Cuadernos de Ufologia - No 07 - 1984

Magazine Overview

Title: CUADERNOS DE UFOLOGIA
Issue: Año II Nº 7
Date: Septiembre 1984
Publisher: CUADERNOS DE UFOLOGIA
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish

This issue of "CUADERNOS DE UFOLOGIA" (Notebooks of Ufology) is presented as a non-commercial publication that summarizes the activities of an informal group of UFO investigators in Spain. It serves as a communication channel and a platform for exchanging ideas, emphasizing that the publication does not necessarily endorse the opinions expressed in signed articles, which are the sole responsibility of their authors.

Editorial: The Positive Crisis of Spanish Ufology

The editorial, written by V.J. Ballester Olmos, describes Spanish ufology as being in a state of crisis, which he believes, if overcome, will lead to either languor or potentiation. He expresses hope for the latter, stating that this outcome depends significantly on the researchers themselves. Olmos notes the direct correlation between the number of UFO cases reported in the press and the multiplication of ufological groups. He observes a decline in specialized publications and commercial magazines dedicated to ufology, leading to their disappearance, and a similar fate for many amateur associations. This decline is attributed to the lack of definitive findings, the repetitive nature of the phenomenon, the complexity of the problem, a lack of institutional support, sensationalism in media, and the fear of rigorous scientific methodology among superficial followers.

Despite these challenges, Olmos highlights an active underground current of dedicated researchers striving to improve their investigative techniques, data analysis, and case classification. He sees "Cuadernos de Ufologia" as the optimal platform for the intercomunication of ideas in Spain, bringing together a new generation of serious and self-sufficient ufologists. He calls for a concerted effort to raise awareness among university, professional, and academic sectors to involve them in UFO studies, emphasizing the need for experts from various disciplines. Olmos also advocates for diversifying 'public experts' in the UFO field to foster a more professional and consolidated Spanish ufology. He encourages readers with communication skills to contribute articles to scientific and cultural publications to improve public understanding of the UFO phenomenon.

Summary of Contents (Sumario)

The issue features a comprehensive table of contents, including:

1. Editorial: "La Positiva Crisis de la Ufologia Española" by V.J. Ballester Olmos.
3. Investigación OVNI: A review of José Ruesga Montiel's book, "Investigación OVNI," by José Ruesga Montiel, including a bibliographic critique.
5. Los OVNIS Desmitificados (II): An article by Luis Hernandez Franch.
8. Barrio de Zurbaran. Bilbao 1976: An account of a family witnessing a UFO and recording a strange sound, by Gómez Pascual, Gámez, Martinez, and Ares de Blas.
17. Proyecto de ficha unificada de recopilación de datos: A proposal for a unified data collection form for manual or automated processing, by Iván Vazquez Sanchez.
19. Análisis computarizado de fotografías OVNI: An introduction to the computer analysis of UFO photographs by GSW, Inc., by José Ruesga.
20. Memorandum a los lectores de CdU: A memorandum to the readers of "Cuadernos de Ufologia" by V.J. Ballester Olmos.
21. Identificación del avistamiento del 6-IV-77: An identification of a sighting from April 6, 1977, by Manuel Borraz.
23. Primera inspección estadística de la casuística andaluza: A preliminary statistical inspection of Andalusian UFO cases, by Ruesga and Ballester Olmos.
27. Addendum al caso negativo de Madrid: An addendum to a negative case from Madrid, by Juan M. Gascón.

Normas Minimas Para Originales

The publication outlines guidelines for submitting original articles, emphasizing that works should be typed, single-spaced, and no more than six pages per side. Longer articles may be published in installments. The aim is to encourage active participation from collaborators.

Book Review: "Investigación OVNI" by V.J. Ballester Olmos

José Ruesga Montiel reviews V.J. Ballester Olmos's book, "Investigación OVNI," published by Plaza & Janes as part of the Colección Horizonte. He praises the book for its seriousness, objectivity, and innovative approach to presenting and discussing UFO cases. Ruesga highlights the book's value in teaching researchers how to detect flaws, critique methodologies, and propose coherent solutions. He notes the author's human dimension, particularly his tribute to the late pioneer Manuel Osuna. The review emphasizes that ufology is not for those seeking fantasy but for serious, dispassionate inquirers. Ruesga also commends the book's detailed analysis of UFO cases with photographic support and its contribution to the infrastructure of UFO investigation in Spain, aiming to improve methods and concepts for new generations of ufologists. He also acknowledges an appendix by Juan Antonio Fernandez Peris titled "Treinta Años de Literatura OVNI en España" (Thirty Years of UFO Literature in Spain), recognizing its merit in compiling and analyzing Spanish UFO bibliography, despite some disagreements on classification criteria.

