and pulmonary edema. It further discusses the synergistic action of ozone (O3) with sulfur dioxide (SO2) and the effects of other oxidizing gases found in vehicle exhaust, suggesting that the symptoms observed in witnesses might be a combination of these factors rather than solely UFO-related ozone production.

Article: The Humanoid Phenomenon: Definitions This article by Luis R. Gonzáles aims to complement previous work on humanoid phenomena in the Iberian Peninsula. It highlights the challenge of defining and classifying these entities due to the heterogeneity of reported cases. The author proposes searching for a peculiar characteristic to distinguish humanoids associated with UFOs from others. He introduces the concept of a "technological component," defined as anything identifiable as a machine or complex artifact, or behaviors indicative of current technological levels. This component is suggested as a key differentiator, potentially separating UFO-machine humanoids from non-machine humanoids. The article invites readers to reflect on these methodological aspects and contribute their ideas for refining the classification of humanoid phenomena, acknowledging that the term "humanoid" itself is descriptive and not universally applicable. It references several studies and catalogs related to humanoid sightings.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance The magazine appears to maintain an editorial stance that encourages detailed investigation into anomalous phenomena, including UFO sightings and humanoid encounters. There is a clear effort to blend anecdotal evidence with scientific analysis, particularly in the toxicology section, where established scientific principles are applied to explain potential effects of phenomena. The article on humanoid definitions reflects a desire for rigorous classification and methodology within the field of ufology. The inclusion of bibliographic references and calls for reader input suggests an open and collaborative approach to understanding these complex subjects. The magazine seems to advocate for a critical yet open-minded examination of reported events, seeking to find rational explanations where possible while acknowledging the possibility of genuinely unexplained phenomena.

This issue of "PAIS VASCO" (Volume 2, Issue 39, dated July 21, 1984) focuses on the "ALEGRIA DE ALAVA" case, exploring whether it was a genuine UFO sighting or a 'borderline' phenomenon that has since been explained. The main cover headline is "ALEGRIA DE ALAVA or the 'bordeline' that ceased to be so."

1. New Contributions

The article begins by referencing a controversy sparked by previous articles in "Cuadernos de Ufología" (issues 2 and 3) which presented the Alegria de Alava case as a prime example of a basic UFO problem or 'borderline' case. This led to a debate in subsequent issues (4 and 5) regarding the appropriate interpretation of the case, based on witness testimonies gathered by investigators J.L.Guillerna, J.M.Gascón, and L.A.Gámez.

Following this debate, where criticisms and alternative evaluation methods were discussed, the author committed to further investigation. Acting on a suggestion from Ballester (dated March 5, 1984), the author decided to administer an MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) test to the primary witness, doña Pilar Martínez Arregui, to psychometrically assess her testimony. On July 21, 1984, the author visited Alegría de Alava with the test form.

Upon arriving at doña Pilar's residence, the author heard footsteps but no one answered the door. A neighbor from the first floor informed the author that doña Pilar was home but might not have opened the door because she "always fears any kind of thing." When the author mentioned that doña Pilar knew him from a previous visit regarding a UFO observation, the neighbor hesitated and then stated that doña Pilar "probably doesn't want to talk about UFOs anymore."

Disappointed by this frustration, the author observed two men working with a yellow, cannon-like sprinkler in a field adjacent to the one where the phenomenon was reportedly seen (now planted with wheat). This field was separated by the "Parcelaria" road. The author then sought the owner of the field to inquire if he or his employees had been working there during the time of the observation, hoping to obtain new testimony to complement that of the two women who had previously reported the incident.

The men working with the sprinkler were identified as don Javier Ruiz de Arcaute and an employee. Ruiz de Arcaute, the owner of the potato field, informed the author that the owner of the wheat field at the time of the observation was different. He directed the author to a local house to find the former owner.

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The author then proceeded to the house on Dulantzi street, where he was directed to the señor Marañón. Upon arriving at Marañón's residence, he was met by Marañón's brother-in-law and sister, who informed him that Marañón was working with his tractor in a nearby village called Oreitia, for a man named Tromin.

Finding Tromin's house, Marañón's wife stated that he was not there but was working with his tractor on a nearby mountain plot owned by her husband, along the Irún national road. The author finally located Marañón there. After introducing himself as a UFO investigator, the author engaged in a conversation of over two hours with Marañón, who kindly agreed to be interviewed despite his work.

