Cuadernos de Ufologia - No 06 - 1984

Magazine Overview

Title: CUADERNOS DE UFOLOGIA
Issue: N°6
Volume: ANO II
Date: June 1984
Publisher: Informal group of UFO phenomenon investigators
Country: Spain
Language: Spanish

This issue of CUADERNOS DE UFOLOGIA, a publication serving as a link and exchange for an informal group of UFO investigators, focuses on the intersection of UFOs and computers, as well as other related topics. The cover prominently features the title 'UFO & COMPUTER' and the year '1984'.

Editorial and Coordination

The editorial, penned by coordinator José Ruesga Montiel, emphasizes the importance of unity within their small community. He reflects on the past efforts to communicate and maintain the publication, acknowledging the current 42 collaborators as a strong human resource for Spanish ufology. Montiel calls for a renewed effort in recruiting new collaborators to ensure the publication's continuity. He also suggests a cost-saving measure: members sending their own duplicated works on A-4 folios, at least 50 times, to reduce printing costs. Montiel expresses gratitude to several individuals for their invaluable contributions, both financial and moral, including Vicente-Juan Ballester, Fco. José Sarabia, Antonio Petit, Ramón J. Vega, J. Marcos Gascon, Jesus Suarez, Manuel Borraz, J.A. Fernandez, and Luis R. Gonzalez, for their support and critical input that helped shape the idea of working together.

Montiel stresses that any differences of opinion or criticism within the group should serve to advance and not divide them, urging a move away from extreme stances that have historically hindered Spanish ufology. He views the current stage as a new era for UFO research in Spain, aiming to build a solid foundation for future generations of ufologists. He expresses confidence in the community's "will to do," seriousness, and commitment.

Contributor Information and Guidelines

Information is provided regarding the maquette and coordination by José Ruesga Montiel, and composition by Manuel Gómez Muñoz. Correspondence should be directed to José Ruesga Montiel at his Seville address. Annual maintenance aid is available with options for students (750 pts.), normal (1,000 pts.), and a 'protector' modality (2,000 pts.) for those wishing to contribute more significantly.

Minimum guidelines for original submissions are outlined: works with drawings must have them integrated and executed in black. Photographs submitted for publication should be original copies from negatives, not photocopies, due to reproduction quality issues. Submissions should be typed with single spacing on standardized folios, not exceeding 6 folios per side. Works of exceptional documentary interest may be published in installments.

Articles and Features

1. Editorial: Discussed above, focusing on unity, collaboration, and the future of Spanish ufology.

3. Investigación OVNI (UFO Investigation) by J.M. Gasoδη: This section reviews Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos' book 'INVESTIGACION OVNI'. The reviewer praises Ballester's work for masterfully blending the dissemination of interesting cases with rigorous research methodology. The book is presented as a vital resource, challenging the scientific establishment's dismissal of UFO phenomena and denouncing the sensationalist manipulation of cases by unscrupulous individuals. It emphasizes that UFO testimonies are not always unidentifiable and can be analyzed scientifically. The review highlights the book's discussion of globular lightning and its infrastructure for UFO investigation, including a guide for interviewers and a proposed hypothesis for UFO origins. The appendix, a bibliography of 30 years of UFO literature in Spain by Juan-Antonio Fernandez Peris, is noted as particularly valuable for newcomers.

6. Relación fenómeno OVNI-sismicidad: Ideas de un intercambio (Relationship between UFO phenomenon and seismicity: Ideas from an exchange) by F.J. Sarabia Sanchez: This article presents ideas from an epistolary exchange between the author and the late Alberto Adell Sabatés, initiated in the summer of 1982. The core idea was to explore a potential relationship between seismic phenomena and the annual frequency of UFO sightings, investigating whether UFOs might be drawn to seismic events. The study focused on identifying a 'parallelism of profiles' rather than a direct cause-and-effect relationship. The authors faced challenges with sample size and representativeness for both seismic and UFO data. They proposed two mathematical models: chronological series and the sign test, to analyze the potential correlation. Figure A illustrates the chronological series of UFO cases and seismic events, showing a visual similarity in their profiles until around 1964, after which the direct relationship appears to decrease. The analysis suggests that before 1964, 76% of years showed a direct relationship, dropping to 54% afterward. Overall, 69% of the years showed a direct relationship, and 31% an inverse one. The authors note that these ideas were presented conceptually without deep elaboration.

9. Dialogando:Los ovnis desmitificados (Dialoguing: UFOs demystified) by Luis Hernandez Franoh: This article is not detailed in the provided text.

11. Correo del Lector:Ovnis y testigos (Reader's Mail: UFOs and witnesses) by Mario T. Martinez Serrano: This section likely contains reader feedback or contributions related to UFO sightings and witnesses.

12. La influencia de la "mass media" en los avistamientos de Ovnis (The influence of "mass media" on UFO sightings) by V.J. Ballester Olmos: This article examines how mass media coverage might affect or shape the reporting and perception of UFO sightings.

13. Paralelismos dificilmente cuantificables (Difficult-to-quantify parallels) by Manuel Borraz Aymerich y José Ruesga Montiel: This piece likely explores parallels between different aspects of the UFO phenomenon that are hard to measure quantitatively.