Article: "Los OVNIS Desmitificados (y II)" by Luis Hernandez Franch

Luis Hernandez Franch questions the common shapes attributed to UFOs throughout history, suggesting they often resemble familiar objects. He probes whether UFOs are terrestrial creations and why there are no truly convincing, detailed photographs of UFOs, despite numerous close encounters. Franch points out the prevalence of hoaxes and misinterpretations, citing examples like Adamsky's alleged UFOs. He questions the lack of single, scientifically verified cases of crashed UFOs with detailed structural analysis. Franch also highlights the difficulty researchers face in finding concrete evidence at sighting locations, often relying solely on vague and contradictory witness testimonies. He poses several critical questions regarding the nature of UFO behavior, the testimonial basis of data, the success of sensationalist reporting, and the reasons behind government secrecy regarding UFO information.

Article: "Barrio de Zurbaran. Bilbao 1976" by Javier Gómez Pascual, Luis Alfonso Gámez, Jesús Martínez Villaro, Félix Ares de Blas

This article details a UFO sighting that occurred in August 1976 in the Barrio de Zurbaran, Bilbao. A family reported witnessing a "nocturnal light" accompanied by a sound, which they managed to record on a portable cassette recorder. Three years later, they informed investigator Javier Gómez Pascual. The family, including D. Manuel González de Audicana, his wife María del Carmen Ruíz, their son Pablo, and D. Manuel's mother, reported that after watching television, they heard a sound they initially mistook for a dripping faucet. Upon investigation, they discovered the sound was coming from outside. D. Manuel opened the window and observed a large, luminous, red-orange mass, of imprecise shape, hovering motionless over a building opposite their home, approximately 55 meters away. The strange sound continued during the observation.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the state of ufology in Spain, the need for scientific rigor, the challenges of investigation, and the critical analysis of UFO phenomena. The editorial stance, as articulated by V.J. Ballester Olmos, is one of advocating for a more professional, evidence-based approach to ufology, moving away from sensationalism and towards a more discreet yet effective scientific discipline. The publication positions itself as a crucial platform for this evolution, encouraging collaboration and critical discussion among researchers.

This issue of "Mundo OVNI" (UFO World) focuses on the investigation of a luminous phenomenon and associated sounds reported in the Zurbaran neighborhood, likely in Bilbao, Spain, in 1984. The cover headline teases "The mystery of the 'light' in Zurbaran."

The Zurbaran Incident

The article details an account from a family who witnessed a luminous phenomenon for approximately three hours. The phenomenon was described as a red-orange light, possibly a swirling vortex, and was accompanied by a peculiar sound. The family attempted to record the sound using a portable recorder, capturing about 30 minutes of audio on one side of a cassette. The sound was described by the witness as an "acelerón" (acceleration) and later as strange "bips."

A neighbor also reported hearing the peculiar sound, though she did not witness the luminous aspect directly.

Site Inspection

Investigators Javier Gómez and Luis Alfonso Gámez conducted an inspection of the location. The witness's home is situated in the periphery of the Zurbaran neighborhood, on the side of Mount Archanda. The area is described as having deficient urbanization with a mix of old and new buildings. The terrain is prone to landslides, especially after the heavy rains and floods of 1983. The area around the witness's home is characterized by terraplenes, rubble, and overgrown vegetation, with evidence of water seepage.

Nearby, approximately 80-100 meters above the house, is a steep mountainside with small cultivated plots, overgrown vegetation, and clayey terrain with evidence of recent landslides. Further up, there is more woodland and escarpments. The area also features small streams and springs.

Approximately 370 meters downhill from the witness's home are the ruins of the HEVA ECHEVARRIA, S.A. metallurgical company, which had ceased production about five years prior. A gas factory is currently in operation next to the ruins.

Considerations on the UFO

The object was described as approximately 50 meters in size, oval-circular in shape with indistinct borders, and red-orange in color with intense luminosity, as if seen through smoke or mist. Its mobility was noted as it was observed in one point and then another, though no witness saw it move between these locations. The recorded sound was described as "bips."

Several possible explanations for the luminous phenomenon were considered:

1. A luminous focus installed at the factory or its surroundings. Investigation ruled this out.
2. The glow from the discharge of molten iron in the factory. This was discarded because such a process lasts only 20-25 minutes, while the phenomenon lasted about three hours.
3. Ball lightning. The size and duration were considered excessive for this hypothesis.
4. Another luminous effect requiring further investigation.