Don Julio Martínez Marañón was born on December 20, 1940, in Alegría de Alava, where he has always lived. He has limited formal education and works with his agricultural tractor, a Barreiros R-545. He also uses a Land-Rover for hauling. He is described as a serious, honest, and hardworking individual. He is single and lives with his mother. His property includes a garage that leads to a small corral where he keeps various fowl.

The Parcelaria field was owned by his maternal aunt and was valued at three and a half million pesetas at the time of the observation. Marañón stated the field was about nine 'fanegas' (a unit of area) and was sold in 1981. From a distance, the field appears horizontal, but from within or from the Parcelaria road, it is convex, with a downward slope towards a small valley. The field's eastern side borders the slope of the Castillo mountain.

The side of the field bordering the Parcelaria road was about 50 centimeters below the road level at the time of the interview, but Marañón recalled the difference being greater, up to a meter, during the observation. Over time, rain and cultivation have leveled the ground. Alava's high rainfall means irrigation is rarely needed, and excess water can affect plant growth, especially tubers. Maintaining height differences between roads and fields is important for drainage.

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From a long conversation with Marañón, it was deduced that on the night of the general elections in December 1978, he was working with his red Barreiro tractor (80 C.V.) on his aunt's land, north of the Parcelaria road. He had voted earlier that day and then went to prepare the land for planting wheat. The potato harvest had been collected in October, and the stubble had been burned in November, with burn marks still visible near the road.

He worked until approximately 3 AM. He recalled the sky being overcast with some dark clouds, and the moon and stars were not visible. It was cold, but he was comfortable in his work "buzo" (overalls) and the tractor's engine heat. There was also considerable fog.

Hes described his plowing method as working progressively inwards, in a counter-clockwise direction, taking breaks on internal and marginal paths as the ground was "a bit soft." Due to the field's slope towards the Castillo mountain, he had to plow on a decline. The tractor's headlights reflected off the low clouds, creating a "very beautiful" visual effect.

As he turned at the northern edge of the field, the railway line, the Enayo road, and the trees by the ditch were illuminated, followed by the field itself. Later, in the early morning, he stopped the tractor, leaving the engine running and the lights on, to urinate near a young juniper tree by the road. He noticed lights in some of the nearby houses. He then turned off the tractor and lights to walk for a while, feeling stiff from sitting. He restarted the tractor, turning on the lights again, and proceeded to plow the remaining land. He stopped again later in the northeast part of the field, away from the houses. By 3 AM, he finished his work and headed back to Alegría via the Enayo road. He parked the tractor in its garage, had dinner, and went to bed.

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In relation to the case, Marañón stated that after working the field for several days, some neighbors mentioned a newspaper report about a UFO landing in his field. He found this strange, as he had worked in the area at night for years and had never seen anything unusual. He reiterated that he saw nothing strange on the night in question.

On Sunday, December 22, the author visited Marañón at his home to take measurements and photographs of the tractor. The author also clarified a question left unanswered from the previous day.

Near the alleged landing site, Marañón accompanied the author to the location where he had parked the tractor. It surprisingly corresponded to the landing spot of the UFO observed by doña Pilar. The spot where Marañón urinated and the adjacent juniper tree also matched the location described by the witness regarding the humanoids.

When asked if he had seen any aircraft that morning, Marañón couldn't recall any, but did not deny the possibility, stating that planes sometimes fly over the area when they don't have landing clearance at the Foronda airport. Other locals corroborated his statement.

2. Characteristics

a) Tractor: Brand: Barreiros, Model: R-545, Power: 80 C.V., Color: Red. Dimensions and other specifications are provided. The tractor's engine noise is described as similar to a coffee grinder.

b) Tractor driver's attire: Blue overalls, white boots, black beret.

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This page contains information regarding the publication rights and guidelines for "CUADERNOS DE AUFOLOGIA." It states that partial or total publication of works is authorized provided the author and issue number are indicated. Two copies are requested for archives. Works originating from other publications require express authorization. Commercial reproduction is strictly prohibited without express authorization from the authors and the "Cdu" direction.