16. La Ufologia en la República Popular China (Ufology in the People's Republic of China) by Carlos Chevallier Marina: This article provides insights into the state of ufology in China.

18. Test de asimilación-retención (Assimilation-retention test) by R.J. Vega Fernandez: This section likely details a test or methodology related to how information about UFOs is assimilated and retained.

22. Análisis Ovnis y alteraciones en sistemas eléctricos (Analysis of UFOs and alterations in electrical systems) by Rafael Huerta y Julian Martin: This article investigates potential connections between UFO sightings and disruptions in electrical systems.

27. Analisis comoutarizado de fotos Ovnis (Computerized analysis of UFO photos) by W.H. Spaulding y F. Adrian (translation by Julio Arcas Gilardi): This feature discusses the use of computers to analyze photographic evidence of UFOs.

36. Anexo (Appendix) by Ruesga, Fernandez y Ballester: This appendix likely contains supplementary material related to the preceding articles.

Other Sections

A LA ATENCION DE NUESTROS COLABORADORES (To the attention of our collaborators): This section reminds collaborators to update their aid contributions to receive the next four issues. It also highlights a need for translators to help disseminate UFO research, mentioning Julio Arcas and Claudio Pondard as translators. An important notice advises collaborators to update their postal codes due to new population codes coming into effect in July. It also states that no mail will be received during August due to vacations. Collaborators are urged to spread the word about CUADERNOS to help maintain it.

NORMAS MINIMAS... (Minimum guidelines...): Continues the guidelines for submissions, specifying that drawings should be in black and framed, and photographs should be original negatives. It reiterates the importance of original materials for reproduction quality.

IMPORTANTE (Important): A final reminder about notifying the publication of postal codes for correct delivery and to help compile a potential 1984 yearbook. It also requests that any identified sightings be noted.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the investigation of UFO phenomena, with a particular focus on the emerging intersection with computer technology. There is a strong emphasis on scientific methodology, collaboration, and the need for rigorous analysis to counter sensationalism and misinformation. The editorial stance is one of promoting unity, encouraging contributions, and striving for a more solid and credible foundation for ufology in Spain. The publication positions itself as a platform for serious researchers to share their findings and engage in critical discussion, aiming to advance the field beyond anecdotal evidence and speculative theories. The review of Ballester's book underscores the importance of structured, evidence-based research. The article on UFOs and seismicity reflects an interest in exploring less conventional correlations within the phenomenon.

This issue of "Dialogando" (Issue 9, Volume C. del LECTOR, dated 1984) features a critical examination of UFO phenomena, primarily through a series of articles and commentaries that aim to demystify sensationalist claims and promote a more rigorous approach to ufology. The magazine, published in Spain, is in Spanish and focuses on UFOs and witnesses.

"LOS OVNIS DESMITIFICADOS" by Luis Hernandez Franch

This lead article questions the sensationalist claims surrounding UFOs, particularly the idea that they are extraterrestrial craft. Hernandez Franch poses several critical questions:

• Why do UFOs visit Earth? He notes the reported 'fifty million UFOs' seen worldwide between 1945 and 1975, questioning why such a large number of visits occur to an insignificant planet in a vast universe. He also points out the lack of communication or claims for substantial prizes offered for proof of extraterrestrial existence.
• Why would cosmic intelligence be interested in Earth? He observes that UFOs merely approach, hover, and disappear, sometimes pursuing vehicles or startling farmers, suggesting a lack of significant interaction.
• Government Secrecy Claims: The author dismisses claims of governments (specifically mentioning FEUU) hiding information about battles with extraterrestrials, alien cemeteries, or crashed craft, arguing that in an era of scandals like Watergate and Pentagon Papers, such secrets would be impossible to keep.
• Physical Demands on Extraterrestrials: He questions how beings with Earth-like physiology (blood, organs, skeletons) could withstand the extreme accelerations and decelerations associated with UFOs.
• The Silence of UFOs: The article questions why, if UFOs are advanced, they do not send messages, and notes that reported 'messages' via psychography or psychophony are often puerile or nonsensical. No radio signals have been detected from UFOs.
• Witness Testimony Reliability: Hernandez Franch suggests that most UFO sightings are characterized by ambiguities, contradictions, hallucinations, psychopathy, fraud, or outright lies, often confessed later. He notes that most spectacular 'contact' stories come from single, unreliable witnesses.

"C. del LECTOR" - OVNIS Y TESTIGOS by Mario T. Martinez Serrano

This section shifts the focus from the UFO itself to the witness. Martinez Serrano argues that the traditional ufological approach, which prioritizes the 'OVNI' (UFO) over the witness, is erroneous. He believes this focus has led to the generalization of 'extraterrestrial' and 'cosmic' hypotheses, including the HET (Extraterrestrial Hypothesis) thesis.