Retrospective Survey

On March 3, 1984, the investigators conducted about twenty surveys in the area between the factory ruins and the witness's home. They discovered a significant local concern about environmental contamination from the factory. This led them to approach the topic indirectly, focusing on environmental issues rather than directly on UFOs.

Residents spoke about the factory's impact, including noise and smoke. They mentioned that the factory's closure might have been due to complaints about pollution and disturbances.

Witness Accounts and Factory Conditions

Interviews revealed that during the factory's operation, loud noises from the workshops were constant. Dense, brown smoke emanated from the large chimneys, sometimes affecting the neighborhood. At night, flames were seen from the coal furnaces, and occasionally, dense clouds of dust and smoke with a reddish glow would emerge from the chimneys.

From a slightly elevated position, the witness's house, a skyscraper-like building, and a factory chimney formed a straight line. It was suggested that the "UFO" might have been situated directly above the chimney, and its apparent change in position could be explained by a shift between different chimneys.

The witnesses stated the phenomenon lasted about three hours, which coincides with the usual duration of a smelting process.

The Recording

Upon listening to the recording, the investigators initially suspected it was a common sound, such as a bird or a frog. They provided a copy of the recording to scientific institutions for expert analysis.

The unanimous opinion of the experts was that the sound was the call of *Alytes obstetricans*, commonly known as the midwife toad.

Investigation into the Sound

Further investigation confirmed the presence of midwife toads in the area. The habitat around the witness's home, with its nearby gardens, terraplenes, streams, and puddles, was found to be very conducive to these amphibians. Locals confirmed seeing and hearing toads, particularly in the summer, noting that their numbers seemed to have decreased in recent years.

Several people interviewed mentioned hearing toads that made a "bip, bip" sound, similar to what the witnesses reported. Some recalled hearing them more frequently in the past.

Photographs were taken of toad tadpoles in puddles and three toads found in a water deposit.

Commentary

The investigation concluded that there were no "loose ends" to cast doubt on the nature of the observed phenomenon. The witnesses were deemed honest, and the phenomenon was explained as luminous, not fraudulent. The witnesses themselves suggested a possible connection to the nearby factory.

The article posits that the combination of the late hour, the simultaneous occurrence of two phenomena (the light and the sound), and the lack of prior detailed observation created a fertile ground for the brain to construct an exceptional event.

A historical parallel is drawn to a case in the Condon Report (USA), where an "invisible" UFO emitting "bip, bip" sounds was eventually identified as a "saw whet" owl, which emits a sound similar to midwife toads.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the investigation of unexplained aerial phenomena (UAP) and the critical analysis of witness testimony. The editorial stance appears to favor naturalistic explanations for reported UAP events, emphasizing thorough investigation, expert analysis of evidence (such as sound recordings), and consideration of environmental factors and psychological influences. The article highlights the importance of methodical data collection, as exemplified by the "Ficha Unificada de Recopilación de Datos" project, to move beyond mere discussion and towards standardized classification and understanding of these phenomena.

This issue of CUADERNOS DE UFOLOGIA, identified as Nº 2 and dated June 1984, is published by CEI (Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios) in Spain. The cover headline is 'NOTAS DEL COORDINADOR', indicating a focus on internal communications and project updates.

Coordinator's Notes

The coordinator, José Ruesga, details the development of the "ficha base para el proyecto CATARES" (base form for the CATARES project). This project, initiated at the request of the RNC and approved by the General Assembly in Seville in June 1980, aimed to standardize UFO data collection. Initial difficulties arose due to bureaucracy within CEFO and general apathy. By 1981, the center continued the project independently after RNC withdrew. The CATARES project and its base form, later improved by IIEE Barcelona, had already cataloged 612 records for Andalusia and currently has 1,150 records under discussion.

Computerized Analysis of UFO Photographs by GSW, Inc.

Following up on a previous issue's article on GSW, Inc.'s method for analyzing UFO photographs, this section announces that the technique, translated by Julio Arcas Gilardi, is now accessible to Spanish-speaking researchers. Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos, a key contact with the English-speaking community, has facilitated a special offer from GSW, Inc. The director, William Spaulding, has agreed to maintain the reduced tariff for two cases, each with a maximum of two photos, effectively a 50% reduction. Researchers interested in this service are instructed to send one or two first-generation photographs or slides, a summary of the sighting in English (including date, location, time, circumstances, camera, film, and photographic details), and 2,400 pesetas to cover half the cost and airmail shipping to the USA. The total cost for analysis is approximately $27.50 plus postage.

