Anomalia - 1a Epoca - No 01

Magazine Overview

This document is the first issue of the first epoch of the magazine @nomalía, published in September 2000 by Fundación Anomalía. The magazine serves as an informative organ for the foundation, aiming to provide a platform for readers and collaborators with improved periodicity and updated content. The editorial emphasizes a desire for a living, participatory magazine that acts as a tool for knowledge and a forum for discussion, open to various currents of thought within ufology.

Editorial: Nuevos tiempos, nuevos proyectos

The editorial, written by José Ruesga Montiel, marks the beginning of a new phase for Fundación Anomalía with the launch of @nomalía. This new magazine is presented as a continuation of previous projects like 'Cuadernos de Ufología' (started in 1983) and the foundation itself (established in 1996). Ruesga Montiel expresses his honor in leading this new venture with trusted colleagues and invites readers to contribute their comments, works, and ideas. He hopes for a long and fruitful life for @nomalía, building on the shared experience and collective effort that characterized its predecessors.

Articles and Features

Hallan el avión perdido en 1947 de Stendek

This article reports on the discovery of the wreckage of a Lancaster bomber, the 'Star Dust', which disappeared in 1947 while flying over the Andes. The news initially surfaced in Argentine and Chilean newspapers and was linked to the magazine 'Stendek' (CEI - Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios). The article explains how the name 'Stendek' was chosen by the magazine's founders from a case described in Antonio Ribera's book 'El Gran enigma de los platillos volantes', detailing the disappearance of the 'Star Dust' passenger plane. The wreckage was found at an altitude of 5,500 meters by mountaineers in January 2000, confirming the fate of the aircraft and its passengers, including pilot James Cook. The article suggests the accident may have occurred at a higher altitude than initially thought, with the glacier moving the debris over time.

Un pescador dispara su rifle contra un triángulo negro

This is a personal account from Miguel A. Pereira (SIB Betelgeuse- U.S.A.) describing an encounter during the Super Bowl night near Isla de Faralon. While setting crab traps from his boat, his dog barked, and he observed a large, stationary triangular object above him emitting no sound. He was struck by a white beam of light, causing him to fall back. He then fired his rifle at the light, which he claims to have extinguished. Subsequently, a hatch opened on the object, and two individuals emerged, shouting at him. A helicopter then emerged from the top of the triangle and approached his boat, taking photographs. Pereira initially believed it was an alien UFO but later speculated it might be a military prototype.

Astrónomos europeos detectan ocho nuevos planetas

This news brief, sourced from EL PAIS, reports on the discovery of at least eight new planets by astronomers at the Geneva Observatory. These planets orbit stars similar to the Sun, with masses ranging from Saturn to 15 times that of Jupiter. The discoveries were made using the Leonhard Euler telescope in Chile. Six of the objects appear to be planets, while at least two are small brown dwarfs. The article notes that future observations with the VLT telescopes in Paranal, Chile, are expected to provide more precise data on these exoplanetary systems.

Un ovni moviliza a la policía

This article details an incident in Mexico City where preventive police officers witnessed an unidentified object hovering about three meters above the ground for approximately 30 seconds. The object was described as having a diameter of about 10 meters, with intense, multi-colored lights that began to flash, accompanied by a humming sound. The police officers' watches stopped at 02:20 hours, the moment the object disappeared. The report also mentions that 16 other police officers claimed to have seen the object, and a pursuit was initiated. The object was last reported over the Palmititla colony before disappearing entirely by 03:13 hours.

¡¡¡NOVEDAD EDITORIAL!!! EL EXPEDIENTE MANISES

This section announces a new publication by Fundación Anomalía titled 'El Expediente Manises', authored by Juan Antonio Fernández Peris. Contact information for ordering the publication is provided.

MAS AEROHIDROLITOS

This short piece reports on dozens of ice blocks, the size of balls, falling from the sky in Austria. One block caused a two-meter square hole in the roof of a house in Königswiesen, near Vienna. Police suspect the ice originated from an airplane. A link for more information is provided.

PROYECTO Y

Matías Morey located a news item in the Sunday Times about a 'flying saucer' called 'Proyecto Y', built in the UK in the 1950s. The article presents images of the craft, which has a shield-like design and is shown on a tripod. The craft is identified by the acronym AVRO VTO and features a Canadian aviation emblem. The existence of 'Proyecto Y' was known, but images were previously unavailable. These photographs were discovered by an aeronautical researcher in the PUBLIC RECORDS OFFICE in Kew.

Other Sections

Patronato de F. Anomalía: Lists the members of the foundation's board, including Julio Arcas Gilardi (President), José Ruesga Montiel (Vice-President), and others.

Equipo @nomalía: Details the staff of the magazine, including José Ruesga Montiel (Director), Ricardo Campo Pérez (Editor-in-Chief), and others.

Consejo Editorial: Lists the editorial board members.

Colaboran en este número: Acknowledges international and Spanish collaborators such as Hilary Evans (England), Roberto E. Banchs (Argentina), and Manuel Borraz (Spain).