• Psychological Depth of the Witness: He advocates for a deeper investigation into the witness's psyche, suggesting that this internal universe might hold more surprises than the external one.
• Balancing the OVNI and the Witness: Martinez Serrano stresses the need to give equal and appropriate weight to both the UFO and the witness, proposing that the witness should be the primary focus of study.
• The Witness as the Source: He posits that the UFO might be a byproduct generated by the witness themselves, or by collective human consciousness, through a parapsychological process. This suggests an endogenous origin for the phenomenon, rather than an external, extraterrestrial one.

Commentary by José Ruesga

Ruesga comments on Martinez Serrano's article, agreeing that it presents a valid perspective but doesn't offer entirely new information, as the Condon Report had already recommended greater attention to witnesses. He expresses a desire for CdU to be open to various research approaches but insists on a minimum of coherence and seriousness, cautioning against publishing opinion pieces that do not contribute substantively to the field.

"LA INFLUENCIA DE LA 'MASS MEDIA' EN LOS AVISTAMIENTOS DE OVNIS" by Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos

This article explores how mass media influences UFO sightings and reports. Ballester Olmos notes that television series (like "Los Invasores" and "Proyecto UFO"), radio, and TV programs have significantly increased the number of reported UFO cases.

• Need for a Tabulation: He proposes the creation of a table to catalog influential UFO-related media programs, including their title, medium, coverage, broadcast period, and estimated audience. This would help researchers analyze how media shapes public perception and reporting.
• Call for Contributions: He urges readers to contribute information for this tabulation.

"PARALELISMOS DIFICILMENTE CUANTIFICABLES" by Manuel Borraz Aymerich and José Ruesga Montiel

This section introduces the idea of identifying and analyzing quantifiable parallels across different UFO cases. The goal is to highlight concrete, common features that might otherwise be overlooked.

• Objective: To identify recurring characteristics in UFO cases that can be detected retrospectively, aiding in statistical verification of these 'coincidences'.
• Methodology: While a dedicated section for this is not feasible, the authors encourage readers to send significant data to Manuel Borraz Aymerich. If promising results emerge, further documentation and analysis will follow.
• Example: Acoustic Sensation ('click'): The article provides three specific examples of UFO sightings where witnesses reported hearing a 'click' or 'snap' sound:
• May 6, 1967: Four witnesses observed a silent lenticular object that emitted a 'click' sound twice, coinciding with its disappearance.
• April 1, 1976: A couple encountered a silent, hovering object, heard a 'click' sound, and subsequently experienced a period of lost consciousness.
• February 26, 1980: Three witnesses' car engine, radio, and lights stopped after a 'click' sound was heard, coinciding with the appearance and disappearance of a luminous ball.
• Additional Information: Laboratory experiences are cited suggesting that exposure to microwave pulses can cause auditory perceptions described as clicks, buzzes, or chirps, potentially offering a scientific explanation for some reported acoustic phenomena.
• Call for Discussion: The authors invite opinions on the proposal's interest and potential approaches.

"LA UPOLOGIA EN LA REPUBLICA POPULAR CHINA" by Carlos Chevalier Marina

This article provides an overview of UFO research and phenomena in China, highlighting its unique cultural context.

• UFOs in China: Despite not being officially recognized by political or military bodies, UFO sightings and ufology exist in China. Public awareness began to grow significantly around mid-1978.
• Research Groups: Three main UFO research groups are identified:
• C.U.R.O. (China Ufo Research Organization): Founded in May 1979, it is the most important group, with members across universities and technical schools. It includes scientists, technicians, and Communist Party members and publishes three periodicals.
• Organización China para la Investigación de los Misterios Naturales: Founded in December 1980 in Peking, this smaller group also studies phenomena like Yetis and extrasensory perception, comprising respected scientific personalities.
• Exploración Ovni: This is the editorial team of China's most important UFO magazine, founded in December 1980. The magazine, with a bimonthly cadence and a circulation of 300,000, was founded by Thu Fuzheng and Shi Bo. Shi Bo's book, "La Chine et les extra-terrestres," analyzes UFO cases from the 19th and 20th centuries, including the 1981 Chinese UFO wave, and features reports from military officials and close encounters with humanoids.
• Interview with Shi Bo: Chevalier interviewed Shi Bo, who stated that his involvement with the UFO problem began in September 1978.

"EL TEST DE ASIMILACION-RETENCION" (Assimilation-Retention Test)

This section details a proposed test designed to evaluate the validity and reliability of witness testimonies regarding UFO sightings.

• Purpose: To establish a relationship between a witness's testimony of a real event and their description of a pre-fabricated observation, thereby assessing their retention and narrative abilities.
• Methodology: The test involves showing a witness a drawing of a landing scene with an occupant for 45 seconds. The witness must then recall as many details as possible, including elements, circumstances, shapes, aspects, and colors. This recall is to be done at least 24 hours later, either verbally or through a written account and a drawing.
• Analysis: The data is analyzed by comparing testimonies from multiple individuals. Points are allocated based on the witness's focus: 4 points for UFO details, 4 points for occupant details, 1 point for terrain, and 1 point for climatology.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The overarching theme of this issue is the critical and demystifying approach to UFO phenomena. The editorial stance, as expressed through the various articles, is one of skepticism towards sensationalist claims and a call for more rigorous, scientific methodologies in ufology. There is a strong emphasis on the importance of witness testimony analysis, the influence of media, and the potential for psychological factors to play a role. The inclusion of UFO research in China and the detailed proposal for the Assimilation-Retention Test underscore a commitment to systematic investigation rather than mere speculation. The magazine appears to advocate for a grounded, evidence-based approach, questioning extraordinary claims and seeking rational explanations or at least a deeper understanding of the phenomenon through careful study.