Case Study: Identification of the Sighting of 6-IV-77 (N-232, Alcañiz-Vinaroz)

This article, authored by M. Borraz, re-examines a case previously published in STENDEK (issue nº38, December 1979) where a couple reported being followed by a luminous object for ninety minutes on the road between Alcañiz and Vinaroz. The author presents strong evidence suggesting the object was actually the Moon. Key arguments include:

• Timing: The satellite (Moon) was visible from approximately 11:30 PM local time and set the next morning around 9:55 AM, aligning with the incident's estimated ninety-minute duration starting around midnight.
• Shape: The circular appearance is explained by the fact that April 4th was a full moon, and on April 6th, 95% of the lunar disk was still illuminated.
• Coloration: The reddish hue could be due to atmospheric absorption as the Moon was low on the horizon.
• Movement: The reported "movements" are attributed to the road's contours and the ascending/descending slopes, particularly near Morella, where the object was perceived to be at its lowest altitude and closest distance. The perceived "elevation" as the object moved away coincided with leaving the mountain pass.
• Compatible Circumstances: The witnesses were unfamiliar with meteorological, astronomical, or aeronautical phenomena. The report did not mention the Moon, despite its likely visibility. The long duration suggests an astronomical explanation. No stationary movements were reported, and no unusual effects were noted.

Despite these strong points, some less clear details remain:

• Initial Angular Position: The object was initially assigned an angular position of about 70º above the horizon, higher than the Moon's maximum elevation that night (approx. 32º at 4:45 AM on the 7th).
• Apparent Size: The object's apparent size was described as slightly larger than a 100-peseta coin held at arm's length (estimated at over 3º), which seems exaggerated for the Moon (1/2º with a clear sky).
• Darker Base: The object had a darker base that increased in relative size as the sphere diminished while "rising."
• Appearance at Altitude: At "great altitude," the object appeared as a faint luminous circular patch or a point.

These discrepancies might be explained by cloud cover affecting luminosity, or the lack of visible planets or stars at midnight on the 6th. Angular estimations are prone to error. The "darker base" remains somewhat unclear.

Conclusions: The author concludes that the witnesses, though sincere and inexperienced, likely confused the Moon with a UFO. The detailed report allowed for a psychological analysis, suggesting a feedback loop initiated by an uncritical initial attitude. The explanation of the vehicle's movements creating the illusion of the object's displacement is less likely than the object following the car. Notably, neither witness was interested in UFOs at the time, possibly influenced by "mass media" coverage.

First Statistical Inspection of Andalusian Casuistry (1908-1967)

This article by José Ruesga Montiel and Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos presents a statistical analysis of UFO cases in Andalusia from 1908 to 1967. Out of 108 cases compiled, 20 (18%) were explained, 55 (51%) were discarded due to insufficient information, and 33 (31%) remained unexplained (OVNIS).

• Of the 20 explained cases, the breakdown by source is:
• Meteorites, bolides, stars, or planets: 4
• No evidence of UFO: 3
• Probable ball lightning: 3
• Airplanes: 3
• Sounding balloons: 2
• Frauds: 2
• Geomagnetic phenomena: 1
• Hypnopompic vision: 1
• Geographically incorrect: 1

The 33 retained UFO cases have a mean "Indice de Certidumbre" (Certitude Index) of 15.3%. This index is derived from three factors: quality of information, extraordinariness of the experience, and witness credibility, with values ranging from 0 to 1. A mean certitude value below 12.5% is considered critical for scientific validity. The 15.3% average for the 33 cases is comparable to the 15.4% average found in a study of 37 cases from the period prior to 1968.

Regarding the 55 discarded cases due to lack of information, 23 (42%) came from investigators and 32 (58%) from the press. The authors criticize the press for providing insufficient information and investigators for not following up on leads. They lament the lack of quantifiable data in many reports and suggest that a lack of rigorous investigation could lead official bodies to dismiss the existence of UFOs.

Conclusions: The primary problem in the analyzed casuistry is the low quality of information (Q). The 33 valid cases have a higher certitude index (15.3%) due to better witness credibility. The authors express willingness to re-examine these 33 cases to refine the analysis and potentially uncover more alternative explanations.

Addendum to the Madrid Negative Case

This section by Juan-Marcos Gascon Valldecabres provides additional details about a previously published negative UFO case from Madrid (Cuadernos de Ufologia, issue 4, December 1983). The author clarifies the identity of the witness as Doña Pilar Rueda Bruno (widow) and the informant as her son, Miguel-Angel Martinez Rueda, a 28-year-old photomechanic and science-fiction fan who edits the fanzine Space-Opera. The author met Miguel-Angel in 1980 and vouches for his sincerity. He also notes that press archives from October 12-21, 1982, in Madrid, do not contain any UFO-related news that could correspond to the observation. Meteorological data for Madrid on October 13, 1982, indicated increasing cloudiness, risk of precipitation, moderate to strong northwesterly winds, and pleasant temperatures.