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c) Characteristics of the juniper tree: The juniper is a coniferous tree with reddish wood, strong and fragrant, bearing bluish-black berries. The tractor driver described it as "young," similar in girth and height to a man. It was later struck by lightning and uprooted because it was no longer useful for hanging a water jug.

3. Conclusion

The author concludes that doña Pilar Martínez Arregui suffered a confusion on the morning of December 7, 1978, misinterpreting the sight of a tractor and its driver in the fog as a UFO. Several points support this conclusion:

1. Date of Observation: Andalusian investigators José Ruesga Montiel and Luis González Maneo, based on witness statements about a delayed TV film broadcast, placed the observation on the night of December 6-7, 1978 (early morning of the 7th), contradicting Guillerna's date of the 6th.

2. Tractor Driver's Testimony: The tractor driver, who worked the field where the alleged landing occurred, performed his work in a single night after voting. The primary witness observed a tractor at the beginning of the event, confirming that the early morning of the 7th was indeed the date of the occurrence.

3. Lack of Anomalous Observations: The tractor driver observed nothing unusual, except for the luminous effects of his tractor's lights reflecting off the low clouds. The alleged UFO landing and occupant sighting coincide with the tractor driver parking his tractor, urinating, and walking briefly. The fog, distance, and nighttime conditions obscured the witness's view. The "take-off" sequence aligns with the tractor driver restarting the engine and lights and turning into the field. The tractor driver's maneuvers, plowing in a counter-clockwise direction, also align with the described movements of the phenomenon. The red light over Castillo mountain was likely from an aircraft landing at Foronda airport or a visual effect from the tractor's lights. The witness may have observed a different scene than doña Pilar. The single yellow or dirty white light on the ground could be the tractor's rear spotlight. The noise similar to a coffee grinder likely came from nearby houses, as doña Pilar continued to hear it even after the tractor stopped, suggesting a possible misinterpretation or distortion of sound-light correlation.

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4. Lack of Physical Evidence: There was a lack of evidence such as anomalous footprints or traces to suggest the landing of a heavy object. Neither doña Pilar's family nor investigator José Luis Guillerna Grijalba found anything unusual. Electromagnetic field variations were also not detected.

5. Psychological Process of the Witness: The witness had prior knowledge of UFOs from various media. During the observation, she initially identified the object, then doubted, and finally believed it was a nocturnal UFO. The fog played a significant role, and the witness's domestic obligations may have influenced her reporting. If she had no prior knowledge of UFOs, she might have identified the event without confusion. Over time, her memory of the event may have become embellished with elements from general UFO literature, making it less spectacular than her initial account to Guillerna.

6. Similarity to Tractor's Morphology and Dimensions: The tractor, with its plow attached, measured 4.30 meters. However, only 3.40 meters were visible due to the road's height. The total height was 2.50 meters, reduced by the road's elevation (0.50 to 1 meter). The witness's estimated height of 1.70 meters for the visible body of the object is considered satisfactory. The tractor's cabin could be interpreted as the dome, the chassis and wheels as the disk or circular wing, and the powerful lights as the phenomenon's illumination. One of the side lights could have been mistaken for the pilot.

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The field's convexity caused the tractor to tilt south, towards the witness, allowing her a partial view of its upper surface. The tractor's red color, while not matching the reported "silver" object, would appear as a body of color in darkness if illuminated. Water droplets on the tractor, due to fog and humidity, may have reflected the tractor's lights, creating a "silver" appearance.

Regarding the "humanoids," doña Pilar's estimated height (1.80 meters) matches Marañón's. The description of the juniper tree near where Marañón stopped to urinate, being similar in size to a man, could have been misinterpreted. The tractor driver's attire might also have contributed to the perceived silhouettes. The author suggests that the witness may have seen silhouettes rather than distinct figures, and mistaking a person for a tree is not uncommon.

The witness's increasing reluctance to discuss the event is understandable, not necessarily due to fraud, but possibly due to her private nature and lack of desire for popularity. Doña Pilar initially recounted the event privately to her family. Investigator José Luis Guillerna Grijalba learned of the observation and interviewed her, definitively classifying it as a UFO case. Guillerna reportedly promised not to publish anything. However, before the case was published in "Mundo Desconocido" and "Stendek," the witness became apprehensive due to the detailed press coverage, which made the news public knowledge in her neighborhood. her neighborhood. This led to her becoming the focus of attention, causing her to withdraw further into her private life.