This issue of "UFO Nachrichten" (Volume 19, Issue 19, dated April 1983) delves into various aspects of UFO phenomena, with a strong emphasis on analytical and scientific approaches. The magazine features articles on psychological testing related to UAP observation, detailed analysis of UAP characteristics based on reported sightings, and advanced techniques for analyzing UAP photographs using computer technology.

Article: Memory and Perception in UAP Observation

The issue begins with a reflection by RAMON JOSE VEGA FERNANDEZ on a "Memory-Retention Test" designed to evaluate how individuals recall details from observed scenes. He discusses the subjective nature of assigning values to different aspects of memory and narrative capacity, but notes that the test results showed participants with similar memory capacities fell within close parameters. The test involves observing a scene, recalling details, and drawing the scene. Fernandez expresses a desire for others to refine this test, hoping it can become a valuable tool for investigating unidentified phenomena. He also proposes studying what observers, whether experienced or not, perceive in a typical scene and how their accounts might relate to psychological characteristics relevant to witnesses of sightings. He believes this could be a positive complement to current investigative methods.

Article: Test of Assimilation-Retention

Page 20 presents the "TEST DE ASIMILACION-RETENCION" (Assimilation-Retention Test). It instructs the reader to pay close attention to a drawing (depicting a flying saucer and a humanoid figure) that will be shown for 45 seconds. The goal is to memorize as many details as possible, including the object's shape and characteristics, the humanoid figure's appearance and attire, the terrain, weather conditions, and time of day. The test aims to compare memorization and retention abilities with questionnaire data, categorizing retention levels as low, normal, high, or very high, with results evaluated 24 hours after viewing the drawing.

Page 3 provides a detailed breakdown of the data collected from this test, categorizing observations related to the object, the humanoid, the terrain, and meteorological conditions. For the object, details include its disc shape, dark color, three legs, red central band, red lights, an orange dome, and interior yellow windows. The humanoid is described as wearing a one-piece suit (resembling a diver's suit), possibly black or dark blue, with a belt, boots, and a yellow skin tone for hands and face. The terrain is described as flat with vegetation and background mountains. The weather is noted as daytime with a blue sky and clouds.

Article: Analysis of Electromagnetic Effects in the Iberian Peninsula

Pages 4-8 feature an extensive analysis titled "ANALISIS DE OBSERVACIONES REGISTRADAS EN LA PENINSULA IBERICA" (Analysis of Registered Observations in the Iberian Peninsula) by Rafael Huerta and Julian Martin, dated April 1983. This section focuses on electromagnetic (E.M.) effects associated with UFOs.

The authors acknowledge that E.M. effects require further methodological study. They present conclusions based on their research, aiming to provide a more exact understanding of the UFO phenomenon beyond sensationalism. They propose unifying efforts in technical investigations and reports to better understand the problem.

The study defines several abbreviations for E.M. effects: AV (electrical failure, blackout), RT (delay, engine failure), DT (stoppage, engine failure), AT (stoppage, engine failure, and light disconnection), and AP (lights off or dimmed).

Key findings include:

• E.M. effects on vehicles are attributed to an unknown radiation, with human error in reporting DT and AP effects needing consideration.
• RT and AT reports are considered the most representative of E.M. effects.
• Electrical power outages near UFOs are not linked to storms or atmospheric disturbances.
• Microwave radiation does not explain these events due to its limited penetration depth in iron.
• The propulsion of UFOs might involve advanced forms of electromagnetic radiation.
• Intense low-frequency magnetic fields can saturate vehicle components, causing engine stalls (DT, AT) and potentially attracting the vehicle.
• Intense ultrasonic radiation can ionize the air but does not directly affect electrical systems.
• Ultrasonic radiation might be used by UFOs for observation and reconnaissance.
• The Iberian catalog of E.M. UFO activity in Spain is considered precise and representative.
• E.M. effects in the Iberian region are broken down by type: AV (25%), RT (35.5%), DT (28.8%), AT (26.6%), AP (8.8%).
• Report quality is generally high, with 70% being very detailed.
• Annual distribution follows a wave pattern, typical for Type-I cases.
• Population density is inversely related to the number of observations.
• Seasonal distribution is similar to global UFO catalogs.
• Vehicle and installation E.M. effects are correlated with monthly observations.
• Maximum reports occur on Saturdays and Sundays, likely due to more observers.
• The lowest proportion of cases occurs on Wednesdays, with the highest on Saturdays.
• Maximum reported effects occur around midnight.