Gascon Valldecabres refutes claims by Argentine investigator Mario-Luis Bracamonte Báez that the case involved "unconfirmed information from third parties (INCDT)". He asserts that his correspondent's first-hand information was sufficient to identify the visual stimulus that provoked the observation. He advocates for a rational approach to studying UFO phenomena, avoiding preconceived notions and emphasizing the importance of objective investigation.

References and Notes

This section lists several references and notes related to the articles, including:

1. The CATARES project details.
2. José Ruesga Montiel's article on the CATARES project.
3. Ballester Olmos and Guasp's work on UFO report evaluation standards.
4. Ballester Olmos and Fernandez's computer index of UFO landing reports.
5. Ballester Olmos's book, "INVESTIGACION OVNI."
6. A note on how witness attitudes can raise doubts about original information, suggesting the possibility of fraud or deception.
7. Acknowledgements to José Miguel Alcibar, Antonio Petit, Joaquin Mateos, and V.J. Ballester Olmos for their contributions.

Additional references are provided for the statistical analysis, including works by J. Balmes and J.A. Hynek.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around rigorous investigation, statistical analysis of UFO data, and the critical re-evaluation of past cases. The editorial stance emphasizes a scientific and rational approach, prioritizing verifiable evidence and clear methodology. There is a strong focus on identifying misidentifications, particularly of astronomical objects like the Moon, and on improving the quality and depth of information gathered in UFO investigations. The magazine encourages active participation from its readership in contributing to these research efforts.

This issue of "CUADERNOS DE UFOLOGIA" (Issue 36, dated July 1984) focuses on establishing rational criteria for investigating the UFO phenomenon. The main article, "CRITERIOS PARA UNA INVESTIGACION RACIONAL DEL FENOMENO OVNI" by Miguel Casp, translated by Xavier Lafarga Maduell, forms the core of the content. The issue also includes a review of "ATLAS DEL CIELO" and a case study titled "LOS ALCAZARES (MURCIA) JUNIO de 1979" by J.A.Fernandez Peris.

Article: CRITERIOS PARA UNA INVESTIGACION RACIONAL DEL FENOMENO OVNI by Miguel Casp

The author begins by stating that his essay applies a critical study of the stages necessary to achieve knowledge about any fact or phenomenon to the UFO phenomenon. The conclusions are positive, proposing new criteria for a stable research approach. Key concepts discussed include philosophical criteria, knowledge, physical laws, testimony, impossibilities, and the definition of UFOs.

In the introduction, Casp expresses his conviction that the essay will be useful to anyone involved in studying the UFO enigma. He notes that the difficulties in UFO research stem from ambiguous definitions, vaguely decipherable terms, and a lack of a 'declaration of principles' or sincerity regarding the motivations of those involved. He poses the crucial question of what makes it possible to maintain interest in this field, suggesting that an inadequate answer will prevent satisfaction with any research solution.

Casp asserts that the results pursued will be as varied as the motives, and isolating the goal will clarify the path. For those who do not prioritize the imperative need to know and act, there are likely few reasons to worry about the current deficient knowledge of the UFO phenomenon. He concludes that the primary reason for obscurantism in ufology is that the internal motivations of most involved individuals are already satisfied, negating the need for research advancement. He writes these notes for researchers committed to advancing knowledge.

The article then delves into the "POSIBILIDAD DEL FENOMENO OVNI" (Possibility of the UFO Phenomenon). Casp adopts the three stages of inquiry proposed by philosopher Jaime Balmes in the 19th century: 1. Is it possible? 2. Does it exist? 3. What are its properties, relations, and nature?

He addresses the common objection that UFOs present aspects impossible according to known physical laws. While acknowledging the merit of such objections, he urges caution. Examples include instantaneous changes in trajectory (defying inertia), immaterial behavior (defying gravity), and the absence of sonic booms. Casp argues that skeptics often err due to ignorance of basic information or misusing vocabulary like 'impossible'.

Casp distinguishes between three types of impossibility: metaphysical (absolute), natural (violating laws of nature), and moral (inapplicable here). He illustrates the difference with a mathematical example (p + q = r) and then applies it to physical concepts like velocity, referencing the Michelson-Morley experiment and the Theory of Relativity. He contends that a natural impossibility requires ensuring no other natural law can override the one being contradicted. He criticizes the extrapolation of apparent natural impossibilities into absolute ones, which he deems an erroneous procedure.