The author is unaware if other investigators interviewed the witness after the press coverage. During a visit in March 1983, doña Pilar was initially reticent but eventually recounted the event, possibly because her husband was present. A subsequent attempt to administer the MMPI test was unsuccessful.

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Notes:

(1) This note confirms the increasing reluctance of the witness to provide information about the UFO observation.

(2) The tractor driver, Julio Martínez Marañón, is also a member of the "AGRUPAL" potato cooperative, involved in its storage, distribution, and sales.

(Viene de pag. 29) UN ACCIDENTADO VIAJE CON HUMANOS

This section appears to be a continuation from a previous page, discussing a "humanoid accident trip." It mentions Jorge Castillo, who may have experienced "visions."

(1) r. Cuarta Dimensión, nº 66, Buenos Aires, pp. 36/42.
Cfr. Zerpa, Fabio.Los Hombres de Negro y los Ovnis, Plaza & Janés, S.A. E. de Llobregat (Barcelona), pp.113/123; 1979.

CLARIFICATION

This section notes that an article by Manuel Borraz Aymerich included in this issue was previously published in "ESPACIO COMPARTIDO" no. 13 and commented on by Pedro Hueso. It highlights that Hueso's opinion clarifies the cases discussed and provides insight into the methodology and evolution of UFO investigation by colleagues from the "I.I.E.E." in Barcelona.

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EXAMINING UFO CASES: The Human Factor (II)

By Paolo Toselli (ITALY)
Translation: Namuel Borras Aymerich

This article discusses how information acquired during a UFO event and its subsequent recall can be altered. It explains that external information and personal thoughts can influence memory, leading to dramatic changes in recollections, especially when witnesses hear or read about the event after it occurs.

It delves into the ordinary functioning of memory, stating that experiences are not stored verbatim but are elaborated upon. We retain fragments of interpretation rather than exact copies of environmental input. A vivid photographic recall is not the most efficient way to remember; recalling everyday events is more like a syllogism, a gradual reconstruction. Adults typically use verbal symbols to organize memory and retrieve information, translating experiences into intermediaries.

Psychologist F.C. Bartlett's study is cited, showing that memory is affected by an "effort towards meaning." Rationalization, the process of simplifying and making memories more "satisfactory," plays a crucial role. This process, often based on emotional attitudes, is what drives the reconstruction of past events.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical analysis of UFO sightings, emphasizing the importance of rigorous investigation and the psychological factors influencing witness testimony. The editorial stance appears to favor a skeptical approach, seeking rational explanations for alleged UFO phenomena, particularly through misidentification and psychological interpretation, as exemplified by the detailed deconstruction of the Alegria de Alava case. The publication also seems to encourage scholarly contributions and debates within the field of ufology, as evidenced by the discussions and clarifications presented.

This issue of CUADERNOS DE INVESTIGACION OVNI, dated April 1985, focuses on the psychological and investigative aspects of UAP (Unidentified Aerial Phenomena) cases, with a specific article titled 'EL CASO O.T.I. I SUS NIVELES DE TRANSPOSICION' (The O.T.I. Case I Its Levels of Transposition).

The O.T.I. Case and Levels of Transposition

The article begins by discussing the structure of memory and recall, emphasizing that the emotional state of an individual can influence the persistence of memories over time. In the final recovery stage, information is retrieved from memory to be communicated. The conditions under which this information is recalled critically affect the accuracy and integrity of a witness's account. Factors such as the environment of evocation, the type of questions asked, and who asks them play a significant role.

Ron Westrum is cited for his work on how interfering structures affect memory recovery and recollection. The communication process involves introducing new requirements to 'make sense' of information, and it is also a negotiation of mutual identities. A witness's report is influenced by what they expected to see, what would have been reasonable to see, and what they can communicate to others. A key point is that witness accounts often change with repeated retellings, and by the time an investigator interviews a witness, they may have already recounted the experience several times.

R.V. Jones is quoted, stating that witnesses were generally correct in asserting that something had happened, but could be entirely wrong about what had happened. This sets the stage for discussing the 'O.T.I. Case' and its levels of transposition.