Further statistical analysis (pages 6-7) details:

• A sample of automotive E.M. effects (60% of Iberian catalog reports) shows RT (41.6%), AT (25%), DT (22.2%), and AP (11.1%).
• Object shapes are categorized as spherical (29.4%), luminous foci (26.4%), disc-shaped (17.6%), fusiform (11.8%), ovoid (11.8%), and point-like (3%).
• Colors are described as multi-colored or changing (35.1%), unspecified (32.1%), red (9%), orange (9%), white (11.8%), and yellow (3%).
• Sound is reported as absent or imperceptible in 85% of cases, with acute sounds in 9% and others in 6%.
• Regarding distance, 56% of reports mention the UFO-vehicle distance with a 20% error margin. In 75% of cases, the UFO was within 300m, with 30% under 50m. At distances over 700m, effects diminish significantly.
• Average distances for specific effects are DT (300m), AT (200m), RT (100m), and AP (less than 40m). The AP effect is explained by intense luminosity from the UFO obscuring vehicle lights at close range.
• Observation duration often coincides with the effect duration. In 42% of reports, the effect lasted between 1 and 10 minutes, with 25% lasting 10-16 minutes. The average duration for DT is 9.3 min, AT is 6.5 min, RT is 5 min, and AP is 1 min.
• A correlation exists between distance and duration: greater distance implies longer duration. The short duration of AP effects supports the explanation of erroneous witness perception.
• Object dimensions are known in 34% of reports, with most falling between 1 and 6 meters. Classification of dimensions includes: less than 5m (66%), around 10m (25%), and 30m or larger (9%).
• Further study is pending on X-ray, gamma rays, and atmospheric electricity phenomena.

A note by José Ruesga acknowledges that the analysis is incomplete but presents these preliminary results as encouraging for Spanish ufology. He links this work to theories by José Miguel Alcibar (unified theory of radiation) and Manuel Borraz, urging for these efforts to be continued.

A "MODIFICACIONES DE ULTIMA HORA" (LATEST MODIFICATIONS) section notes that content on pages 3-8 has been slightly modified to avoid reprinting information from other sources, specifically a work by Gascón-Gamez that will appear in the magazine KARMA-7.

Article: Computerized Analysis of UFO Photos

Pages 9-10 present an article on "ANALISIS COMPUTARIZADO DE FOTOS OVNI" (Computerized Analysis of UFO Photos). It introduces Computer Image Enhancement (C.I.E.) as a sophisticated method for electronically manipulating photographic images to extract additional significant information for analyzing Unidentified Objects (U.O.). The article notes that many U.O. photos are of poor quality and pose interpretation challenges.

It explains the methodology, starting with digitizing the image using a scanner that measures image density based on position. The data obtained consists of relative photographic density. The process uses a high-sensitivity television camera and is based on principles of human vision, simulating the eye and brain. The system can 'see' images and manipulate them to extract desired information, producing either an intensified image reconstruction or a graphic/numerical report.

The process involves converting the image into a numerical version stored in memory as a grid of pixels. The G.S.W. system uses a matrix of 640 horizontal lines and 480 vertical columns (307,200 pixels total). Each pixel is assigned a value based on its average gray level, ranging from 0 to 255 (256 gray levels). These values are obtained using X and Y coordinates.

Programs are then used for evaluation, ranging from contour intensification to high resolution. The article discusses contrast expansion/suppression, defining contrast as the difference in luminosity between adjacent parts. Expansion can make low-contrast images more legible and highlight details, while suppression can create binary (black and white) images to emphasize the UFO against the background.

It also mentions histogram analysis, a graphical representation of gray scale distribution. Spatial filtering is described as a method to separate high and low frequency components in an image. Low-pass filtering removes intersecting lines and structures, while high-pass filtering highlights details by removing low-frequency changes causing uneven illumination.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue strongly advocates for a rigorous, analytical, and scientific approach to studying UFO phenomena. It emphasizes the importance of detailed data collection, statistical analysis, and the application of advanced technologies like computer image processing. The magazine aims to move beyond sensationalism and provide a deeper, more technical understanding of UAP sightings and their associated effects. There's a clear effort to integrate psychological factors, such as memory and perception, into the analysis of witness reports. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, encouraging further research and collaboration within the ufological community.

This issue of Flying Saucer Review, dated May-June 1966, Volume 17, Issue 1, focuses on advanced techniques for analyzing UFO photographic evidence and explores the state of ufology in China.

Image Processing for UFO Analysis

The magazine details several methods for enhancing and analyzing UFO images. It begins by explaining how spatial filtering can intensify details by removing low-frequency data, thus highlighting high-frequency information like contours. This process is described as producing effective results for analyzing Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) and revealing details in dark areas of original photos.

Intensification of Contours

A significant portion of the technical discussion revolves around the intensification of contours. This process aims to make the edges of objects in an image more distinct and easier to analyze. The article explains that contours are formed by abrupt changes in gray levels between adjacent pixels. Algorithms for contour intensification work by comparing a pixel's value to its neighbors, creating an image with a gray background and white and black lines outlining the image features.

"Shift" Operation

The "shift" operation is crucial for intensifying horizontal and vertical borders. By shifting the image by one or more pixels in different directions, differences between adjacent pixels can be calculated. This method can reveal linear structures that might suggest reduced models maintained by wires.