Bibliografía: Includes entries such as 'Última hora: 24 años después, hablan los "niños de Mañeru"' and 'Cynthia Hind nos ha dejado'.

Cartas al Director: Includes a mention of a roundtable on ufology at the Polytechnic University of Madrid.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are diverse, encompassing aviation mysteries (the lost 1947 aircraft), astronomical discoveries (new planets), and various UFO sightings and unexplained aerial phenomena. The editorial stance, as expressed by José Ruesga Montiel, is one of openness, encouraging discussion and the sharing of information within the field of ufology. The magazine aims to be a platform for serious investigation and dialogue, moving away from sensationalism and fostering a deeper understanding of these phenomena.

Title: Onda Fundación Anomalía
Issue: 11
Date: November 1997

This issue of Onda Fundación Anomalía focuses on a reported UFO sighting in Fuerteventura and a roundtable discussion on ufology held at the Polytechnic University of Madrid.

Un OVNI en Fuerteventura

The issue begins with a report from José Luis Alfonso detailing a sighting on November 21, 1997, in Fuerteventura. The phenomenon was described as a comet-like object with a strange trail, moving from East to West. The report, initially published in the newspaper Canarias 7, also includes testimonies from witnesses in Gran Canaria and Tenerife. One witness from Gran Canaria suggested it might have been a meteorite, while another from Tenerife described it as a shooting star. Javier Esteban from the Astronomical Group of Tenerife confirmed observing similar phenomena on November 20th and 22nd, attributing them to traces from a periodic meteor shower, likely the Leonids.

Letters to the Director

This section features correspondence from readers. Vicente-Juan Ballester Olmos, in a letter dated March 12, 2000, congratulates Fundación Anomalía on its second magazine publication, highlighting its role in promoting UFO studies, archiving, database development, and research funding. He mentions resuming correspondence with national researchers after completing his 1990-1999 investigation into the declassification of Spanish Air Force UFO documents. Ballester Olmos emphasizes the foundation's pluralistic philosophy, welcoming all hypotheses without ideological bias, and outlines guidelines for submissions, stressing intellectual criticism, formal comparison of opinions, and academic discussion while rejecting personal disqualifications.

José Ruesga Montiel, in a separate note, reinforces the section's purpose of maintaining close contact with readers and encourages active participation, aiming for a lively and participatory publication, similar to the ideals behind 'Cuadernos de Ufología'.

Roundtable on Ufology at the Polytechnic University of Madrid

Ricardo Campo reports on a roundtable discussion held at the Faculty of Informatics of the Polytechnic University of Madrid, organized by an association called Sicfima. Campo criticizes the event's biased composition, with a majority of participants favoring the 'mystery' and only one critical voice representing Fundación Anomalía. The discussion covered topics such as the testimony of Commander Lorenzo Torres and the declassification of Spanish Air Force UFO files.

Commander Lorenzo Torres recounted his observation of a mysterious light on November 4, 1968, while piloting a commercial flight. He described the light as approaching his plane and stopping at 10 meters, changing color and luminosity, which he believed could not be human technology due to the speed changes. He suggested it might have been an extraterrestrial probe. Campo notes discrepancies between Torres's accounts given to different sources over the years.

Campo also points out that official records of Torres's statement were allegedly censored, and his written declaration was confiscated. He contrasts Torres's accounts with those given to JJ Benítez, suggesting a lack of factual reporting. The debate also touched upon the possibility that the light observed by Torres was the planet Venus, a suggestion met with disbelief by the audience.

Another case discussed was the Manises incident of November 11, 1979. Engineer J.A. Fernández Peris proposed that flares from the Escombreras refinery in Cartagena could explain the phenomenon.

Pablo Villarubia discussed the 'Comet Report,' an unofficial French document suggesting the presence of aliens on Earth. He questioned the publication of such a report in a commercial magazine without rigorous academic review.

Regarding the declassification of Spanish Air Force UFO files, general opinions were shared, with Campo defending the transparency of the process and the military's limited interest in the subject. Josep Guijarro, however, referred to 'explaining chats' and questioned the military informants.

Manuel Carballal presented his theory that UFO history is essentially the history of aeronautical prototypes. He also discussed the 'UMMO' phenomenon and the tendency for UFO explanations to veer into the magical or divine, attributing this to a lack of scientific culture among consumers of such stories.

Abductions were also addressed, with the opinion that they are likely psychological phenomena rather than evidence of extraterrestrial contact. Humorous examples of fraudulent implants were shared.

Campo concludes by observing that the topics sustaining ufology in magazines are the same ones discussed publicly. He notes the audience's credulity and the need for analysis on how these stories are constructed and perpetuated.