The issue then explores possible causes for UAP cases, moving beyond simple misidentifications of natural phenomena like stars, Venus, the Moon, or meteors. It argues that many reports are so close to typical 'UAP patterns' that they cannot be dismissed as mere confusion or misinterpretation.

• Several examples are presented:
• December 16, 1978, Vigassole (AL), Italy: A witness saw a very bright, large, stationary light, described as a disk, for about fifteen minutes. The witness felt no fear, but rather a sense of wonder.
• December 31, 1976, Bignall End (Staffordshire), England: An object appeared to grow larger, turn orange, and seemed to have two dark figures on its side before moving away. The witness observed it for over an hour.
• October 3, 1954, Hérissart-Amiens (Somme), France: A 'saucer' followed a car at low altitude (about 150m), reflecting light so strongly that it was difficult to see. The object appeared to be heading towards the car, causing the driver to become frightened.

The article proposes the term 'projective transformation' to describe how a witness projects their conscious and/or unconscious knowledge of UAP onto an observed object, transforming it into something that aligns with their 'ufological' expectations, moving further from the actual stimulus (like the Moon).

It distinguishes between 'confusion' (where the error is in interpretation at the perception stage) and 'projective transformation' or 'elaborative projection' (where the process of recall and evocation is primarily affected, often due to the label 'UAP' being applied).

The article discusses how the way a question is phrased can profoundly affect testimony. Elisabeth Loftus's research on traffic accident testimonies is cited, showing how using words like 'smashed' versus 'bumped' led to higher speed estimates and mentions of broken glass, even when none occurred. This illustrates how cognitive sets influence testimony, with less structured questioning leading to more reliable but less extensive accounts, while highly specific interrogations can limit the witness's focus and increase distortion.

Changes in Civil Time (CAMBIOS EN EL HORARIO CIVIL)

This section presents a table that expands on data regarding changes in civil time, correcting errata from a previous publication. The information comes from two sources: the National Astronomical Observatory (Madrid) and the Institute and Observatory of Marine of San Fernando. The table details the year, date of change, and the official time adjustment (hours to be added to solar time) for both advancing and retarding the clock.

Rodadas Bajo El Mar (Tracks Under the Sea)

This article, by Angel Rodrigues Alvares and Angel Carretero Olmedo, investigates an event that occurred on June 27, 1980, near Barbate, Spain. A diver with over 15 years of experience observed strange tracks on the seabed at a depth of approximately 40 meters. These tracks were parallel, separated by 2-3 meters, and followed a defined path, with obstacles being perfectly avoided. The tracks were described as similar to those left by a military tracked vehicle.

This news initially appeared in various media under the title 'RODADAS BAJO EL MAR', following an investigation by ufologist J.J. Benites, who called the finding 'disconcerting'.

The authors contacted the witness, who confirmed the published accounts and expressed annoyance at the journalist for not respecting his anonymity. The witness stated that the tracks were made that same morning, as they would have been erased by the sea if they had been there longer.

Further investigation led to a report in the REVISTA GENERAL DE MARINA (November 1983) about a Soviet submarine tank. Comparing this with the Barbate tracks, the authors suggest a possible link, noting that such vehicles are primarily used for intelligence operations in Nordic waters.

In April 1985, the authors reflect on the case. They disagree with Benites' 'disconcerting' classification, finding the case to be 'perfectly identified'. They received a response from the Spanish Navy's Chief of Staff regarding their suspicions. A subsequent news report in DIARIO DE CADIZ (November 20, 1984) about Soviet mini-submarines operating in the Strait of Gibraltar for 10 years seemed to corroborate their findings, although the Armada officially denied it the next day.

Re-interviewing the witness on November 23, 1984, confirmed the earlier account, though some details were less clear due to the passage of time. The authors consider the witness to be credible.

They conclude that while the evidence points towards a Soviet origin for the tracks, it is impossible to definitively confirm this. The report suggests that the tracks were made by a terrestrial vehicle, but the possibility of Soviet involvement is strongly implied.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores the intersection of psychological factors and UAP phenomena, emphasizing the unreliability of witness testimony when not critically examined. It advocates for rigorous investigation and analysis, distinguishing between genuine anomalies and misidentifications or psychological distortions. The inclusion of the 'Changes in Civil Time' section suggests a broader interest in data accuracy and historical records, while the 'Tracks Under the Sea' article highlights the magazine's commitment to investigating unusual phenomena, even when they have potential terrestrial explanations, and its critical stance towards sensationalism.