Factorization of Contours

This technique is presented as a test to determine the distance and distortion of an image. It involves calculating the gradient of the image by finding the difference between adjacent horizontal and vertical pixels, then computing the square root of the sum of the squares of these differences. This process calculates contours independently of their direction.

High Resolution (Laplacian)

The Laplacian function is introduced as a method for providing a natural-contoured image that highlights greater detail. It is based on a second-order derivative, mathematically summing the second partial derivative with respect to horizontal and vertical directions to reinforce stronger image values.

Another method for intensifying details involves summing a high-resolution image with the original photo to create a resulting image with increased resolution, even if the effective resolution remains 640x480. This amplifies contours, making the image appear more detailed.

Advantages of the System

Over a thousand photographs of alleged UFOs have been analyzed using this computer-assisted intensification system. Approximately 2.5% of these are considered "structured," meaning they possess substance. The system's learning curve has allowed for the determination of specific details from UFO photos, including:

• Daytime Photos: Determining the time of day from shadows and sun reflections; estimating the distance of the UFO to the witness based on foreground/background data and image dimensions relative to the photographer's equipment; analyzing movement and angular direction from photographic sequences; establishing whether the image reflects light or emits its own; identifying supporting structures or potential models; detecting photographic alterations like "montages" or "trickery"; and identifying natural phenomena like clouds or smoke, as well as primary and secondary lens reflections.
• Nighttime Photos: While many daytime analysis methods apply to good quality nighttime photos, many are of poor quality. However, some data can be obtained through careful study, including microdensitometry and digital densitometry to determine luminosity saturation; pseudocoloration to map light distribution; and image programming to analyze details with high precision, potentially identifying faked images.

Limitations of the System

Despite the capabilities of intensification technology, it is not a foolproof method for detecting fraud. The system's effectiveness is dependent on the quality of the original photograph. Low-quality copies limit the ability to obtain quantifiable data. The technology is not a form of magic but a modern tool that requires good quality photos for optimal results. Certain aspects, such as the precise substance of an "image," exact distance in night photos lacking reference points, or confirming if an image is "real" when sophisticated special effects have been used, cannot be determined with certainty.

Fundamental Aspects of UFO Photos

The article addresses the question of which photos are worthy of evaluation. General considerations include:

• Nighttime photos showing only a point of light on a featureless background are not considered proof and should not be wasted time or money on.
• Scientific analysis requires all parameters of the photographic equipment, lens, and film, regardless of the analysis method.
• For sequential photos, negatives and original positives must be in perfect order. Non-original negatives are generally not used unless for fraud elimination or when first-generation copies are needed.
• First-generation copies are essential for adequate analysis. Testimonies from witnesses who "help" by enlarging the image are discouraged, as the complete original is needed.
• A case report should include specific data such as film type and sensitivity, shutter speed, aperture, camera, and lens details.
• Second-generation photos, press photos, or others are not recommended for analysis.
• Original negatives should be sent with precautions to prevent damage.

The publication anticipates future sophisticated programs with improved hardware for photographic material evaluation.

Bibliography

The issue lists several relevant works, including:

• "Picture Processing and Psychopictorics" by Lipkin and Rosenfeld (1970).
• "Progress in Picture Processing" by Rosenfeld (1969-71).
• "Radiography and Image Enhancement of Ceramics" by Schuldies and Spaulding (1977).
• "Ufology and the Digital Computer" by Spaulding (1978).

Note on Submissions

Flying Saucer Review (FSR) does not solicit UFO photos for analysis. However, those interested in photographic analysis must understand that computer evaluation is costly. Photos received may take up to a week for analysis. A fee of twenty-five dollars (plus five dollars for international airmail) is required to cover costs, which includes the analysis of up to three photos from a single incident.

Interview with Shi Bo: Ufology in the People's Republic of China

This section features an interview with Shi Bo, a Chinese ufologist, conducted by Chevallier. Shi Bo expresses his firm conviction in the existence of UFOs and their frequent presence in Earth's atmosphere and on the planet. He believes that UFOs possess movements, qualities, and specific characteristics that current science cannot yet explain.

Origins of Shi Bo's Interest

Shi Bo's interest was sparked by a Chinese friend who witnessed a large UFO in late autumn 1969. Their discussions about French literature, which both understood, led his friend to recount the encounter. Intrigued, and initially skeptical, Shi Bo began studying the problem and reviewing numerous UFO reports, which ultimately convinced him of their existence.

Government and Military Involvement in China

Currently, there are no official government or military organizations in China dedicated to the study of UFOs. However, when significant cases occur, government newspapers report on them from a scientific perspective. Unit commanders are responsible for verifying and confirming observations reported by soldiers or officers.

Current State of Ufology in China

Shi Bo describes the study of UFOs in China as promising, noting that the "C.U.R.O." organization, with over 1300 members (scientists, engineers, professors, etc.), is the most significant in China. He participated in its Second Congress in August 1983, which he found to be very positive and expected to boost UFO research.