Publications

Fundación Anomalía reports on its recent activities, including collaborations with MUY INTERESANTE magazine, featuring an article by Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos titled "OVNIS: el enigma que nunca existió." The issue also announces the publication of Cuadernos de Ufología, double issue 25/26, focusing on "Abductions: contemporary legends from the Land of Oz," which includes a preview of a monograph on the "Caso Manises." Other publications mentioned are "Ovnis fantasmas: los que nunca existieron" by Joan Plana Crivillen and a review of recent meetings.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

This issue consistently emphasizes the importance of critical thinking and intellectual debate in the study of ufology. Fundación Anomalía promotes a pluralistic approach, encouraging the exploration of various hypotheses without prejudice. The magazine aims to foster an active and participatory readership, providing a platform for diverse opinions and rigorous analysis of UFO phenomena. Recurring themes include witness testimonies, potential astronomical explanations, historical UFO cases, and the critical examination of ufological claims and theories. The editorial stance is one of open inquiry, valuing evidence-based reasoning while acknowledging the complexity and often controversial nature of the subject.

This issue of Cuadernos de Ufología, identified as issue number 21, appears to be from early 2000, with specific dates mentioned in February and March of that year, and a reference to events in October 1999. The magazine focuses on the investigation and dissemination of ufological information, with a particular emphasis on media coverage, public events, research collaborations, and the sociological and psychological aspects of belief systems related to anomalous phenomena.

Media Coverage and Publications

The issue highlights extensive media attention received by the organization. In Santander, an article signed by José Ruesga Montiel was published in October 1999, accompanied by a bibliographic review of recent editorial novelties in the English-speaking world. The daily press also echoed their activities: *Las Provincias* covered the 'Caso Manises', *El Mercantil Valenciano* featured their study on the November 27, 1999 re-entry, *La Gaceta de Canarias* discussed general themes, and *Diario de Avisos* published an article titled "Ovnis: el mito que no muere" by Ricardo Campo Pérez on January 1st. Furthermore, *El Eco de Luarca* published a series of twelve articles titled "Fenómenos Aéreos Anómalos" by Carlos León Martínez. Mark Moravec's work on "Ovnis en Australia" was published in *Fortean Studies* (issue 61), following its prior appearance in *Cuadernos de Ufología* (nos. 21 and 22/23), and received international acclaim.

Public Events

Several public events are detailed. On February 4, 2000, Martí Fló García, an advisor in library science and archival studies, gave a lecture in Barcelona during a dinner-colloquium organized by the CEI (Centro de Estudios Interplanetarios). His talk focused on Fundación Anomalía, described as the first European entity dedicated to the scientific investigation of OVNI phenomena. On February 29, a Round Table was held at the Faculty of Psychology of La Laguna, titled "Psicología y pseudociencias: una visión crítica." Fundación Anomalía was represented by its Director of the Press Office, Ricardo Campo Pérez, who presented a dissertation on the psychology of perception.

Television and Radio Appearances

Fundación Anomalía's activities extended to television and radio. On January 28, the first vice-president, José Ruesga Montiel, and Enrique Valls Girol, a member of Colectivo Cuadernos, appeared on Canal Sur Televisión's program "Hablemos claro," hosted by Isabel Gemio, to discuss topics like aerolites and UFOs. In the first week of March, Canal 14 of Canal Satélite Digital aired a documentary on pseudosciences featuring Ricardo Campo Pérez as the Director of the Press Office of Fundación Anomalía, alongside other experts including César Esteban (astrofisico at IAC), Carlos Alvarez (cognitive psychologist at the University of La Laguna), Juan Antonio Belmonte (Director of the Museum of Science and Cosmos of La Laguna), Luis Alfonso Gámez, Manuel Toharia, and Javier Armentia.

Collaborations and Research

The Area of Investigation, directed by Vicente Juan Ballester Olmos, has been active. Collaborations have been established with ISAS (Institute of Aerospace Research) in Japan. An interview between Dr. Motogawa and Vicente Juan Ballester in Barcelona resulted in a donation to Fundación Anomalía. The foundation also collaborated with the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and the University of Valencia on the succession of hydrometeor falls, providing data and contributing to investigations. A working commission was formed for this collaboration, including Matías Morey Ripoll, Luis R. González Manso, Martí Flò García, and Manuel Borraz Aymerich. Additionally, the foundation participated in programs developed by Radio Netherland, with an intervention by Ricardo Campo Pérez.

Sponsorships and Support

The magazine acknowledges the financial support received throughout the year from various entities, institutions, and individuals. Notably, ISAS of Japan contributed to their aims, and this collaboration is expected to continue. Other supporters include Seguros El Corte Inglés, Fund for UFO Research, Zúrich Compañía de Seguros, and numerous private individuals. The magazine expresses gratitude for their disinterested and effective support.

How to Collaborate

Individuals are invited to collaborate through annual donations in three modalities: "Donante colaborador" (4,000 ptas), "Donante principal" (8,000 ptas), and "Donante benefactor" (12,000 ptas worldwide). These donations may be eligible for tax deductions (20% for individuals, 10% for companies) under Law 30/94. Donations can be sent to FUNDACIÓN ANOMALÍA, Apartado, 5.041, 39080 Santander, or via email at [email protected]. The work "EL EXPEDIENTE MANISES" by Juan Antonio Fernández Peris is also available for purchase at 2,800 ptas (including shipping within Spain; additional costs apply for other countries).