This issue of DIARIO DE CADIZ, dated Wednesday, November 21, 1984, features a prominent article on page 17 concerning the Spanish Navy's alleged ignorance of Soviet mini-submarine activity in the Strait of Gibraltar. The magazine also includes articles on a computer anomaly in Vitoria, Spain, and an investigation into a UFO photograph taken in Málaga.

Soviet Minisubmarines in the Strait of Gibraltar

The lead article, "La Armada desconoce la presencia de los minisubmarinos soviéticos en el Estrecho de Gibraltar" (The Navy is unaware of the presence of Soviet mini-submarines in the Strait of Gibraltar), reports that the Spanish Navy has no evidence of such vessels. This contradicts a defense magazine's publication that claimed Soviet 'pocket submarines' have been operating in the Strait for over a decade. The report mentions a specific incident on September 19, where a Soviet 'Victor-I' nuclear submarine collided with the Soviet freighter 'Bratsvo' while attempting to pass through the Strait undetected. The affected area is described as encompassing Western military installations vital to NATO. Spanish Navy sources have stated that reports of these mini-submarines have recurred since 1982, coinciding with the closure of the British naval shipyard in Gibraltar. So far, Soviet mini-submarine activity has only been confirmed in the waters of Norway, Sweden, and Japan. These vessels require support from mother ships, which can be surface vessels or large submarines of the 'India' type. Western intelligence has no record of any Soviet mini-submarines running aground during operations in the cited countries. The only known grounding incident of a Russian submarine was the 'U-173' of the 'Whiskey' type, which ran aground near Dkarlskrona, Sweden, in 1981. The article notes that Soviet mini-submarine technology is believed to originate from the Canadian firm 'HYCO' (Hydrodinamus Company LTD of Vancouver), with whom the Soviet government negotiated a contract in 1970 for a 'Pisces-4' type submarine for the Soviet Academy of Sciences' Oceanographic Institute. The Soviets have since received three more advanced units. The 'Sever-2-bis' model is also mentioned, as is a photographed mini-submarine in Nevelsk, southwest of Sakhalin Island, which had vertical stripes on its hull. The missions of these 'pocket submarines' include mining difficult areas, espionage, coastal exploration for amphibious operations, exploring naval base access routes (as in Norway and Sweden), and deploying hydrophones to gather information on maritime traffic. These spy hydrophones have been discovered near the Norwegian oil fields of Statfjord and Norwegian coast. The article also mentions that Swedish Navy reports claim the existence of Russian mini-submarines propelled by caterpillar tracks.

Vitoria Computer Anomaly: "Un ordenador «funcionó» solo" (A computer "worked" by itself)

This section, starting on page 3, details a peculiar incident in Vitoria, Spain, that occurred on the night of Friday, October 14, 1984. A significant power outage affected Vitoria and surrounding towns. Coinciding with this, a bright object was observed in the sky over Vitoria around 7:30 PM, which circled the city before disappearing at high speed. The power outage, which lasted only seconds, was initially attributed to a lightning strike, but the meteorological service at Foronda Airport reported no storms. The incident's strangeness was amplified when a computer printer in Nanclares de la Oca, which was supposed to record power fluctuations, appeared blank, as if nothing had happened. Later, at 9:30 PM, the sky was mostly covered, with cumulus and stratocumulus clouds at about 3,000 feet and visibility of 9 kilometers. The article features an opinion piece by Dr. Félix Ares de Blas, a Doctor in Informatics, who analyzes the event. He addresses three questions: 1) How could the printer work without electricity? 2) How could it enter test mode? 3) How could it print characters not part of the test? Dr. Ares de Blas explains that the printer's operation without power is unlikely given its slow speed and the need to print 480 characters. He suggests that the power outage might have caused 'noise' or 'random signals' that the machine misinterpreted as a command to enter test mode. Regarding the printing of non-test characters, he posits that the 'noise' from the power outages corrupted the bit sequences stored in the printer's memory, leading to the printing of extraneous characters as a reflection of these errors. Dr. Ares de Blas concludes by advocating for Occam's Razor, suggesting that simpler explanations should be preferred over more complex, speculative ones, implicitly cautioning against extraterrestrial hypotheses without concrete evidence.