He argues that for a real natural impossibility, one must be certain that no other natural law can supersede the one that appears to be violated. This is where many objections to UFO reports falter. Casp believes that while scientific objections are valid and should be rigorously considered, they should not lead to the use of the word 'impossible' with undue gravity. He suggests that even in established disciplines, complete certainty about laws is elusive, and new discoveries can always harmonize with existing knowledge, as seen with Relativity.

When confronted with a UFO experience with apparent physical content, Casp advises against immediate classification as impossible. He notes that scientific progress often comes from discovering data that contradicts established laws, compelling the creation of new paradigms.

Regarding the "EXISTENCIA DEL FENOMENO OVNI" (Existence of the UFO Phenomenon), Casp differentiates between the mere collection of reports (which undeniably exists) and the validity of these reports. He clarifies that for him, affirming the existence of UFOs means the narrative content of the testimony is true, an accurate transcription of an observation, and a genuine reproduction of reality. He emphasizes that mere speculation about the object's shape is insufficient.

He discusses the criteria for accepting human testimony, referencing V.J. Ballester Olmos and his own work, which summarizes Balmes' two notable criteria: 1. The witness is not deceived. 2. The witness does not deceive themselves. Casp applies this to UFO reports, considering the 'witness' to include the entire report, not just the human observer.

Casp notes that scientific ufology strives to minimize the possibility of human testimony being a distorting filter. However, he acknowledges the underlying impression that human testimony can be erroneous, especially for unrepeatable events.

In the section "NATURALEZA DEL FENOMENO OVNI" (Nature of the UFO Phenomenon), Casp criticizes common expressions like 'the origin of UFOs' or 'the solution to the problem,' arguing they presuppose a distinct nature that is not yet defined. He states that the internal nature of the phenomenon should be described by its definition, but currently, the definition is imprecise and only relates to external aspects. He highlights the lack of an accepted definition for UFOs, hindering significant progress. He quotes Dr. J. Allen Hynek's definition, which describes a UFO as an unidentified report of an object or light whose characteristics are puzzling and remain unexplained after thorough study.

Casp argues that defining a phenomenon as intrinsically unknown is an error, as nothing is intrinsically unknown; it is only unknown to a particular person. For the general public, a UFO is anything unknown to the observer. For Hynek and scientific ufology, it's what remains unknown to current science. Casp refutes this, stating that no phenomenon can be defined by its lack of being known.

He further elaborates that many phenomena studied by science are unknown to it but possess different natures and relate to various physical phenomena. He criticizes the obstinacy of presenting UFOs through accepted definitions (mere descriptions of initial observations), which leads to confusion. A physical phenomenon, to be described, must be defined by its essence and quantitative effects. He cites examples from astronomy where phenomena like meteorites were unified under a single definition after study, contrasting this with ufology's tendency to group diverse phenomena under the label 'unknown,' creating a 'dense curtain' obscuring the truth.

Due to the insufficiency of current definitions, UFO reports are scattered across multiple phenomena without apparent relation, making the ufologist's task ungratifying. Casp proposes a different approach: dividing the mass of reports into groups, each corresponding to a single phenomenon. This would allow researchers to choose a group aligned with their convictions. However, he acknowledges the difficulty due to poor and imprecise information.

He suggests that if this difficulty were overcome, the procedure would involve grouping cases with analogous parameters, varying quantitative measures to align with established sciences and test predictions against empirical material. This, he believes, is the path forward.

Finally, Casp addresses the common attitude of seeking a single solution for all 'UFO' material, which he sees as focusing on the sociological aspect rather than the reality of the phenomenon, perhaps exploring the sociological basis of rumor.

Conclusions

Casp concludes that while some facts may contradict current physical laws, the probability of witnesses being entirely reliable is low. He argues that improbable events are rare by definition; if they were frequent, natural laws would be based on them, not anomalies. Therefore, a constructive skepticism is the most judicious stance, as the probability of finding an authentic phenomenon is akin to finding radium in pitchblende.

He stresses that this is not pure negativism but a suggestion to adhere to established orthodox sciences and integrate anomalous information into relevant disciplines. He uses analogies from biology and nuclear physics to illustrate that progress requires specialized knowledge, not a common discipline for all unknowns. To gain knowledge, one must be willing to accept the criteria of science.

Article: ATLAS DEL CIELO Review

This section reviews "ATLAS DEL CIELO" (Atlas of the Sky) by Fernando Martín Asín, distributed by Aguilar, Madrid, 1982. The author is a Doctor Ingeniero Geógrafo, topographer, and mathematician, currently teaching Astronomy and Geodesia at the Polytechnic University of Madrid. The book is large format (44 x 32 cm), imitation leather bound, and includes numerous photographs, illustrations, and tables, priced at 3,700 pesetas. It is described as an important work in astronomical popularization.