Editorial Section: El Sur

José Ruesga Montiel (Sevilla) contributes an editorial piece titled "El Sur." He reflects on the historical and cultural significance of Southern Spain and its role in the development of ufological research and dissemination. He criticizes the current trend of "pseudoinvestigators" who, in a rush for sensational news, overlook historical context and fail to learn from past successes and errors. Montiel laments a situation where absurdities are presented as facts, leading to a regression in the study of anomalous phenomena. He calls for a more discerning approach, encouraging readers to "seek, compare, and if you find something better, buy it," emphasizing critical thinking and personal experience over unsubstantiated claims. He concludes by urging a search for answers with a grounded perspective, personal development, and tolerance.

Article: Deidades de Bricolaje y Mesías por Correo (Deities of Collage and Messengers by Mail)

This article by Hilary Evans explores the phenomenon of UFO-related religious groups (URGs). It begins by referencing H.G. Wells' story "Jimmy Goggles the God," where natives mistake a diver in a suit for a god. Evans argues that in contemporary times, as science struggles to provide conventional explanations for UFOs, some individuals elevate these phenomena and their occupants to a divine status. The article discusses how this tendency leads to the formation of URGs, which often incorporate elements of traditional religions, particularly Christianity, into their belief systems. Evans questions why people consider certain beings as gods and whether these new belief systems constitute religions in the same vein as Christianity or Islam. He notes that while many reject URGs, a significant minority feel a need for concrete, shared beliefs. The article also touches upon the historical context of religious beliefs, the rise of fundamentalism, and the adoption of alternative spiritualities. It mentions Douglas Curran's observation that many "platillista" (UFO) groups incorporate Jesus Christ into their belief hierarchy. The article further explores the influence of theosophy, figures like Helena Blavatsky, and the concept of the "Inner Child" or "Guardian Angel" as alternative spiritual paths. It suggests that the perceived compatibility of these new spiritualities with Christianity often involves distorting or reinterpreting original Christian messages. The case of Betty Andreasson is cited as an example where extraterrestrial encounters are seen as complementary to Christian faith. The article concludes by noting that URGs are not necessarily a rare anomaly but rather one of many esoteric cults that have appeared throughout human history.

The Current Climate Regarding Religious Beliefs

This section, likely part of Hilary Evans' article, analyzes the shift in religious beliefs. It posits that until the 17th century, religion was a fundamental aspect of human existence, with few skeptics or atheists. However, since the 17th century, this view has been increasingly questioned. While skepticism once carried social stigma, a substantial portion of the population now rejects orthodox beliefs. Even among those identifying as Christian, many are nominal believers. Some who abandon traditional religions become agnostics or atheists, while others turn to alternative religions. The article notes the growth of fundamentalist versions of traditional religions, where faith is absolute, even in the face of contradictions. It references Douglas Curran's research on "platillista" groups in North America, many of which integrate Jesus Christ into their belief systems. The article also discusses the influence of theosophy and its connection to UFO beliefs, as well as the concept of the "Inner Self" as a path to divinity, linking it to the Delphic maxim "Know thyself" and the idea of a secondary personality.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the intersection of ufology, belief systems, and societal trends. There is a clear editorial stance that favors critical analysis and a grounded approach to anomalous phenomena, as exemplified by the "El Sur" editorial and the critical examination of URGs. The magazine actively promotes scientific investigation while acknowledging the psychological and sociological factors that drive belief. The coverage of media appearances and public events suggests an effort to disseminate information and engage the public. The issue also highlights the financial and collaborative efforts required to sustain such research, encouraging reader participation. The analysis of URGs and New Age spirituality indicates a broader interest in how people interpret the unexplained and construct meaning in their lives, often drawing parallels between the extraterrestrial and the divine.

This issue of 'UFO' magazine, identified by its page number '31', delves into the complex and often overlapping realms of ufology, religion, and human psychology. The central theme explores why and how extraterrestrials, or 'visitors from other worlds,' are perceived by some as divine beings, drawing parallels with historical religious figures and phenomena.

The 'Jimmy Goggles' Case and Deification

The article begins by discussing how popular culture, such as magazines like 'Fate' and 'self-help' sections, blurs the lines between New Age gurus and extraterrestrial visitors. It highlights the case of 'Jimmy Goggles,' an entity perceived as a god by Pacific islanders because he fit their preconceived notions of divinity. This serves as a starting point to examine humanity's tendency to create gods in its own image, a vulnerability in major religions. The text explains that while humans expect gods to be different, they also need them to be relatable, leading to the acceptance of anthropomorphic deities. The 'Jimmy Goggles' example illustrates this by noting he had a recognizable form (head, torso, limbs) but was clearly 'different,' a balance that appeals to the human need for both the familiar and the transcendent.