Málaga UFO Photo: "LAS ENSEÑANZAS DE UN FRAUDE" (The Lessons of a Fraud)

This multi-part investigation, primarily authored by Luis R. Gonzalez, examines a UFO photograph taken in broad daylight on January 18, 1984, over Málaga, Spain. The photo, allegedly taken by two young men, Antonio and David Romero, gained national and international attention after being published by the local newspaper 'SUR' and subsequently by TVE and other media. The article details how various UFO investigators, including members of the 'Fraternidad Cósmica' and proponents of the HET (Direct Experience with UFO Phenomena), converged on the witnesses. Initial investigations involved interviews and the collection of additional testimonies, including descriptions of the object's appearance, its flight, and alleged effects like power outages and temporary immobilization of a witness. A 'salon ufologist' and a psychology student conducted further interviews with the witnesses. The article highlights inconsistencies and a lack of rigorous methodology, such as interviewing witnesses together rather than separately. The investigators noted that certain details in the photo, like windows on the top floor of a building, were impossible to see from the ground where the witnesses claimed to have taken the photo. This led to suspicions of a staged event. Further investigation revealed that the witnesses refused to provide a copy of the photo or discuss their sighting in depth, further fueling doubts. The article suggests that the witnesses might have seen something, but then decided to falsify the photo. The investigation eventually concluded that the photograph was likely a fraud, though proving it definitively was difficult. The article also criticizes the methodology of all involved, suggesting that the witnesses' accounts may have been influenced by early interviews with investigators and journalists. The author emphasizes the importance of understanding the influences on witnesses in the hours following an event, as this can explain many seemingly inexplicable cases.

CUADERNOS DE UTOLOGIA SOLICITA

This section is a call for information from readers. 'CUADERNOS' is seeking to compile a useful guide for tracking new UFOlogy-related news. They request readers to send in all news items published in the press or generated by local investigators throughout 1985. The collected material will be made available to collaborators via a list. The objective is to enable researchers to expand on the data obtained through direct investigation of cases. They believe this collaborative approach will lead to a better understanding of UFOlogy and improve existing catalogs.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The magazine consistently explores topics related to unexplained phenomena, defense, and investigative journalism. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, presenting information and then analyzing it, often with a skeptical eye towards sensationalism and unsubstantiated claims. The Vitoria computer incident and the Málaga UFO photo case both highlight the magazine's interest in dissecting alleged anomalies, examining witness testimony, and questioning the methods of investigation, particularly when potential fraud is involved. The inclusion of expert opinions, such as that of Dr. Félix Ares de Blas, underscores a commitment to providing analytical perspectives. The call for reader contributions to 'CUADERNOS DE UTOLOGIA' indicates a desire to foster a community of researchers and to systematically document and analyze UFO-related events.

This issue of CUADERNOS DE URGENCIA, dated March 1985, delves into various aspects of the UFO phenomenon, offering critical perspectives, investigative reviews, and news updates. The publication appears to be Spanish, focusing on UFO topics with a generally skeptical or analytical approach, as evidenced by the critical tone of many articles.

Analysis of UFO Investigations and Skepticism

The lead article by Luis R. González critically examines a UFO investigation, suggesting that the findings of the second group (HET) might be influenced by preconceived ideas, leading to the adaptation of events to fit a standard UFO phenomenology. González points out that while the HET's "discoveries" (EM effects, animal reactions, dematerialization) might seem significant, they could be a result of unconscious bias. He also critiques the investigator's difficulty in maintaining detachment, especially during prolonged on-site investigations, and the "armchair ufologist's" tendency to produce potentially biased reports. The article highlights the lack of consistent details among witnesses and the superficial nature of some investigations. The intervention of J.J. Benítez is also deemed unacceptable due to a lack of necessary knowledge of the physical and psychological context.