The first part details constellations with their characteristics and mythological aspects. The celestial vault is represented in segments for better viewing. A key novelty highlighted is the treatment of planets, with "finders" (buscadores) that, using simple calculations, allow locating any planet's position from 1981 onwards, serving as a substitute for astronomical ephemerides and offering economic savings.

Other chapters cover the Sun, Moon, comets, stars, galaxies, clusters, and nebulae. The review deems the atlas an indispensable reference for any serious ufologist.

Interested parties can purchase the autographed version directly from the author for 3,200 pesetas, with the address provided in Madrid and the publication date noted as Valencia, July 1984.

Article: LOS ALCAZARES (MURCIA) JUNIO de 1979 - DIALOGANCO by J.A.FERNANDEZ PERIS

This article explains the background of a case study concerning an event in Los Alcázares, Murcia, in June 1979. The author, J.A.Fernandez Peris, along with Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos, conducted a preliminary analysis of the case, concluding it might have a logical explanation. They sent their preliminary comments to Francisco-José Sarabia, who had investigated the case and provided the initial information. Sarabia subsequently published an article in the same publication, expressing discrepancies with their initial conclusions. This article presents a more formal and expanded version of their preliminary comments.

The fundamental problem with the event is the heterogeneous and unclear account from the witness, a 10-year-old girl. The surveys reveal imprecision in her responses, and while her credibility is not doubted due to her age, her statements are taken at face value. Consequently, a definitive understanding of the event is difficult.

However, the basic representation of the facts is as follows: An object was submerged near the coast of Mar Menor, less than 2 meters deep. Its shape is unknown, but it reportedly had intermittent lights and a 'large black lever.' It produced a 'strange' sound audible underwater. The object seemed to contain electrical energy, causing a shock to the girl when she touched it with her foot, but not when she touched the 'lever' (possibly an insulating material).

Thick cables emerged from beneath the object and were buried in the sand. Around the object and cables, there were holes in the sand that were no longer visible the next day when the object had moved. The object appeared to move further from the coast each day. On one occasion, the girl observed men in a 'small boat'.

Letter to the Editor (CORREO DEL LECTOR)

This section contains feedback from collaborators. The editor thanks them for their critiques, which help improve the content and refine ideas. The publication's objective is to unite, inform, and facilitate the exchange of ideas among serious students of ufology, serving as a working tool rather than mere entertainment. The publication is sustained by reader contributions and works.

It is mentioned that new collaborators have joined, including Juan Planas Crivillen, who requested information about a task he is undertaking with Ballester Olmos: cataloging UFO sightings that, regardless of whether the witnesses were military, were subjected to interrogation or investigation by the Civil Guard, Army, Navy, or Air Force. Communications regarding this should be sent to Juan Planas Crivillen at Rambla de Sabadell, 33, Sabadell (Barcelona). The interested party will later provide a list of cases for publication.

The editor reminds collaborators that communications about ongoing work should focus on achieving team effort and encourages more numerous responses to move beyond the publication's purely informative stage.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical and rational investigation of the UFO phenomenon. The editorial stance emphasizes a scientific, evidence-based approach, advocating for clear definitions, rigorous analysis of testimony, and skepticism tempered with openness to new data. The publication positions itself as a tool for serious researchers, aiming to advance knowledge through collaboration and critical discussion, rejecting sensationalism or purely speculative approaches. There's a strong emphasis on distinguishing between scientific inquiry and sociological or rumor-based analysis of the phenomenon.

This issue of UPIAR RESEARCH IN PROGRESS (URIP), dated July 1984, is a Spanish-language publication from Italy, focusing on rigorous scientific investigation of the UFO phenomenon. It is presented as a continuation of the UFO PHENOMENA INTERNATIONAL ANNUAL REVIEW (UPIAR) and aims to disseminate scientific advances in ufology.

Analysis of the Los Alcázares Case

The issue delves into a specific UFO sighting that occurred in Los Alcázares, Spain, in June 1979. The object was observed by a child for approximately three days, initially appearing near the coast and then moving further away. The analysis presented suggests that the object was likely conventional machinery, possibly a type of fault detector or repair equipment for underwater cables (potentially telephone cables). The authors argue against a hypothetical extraterrestrial origin, emphasizing the lack of strangeness and the possibility of a mundane explanation. They critique the idea of waiting for hypothetical reinvestigations, stating that such delays risk paralyzing the classification of UFO cases. The article highlights the potential for children's narratives to include imaginative elements and the difficulties in accurately translating thoughts into speech or writing.