Anthropomorphism and Divine Behavior

The anthropomorphic principle extends beyond physical appearance to behavior. We are conditioned to recognize certain behaviors as divine. The magazine suggests that while we can accept a God who behaves mysteriously, we struggle with the unfathomable. Christian doctrine, for instance, has theologians to explain away paradoxes and divine actions, such as the Holocaust or ethnic cleansing, or perceived divine intransigence on issues like Sabbath-breaking or fornication.

UFOs and Religious Interpretations

Early interpretations of flying saucers often linked them to traditional religious beliefs. Reverend Barry Downing is quoted as stating that UFOs are a modern form of religion, a quasi-scientific replacement for traditional ideas about angels and miracles. Some fundamentalist writers even suggested UFOs were the work of the devil, heralding the end times. John Weldon and Zola Levitt's 1975 book, 'The Imminent Invasion,' warned of a demonic invasion. Conversely, evangelist Billy Graham and others speculated that UFOs might be piloted by angels or even gods, with some authors attempting to link UFO events to biblical occurrences. However, the article notes that such arguments, while ingenious, are often circumstantial or fallacious.

The 'Cargo Cult' Parallel and 'Ancient Astronauts'

The article draws a parallel between the perception of extraterrestrials as gods and the 'cargo cult' phenomenon observed in the Pacific. In these cults, islanders perceived Western goods and technology as divine gifts, believing that by mimicking the rituals of the visitors, they could obtain similar benefits. This materialistic interpretation of divinity is contrasted with the more spiritual and moral dimensions often attributed to extraterrestrials by ufologists. The 'ancient astronauts' theory, which posits that extraterrestrials influenced early human civilizations, is also mentioned, with a note that current research in this area is based on more scientifically valid findings.

Jungian Psychology and Archetypes

Swiss psychologist Carl Jung's ideas are introduced, suggesting that flying saucers relate to archetypal forms in the collective unconscious, such as mandalas. Sightings can evoke feelings of religious awe or fear. While Jungian theory might describe these cases as religious in nature, the article questions whether they can form the basis for a 'new religious movement' (URG).

The Nature of Divinity and Extraterrestrial Encounters

The magazine probes the criteria by which beings are elevated to the status of divinities. It suggests that candidates for godhood are expected to possess superhuman knowledge, wisdom, and moral superiority. Extraterrestrials, by virtue of their advanced technology enabling interstellar travel, are seen as fulfilling these criteria. Their alleged abilities, such as passing through walls or levitating humans, are described as miraculous as those attributed to religious figures like Buddha, Muhammad, or Jesus. The article notes that extraterrestrials, like traditional deities, are sometimes credited with miraculous healings.

Contactee Narratives and Utopian Visions

The experiences of 'contactees' – individuals who claim direct interaction with extraterrestrials – are discussed. These narratives often describe benevolent 'Space Brothers' or 'Elder Brothers' offering advanced knowledge and promising a utopian future for humanity, contingent on human moral and spiritual development. Examples include Stefan Denaerde's alleged journey aboard an alien spacecraft and Yolanda-Nada's channeled messages. Gabriel Green, a candidate for US President and president of the Amalgamated Flying Saucer Clubs of America, is quoted as summarizing these promised benefits: elimination of disease, poverty, and pollution; solutions to automation and unemployment; and even interstellar travel.

Skepticism and Alternative Interpretations

While many embrace the idea of benevolent extraterrestrial guidance, not all researchers share this view. David Jacobs, a leading authority on alien abductions, believes extraterrestrials have hostile intentions and that those who view them benevolently are dangerously misguided, likening them to collaborators of the Vichy regime. This starkly contrasts with the more optimistic outlook of researchers like Jacques Vallée and Leo Sprinkle.

Religion and the 'Cargo' Phenomenon

The article revisits the 'cargo' concept, suggesting that the perception of extraterrestrials' material benefits might be a primary driver for some, akin to the materialistic 'what's in it for me?' attitude of the Pacific islanders. However, it acknowledges that the moral and spiritual dimensions are also emphasized by ufologists. The desire for admiration, rather than worship, is presented as a key distinction. The text questions whether the attitude adopted towards extraterrestrials constitutes a religion, noting that the existence of divine beings does not automatically lead to structured religion. Worship, it argues, is often driven by perceived self-benefit.

Defining Religion and Religious Practice

The definition of religion is explored, with various perspectives suggesting it encompasses what people believe and what they do as a consequence of those beliefs. Prayer, reverence, and adoration are identified as core religious practices, typically aimed at appeasing deities for rewards, whether material ('cargo') or spiritual. The Judeo-Christian concept of a contract with God, where devotion leads to divine favor and guidance, is presented as an example.

Extraterrestrials vs. Traditional Gods: A Comparison

The article compares extraterrestrials to traditional gods, noting that extraterrestrials, unlike many deities, do not impose strict demands or conditions. They offer suggestions, often sensible ones, rather than commandments. While traditional religions often require specific actions like celibacy or circumcision, extraterrestrials are portrayed as less demanding. The similarity lies in the area of healing, where people have historically sought divine intervention for illness, and now also turn to extraterrestrials for cures.