He asserts that ufology is a modern science free from political or religious influence. The Chinese press is generally objective, publishing observations and explanations from ufologists and scientists.

UFO Literature in China

While Chinese publications on ufology are not numerous, there is a strong interest in the subject. However, major works by Hynek, Vallée, Michel, and Ribera have not yet been translated into Chinese. Instead, condensed versions based on French, English, and Japanese sources are available.

Chinese Public's Attitude Towards UFOs

The Chinese public shows great attention to the UFO topic, with people enjoying reading books, magazines, and articles on the subject, and actively discussing and seeking explanations.

Differences Between Chinese and Western UFO Cases

Shi Bo believes there are no significant differences between Chinese and Western UFO cases in principle. However, he notes that Chinese cases are generally less "fantastic" than Western ones, with fewer reports of "close encounters of the third kind" or observations of passengers (humanoids) from UFOs.

Proposal for a World Ufology Federation

Shi Bo strongly supports the creation of a World Federation for the study of UFOs to promote and accelerate ufological research globally.

Review of New Books

The issue includes reviews of two new books on UFOs:

• "El Gran Enigma de los Platillos Volantes" by Antonio Ribera: This book is described as a comprehensive overview of UFO research over the past 20 years, covering historical and biblical aspects, satellite theories, and comparisons with Mars and Moon photographs. The reviewer notes Ribera's extensive bibliography and his status as a pioneer in Spanish ufology. The review also touches upon criticisms of Ribera's work, suggesting that while his contributions are significant, not all aspects may align with every researcher's views.
• "Les Phénomènes Insolites de l'Espace" by Jacques Vallée (co-authored with Janine Vallée): This is noted as Vallée's second book, with an English translation forthcoming. The reviewer praises its passionate and well-documented content, superb writing style, and the inclusion of new, significant facts of considerable interest.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue strongly emphasizes the scientific and analytical approach to UFO phenomena, particularly through advanced image processing techniques. The interview with Shi Bo highlights the growing, yet distinct, nature of ufological research in China, contrasting it with Western approaches. The editorial stance appears to be one of promoting rigorous, evidence-based investigation and the dissemination of knowledge through publications like Flying Saucer Review. The recurring theme is the importance of detailed analysis and the ongoing effort to understand the UFO phenomenon through both technical means and global collaboration.

This issue features an in-depth article titled "Hacia una Nueva Forma de Ufologia" (Towards a New Form of Ufology) by Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos, published in April 1984 by Plaza & Janés, S.A. as part of the 'Colección Horizonte' series. The article, along with a bibliographic reflection by J.A. Fernández Feris, advocates for a significant shift in the study of UFO phenomena.

Towards a New Form of Ufology by Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos

Ballester Olmos begins by stating that the study of UFO phenomena in the 21st century requires not only a qualitative change in approach but, more importantly, a drastic change in mentality. He has prepared this essay to invite others to adopt this philosophy and framework for national ufological research. The essay is inspired by the same concerns that motivated his recent work, "Investigación OVNI" (UFO Investigation).

He posits that the initial motivation for studying UFOs often stems from a general curiosity about the unknown aspects of various sciences, such as astronomy, geology, zoology, psychology, and archaeology. This initial interest is described as a naturalist's pursuit of unresolved problems and marginal questions outside of orthodox science.

The increasing volume of UFO reports, their geographical spread, and repetitive nature, along with popular articles and books, have drawn attention to the phenomenon. Citing T.S. Kuhn, Ballester Olmos notes that scientific progress often occurs through the study of anomalies—data or observations that do not fit the current scientific paradigm. Scientific advancement, in a quantum-like manner, involves developing more extensive theories capable of integrating these previously anomalous data points.

Ballester Olmos asserts that ufologists, by using their intuition, have often preceded academics in isolating the UFO anomaly. He believes that extensive experience in studying these events allows for the understanding that many close encounter cases do not fit conventional explanations. He suggests that ufologists have earned a place in the history of human knowledge development.

However, he warns that this recognition may never come if researchers detach themselves from the continuous evolution of the scientific panorama and become trapped by preconceived theories, such as the extraterrestrial hypothesis. He criticizes the tendency for an investigator to fixate on the extraterrestrial scenario, which can divert them from an objective investigative path. When an investigator starts with the presumption that a witness's account involves an alien spacecraft, any unusual or inexplicable testimony might be forced to fit this prefabricated image, leading to a lack of critical scrutiny and the acceptance of internal inconsistencies. This, in turn, adds confusion to an already complex subject.

Drawing from 18 years of experience, Ballester Olmos notes that many meticulously described cases have been erroneously evaluated. He has observed regional investigators who, with good judgment, have identified the effects of apriorisms and a lack of in-depth analysis, leading them to correct their initial assessments. In some instances, investigators have erred by being too aligned with sensationalist narratives (like the visualization of a "flying saucer"), missing opportunities to consider alternative hypotheses, including fraud. In other cases, prosaic phenomena have been assigned an unwarranted level of strangeness.