González further discusses the issue of additional "witnesses," suggesting their motivation might be a desire for notoriety, especially among younger individuals who may be influenced by media portrayals. He notes that the pervasive "UFO mythology" allows almost anyone to describe a UFO with a semblance of reality, even with characteristics that are not widely publicized. The article concludes that given the widespread UFO mythology, the influences on witnesses, and the deficient methodologies of many investigators, the surprising aspect is not that UFOs exist, but rather the small number of known cases.

Book Review: UFOs: The Public Deceived by Philip J. Klass

This section reviews Philip J. Klass's book, "UFOs: The Public Deceived," which appraises the belief in a massive government cover-up of UFOs. Klass, an aviation technology expert, is presented as someone who has debunked numerous claims, exposing those who use false data, misrepresentations, and fraud. The book suggests that most UFO sightings have clear explanations. Klass's magazine reportedly offered a million-dollar prize for incontrovertible proof of extraterrestrial visits, a challenge that has yet to be met.

Miscellanea: Information and News

Under the heading "MISCELANEA INFORMACION," L. Hernandes Franch questions whether the US government is involved in a "cover-up" of UFOs. He references the positive valuation of the magazine "AVIATION WEEK & ESPACE Technology" by ufologists and notes the common belief among superficial individuals that the American government is hiding UFO information. Franch attributes this to sensationalism in the media and the tendency to seek explanations that fit preconceived notions.

Acknowledgements and Requests

Dr. Félix Ares de Blas expresses gratitude to the readers of "CdU" for their participation in his radio programs over eight months, which helped bring a serious vision of agnototechnology to the public. He also makes a request for specific back issues of the magazines "MUNDO DESCONOCIDO" and "STENIEKA."

Notes of General Interest

A group of serious UFO study and divulgação collaborators in the Basque Country has consolidated, holding regular meetings for better coordination. The article also references previous publications in "Cuadernos" concerning UFO reports and their psychological aspects, highlighting the work of Juan Marcos Casoón. Several publications are listed, including "Componente psíquica e informe OVNI STENDEK," "El OVNI y sus componentes," and "Tabla comparativa de valores de la componente psíquica en los informes OVNI."

Request for Back Issues

Another section details a request from a new collaborator interested in acquiring specific back issues of "STENIEKA" (numbers 24, 31, 32, 33, and 35), asking interested parties to contact the publication with details on price and condition.

Bibliographic Pool

A comprehensive bibliographic list is provided for the collaborators of "CUADERNOS," aiming to offer better information to researchers. This list includes various international and Spanish UFO journals and bulletins, along with their respective issue numbers and contributing authors.

UFO Sightings and News

Under "NOTICIAS DE INTERES GENERAL," a report from "LA VANGUARDIA" (February 5, 1985) describes a "rain of UFOs" over Germany and France, with numerous reports of unidentified flying objects, possibly meteorites. In Bayonne, gendarmes and customs officials reported seeing an unidentified luminous object. German police and airports received many calls about luminous objects crossing the sky. The Federal Institute for Security in Zurich announced an official explanation would be forthcoming. The section also mentions UFO sightings in Minsk, Russia, and other locations, as well as specific reports from Bardena del Candille (Zaragoza) and Lanzarote in Spain during January 1985.

Commercialization of the UFO Phenomenon

Investigators from the Basque Country have denounced the commercialization of the UFO phenomenon, stating that it is being exploited for the benefit of a few and to the detriment of public cultural education. They claim that many cases presented as scientific are actually explainable by hoaxes, natural phenomena, or superficial investigations. The collective identifies three stances on UFOs: extreme proponents of extraterrestrial visits, negativists who reject any such events, and neutral analysts.

US Promises Secret UFO Information

An article reports that the US Department of State is promising to deliver up to twenty tons of confidential documents related to UFOs to investigator Hynek. Antonio Ribera, a Catalan investigator, views this as a significant step. However, J.J. Benítez expresses skepticism, believing the CIA would not allow the release of military secrets concerning UFOs since 1952, citing "supersecret" documents as an example.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around critical analysis of UFO investigations, skepticism towards sensationalist claims, the role of media in shaping public perception of UFOs, and the potential for government secrecy. The editorial stance appears to be one of cautious inquiry, emphasizing the need for rigorous methodology and evidence-based conclusions, while also acknowledging the public's fascination with the phenomenon. There is a clear effort to debunk unsubstantiated claims and to promote a more grounded approach to ufology.