A Plausible 'History' for a Space Age

The final section, titled "Una 'historia' plausible" (A Plausible 'History'), argues that the narrative of UFOs and extraterrestrial visitors is well-suited to the space age consciousness. Unlike traditional religions, which are often based on historical figures whose lives are debated as folklore (e.g., Jesus, Buddha, Muhammad), the 'flying saucer' story is presented as scientifically plausible and even expected. The idea of visitors from other planets, rather than heavens or hells, is seen as more grounded and acceptable to a modern, skeptical mind. This narrative, the article concludes, offers a more adaptable and potentially more convincing spiritual framework for the contemporary era.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the intersection of UFO phenomena with religious belief, psychology, and anthropology. The magazine consistently explores how humans interpret the unknown through the lens of their existing belief systems, particularly religion. It examines the tendency to deify powerful or mysterious entities, whether they be ancient gods, religious figures, or modern-day extraterrestrials. The editorial stance appears to be one of critical inquiry, presenting various theories and interpretations from different researchers while maintaining a degree of skepticism towards claims of outright divinity or malevolence. The magazine seems to favor explanations that are grounded in psychological and sociological analysis, while acknowledging the scientific plausibility of extraterrestrial visitation. There's an underlying suggestion that the human need for meaning, guidance, and a sense of purpose drives these interpretations, whether they are directed towards traditional deities or 'visitors from space'.

This issue of "Cuadernos de Ufología" (Ufology Notebooks), identified by issue number 41, explores the intersection of UFO phenomena and religious or spiritual beliefs. The central theme revolves around the concept of 'Perception of an Interaction,' suggesting that many individuals perceive encounters with extraterrestrials as divine or religious experiences, akin to traditional religious interactions with deities.

Perception of an Interaction

The article posits that for UFO phenomena to be viewed as religious, there must be a perceived interaction between humanity and these 'gods' or extraterrestrials. This interaction can manifest in various ways, from seeking material benefits in primitive cultures to personal revelation and visionary encounters in more sophisticated societies. The text draws parallels between historical religious experiences, such as Christian mystics' 'mystical marriages' with Jesus and visions of the Virgin Mary, and modern claims of direct contact with beings from other worlds.

It highlights that the accessibility of alleged aliens, allowing for direct communication without intermediaries like priests, is a key attractive feature of what are termed 'URGs' (Unidentified Religious Groups).

Case Studies of UFO-Related Religious Movements

The issue presents several case studies of individuals and groups who have formed religious movements based on alleged extraterrestrial contact:

• Claude Vorilhon (Raël): A French journalist who, in 1973, claimed to have met extraterrestrials and visited their home planet. He was told that humanity could live in an earthly paradise if technology were used for happiness rather than violence. This led him to found the Raëlian movement, which gained followers, particularly in France and French Canada.
• Jean-Pierre Prevost and Franck Fontaine: This case involves an alleged alien abduction in 1979. Prevost claimed he was the one chosen by extraterrestrials to deliver their message. While initially taken seriously, Prevost later confessed it was a fraud, though Fontaine and a third participant insisted the abduction was real.
• George King and the Aetherius Society: King's relationship with extraterrestrials began in 1954, leading him to found the Aetherius Society, which remains active. His claims include being chosen as the 'Voice on Earth' for the Interplanetary Parliament and participating in battles against malevolent aliens.

Characteristics of UFO Cults

The article discusses commonalities among these groups, noting that their origin often lies in the personal experience of a charismatic leader. It compares the potential longevity of these 'platillista' (flying saucer) sects with major world religions like Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity, questioning if URGs will be as enduring.

A key point of divergence from traditional religions is the lack of a unified doctrine among UFO sects. While they share a belief that aliens represent deities, they disagree on the nature, appearance, and origin of these beings, and the messages they convey.

Skepticism and Analysis of Beliefs

The text acknowledges that millions believe UFOs are extraterrestrial spacecraft, viewing this as an act of faith due to a lack of concrete evidence. However, only a fraction of these believers consider aliens to be divine. The article suggests that the extraordinary abilities attributed to aliens, such as passing through walls or levitating people, may simply be a result of advanced technology rather than supernatural powers.

It raises doubts about the moral superiority of aliens, citing instances of alleged forced abductions, physical examinations, and sperm/ovum extractions as evidence of a lack of social delicacy. Furthermore, it questions whether aliens could be the creators of the universe, given the complex methods they supposedly use to visit their creations.

Renouncing the Contrast with Reality

The article suggests that individuals who persist in believing in alien visitations, despite substantial objections, may have chosen not to verify reality, embracing belief as an act of faith, similar to Tertullian's philosophy. The appeal of these beliefs is linked to a sense of spiritual or religious significance, where the 'marvelous' evoked by extraterrestrial visitors transforms into feelings of numinous presence and transcendence characteristic of religious experiences.