The authors advocate for a pragmatic approach, suggesting that if a case can be explained by a logical, conventional hypothesis, it should be classified as such. They propose that it is better to consider a doubtful case as negative rather than introducing a negative case into a purified catalog of UFO phenomena. This approach aims to reduce statistical 'noise' and maintain the integrity of UFO data.

Witness Reliability and UFO Classification

Another section addresses the critical issue of witness reliability in UFO investigations. It questions the assumption that witnesses who are not overtly interested in UFOs are inherently more trustworthy. The article points out that even seemingly ordinary individuals can experience hallucinations or fantasies, and that factors like sleep deprivation, hypoglycemia, or CO2 levels can trigger such experiences. The common imagery associated with hallucinations (e.g., spiders' webs, tunnels, spirals, distorted figures) is discussed. The text also challenges the notion that experienced observers, like pilots, are less prone to error, citing statistics where pilots and police had high rates of misidentification. The article suggests that the unknown can overwhelm critical reasoning, leading to emotional responses that shape interpretations of events.

It is argued that multiple witnesses do not necessarily guarantee accuracy, and that group interactions can even embellish a case. The concept of 'strangeness' (étrangeté), defined as an observation deviating from the norm, is introduced as a key characteristic for selecting cases for study. The authors, particularly Jean-Luc Overal, are conducting research to identify truly anomalous UFO cases by filtering out those with conventional explanations. This research involves categorizing cases based on various indices of strangeness and comparing them with science fiction and mythology.

The UPIAR Research in Progress Journal

The publication itself, URIP, is presented as a quarterly journal that aims to be a rapid and effective tool for disseminating technical and scientific notes on UFO phenomena. It includes book reviews, bibliographies, and announcements of symposia. The journal is published in English to reach a wider scientific audience. The editors acknowledge the challenges of language and price (15 USD) for Spanish-speaking readers but emphasize the high quality and value of the publication. They invite contributions, articles, and subscriptions to support the journal's mission.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical need for a scientific and rigorous approach to UFO research. The editorial stance strongly favors conventional explanations for sightings whenever possible, emphasizing the importance of witness reliability analysis and the statistical purification of UFO data. There is a clear push to elevate ufology from sensationalism and pseudoscience to a more respected scientific discipline. The journal serves as a platform for this endeavor, encouraging collaboration and the sharing of research findings within the scientific community.

This document is a call for a volunteer investigator, published by the Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios (CEI) and the Consejo de Consultores de Stendek. It is dated December 29, 1975, and originates from Valencia, Spain. The primary purpose is to enlist help in analyzing a significant volume of accumulated data related to UAP (Unidentified Aerial Phenomena) sightings.

Call for Volunteer Investigator The announcement details a series of nocturnal light sightings that occurred over a vast area of Spain on December 29, 1975. The author, Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos of the CEI, highlights three puzzling aspects of this event: 1. The NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command) has no record of any re-entry for that specific date. 2. The date does not correspond to any typical meteor shower radiants, suggesting the phenomena were not meteoric. 3. During the peak of these sightings, an extraordinary case of a landing occurred, which the CEI believes requires independent reinvestigation.

The CEI is seeking an investigator willing to dedicate several weeks to this task. The responsibilities would include analyzing the extensive documentation already in the CEI's archives, soliciting additional data from other groups and individuals, and preparing a catalog of the sightings. The investigator would also be tasked with mapping the geographical distribution of these cases and indicating the direction of the phenomenon to identify a general pattern or resultant. This analysis aims to differentiate between observations of bolides, re-entries, and other potential phenomena.

Resources and Collaboration The CEI assures the volunteer that they will be provided with all the information available in their archives, which is described as potentially more than sufficient for the task. The scope and complexity of the study will depend on the investigator's level of training. Upon completion, the work will be sent back for review, and the author will have complete freedom to publish it as they see fit. This initiative is also intended to foster collaboration and activate the analytical capabilities of UFO enthusiasts in Spain. The CEI plans to offer opportunities for original and creative research in future announcements, thereby supporting its program related to Type I cases and engaging the Spanish UFO community.

How to Participate Individuals interested in undertaking this research are requested to write to the CEI at their earliest convenience. The contact address provided is VICENTE JUAN BALLESTER OLMOS, GUARDIA CIVIL, 9. 0-16, 46020 VALENCIA (SPAIN).

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance The document reflects a proactive and research-oriented stance by the CEI. It emphasizes the importance of rigorous data analysis, collaboration, and the pursuit of unexplained phenomena. The call for volunteers suggests a resource-limited organization seeking external expertise and engagement to advance its understanding of UAP. The focus on specific dates and events, coupled with the desire to differentiate between known and unknown phenomena, indicates a methodical approach to ufology.