He argues that if an investigator is biased towards considering the witness's interpretation over objective verification, they may overlook the numerous stimuli that can lead to sincere misinterpretations. Belief, admission, or sympathy towards the extraterrestrial hypothesis can negatively influence an investigator, diminishing their critical faculty. It is almost inevitable that this occurs unless the researcher is deeply imbued with scientific information and practices a rationalist or skeptical approach.

Therefore, Ballester Olmos stresses the imperative need for a more consistent attitude towards the impartial investigation of UFO phenomena. He believes this will substantially clarify the current chaotic landscape of UFO information and reduce the number of seemingly insoluble cases. Whether a core group of cases will remain that can only be explained by sophisticated hypotheses like the extraterrestrial one remains to be seen.

He explains that this conceptual modification involves adapting to the current explosion of scientific and technical information. The scientific literature reveals a wide variety of abnormal sensory perception phenomena and unusual geophysical phenomena that can explain many cases categorized as UFOs. Natural energetic phenomena and transient mental phenomena can account for a significant percentage of reported UFO cases.

Investigator documentation on basic scientific data is also a fundamental requirement. Examples like crop circles, ground traces from lightning strikes, lights identified as stars or planets, and even mental phenomena can be misinterpreted. He lists numerous events that can be mistaken for UFOs, including atmospheric distortions causing illusions, and other occurrences that could be resolved with sufficient knowledge in meteorology, psychology, astronomy, and botany.

He emphasizes that this compendium of knowledge, whether acquired or available in reference volumes, is essential for private study. While academic studies might rely on experts, amateurs need this comprehensive knowledge for reliable and objective work. This endeavor is costly, consuming resources, time, and energy, but it offers a stimulating cultural engagement, elevating the activity from mere pursuit of the unknown to a systematic search for scientific knowledge.

Ballester Olmos mentions their catalog of negative landings, which includes 1215 explained cases. These range from hallucinations and ball lightning to misidentified objects like advertising artifacts, weather balloons, helicopters, and even natural phenomena like Venus or the moon. The primary task of the investigator is to discriminate and filter out reports that are consistent with more common phenomena or objects.

He recommends tools for investigators, such as celestial charts, astronomical ephemerides, penetrometers, sample containers, and polarizers. Knowledge of trigonometry, physical deductions, and geometric data is also crucial. He points to a bibliography of technical references that can aid in this process.

Furthermore, ufologists should seek access to laboratories for sample analysis and consult experts for graphological or psychological assessments, suggesting the MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) as a useful tool. He believes that this approach is necessary to escape the current state of near-obscurantism in ufology, which is exacerbated by poor work procedures and sensationalism in popular media.

He concludes by stating that he has outlined the basic principles for building ufology for the next century and hopes that interested parties will share this responsibility.

Bibliographic Reflections by J.A. Fernández Feris

J.A. Fernández Feris reviews Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos's book "Investigación OVNI" (Plaza y Janés, April 1984), which includes an appendix by Feris titled "30 years of UFO literature in Spain (1950-1980)".

Feris's objective was to compile and analyze the totality of UFO literature published in Spain, primarily recommending essential texts for those wishing to study ufology. A secondary goal was to identify works that he considered less valuable or didactic from his perspective as a university-educated ufologist.

His work resulted in a classification that includes a large group of books categorized as "scarce interest/outdated." This category encompasses both older, less relevant works and modern ones that may lack significant interest. Feris acknowledges that this categorization is subjective and reflects his perspective as an ufologist in the 1980s.

Upon re-reading his work, Feris notes that due to the "catch-all" nature of the "scarce interest/outdated" category, the works of the well-known ufologist Antonio Ribera might appear unfavorably categorized. To clarify, Feris states that as a "bibliographic historian," he fully recognizes the value and influence of Ribera's books, particularly "El gran enigma de los platillos volantes" (The Great Enigma of the Flying Saucers). He notes that in his appendix, he described Ribera as a standout Spanish author for his extensive publications, and that "El gran enigma" represented an innovation by providing a comprehensive overview of the global ufological panorama in a single volume.

Feris credits Ribera's book as a catalyst for the emergence of the second generation of Spanish ufologists, including Félix Ares de Blas and Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos. He emphasizes that this is a historical fact he always keeps in mind.

He also makes a personal clarification: as part of the third generation of Spanish ufologists, he confesses that his generation was influenced by different texts that, in his judgment, surpass those that inspired the previous generation.

Finally, Feris reflects that at this stage, the works of well-known writers and investigators stand or fall based on their intrinsic merit, regardless of criticism. As an independent investigator, he asks only for tolerance from prominent ufological writers regarding the free exercise of criticism.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The central theme of this issue is the urgent need for a more scientific, rigorous, and objective approach to the study of UFO phenomena. Both Ballester Olmos and Fernández Feris advocate for a critical re-evaluation of existing methodologies and a move away from sensationalism and preconceived notions, particularly the premature acceptance of the extraterrestrial hypothesis. The editorial stance is clearly in favor of evidence-based research, interdisciplinary collaboration, and a skeptical yet open-minded attitude towards the subject matter, aiming to elevate ufology to a more respected scientific discipline. The issue also highlights the historical development of ufology in Spain through a bibliographic review.