UFO sects are described as offering a plausible narrative that superficially aligns with knowledge about space life. They are presented as direct sources of information, offering personalized messages that cater to individual needs, a stark contrast to the impersonal nature of some traditional religious teachings.

The 'Do-It-Yourself' Messiahs

The attraction of URGs is summarized as making contact with these 'divinities' a 'do-it-yourself' endeavor. These 'space-age Messiahs' offer an intimate, personalized experience, likened to a mail-order purchase, making them accessible and comfortable for followers.

Conclusion

The issue concludes by emphasizing that while UFO-related beliefs may seem scientifically credible, there is still no definitive proof. These new URGs demand a similar suspension of disbelief and acts of faith as traditional religions. Their appeal lies in their directness, personalization, and the plausible narrative they offer, fitting into a modern context while fulfilling a spiritual need for many.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance

The recurring themes in this issue are the religious and spiritual dimensions of UFO phenomena, the formation of cults around alleged alien contact, and the psychological appeal of such beliefs. The editorial stance appears to be analytical and somewhat skeptical, exploring the phenomenon from a sociological and psychological perspective while acknowledging the faith-based nature of these beliefs and their parallels with traditional religions. The article aims to understand why these beliefs are attractive and how they function as modern-day religious expressions.

This issue of the magazine, identified by page number 51, features a bibliography section with reviews of several books related to UFO phenomena. The primary focus is on book reviews, with commentary provided by Luis R. González Manso and V.J. Ballester Olmos. The magazine appears to be published in Spain, given the language and the mention of Madrid as a publisher's location.

Book Reviews

The Field Guide to UFOs This review, by Luis R. González Manso, discusses 'The Field Guide to UFOs' by Dennis Stacy and Patrick Huyghe, illustrated by Harry Trumbore. The book is described as an attempt to systematize the 'disconcert of abundance' of UFO reports. The authors note the vast variety of shapes, aspects, and behaviors described in UFO sightings. They propose a classification into 8 categories: luminous, spherical, disc-shaped, elliptical, cylindrical, rectangular, triangular, and changing. The book includes 48 examples, with one case being a disc-shaped UFO observed from a Russian tanker in the Strait of Gibraltar in June 1984. The review highlights the discussion on 'fashions' in descriptions (e.g., saucer-shaped UFOs in the 50s vs. triangular UFOs today) and the concept of 'UFO windows' or geographical areas where UFOs seem to appear frequently. The commentary is dated May 2000 and rates the book '4 OVNIS'.

Cartas de Tres Herejes This review, by V.J. Ballester Olmos, covers 'Cartas de Tres Herejes' (Letters from Three Heretics), with a prologue and notes by J. Sierra, published by Ediciones Corona Borealis in Madrid in December 1999. The book contains correspondence between Antonio Ribera and Aimé Michel from 1963 to 1984, and a smaller exchange with Jacques Vallée. The reviewer recommends the book for those interested in the ideas and philosophy of Aimé Michel, lamenting the decline of letter writing due to the internet. The reviewer notes Michel's distinctive handwriting and the 'brilliance and genius' of his improvisational style. The review also mentions an anecdote about Vallée's handwriting appearing in a book that was once part of Hynek's library.

Abductions & Aliens: What's Really Going On This review, also by Luis R. González Manso, discusses 'Abductions & Aliens: What's Really Going On' by Chris A. Rutkowski. The book, published by The Dundurn Group in Toronto in 1999, offers a broad overview of abduction phenomena in Canada. Rutkowski, a science professor with studies in astronomy, has investigated UFO reports in Canada since the mid-70s. The book suggests that abduction cases have peculiar characteristics and fewer similarities than commonly believed, with most cases falling between contactees and abductees. It presents cases like Stefan Michalak's burns from a UFO near Falcon Lake in 1967 and damage to a police vehicle in 1979. The author refrains from concluding that these are proof of extraterrestrial visits, examining conventional explanations but ultimately reaching no firm conclusion. The review rates the book '3.5 OVNIS'.

UFO. Enciclopédia dos Fenômenos Aeroespaciais Anômalos This review, by Luis R. González Manso, covers 'UFO. Enciclopédia dos Fenômenos Aeroespaciais Anômalos' by Phillipe Piet van Putten, published by MAKRON Books in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The encyclopedia contains over 600 entries on anomalous aerial phenomena, military projects, ufologists' biographies, and terminology, with a focus on Brazil but including information on global researchers and organizations. It is profusely illustrated and updated, offering addresses and internet links. The review notes that the encyclopedia prioritizes quantity over depth, with few entries exceeding one column. While it attempts a skeptical approach, the reviewer suggests a more in-depth discussion would have been desirable. The encyclopedia covers influences of UFOs on modern music, architecture, and advertising, offering a valuable sociological perspective. It is recommended as a reference book, particularly for Spanish speakers due to its comprehensibility despite its Brazilian origin. The review rates it '4 OVNIS'.

Case Study: The 'Mañeru Case'

Re-examination of a 1976 Encounter This section revisits the 'Mañeru case,' a significant third-type encounter in Navarra, Spain, that occurred on February 18, 1976. The case involved a group of nine and ten-year-old children and their teacher during a school excursion. One of the girls observed a strange, metallic, 'flattened ball' object land nearby. A figure described as tall, wearing a black suit, emerged from the transparent part of the craft and returned to it before the object disappeared. The incident was initially reported by J. J. Benítez, highlighting the unusual nature of the event and the presence of footprints and a circular ground trace. Later investigations by CEI (Barcelona) through Ares de Blas and M. C. Garmendia (STENDEK, March 1978) pointed out Benítez's potential misinterpretations, such as a 'ray' impacting a child's face, and confirmed the sincerity and consistency of the five witnesses. However, for 20 years, the case fell into silence, with witnesses reportedly reluctant to discuss it.

Recent Statements and Interpretations In late November, the local publication CALLE MAYOR of Estella (issue no. 179) re-interviewed the now thirty-something witnesses. Most of them, except for one, agreed to speak, indicating a shift from previous hostility. The general impression from their recent declarations is that the event was a mixture of autosuggestion and childhood fantasy, reducing it to an anecdote. Natividad Salvador recalled seeing nothing but heard the others shouting about a UFO and saw the footprints the next day, admitting 'something must have happened.' Javier Lisarri, who was supposedly affected by a 'reflection' from the object, suggested they might have mistaken a low-flying plane or a weather balloon, attributing it to the phenomenon being 'very fashionable' at the time. Mª del Carmen Salinas Santesteban admitted seeing very little, and the term 'UFO' was introduced by another child; she also saw the footprints but never dared to confirm them. Mikel Martínez, who had drawn the 'being,' now believes they 'put on a show,' suggesting that a friend who was into comics might have influenced the drawings and the story, possibly to add excitement. The anonymous fifth witness stated they wanted 'nothing more to do with it' and considered it 'a children's thing.' The teacher, Dorotea Apesteguía, now 91, remembered the event but remained skeptical, leaning towards it being a childhood invention.

MIZAR's Perspective and Possible Explanations MIZAR, after reviewing the case and the new statements, prefers to wait before forming a definitive opinion. They present three possibilities: 1) The children invented the episode, perhaps exaggerating a normal event, and later, too embarrassed to admit it, softened their story with 'autosuggestion.' 2) The children genuinely mistook something conventional for something strange, and subsequent negative consequences led them to suppress the story. 3) The children witnessed something truly extraordinary, and the negative consequences of reporting it led them to try and discredit the event and investigations. MIZAR hopes that the public dissemination of these declarations will promote debate and investigation into this complex issue.

Obituary: Cynthia Hind

A Tribute to an African Ufologist The magazine pays tribute to Cynthia Hind, described as the only ufologist from Africa, who has passed away. The author, Ignacio Cabria, expresses a personal loss that goes beyond the urological aspect, emphasizing their friendship. Hind, a member of the white minority in post-independence Zimbabwe, was not a typical 'racist' stereotype. She was born in South Africa, lived in England, and later settled in Rhodesia with her husband. Her passion for UFOs developed later in life, initially as a writer of short stories, and was sparked by an article in Fate magazine in 1966. She gained international recognition with her 1982 book 'UFOs: African Encounters,' which documented UFO cases from white populations in Zimbabwe and South Africa. She also published the UFO Afrineus bulletin and represented MUFON for Africa. Cabria recalls meeting Hind in Harare in 1988 and being struck by her immense humanity and hospitality, even being offered to stay at her home during her vacation.

Debates and Legacy Cabria recounts numerous encounters and conversations with Hind about ufology, her 'obsession.' Her theoretical stance was classical pro-extraterrestrial, but she sought to convince with evidence from her case investigations. Cabria, a rationalist, would raise logical objections, leading to heated debates. One point of contention was Hind's focus on cases involving white populations in Southern Africa, which Cabria argued did not demonstrate the universality of the UFO phenomenon. Hind later acknowledged that security issues had prevented her from investigating cases involving African witnesses. In an article for 'UFOs: 1947-1987,' she included accounts from black witnesses describing lights as ancestral spirits, which Cabria discussed with her regarding the transcultural aspect of UFO stereotypes. Cabria last saw Hind in 1991, and despite infrequent contact, maintained a special affection and gratitude for her sincerity and openness. He notes her continued participation in international congresses, advocating for African ufology.

Recurring Themes and Editorial Stance The recurring themes in this issue revolve around the critical review and analysis of UFO literature and cases. The magazine presents a balanced approach, offering detailed summaries and commentaries on books and specific incidents. There is a clear emphasis on investigative journalism and a desire to uncover the truth behind UFO phenomena, as evidenced by the re-examination of the 'Mañeru case' and the hope for further debate and investigation. The editorial stance appears to be one of open inquiry, encouraging critical thinking while acknowledging the complexities and diverse interpretations within the field of ufology. The reviews often include personal anecdotes and expert opinions, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview for interested readers. The magazine also highlights the international scope of UFO research, featuring cases and researchers from various countries.